Cluster dates:

1716:
– Wealth of nations
– Adam smith
– Common sense
– Dec of ind

1831
– Liberator
– Nat turner
– Necessary evil to positive good
1890
– Ghost dance
– Wounded knee massacre
– Admiral macane “influence of sea power on history”
– Census beauru declared fronteir closed
1907—rooevelt had promised not to run for reelection in 1908, so he could be
politically less cautious
– Stock Market collapsed, Roosevelt called Morgan, who solved the problem
single handedly. Fed Reserve took on that responsibility in 1913
o Morgan’s one condition: Roosevelt left Tenesee Coal and Iron alone—
Taft went after it, made Roosevelt a liar, broke up friendship after
Roosevelt made Taft Pres
– Roosevelt sent out Great White Fleet
– Progessives moved from looking at problems to looking for solutions
– Roosevelt announced support for lots of labor demands: 8 hr work day,
inheritance tax, income tax, more regualtion of stock market, coperate
compensation for workpalce accidents and end to corperate donations to
political campaigns
– Roosevelt called Fat cats: captains of Industry malafactures of great wealth
–

political stalemate in late 1800s: parties were very social, and advocated for
similar things. Things weren’t changing
secret ballot: city bosses couldn’t force people to vote for certain candidates or at
all, both national and state level
South turned democratic after compromise of 1877
solid democrat south broken up by civil rights act of 1964
First examples of national wellfare system: freedman’s beauru, then civil war
pensions
Garfield assassinated by disgruntled office seekerpendleton act: competitive
examinations
Result of McKinley’s assassinationSecret Service was given the job of protecting
president (before was with money/forgeries). Groover cleavland had 5 secret
service while at woodley
Election of 1884: repub chanting: ma, ma where’s my pa? gone to white house
hahaha. Blaine blain, james j blain….cleaveland won. Promoted reduction of tarrif.
Wabash case decided by sup court while he was pres…
high tarrif helps business men, competition, low helps consumer, keeps price
lower, agriculture, low tax on raw materials
Wabash case: decided that state laws regulating railroad rates were
unconstitutional because only federal government could regulate inerstate comerce.
Grangers wanted regulations, b/c they were charged a lot of money. Cleaveland
created Interstate Comerse Comission. 5 men would try to root out unfair practices
election of 1888: grover cleavland (dem) vs. Benjamin Harrison (repub). Harrison
won, but had fewer popular votes. Like Jackson vs. JQA, then again in 1876. Public
upset, Secret “Australian” ballot introduced. Power of political party damaged
Sherman Anti-Trust Act Passed. Worked out differently than expected b/c it
targeted Labor Unions
High Tarriff passed durring Harrison: Mickinly Tarriff
Grangers: originally social clubs, political after depression of 1873. Then became
Farmers Alliance, then Populists
Election of 1892: ben harrison, grover cleaveland, and james weaver (populist).
Cleaveland won.
– Populist platform: met and drew up platform in Omaha (Omaha platform).
Beginig to set precidece for more active government
o Subtreasury system
o Werehouses to store grain and wait out market
o Progressive income tax
o Free silver—many were in debt, and if silver was remonentized, there
would be inflation, which would help with debt. Francis Newlands
supported
o Wanted to nationalize RR, telegraph and telephone, government
ownership
o End of absentee land ownership
o Direct election of senators—pushed by Francis Newands—17th
amendment
o Wanted to abolish national banks
 Richard used 2 words to describe populists: “soft” and “dark”. Soft: thought they
were idealist and didn’t understand that they were part of international market
place. Looking back to golden age that never existed. “dark” saw conspiracies
everywhere. Jewish family in london blamed for elimiation of silver from economy:
Rothchilds
Cleaveland’s second administration years were difficult:
– Pullman strike
– Worst depression till time: panic of 1893—trying to deal with 20 century
panic
– Coxis army
– Constitutional crisis at woodley: congressional delegation came to woodley
and wanted C’s support for dec of war. Refused, said he wouldn’t mobilize
army
election of 1896: breaks from political stalemate. William Jennings Bryan vs.
William Mickinly (had fought at Antiedam). 2 men campaigned in very different
ways. Bryan “running” for president. Very active movign around country. Mickinly
“front door” campaign. Welcomed everyone in, but didn’t move around. Bryan had
to enjoyed campaign—fat cats supported Mickinly, who had more than 10 amount
of money than Bryan. American people saw Bryan’s campaigning as deseperate and
undignified. President shouldn’t have to brag about themselves.
William Jennins Bryan platform: 8 hr work day, income tax, remontization of
silver, bible readings at school, proibitions, limit government contributions to
campaigns. Made to look like idiot in scopes trial—bryan dead in a week. Bryan was
worried about social darwinism.
