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AIM: To Conduct Performance Test on the given engine, to obtain heat balance sheet and draw
performance curves
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Engine coupled to Electrical Dynamometer, Measurement and control panel, Load bank,
Temperature Sensors.
PROCEDURE:
1. Ensure water level in the manometer to approximately half the full scale in both the
manometer limbs
2. Ensure oil level in the engine sump up to the dip stick mark, Fill required amount of fuel
(petrol) in the fuel tank
3. Check fuel line for any leakages, tighten if necessary (open all the valves in the fuel line up to
the engine inlet, do not turn the knob to “Start’)
4. Connect the engine test rig to the 3 phase electrical source, all the three mains indicators glow
5. Ensure the direction of rotation of the engine is as desired by momentarily pushing the push
button starter (refer arrow mark on the guard for correct direction of rotation)
6. Switch ‘on’ the console switch, all the digital indicators glow and indicate respective readings
7. Start the engine by pushing the push button starter and release after the engine gets started
8. Wait until the engine stabilizes at its rated speed (Governed engine) of 2800 to 3000 rpm
indicated on the digital rpm indicator
9. Switch ‘on’ the heat dissipating fan on the load Bank. Now the engine is ready for loading
10. Record the following readings on no load condition. Voltmeter reading, Ammeter reading
Rpm indicator reading, (not essential in this case) Manometer reading, time taken for 10 cc of
fuel consumption (To record fuel consumption against time close the fuel line valve on the right
hand side of the burette and simultaneously start the stop watch and record the time until 10 cc of
fuel is consumed) and temperatures T1 & T2
11. Switch ‘on’ first two switches and allow the engine to stabilize, Record all the readings
12. Continue loading the engine by switching ‘on’ the load switches in pairs in steps (two
switches per step) up to full load and record all the readings at each step,, as indicated in step
13. To stop the engine remove load by switching “off” the load switches, bring the engine to no
load condition
14. Push the engine “off” push button and hold it unit the engine completely stops
15. Close all the three fuel valves in the fuel line.
16. Tabulate all the readings obtained at each step and calculate Brake power (BP) weight of fuel
Consumed (wf), specific fuel consumption (Sfc), Brake thermal efficiency (η Bth) and air fuel
ratio (A/F)
17. Plot the graph Qin V/S BP, mf V/S BPSFC V/S BP , ηith V/S BP, ηbth V/S BP
PECIFICATIONS:
ALTERNATOR
Rating: 2 KVA
Speed: 2800-3000 rpm
Voltage: 220 V AC
Efficiency: 70%
Manometer: U tube, water filled, 30 cm
Air Tank: Made from MS, 300 x 300 x 300 cm
Orifice: Circular, 20 mm dia
Thermocouple: Fe- K (J type)
OBSERVATIONS:
Cylinder bore, D: 70 mm
Stroke length, L: 66.7 mm
Water density, ρw : 1000 kg/m3
Calorific value of petrol, CV : 47,500 Kj/kg
Acceleration due to gravity, g : 9.81 m/sec 2
Petrol density, ρp : 750 Kg/m3
Specific heat of air, Cpg : 1.005KJ/KgoC
TABULAR COLUMN:
1
2
3
4
FORMULAE USED:
Cd = 0.62
πd2
Ao = area of the orifice ( ) m2
4
g = 9.81 m/s2
hm xρw
ha = m of air
ρair
hm = manometer reading in m
ρw = 1000 kg/m3
Pa
ρa = density of air in kg/m3
RTa
Ta =Room Temperature
VxI
3. Brake horse Power (BHP) = KW
1000 x ηg
5. Heat Input Q = mf 𝑥 𝐶𝑣 Kw
mf x 3600
6. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) = kg/Kw-Hr
BP
actual vol of air supplied (Vact)
7. Volumetric efficiency 𝜂𝑣𝑜𝑙 = x 100
theoritical air supplied (Vth)
BP
8. Brake thermal efficiency ηbth = x 100
Heat Input (Q)
Sl.No Mass of Mass of air Air- BHP SFC in Heat Brake Volumetric
fuel supplied(ma) Fuel in Kg/KW input thermal efficiency
supplied in Kg/s Ratio KW Hr in efficiency
(mf) in KW
Kg/s
1
2
3
4
CONCLUSION:
Two stroke petrol engine performance was conducted and heat balance sheet worked out and
relevant graphs were drawn
Experiment 11:
4-STROKE SINGLE CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE
AIM: To Conduct Performance Test on the given engine four stroke, single cylinder, water
cooled, mechanical loading, diesel engine and to draw the Heat balance sheet and to obtain PV
diagram at No load and Max load, and plot the performance plots
APPARATUS REQUIRED: 4 stroke, single cylinder diesel engine test rig, Stop watch,
interfacing of the engine with computer to obtain the PV diagram with pressure sensor mounted
in the cylinder.
