CHAPTER 5.

FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR AND NOMINAL

STRENGTH OF T-BEAM SECTIONS

PREPARED BY

Ir. DANIEL R. TERUNA, MT., Ph.D (PE)

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

 CONTENT

5.1 Configuration of T-Beam

5.2 Effective Flange Width

5.3 Analysis of Nominal Moment Strength for T- Beam Sections

5.4 Design Examples For Positive Bending

5.5 Design Examples For Negative Bending

 Configuration of T-Beams
• used in conjunction with either on-way or two-way slabs

(a) One way slab (b) Two way slab

 T-beam

(a) T-beam in one way slab

Cracks
Flange B
A

Cracks B
Web or stem A

(b) Deflection shape

 Compression zone Compression zone

40mm

(a) Section A-A (b) Section A-A

(rectangular compression zone) (T-shape compression zone)

Compression zone

(a) Section B-B

(negative moment)
 Effective Flange Width

Magnitude of compressive
stress in flange

(a) Distribution of maximum flexural compressive stresses

be

(a) Flexural compressive stresses assumed in design

 be be

d hf
h

bw bw
Typical beam sections in concrete floor systems.

 bw  s / 2  bw  s
 
be   bw  6h f be  bw  16h f

bw  l / 12 
 l/4
be be

(Clear transverse span/2) (Clear transverse span/2) (Clear transverse span/2)

s/2 s/2 s/2
bw bw
l Length of beam span
 Analysis of Nominal Moment Strength for T-Beam

Case 1. The depth of the Whitney stress-block model is less than or equal
to the thickness of the compression flange.

0.85 f c'
be a/2
hf a Cc

d
h

bw (assumed) fs  f y

(a) Beam section (b) Stress distribution (c) Internal forces

for singly reinforced rectangular sections, the recommended steps
for Case 1 are:

1. Assume a  1c  h f
2. Assume s   y
As f y
3. From section equilibrium, calculate: a 
0.85 f c'be
4. Show a  h f (if yes continue; if not, go to Case 2)

5. Confirm  s   y (by checking through strain compatibility)

6. Calculate M n using previous equation for singly reinforcement :

M n  As f y d  a / 2 
Case 2. Whitney’s stress block exceeds the thickness of the flange .
And the assumption that the tension steel is yielding is retained.

0.85 f c'
be
hf
a
d
h As

bw (assumed) fs  f y

(a) Total T-section and stress distribution

 be hf / 2
hf Ccf
d
h Asf
T1

bw
(b) Part 1: Overhanging flange(s) and corresponding internal forces.

be
hf a/2 Ccw
a
h d
Asw
T2

bw
(c) Part 2: Web of section and corresponding internal forces.
 the compression force in the overhanging portion of the flange is given as

Ccf  0.85 f c' be  bw h f

he compression force in the web is given as

Ccw  0.85 f c'bw a

the depth of Whitney’s stress block, a, is unknown. We can find this by
enforcing section equilibrium:

T  Ccw  Ccf
solve for the depth of Whitney’s stress block:
T  Ccf
a
0.85 f c'bw
confirm that the tension steel strain, s   y the yield strain.
Then, the nominal moment strength can be found by summing the
moments from the two beam parts

In this case with two compression forces, it is convenient to sum

the moments caused by those two forces acting about the level of
the tension reinforcement as

 
M n  Ccf d  h f / 2  Ccw d  a / 2 
For both the Case 1 and Case 2 analysis procedures described, it was
assumed that no compression reinforcement was used in the section

When the compression steel included, the resulting expression for

the nominal moment strength will be

  
M n  Ccf d  h f / 2  Ccw d  a / 2   Cs d  d ' 
• Evaluation of As ,min in Flanged Sections
the specification of a minimum area of tension reinforcement is used
to prevent a sudden flexural failure at the onset of flexural tension
cracking

The primary question is, which section width bw , or be should be used?

