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The Monetary History of Kiev in the Pre-Mongol Period

Author(s): THOMAS S. NOONAN


Source: Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3/4 (December 1987), pp. 384-443
Published by: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41036281
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The Monetary History of Kiev in the Pre-Mongol Period

THOMAS S. NOONAN

INTRODUCTION

The city of Kiev was unquestionably the major political, economic, a


religious center of Rus' during the entire pre-Mongol era. While there are
number of written sources for Kiev's history at this time and archaeologi
excavations provide an ever-growing understanding of Kiev's life prior t
1240, we must not neglect the numismatic evidence. The monetary sour
from this era can help to answer many important questions about Kiev's
early history for which the written and/or archaeological data are meager
obscure, or lacking. This study explores what these monetary sources su
gest about Kiev during the period when it was the greatest town of the R
lands.

Several points should be made clear at the outset. First, by monetary


sources are meant coins as well as pieces of metal used as money. For our
purposes, the term "pieces of metal used as money" refers specifically t
ingots or monetni hryvny (monetnye grivny), many of which circulated d
ing the pre-Mongol era, during which they began to replace coins as the
chief form of metallic money. This definition of monetary sources mea
that we shall focus on the actual coins and ingots that either reached Kie
from elsewhere or were issued in Kiev during the pre-Mongol era. Of no
concern to us here are the various terms for monetary units of account
found in written sources such as the Rus'skaia Pravda.
Applying the above definition, our study will consider five main types of
money:
(1) Islamic coins, primarily the silver dirhams often referred to in older
works as kufic coins;
(2) Byzantine coins of silver, gold, and copper;
(3) West European silver coins, or deniers;
(4) Rus' coins of gold, silver, and billon, usually referred to as zolotnyky
(zlatniki) (gold coins) and sribnyky (srebreniki) (silver coins);
(5) ingots or monetni hryvny (monetnye grivny), primarily those of silver
having a hexagonal shape and usually described as being "of the
Kiev type".
In order to facilitate our analysis, we shall examine each type of money
separately and reserve generalizations for the conclusion.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 385

This study assumes that there were no indigenous sources of go


silver in Kiev or adjacent areas during the pre-Mongol era. Such
assumption is implicit in almost all studies of Rus' monetary history, b
is best to state it explicitly. Furthermore, it is assumed that gold and
had a very real value which was almost universally recognized throug
western Eurasia. Based on these assumptions, we must conclude that a
gold or silver coins or ingots found in Kiev or struck there stem
imports of precious metals. These coins and ingots thus represen
transfer of tangible wealth from somewhere else to Kiev.
It is often assumed that the circulation of coins and ingots in early
was due to trade. While trade played an important role in monetary ci
tion, it was not the only factor that led to the transfer of tangible, me
wealth. Here we will briefly outline a number of reasons why me
wealth ended up in Kiev.
1. Trade. Trade has two aspects as a source of money. First, coins an
ingots could be used to make up any deficit produced in the barterin
goods. Second, since there were no indigenous sources of silver or gol
early Kiev, coins made of these precious metals were also conside
good or product to be deliberately sought in any exchange of wares.
of precious metal were at times melted down and used to make other g
The large quantity of silver jewelry deposited in Kiev during the
Mongol era required the importation, at some point, of a great deal of s
which we can presume was in the form of silver coinage, at least unt
early twelfth century. All in all, the volume of Kiev's bullion trad
probably far greater than the monetary finds per se suggest.
2. Secular Taxes. Here taxes refers to the assorted goods that va
tributary peoples were forced to give the rulers of Kiev. Most of
goods, the written sources make clear, were furs, wax, honey, and sl
The Primary Chronicle also notes, however, that certain East Slavic t
had paid tribute to the Khazars in the form of coins before coming u
Rus' rule. The chronicle specifically states that after submitting to the
some of the East Slavic tribes simply switched their payments of tribu
coinage to the Rus' rulers.2 Probably, then, some of the coinage and e
ingots that reached Kiev were acquired as taxes exorted from s