Eugenics: science of altering reproductive process of animals and plants to
produce new hybird. Wanted to sterilize mentally challenged and immigrants to
elimiate unfit people. Troubled Bryan, who turned to bible to try to disuade people.
1896—cleaveland probably would have voted for mcKinley
William McKinley: first term as president was very sucessful: Inspired confidence.
Stregnth of economy related to confidence that president inspires. good economy
(foreign crop prices going down). Populist demand diminishing, farmers starting to
do better (crop failures abroad, more rain). Gold discovered in Alaska (and abroad).
Debter class in nation was less concerned. Mickinly raised tarriff—highest tarrif
ever: Dingly Tarrif.
Cleavaland passed wilson gorment tarriff: lowered tarrif. Made up for lost
revenue with income tax that was declared unconstitutional—not constitutional
until 16th amendment, attached to Wilson’s Underwood Simmon’s
Main argument among historians about US in age of imperialism: was this a
continuation of past policy or an abiration
– Continuation
o Ostend Manifest under Pierce
o Manifest Destiny turned outwards
o Anixation of Texas
o Cleaveland didn’t want to war with spain or annex Hawaii, but he
protected Venezuala from British after gold was discovered in
Venezuala, right next to British territory. British wanted to move
boarder, Cleaveland demanded to mediate, british said no, Cleaveland
threatned war. British were in another war and couldn’t afford
another war so backed down
o Bought Alaska (Robert Walker was bribed to bribe—added 3rd floor to
Woodley)
 Seward’s folly, seward’s icebox
– Abiration—new forces
o Social darwinism—survival of fittist
 Josiah Strong made strong argument for muscular christianity.
Said anglo saxtons are divinely comissioned to rule world.
Worked Fredrick Jackson Turnier in: fronteir was where god
had put the anglo saxtons into training
  Social darwinists argued proof was that americans had made
so much money. Puritains believed wealth was sign of divine
election, but you had to give it away
o After depression of 1893, people wanted new markets for
overproduction to exprot to. Richard Hakleyut had talked about it
centuries ago.
o Competative people—wanted to be part of game
o New kind of ship—steamship. Neede more ports: need to refuel them.
Needed coaling stations.
o Influence of seapower on history book. Author recomeneded Panama
cannel.
o
Cuba: cubans were fighting for independence from spain. Brutality on both sides,
but Spanish were putting 400,000 people in concentration camps. Butcher Wilder
was the spanyard in charge of whole thing. Americans concerned—yellow
journalism was concerning americans, cuban resistance movement had
headquarters in New York, damaging American property—US owned most of the
sugar fields in cuba, americans concerned with protecting little guy, josiah strong.
– 2 sparks:
o USS Maine blew up in Havana harbor—there to evacuate Americans in
case of emergency. yellow journalists blamed it on spanish
o Spanish minister called MicKinley a “weak man”, letter discovered,
rattled roosevelt, who also thought M was weak.
War broke out. Ass. Sec of Navy: Teddy Roosevelt. Sent a fleat to Philipeans under
Duouy—could be impeached if he was president. Americans won handily in Cuba
and Philipeans. w/in 3 or 4 min of sending fleet to manilla bay, Roos. Went to brooks
brothers and bought himself a tailor made uniforms w/ a dozen of pockets for
glasses sewn in—legally blind
Sparks ignited US involvement in WWI: resumed unrestricted Submarine warfare
by Germans and Zimmerman Telegraph. Assassination of Archduke started war
Mickenly first modern wartime president: had war room in white house, maps,
ship models; communication with front—telephone (Lincoln had telegraph
communitation); understood about using news, met with reporters regularly.
R. Roosevelt—war lover, henry cabbot lodge loved war too. Neither’s father
fought in civil war, both paid soldiers to go in place. Roose ashamed, fought war his
father didn’t. Roos. Went to cuba and joined roughriders. Stormed up kettle hill.
Irony of them riding up hill—roos was only one on horseback. Bullets flying past
roos, most exciting moment of his life when he shot spaniard, doubled up like
jackrabit.
Impact on AA soldiers of S-A war—saw mixed troups in Cuba, but AA were in all
black units with white officers. Many were misstreated when they were moving
through south.
 Ameican war aims shifted durring war
Under McKinley, Sec of State, was John Haye. Had first served our government as
secretary for Lincoln. Haye called Spanish American War “splendid little war”.
Wrote the Open door Notes: every country in sphere of influence in China had to
respect other shprere’s trading rights, no discrimination (ex. RR rates) and Chinese
could regulate rates
2 ammendments show how American war aims shifted: Teller Ammendment and
Platt Ammendment
Teller Amendment: passed by US congress at beginnig os SA War. Stated that
Once we settled conflict, we pledged American Withdrawl. Only involved for Cuban
people.