THEORY:
Heat engine is a device which converts heat energy into mechanical work. Engine performance is
an indication of the degree of success with which it is doing its assigned job, i.e. the conversion
of the chemical energy in to the useful work. The degree of success is compared on the basis of
1) specific fuel consumption 2) brake mean effective pressure 3) specific power output 4)
Specific weight etc. The engine performance can be obtained by running the engine at constant
speed for variable load by adjusting the throttle. In this experiment engine is mechanically
loaded and experiment is carried out. The test rig consists of 4S diesel engine connected to rope
brake dynamometer with exhaust calorimeter. It has a provision to measure transient pressure,
through a cylinder mounted pressure sensor, having a water cooling system, to avoid over of
heating pressure sensor. The pressure signal is fed to a computer through an interface unit in the
control panel for generating pressure volume (PV) curve to evaluate work done employing a
planimeter, subsequently.
PROCEDURE:
1. Check the diesel in the diesel tank and keep the lever in neutral position.
2. Ensure the water supply to the pressure sensor, engine cooling head and exhaust calorimeter.
3. Start the engine by operating the decompression lever and cranking the crank shaft.
4. Apply the load on the brake drum by rotating the wheel of the spring balance
5. Allow the fuel to flow through the burette.
6. Note down the
a. Time taken for 10 cc of fuel consumption.
b. The load on the engine
c. Monometer reading
d. Speed of the engine
e. Temperature of inlet air and exhaust gas
f. Water meter of the exhaust calorimeter.
7. Repeat the experiment for different loads
8. Tabulate the readings and calculate the brake power, indicated power, heat input, air-fuel ratio,
specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, mechanical
efficiency.
9. Plot the graph Qin V/S BP, mf V/S BP, SFC V/S BP , ηith V/S BP, ηbth V/S BP
Make: Kirloskar
Rated power output: 5HP, 1500rpm
Bore: 80mm
Stroke: 110mm
Compression ratio: 16.5:1
Cylinder capacity: 553 cc
OBSERVATION:
Radius of the brake drum: 190mm
Diameter of the orifice: 15 mm
Calorific value of diesel: 43000KJ/Kg
Density of Diesel: 850Kg/m3
Diameter of the rope: ___________
Orifice meter constant: 0.62
Water meter reading: __________
TABULAR COLUMN:
1
2
3
4
5
Air inlet temperature (T1)
Engine cooling head water inlet temperature (T2)
Engine cooling head water outlet temperature (T3)
Calorimeter water outlet temperature (T4)
Exhaust gas inlet Temperature (T5)
Exhaust gas outlet temperature (T6)
FORMULAE USED:
Cd = 0.62
πd2
Ao = area of the orifice ( ) m2
4
g = 9.81 m/s2
hm xρw
ha = m of air
ρair
hm = manometer reading in m
ρw = 1000 kg/m3
Pa
ρa = density of air in kg/m3
RTa
Ta =Room Temperature
2π(FxR)N
3. Brake horse Power (BP) = KW
1000 x 60
5. Heat Input Q = mf x Cv Kw
mf x 3600
6. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) = kg/Kw-Hr
BP
πD2
Where A = m2 L and D are the stroke and bore of the engine
4
BP
8. Brake thermal efficiency ηbth = x 100
Heat Input (Q)
IP
11. Indicated thermal efficiency ηith = x 100
Heat Input (Q)
Mass of Thermal
Air- BP BSFC Heat
fuel Mass of air ISFC in efficiency
Fuel in in inpu Mechanic Volumetri
supplie supplied(ma Kg/K
Rati K Kg/K t in al c
d (mf) ) in Kg/s
o W W Hr
W Hr
KW ηith ηbth Efficiency efficiency
in Kg/s
HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
1. Heat input Q = mf x CV in KW
2. Heat equivalent of BP = BP n KW
3. Heat carried by the cooling water = mw x Cpw (T3-T2) in KW
Where, mw = mass flow rate in kg/sec
cpw = specific heat of water= 4.18 kJ/kg – K
4. Heat carried by the Exhaust Gases = mg x Cpg (T6-T1) in KW
Where, mg = mass flow rate of gas in kg/sec mg = ma + mf
cpg = specific heat of gas= 1.005 kJ/kg – K
5. Heat lost by frictional power = FP in KW
CONCLUSION:
1) Performance of 4 stroke, single cylinder diesel engine was carried out.
2) Heat balance sheet for the engine worked out with unaccounted heat loss.
3) PV diagram and Pressure vs crank angle diagrams were obtained.
4) Performance plots were drawn.
Experiment 13:
(MORSE TEST)
DYNAMOMETER
AIM: To Conduct Performance Test, Morse Test & to draw heat balance on given multi cylinder
engine to find the overall efficiency of the engine.
INTRODUCTION:
The engine is four stroke, Four cylinder, water cooled, petrol driven automobile Engine coupled
to an eddy current dynamometer mounted on a strong base, and is complete with air, fuel,
temperature, load, and speed measurement system.