1 According to the Primary Chronicle, the Derevlianians paid the princes of Kiev a tribu
one black marten skin apiece: The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text (here
RPC-L), trans, and ed. Samuel H. Cross and Olgerd P. Sherbowitz-Wetzor (Camb
Mass., 1953), p. 61, s.a. 883. We can also assume that most of the furs, wax, honey, an
reaching the lower Danube from Rus', i.e., from Kiev, were originally obtained there as
ute. Ibid, p. 86, s.a. 969.
2 RPC-L, p. 61, s.a. 885, and p. 84, s.a. 964.

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386 THOMAS S. NOONAN

peoples. Precious metals, particularly


quantities in various parts of the Ru
rulers welcomed the payment of tribu
3. Religious Taxes. From the time of
doxy, the rulers of Rus' endowed chu
revenues. These grants often took the
of the rulers' income or the transfer
taxes to the church or monastery th
this practice by giving a tithe of his p
the Holy Virgin in 996, as a result of
tynna (Tithes) Church.3 Later pri
ecclesiastical establishments. In 115
Kiev Monastery of the Caves 700 hryv
villages.4 A considerable part of the
Kiev came from the lands of vario
event, part of Kiev's monetary wealt
offerings made to the city's churches
4. Loot. The many military campa
obtained much loot, including money
slavich himself commented, with a
silver.5 Grand Prince Sviatoslav also
ble wealth lay dormant, with live
wealth.6 The chronicles provide vivid
from campaigns within Rus'. In 115
Halych demanded a large silver paym
else I will plunder your city." The to
their ears and necks, melted it down
extorted more silver from other tow
Myches'k.7 A few years later, during
Prince Mstislav obtained much gold
looting the retinue of Prince Iziaslav i
5. Gifts. Gift-giving, especially amo
transfer of large quantities of tangib
tice resulted in a net loss for Rus', as

3 RPC-L,p. 121, s.a. 996.


4 The Kievan Chronicle, trans, and with com
bilt University, 1977), pp. 230-31, s.a. 1158.
5 RPC-L,p. 122, s.a. 996.
6 RPC-L, p. 164, s.a. 1075.
7 Kievan Chronicle, p. 150, s.a. 1 150.
0 Kievan Chronicle, p. 24 1 , s.a. 1 1 !>y .

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 387

showed the ambassadors of the Holy Roman Emperor his vast ri


gold, silver, and silk, and then gave them many gifts for their retur
home.9 In 1132, Grand Prince Iaropolk gave another prince "gold, sil
pearls, horses, and armour. . . ."10 Churchmen also gave gifts lav
When Bishop Elias of Novgorod visited the new metropolitan loan in
around 1166, he brought him gold, silver, pearls, silks, and furs.11 M
the gift-giving only exchanged wealth within Rus'. In 1132, for inst
Grand Prince Iziaslav of Kiev gave gifts obtained from the Kiev area
Byzantium to Prince Rostislav of Smolensk while Rostislav pre
Iziaslav with goods from northern Rus' and the Baltic.12 Dowrie
another form of gift-giving. In 1187, for example, Grand Prince Vs
gave much gold and silver together with other gifts as a dowry
daughter Verkhuslava.13
6. Bribes. Monies were sometimes paid to Rus' and foreign rul
leave a town in peace or to help a Rus' prince seize a particular to
1144, for instance, Prince Volodimer had to pay Prince Vsevolo
hryvny of silver to make peace.14 Six years later, the King of H
demanded much gold and other valuables to return home.15 In 1190
Volodimer fled to the Holy Roman Emperor and reportedly promise
2,000 silver hryvny per year in return for the emperor's help in reg
the throne of Halych.16
This list is by no means exhaustive; rather, it demonstrates that t
were many sources, among which trade was unquestionably very impo
for the coins and ingots deposited in Kiev during the pre-Mong
Unfortunately, there is no way to apportion Kiev's monetary wealth a
these numerous factors. What is certain is that no mono-causal appr
can properly explain monetary circulation in Kiev in the pre-Mongol
It can surely be argued, however, that much of the net growth in K
wealth came from trade. For most of the other factors, the influx of
tary wealth into Kiev was probably offset by a corresponding outlay.
as we have seen, were often reciprocated. While Kiev undou
amassed a sizeable amount of booty, it, too, was looted on seve