War aims shiftedfreeing cubanswinning old spanish colony
Platt Amendment: US got 2 naval bases in Cuba, and US could interfere in Cuban
affairs at out discression. Cuba couldn’t make alliances/treaties with other countries
w/out US approval
Puerto Ricans reacted to Americans taking them over. Welcomed Americans—
Spanish had been terrible administrators. Impact on economy of US (including PR):
PR economy became more dependent on international economy in terms of sugar.
When sugar did will, PR did well. Not growing other foods, so they had to import
others.
Treaty of Paris ended Spanish American War
Mickinly decided to annex the Phillipines: he was praying to god when he decided
to annex. Did not want S-A war, had suffered horrors of war, but had been forced
into it. Really wanted to do the right thing. Thought it would be best for Philipinos.
many people opposed SA war (anti-imperialists): William Jennings Bryan,
Congressman sherman from Ohio, Mark Twain, socialists—Eugene V. Debbs went to
jail. Socialists looked unpatriotic. Federalists, Whigs, and Socialists all
destroyed/damaged by opposing war
– Some believed war was wrong/immoral
– Didn’t want mongrilization (contaminating American blood, bringing in
undesireable elements)
– Expensive—maintain navy
– Insular cases in Sup Court—does constitution follow the flat? No, because
they were like Indian Tribes, 14th ammendments “Indians not taxed”, but
JONES ACT of 1917 gave citizenship to puertoricans
Least remembered of American war: war in the Philipines—200,000 American
troops, 4300 Americans died. Tough war, they used Guerilla Tactics—Asymetric
warfare—faced with superior enemy, have to resort to other tactics (ex guerilla
warfare). Philipinos would poison US water sources, would set elephant traps: hole
in ground, covered with sticks and human feces (if you fell in, wounds would be
infected). Seen as uncivilized, US saw as subspecies. 15 philipinos killed for every
one wounded. Leader had led insurection against spanish, we had brought him to
Philipines—Amiel Agranado. War ended when Arganado surrendered after US
captured him.
US sent over first governor general to Philipines—William Howard Taft, terrific
governor general.
– Did tribal dances
– Schools, roads, canals, hospitals built under Taft
– Jeane Maret First Governess
Boxer Rebellion:
 – Boxers: a group in China wanted to get rid of foreign influences and revive
chinese tradidions, suported by dowager emporess. Believed golden age
would return if foreigners left. Believed bullets couldn’t hurt them
–
Sec of War under McKinley?: Ellijut Root—law partner of Stimpson. He and
Roosevelt walked in rock creek park when they saw Stimpson on other side of Rock
Creek. Root joked and said president ordered stimpson to cross river, stimpson
gallops accros, swept away, got back to Roosevelt and saluted. Appointed>
– Root Reforms: kept army at National Level, created Joint chiefs of staff to
adivse sec of war, new type of rifles, created army war college, officers
candidate schools
– Beginning of foreign policy establishment. Overlap between army and NY law
firms
Progressivism: came from feeling of optimism. 4 impulses of reform
– Break up trusts
– Help victims
– Bring in reserch and middl managemant
– Problems at government level need to be addressed at government level.
Stregnthening state.
Breaking up Trusts: Ida Tarbel (female) went after standard oil
Coruption in Cities: Lincoln Stehens wrote “Shame in Cities”
Jacob Riess looked at living environments in “how the other half lives”
Upton Sinclair wrote “the Jungle”
Social Gospel: Salvation Army, semi militaristic structure
Thomas Nast—helped break up city bosses, political cartoonishts, made donkey
and elephant symbols for political parties. Portrayed william marsey tweed
settlement houses providing same advantages as city bosses. Started with Hull
Hosue in Chicago, starged by Jane Adams. Helped recent immigrants. Privatley
funded
– Houses provided
o English lessons
o Day care
o Taught women how to keep house and take care of children
(American way)
o Food
o Helped people get jobs
o Spaces for plays and music and dancing taught
Women running settlement houses: college women, ex. Elenor Roosevelt, wealthy
Fredrick Winslow Taylor: argued scientific management—decreased power of
workers, interchangeable. Made indstry more efficient. Bethahem steel, different
sized shovels for different tasks
Thorston Vebilin: looked at amount of power emassed by wealthy…very unfair.
