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Abstract. This paper presents a method for resolving the directions of arrival in
azimuthal and elevation plane simultaneously using a planar array. An adaptive algorithm
based on Pisarenko's harmonic retrieval method is presented and implemented.
1. Introduction
X( a)). ( t )+ n ( t )
t ) = A (0, (1)
where A (a,@)
is the M x p matrix of the steering vectors,
To solve this problem we assume that the steering vector { u ( Q , # ) }is known and the
signals and noise are stationary and ergodic complex valued random processes with zero
mean. In addition, the noise is assumed to be uncorrelated with the signals. It can be
shown that the problem of estimating the directions-of-arrival of multiple signals is
02004 IEEE
0-7803-8302-8/04/$20.00 399
similar to the harmonic retrieval problem [3]. One such solution to this problem known as
Pisarenko's Harmonic Retrieval Method is presented in [4]. It consists of finding the
minimum eigenvalue ;Im nassociated eigenvector q,," of the correlation matrix
andithe
R,, and computing the zeros (roots) of the polynomial whose coefficients are the
components of eigenvector, q,,, ,given by
It was shown in [5] that by constraining the impulse response (w ) of an adaptive filter to
have a unit norm, w converges to qm,.. Using an adaptive LMS algorithm with weight
normalization,we can steer the nulls of an antenna array in the direction of signals whose
direction-of-arrival is to be estimated. When this algorithm converges, the roots are on
the unit circle in the direction corresponding to the electrical angles. The algorithm is
given as follows:
For ~ = 0 . 1 .....
2
The electrical angles are computed by finding the roots of the polynomial whose
coefficients are the updated weights of antenna elements as given by (4). The direction of
arrivals (DOAs) can then be obtained from the estimated electrical angles.
The array factor for a planar array having M elements in the x-direction separated by
distance d, and N elements in the y-direction separated by d, is given by
where wm, is the weight on the antenna element at position ( m n ) and k = 2n/ A .
If the planar array is separable, then the analysis of a planar array can be seen as a
analysis of two linear arrays in orthogonal directions [3]. The steering vectors,
U, and U, in x- and y-direction respectively are given by
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The LMS algorithm is performed in two orthogonal directions with a unit norm
constraint. The roots of the polynomial formed by the updated element weights give an
estimate of electrical angles as
qX=M,sin(8)cos(&
(8)
G, =kdYsin(G))sin@) '
and the elevation angle can then be obtained from (8) and (9) as
Ill. Results
An L-shaped planar may with 8 elements in the x and y directions has 2 sources
impinging at an elevation of (12",25") and an azimuth of (0",30"). The LMS
algorithm worked with 1500 snapshots of data. The estimated elevation and azimuthal
DOAs obtained were (11.85",25.19")and (0.31",29.82"). The nulls of the antenna
pattem on the unit circle are shown in Figures 1 and 2. The antenna pattem is plotted with
respect to {(ux,vy) and shown in Figure 3.
0 J)
i
1 O
5[i
I
.I!
%--.--..
-1
_.-.
*
-0.5 0
_.---__..-..-_'
0.5 1
Real Pad
401
Figure 3. 3-D antenna pattem of a 8 x 8 L-shaped planar array, used to resolve the
directions of 2 source signals at different azimuth and elevation angles.
IV. Conclusion
It is shown that a separable L-shaped planar array can he considered as two linear arrays
in orthogonal directions. This allows us to estimate the DOAs in azimuthal and elevation
planes simultaneously. The LMS algorithm implemented has a computational complexity
of O(M) and can be performed in real time. Root finding involves many computations, so
it is not a real time process.
References
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