9 RPC-L,p. 164, s.a. 1075.


lu The Nikonian Chronicle, vol. 2: From the Year 11 32 -1240, ed., trans., and with c
tary by Serge A. and Betty Jean Zenkovsky (Princeton, 1984), p. 2, s.a. 1 132.
11 Nikonian Chronicle, p. 133, s.a. 1 166.
12 Kievan Chronicle, p. 98, s.a. 1 148.
13 Kievan Chronicle, pp. 429 - 30, s.a. 1 1 87.
1 Kievan Chronicle, p. 38, s.a. 1 144.
15 Kievan Chronicle, p. 140, s.a. 1 150.
16 Kievan Chronicle, p. 440, s.a. 1 190.

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388 THOMAS S. NOONAN

occasions. In 1169 Prince Andrei Bo


was plundered again in 1203 by Prince
chronicles report, Kiev was looted
churches were sacked, and much wealt
sion, the Ol'govichi and their Polovtsi
sections of Kiev and robbed the church
Kiev's rulers also paid bribes and mad
example, Grand Prince Iziaslav paid th
ing him to take Kiev.19 In 1174, Gran
Sviatoslav of Chernihiv a huge ransom
retinue.20 This ransom was paid via a
as on the church.21 The city's princes
often sizeable expenditures to secure
foes.

The taxes and offerings acquired b


probably accounted for some net ga
rulers used a good part of their rev
cement temporary friendships with o
and Turkic auxilliaries that constituted
erect and endow new churches and
poor.22
The inhabitants of Kiev, especially the grand princes, did acquire a great
deal of tangible wealth during the pre-Mongol era. Already under Grand
Prince Volodimer Sviatoslavich, the prince's treasury was filled with mar-
ten pelts and his special guests used silver spoons.23 When the people of
Kiev pillaged the residence of Grand Prince Iziaslav in 1068, they took
huge quantities of gold, silver, and furs.24 A few years later, when Iziaslav
again fled Kiev, he took much treasure with him.25 The German envoys
who visited Grand Prince Sviatoslav in 1075 were shown an "innumerable

17 Kievan Chronicle, p. 295, s.a. 1171; Nikonian Chronicle, 2: 142, s.a. 1 170.
18 Nikonian Chronicle, 2: 216, s.a. 1202.
19 Kievan Chronicle, p. 153, s.a. 1 151.
20 Kievan Chronicle, p. 337, s.a. 1 174.
21 Nikonian Chronicle, 2: 156-57, s.a. 1 175.
22 As early as 996, the Primary Chronicle reported {RPC-L, p. 121, s.a. 996) that Grand
Prince Volodimer gave 300 hryvny to Kiev's poor and provided beggars and the destitute with
food and drink.

li RPC-L, pp. 1 2 1 - 22, s.a. 996.


24 RPC-L, p. 148, s.a. 1068.
25 RPC-L,p. 155, s.a. 1073.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 389

quantity of gold, silver, and silks. . . ."26 Avarice was apparently so w


developed among the Rus' princes that the chroniclers took special no
those who did not hoard gold and silver in their treasuries but distri
some of their wealth among retainers and others.27 Of course, the m
chroniclers may have had a vested interest in'encouraging princes to
their wealth.