Argued that power should be taken from wealthy and given to experts
Medicine: American medical association established. Had to be licensed to be a
doctor. Standards raised and standardized, but some asociations used it to keep out
women, immagrants, and undesireable
Law: American bar associations, different states different bars, controlled
standards
American women influencial: school days longer, year longer, less time spent on
kids, electricity legnthened days, running water saved time, domestic servants were
cheap
largest single movent of progressive era: womens sufferage. Won right to vote
19th amendment in 1920. Linked to WWI: women were considered to have more of a
maternal influence, thought they could keep us out of another war. Split womens
rights movemtn: some satisfied, others pushed for an equal rights ammendmant,
like 15th amendment (some women didn’t want to be lower than backs, others
satisfied). End of progressive movement in some ways
secreb ballots weakened parties, to be replaced by special interest groups
Galvasitn Texas: tidal wave, inspired city commission. Hadn’t been prepped to
deal
Mayor of Cleaveland: Tom Johnson. Lowered rates on trolley, best run city in
america.
state level reforms:
– Initiative—cirvumvent state legislature by sending it straight to people—
pure democracy
– Referendam
– Recall—a way of recalling public figures out of touch with people
Reform governors: Lafollette, Wilson, Roosevelt (earlier)
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: 1911—building now part of NYU. Fransis Perkins
watched, state comission established to investigate
Race Relations:
– Booker T Washington: born a slave, started Tusteege institute, tought
industrial, practical education. Atlanta compromise: AA wouldn’t agitate,
whites would give helping hand. If he had agitated, Tusteege would have
been closed overnight
– W.E.B. De Bois wrote “The Soul of the Black Folks” wasn’t born slave, went to
fisk, pHD at harvard, said about Washington the way to gain rightds is not to
surrender them. Advocated fo talented tenth, small, educated group of AA
would teach and help the rest. Founded Niagra Movement, which led to
NAACP, which was/is not very radical.
At end of 1800s, imm coming from South and East Europe
Dillingham report argued for limitig immigration from undersirable areas
Made temperance into national program: 18th ammendment.
radical groups:
– Socialists: Visible: Eugene V. Debs, most radical: industrial workers of the
world “woblies:
Teddy Roosevelt as progressive
– Wanted to get him out of the way—vice president doesn’t do anything
– Created new cabinet department—department of comerce and labor
– Took on a JP Morgan Trust—Northern Securities Case—broke trusts
o Even though morgan said “we can work this out. Just sen your man to
my man”
 – Anthropist mine strike—united mine workers stiked. Rooevelt offered to
mediate, threatned to sieze mines, 9 hr day and worker benefits, but not
union recognition—square deal
hepburn act: to restrict RR
lafolette had a fit—not strong enough
The JunglePure food and drug act and meat inspectiona ct
Roosevelt passed national reclimations act to irrigate west, expanded national
forest service, made Gifford Pincheau head.
Taft suceeded Roosevelt, hand picked, very close friends
2 things taft did Roos could never forgive: Fired Gifford Pincheau and broke up
Tennesee coal and iron
Election of 1912: Taft (dem) vs. Roosevelt (populist/bull moose) vs. woodrow
wilson (dem)
Osowatamie: Roosevelt’s speech: New Nationalism, steward of public welfare,
argument for big government
– Graduated income tax
– Income tax
– Workers compensation
– Tarrif revision
– Ending child labor, regulating women’s labor
– Firmer regulations of corperations
Woodrow Wilson: painfully dislexic, came from south, championed self
determination. New Freedom
New Freedom vs. New Nationalism
new freedom—bigniss is badness—break appart all trusts entirely, then 8 hr
days and other progressive measures
new nationalism—good trusts and bad trusts—powerful government act as
policing agents
Roosevelt was shot giving a speech, continued saying “please excuse if I don’t
speek to loudly, I have a bulet in my body”
Wilson took office and set out to topple tripple wall of privelage—helped stabilize
country
1. Trust—passed Clayton Anti-Trust Act—more power than sherman, which
could not longer be used to stop Unions. Federal Trade Comissions
2. Tarriff—passed Underwood Simmons Tarrif, lower, made up with Income
tax
3. Banks—Federal Reserve Act—created fedral reserve in 1913 and invested
money in banks that could regulate stock market, had to pledge to keep some
in banks, overnight lending. Federal Reserve controls monentary policy.
Treasury department controls fiscal policy—taxes and expenditures.
1914—Wilson retreats from reform. Neve backed women’s sufferage,
resegreagated government, low in polls, had to get back to progresives. Ketings
owen Act—anti-child labor, supreme court overturned. Wilson appointed Louis
Brandais to sup court
Teddy Roosevelt’s foreign policy: muscular christianity. Speak softly and carry a
big stick. Made distinction between civilized (white, industrialized +japan) and
uncivilized (not white, not industrialized)
Russo Japenese war, japan won:
– Results
o Shocked war—russia defeated by asian country
o Instead of expanding west, Russia expanded eastWWI
o Czar fatally weakenedbolshevic rev
monroe Doctrine: prompted by little republics in centrail and south america
getting independence, we claimed sphere of influence in western hemisphere, sec of
state JQA wrote, Europe laughed
Roosevelt corrilary: we reserved rights to sieze customs house and sort things out
to keep europeans out.
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