Based on several years of satisfactory performance for the design of

continuous reinforced concrete floor systems, the ACI Code does not
recommend any modification of As ,min

However, for statically determinate beams where the flange portion

of the section is in tension,ACI Code Section 10.5.2 recommends that
bw in As ,min Eq. be replaced by the smaller 2bw of or be
 EXAMPLE 1 (for positive bending)

f y  400 MPa
f c'  25 MPa
3m
A B

A B
3m
Slab 130mm

7m

 bw  s  3000mm

be  bw  16h f  2380mm

 l / 4  1750mm
 be  1750mm
60mm
2 D  25 h f  130mm

h  600mm
6 D  22 90mm

bw  300mm
be
hf

3D  16 3D  25 h
3D  16
3D  22 60mm
bw
• For positive bending
As  6 D  22  2280 mm 2
As'  2 D  25  981 mm 2
 d  600  90  510mm
dt  600  60  540mm
Assume a  h f and s   y

As f y
a  24.5mm  130mm
0.85 f c'be
Also a  d'

we can ignore the compression reinforcement for the analysis of M n

This is a very common result for a T-section in positive bending

For such beams with large compression zones, compression

steel is not required for additional moment strength.

• Check that the tension steel is yielding

c  a / 1  24.5 / 0.85  28.8 mm
 fy 400
y    0.002
Es 200.000

(d t  c) 540
 s1   cu  0.003  0.056   y  0.002
c 28.8

(d t  c  60) 480
 s2   s1  0.056  0.0498   y  0.002
dt  c 540
All tension steel is yielding (as assumed)

M n  T d  a / 2   0.9 x912kN 0.51  0.0245 / 2   408kNm

'
1 fc
As , min  bw d  478mm 2
4 fy
 As , provided  2280 mm 2
1.4bw d
As , min   536mm 2
fy
 EXAMPLE 2 (for negative bending)

be
hf

3D  16 3D  25 h
3D  16
3D  22 60mm
bw

As  6 D  16  3D  25  2672 mm 2
As'  3D  22  1140 mm 2

assume the tension steel is yielding and compression steel is not yielding
'
c  d c  60
s 
'
 cu  0.003
c c
Trial c  d / 4  135mm
 '
c  d c  60
s 
'
 cu  0.003  0.001667   y
c c
f s'  Es s'  333.4 MPa

 
Cs  As' f s'  0.85 f c'  355851N

Cc  0.85 f c'bw c  731531N

T  As f y  1068800 N

T  Cc  Cs
1068800 N  1087382 N ( 1.7%)  OK
(d  c) 540
s   cu  0.003  0.012   y  0.002
c 135
Confirm that tension steel is yielding
 a  1c  114.8mm


M n  Cc d  a / 2  Cs d  d ' 
M n  353036 Nm  170808 Nm  523844 Nm

since  s   t  0.005  Tension controlled,   0.9

M n  0.9 x523844  471.4 kNm

Cara kedua :
'
c  d c  60
s 
'
 cu  0.003
c c
600c  36000
f s'  Es s'  f y f s'  Es s' 
c

Cs  As' f s'  0.85 f c' 
T  Cc  Cs


As f y  0.85 f c'bc  As' f s'  0.85 f c' 
As f y  1068800( N )

0.85 f c'bw c  5418.75c ( N )

 
As' f s'  0.85 f c' 
659775c  41040000
c
 659775c  41040000
1068800   5418.75c
c
5418.75c 2  409025c  41040000  0

c  132.6mm  a  c1  112.7 mm

Check whether the compression steel is not yielding
'
c  d 132.6  60
s 
'
 cu  0.003  0.00164   y
c 132.60.
f s'  Es s'  328.5MPa
 
Cs  As' f s'  0.85 f c'  350272 N

Cc  0.85 f c'bw c  718526 ( N )

T  Cc  Cs  1068800 9 N  1068798 N (ok )

 
M n  Cc d  a / 2   Cs d  d '  ......