The picture of Kiev's tremendous wealth found in the written sourc


in complete accord with the material evidence. Archaeological discove
as well as chance finds have uncovered huge quantities of tangible weal
and around Kiev. It has been estimated, for instance, that hoards fou
Kiev from the pre-Mongol era contained over 3,000 pieces of jewelry
from gold, silver, and their alloys.28 Individual pieces of jewelry foun
ing archaeological excavations should be added to this sum. In her fun
mental study of treasure hoards from pre-Mongol Rus', Korzuk
described 3 hoards from Kiev dating between the mid-tenth and
eleventh centuries, 2 hoards from the eleventh and early twelfth cent
and 47 hoards deposited between the 1170s and 1240.29 Thirty percen
all treasure hoards found in the Rus' lands that date from between the ninth
century and 1240 originated in the city of Kiev. To this vast wealth of Kiev
must be added the coins and ingots not found in treasure hoards.
The study of Kiev's monetary history should give us some insights into
the vitality and prosperity that made pre-Mongol Kiev the premier city in
Rus'.

*
* *

To facilitate our analysis, the pertinent finds of each o


and ingots are given in a separate appendix (append
appendix B = Byzantine coins; appendix C = West Eu
dix D = monetary ingots; appendix E = Rus' coins).
Spasskii have recently completed a comprehensive stud
have reproduced their catalogue of finds here, as appe
A-D represent my own work. Scholars specializing

26 RPC-L, p. 164, s.a. 1075.


27 Kievan Chronicle, p. 301, s.a. 1 172; p. 375, s.a. 1 178; p. 423, s.a.
28 Novoe v arkheologii Kieva (Kiev, 1981), p. 350.
29 G. F. Korzukhina, Russkie klady IX-XIII vv. (Moscow and Len
no. 12- 14; pp. 90-91, no. 29-30; pp. 105-126, no. 65- 1 1 1.
30 M. P. Sotnikova and I. G. Spasski, Russian Coins of the X-X
Research and a Corpus in Commemoration of the Millenary of the
trans. H. B. Wells (Oxford, 1982); idem, Tysiacheletie drevneishikh
katalog russkikh monet X -XI vekov (Leningrad, 1983).

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390 THOMAS S. NOONAN

documents who know the many difficu


may view wistfully the "certainty" of
Alas, no such "certainty" exists, at lea
Discrepancies exist in the accounts of
possible to determine exactly what wa
the discoveries were made.

A few examples can illustrate these problems with our data base. For
many years it was believed that two hoards containing German deniers from
the reign of Henry II (1002-1024) had been found in Kiev.31 However, a
recent study maintains that no such hoards ever existed: the first hoard
resulted from a confusion with an earlier denier find in Kiev, and the second
was created through a misunderstanding of the data.32 Hence two denier
hoards from Kiev that had been referred to repeatedly for over a century are
now labeled fictitious. In 1900, a coin-treasure hoard including gold and
silver ingots became part of the collection of B. I. Khanenko. Korzukhina
gave the find-spot as Divocha hora, near the village of Sakhnivka, in the
Kaniv county.33 On the other hand, one of the leading contemporary spe-
cialists on early Kiev, P. P. Tolochko, indicates that this same hoard was in
fact found on the lands of the former St. Michael Golden-Domed

Monastery.34 Thus, we cannot be certain exactly where a hoard was


unearthed. Lesser differences also abound. The contents of many hoards
are variously reported. It is not clear, in such cases, how many ingots were
part of a hoard or exactly how many coins of a particular type were found.
Many lists of particular types of coins or ingots omit finds noted on other
lists, give alternative dates of discovery for the same find, or combine
separate finds into a larger hoard.
Another serious handicap is that many important finds were dispersed
before they were studied even preliminarily. Such was the case, for
instance, with the large coin-treasure hoard found along the Khreshchatyk
in 1787,35 as well as the large coin hoard uncovered in the Podil during
1889.36 Even the proper recovery of a hoard does not guarantee its preser-
vation for scholarly study. The hoard of almost 2,400 silver coins found in
Kiev during 1706 was apparently dispersed without any record while nomi-