DESCRIPTION:
1. Four stroke, Engine coupled to Eddy current Dynamometer, with the arrangement to cutoff the
cylinder
3. Temperature Sensors.
PROCEDURE:
1. Install the Engine test rig near a 230V 5A 50Hz electrical power source and an un interrupted
constant head water source.
2. Check all electrical connections, water level in manometer, and oil level in engine sump.
3. Ensure water flow into the engine jacket & exhaust gas calorimeter
4. Open both the valves of 3 way Manifold, make fuel flow to engine directly
5. Start the engine with self start key, Throttle the engine to the rated speed (2000 rpm).
7. Load the engine in steps of 2Kgf up to 10Kgf (full load) keeping the speed constant by
operating the throttle knob (accelerator) suitably to maintain the speed at 2000 rpm.
8. Record the following readings at each step.
a) Manometer difference
b) Time taken in Sec for 10cc fuel consumption by closing valve on your right hand side
of the burette (line coming from fuel tank to burette) so that the fuel is drawn from
burette.
9. Plot the graph Qin V/S BP, mf V/S BP, SFC V/S BP, ηith V/S BP, ηbth V/S BP
SPECIFICATION:
ENGINE:
Type: Four stroke, vertical, in line, water cooled, Petrol Engine
Cylinders: Four
Starting: Self
Ignition: Spark
DYNAMOMETER
Make: Powermag
Type: Eddy current Brake
Display: Spring balance (Dial type) 25 kg capacity
Manometer: U tube, water filled, 30 cm
Air Tank: Made from MS, 400 x 400 x 400 cm
Orifice: Circular, 20 mm dia
Temperature Sensor: CrAl
Speed Sensor: Magnetic pickup, located on the coupling shaft.
OBSERVATION:
1 2
2 4
3 6
4 8
5 10
FORMULAE USED:
Cd = 0.62
πd2
Ao = area of the orifice ( ) m2
4
g = 9.81 m/s2
hm xρw
ha = m of air
ρair
hm = manometer reading in m
ρw = 1000 kg/m3
Pa
ρa = density of air in kg/m3
RTa
Where Pa = Atmospheric pressure = 1.01325 bar
Ta =Room Temperature
2π (F x R)N
3. Brake horse Power (BP) = KW
1000 x 60x 𝜂𝑑
5. Heat Input Q = mf x Cv Kw
mf x 3600
6. Specific fuel consumption (SFC) = kg/Kw-Hr
BP
πD2
Where A = m2 L and D are the stroke and bore of the engine
4
BP
8. Brake thermal efficiency ηbth = x 100
Heat Input (Q)
IP
11. Indicated thermal efficiency ηith = x 100
Heat Input (Q)
HEAT BALANCE SHEET:
1. Heat input Q = mf x CV in KW
2. Heat equivalent of BP = BP n KW
3. Heat carried by the cooling water = mw x Cpw (T2-T1) in KW
Where, mw = mass flow rate in kg/sec
cpw = specific heat of water= 4.18 kJ/kg – K
4. Heat carried by the Exhaust Gases = mg x Cpg (T5-T6) in KW
Where, mg = mass flow rate of gas in kg/sec mg = ma + mf
cpg = specific heat of gas= 1.005 kJ/kg – K
5. Heat lost by frictional power = FP in KW
CONCLUSION:
1) Performance of 4 stroke, single cylinder diesel engine was carried out.
2) Heat balance sheet for the engine worked out with unaccounted heat loss.
3) PV diagram and Pressure vs crank angle diagrams were obtained.
4) Performance plots were drawn.
MORSE TEST
PROCEDURE:
1. Start the engine with the water flow into the engine jacket.
2. Load the engine to its full load (5 Kgf ) at rated rpm. (2000 rpm)
3. Cut off first cylinder, the engine speed drops, bring the engine speed to its rated speed by
decreasing the load on the engine (Do not operate the throttle knob).
4. Record the load as indicated on the load indicator. (Dial spring balance)
5. Cut off Second cylinder, while replacing the first cylinder back into working Condition
simultaneously (as the engine is a Four cylinder engine, ensure always three cylinders are in working
condition)
6. Record the load on the engine, adjust the speed if deviated from the previous cut off. by adjusting
the load only
7. Cut off the third cylinder while replacing the second one in to working Condition, follow step 6.
8. Similarly cut ‘off’ the fourth cylinder while replacing the third cylinder into working condition,
follow step 6.
1 All Cyl.
running
CALCULATIONS:
2πN(W xR)
1. Brake Power BPT = KW (with all cylinders running)
60000 x ηd
Where i=1,2,3,4.
Wi= load on dynamometer to bring the speed of the engine
to rated speed with ith cylinder cutoff
ηd = Efficiency of the dynamometer
3. Indicated power of i cylinder IPi = BPT –BPi where i = 1,2,3,4
th
RESULT SHEET:
Mass of air
Mass of Air –Fuel BSFC in Heat input Thermal
supply BP
fuel supply ratio kg/kW-hr in kW efficiency
ma in in kW
mf in ηbth
kg/sec
kg/sec