31 Appendix C, no. 2.
32 Novoe v arkheologii, pp. 420-22.
JJ Korzukñina, A/flúTy, p. ui,no. ill.
^ P. P. Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev (Kiev, 1983), p. 173, no. 25.
•" Appendix A, no. 2.
36 Appendix A, no. 9.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 39 1

nally held in the Coin Cabinet of the Asiatic Museum in St. Petersbu
Some hoards have been preserved only in part, e.g., the very large d
hoard found in Kiev in 185 1.38 There is no way to determine if the s
ing portion is representative of the hoard as a whole. In other cases
contents of major hoards found long ago have still not been publish
full, e.g., the large 1913 dirham hoard from Kiev39 and the dirham
from Bondad in Oster county, Chernihiv province.40 The Khabrivka
allegedly found near Kiev was in private hands for over a half c
before being donated to museums in Poland; the preserved coins
suggest that part of the original hoard was lost.41 Many description
hoards refer vaguely to "some coins," "many coins," "Byzantine
"several ingots," etc. Finally, despite my best efforts, various finds
probably been inadvertently omitted or inaccurately reported. Noneth
the appendixes given here do summarize most of what we now know
the pertinent finds from Kiev.
I was initially inclined to limit my investigation here to only those
and ingots found in Kiev itself. This approach, taken in several recent
ies, does have merit. Yet I believe such a restricted geographical
would be misleading. Islamic, Byzantine, and West European coin
imported into Rus' from abroad. While we cannot determine with cer
whether the deposits of such coins found outside of Kiev represent
that were being brought to Kiev or had been taken from the city, it
reasonable to connect many of these finds with Kiev. In any event,
find-spots outside the city can arguably be associated with the mon
wealth of Kiev, whether as imports or exports. These regions in
nearly all of the current Kiev oblast' except the town of Perei
Khmel'nyts'kyi and adjacent areas, much of the former Kaniv and C
kasy counties now in Cherkasy oblast', and Oster county in Chernih
vince. In other words, I have excluded from these appendixes those pa
the middle Dnieper probably connected with the Old Rus' town
Liubech, Chernihiv, and Pereiaslav and all areas beyond them
approach may be overly inclusive, but it does ensure that the mo
wealth of what can be be called greater Kiev is considered.

37 Appendix A, no. 1 .
38 Appendix A, no. 4.
■" Appendix a, no. io.
40 Appendix A, no. 30.
^ ' Appendix a, no. j i .

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392 THOMAS S. NOONAN

Most of the Rus' coins as well as mo


Kiev type were presumably struck in
of such coins and ingots regardless of
dixes D and E list all known finds of h
in Kiev wherever they occur. In addit
hexagonal ingots of the pre-Mongol er

Islamic Coins

Almost all the Islamic coins brought into Eastern Europe and the Baltic dur-
ing the Viking Age were silver dirhams. Almost no Islamic gold coins
(dinars) or copper coins (fulüs, sing, fais) reached these areas.42 Dirhams
first appeared in Eastern Europe during the late eighth century following the
establishment of more peaceful relations between Arabs and Khazars in the
Caucasus.43 Dirhams continued to flow into Eastern Europe, although some-
what erratically, from ca. 800 until the first quarter of the eleventh cen-
tury.44 During the period from ca. 905-970, the heyday of Islamic trade
with Eastern Europe, hundreds of thousands, if not millions, of dirhams
struck in the Sãmãnid mints of Central Asia were imported into Eastern
Europe. A substantial portion of these dirhams were then re-exported to the
lands around the Baltic. While a few dirhams were no doubt obtained as
the result of raids, bribes, payments to mercenaries, and other non-
commercial factors, the written sources leave no doubt that most dirhams
were brought to Eastern Europe through trade.45

42 On the fulus, see Thomas S. Noonan, "Medieval Islamic Copper Coins from European
Russia and Surrounding Regions: The Use of the Fais in the Early Islamic Trade with Eastern
Europe," Journal of the American Oriental Society 94 (1974): 448-53.
43 Thomas S. Noonan, "When and How Dirhams First Reached Russia: A Numismatic Cri-
tique of the Pirenne Theory," Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique 21 (1980): 401 -469;
idem, "Why Dirhams First Reached Russia: The Role of Arab-Khazar Relations in the
Development of the Earliest Islamic Trade with Eastern Europe," Archivum Eurasiae Medii
AeviA (1984): 151-282.
44 The influx of dirhams into Eastern Europe during this period is reviewed in Thomas S.
Noonan, "Dirhams from Early Medieval Russia," Journal of the Russian Numismatic Society
17 (Winter 1984/85): 8- 12.
45 Among the many Islamic sources that discuss this trade, special note should be taken of
Ibn Fadlãn, who described how Rüs merchants arriving in the Volga-Bulgar lands prayed that
(Islamic) merchants with many coins would buy all of their slaves and furs without haggling
(James E. McKeithen, "The Risãlah of Ibn Fadlãn: An Annotated Translation with Introduc-
tion" [Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1979], 132-33). Gardïzï and Ibn Rusta also report that
in the Volga-Bulgar lands the Rüs and Saqlãbs sold their pelts for dirhams brought from the
Islamic lands (A. P. Martinez, "Gardïzï's Two Chapters of the Turks," Archivum Eurasiae
Medii Aevi 2 (1982): 158-59; Ibn Rusteh, Les Atours Précieux, trans. Gaston Wiet (Cairo,
1955), p. 159.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 393

It was this Islamic trade with the Rus', conducted across the Khaza
Volga-Bulgar lands, that provided the dirhams that ended up in and
Kiev. The major movement of dirhams in Eastern Europe, howev
toward the upper Volga lands, the Novgorod region, and the Ba
other words, dirhams gravitated from the Khazar and Volga-Bulgar la
northern and central Rus' and westward into the lands around the Baltic

Sea. Kiev thus lay to the side of the routes by which most dirhams circu-
lated. It has been argued that there was a route leading from the Volga-
Bulgar lands to Kiev in the pre-Mongol era. Islamic sources of the tenth
century refer to a town of the Rüs called Kuyãbah which some identify as
Kiev.46 In the mid-twelfth century the Spanish traveller Abu Hamid al-
Garnâtï reportedly went from the Volga-Bulgar lands to the city of Kuiav
[the original has Man-Karmãn O.P.],47 which some also identify as Kiev.48
However, Korzukhina strongly challenged both these identifications.49
Given this controversy, we must be cautious about assuming the existence
of a direct Bulgar-Kiev route by which dirhams reached Kiev.
Elsewhere, I have argued that dirhams did not reach the Ukraine until the
820s.50 My argument was based on the principle that dirham hoards are a
far more reliable guide to the appearance of dirhams in a given region than
are stray finds. All the stray finds of dirhams were coins that could be
found in hoards (i.e., they came from dispersed hoards), whereas the
appearance of more than a few incidental dirhams in an area would inevi-
tably have produced hoards. I still maintain that hoards of dirhams are the
key indicator for dating the circulation of dirhams in any region of Eastern
Europe.
History has been very unkind to the dirham hoards found in Kiev itself.
The earliest recorded hoard, from 1706, was dispersed while in St. Peters-
burg. It contained around 2,380 silver "Assyrian" coins, which scholars
later believed were, in fact, dirhams.51 The next hoard, chronologically, was
also lost without a trace - there is no record of the contents of the jug full of

46 Hudud al-Àlam, "The Regions of the World": A Persian Geography, 372 A.H.-982 A.D.,
trans, and with commentary by V. Minorsky, 2d ed. (London, 1970), pp. 159, 434.
47 See O. Pritsak, "Eine altruische Bezeichrung für Kiev," Der Islam 32 (1955): 1-13
[O.P.].
48 O. G. Bol'shakov and A. L. Mongait, Pûtes hestvie Abu Khamida al-Garnati v vostochnuiu
i tsentral'nuiu Evropu (1 131 - 1 153 gg.) (Moscow, 1971), pp. 37; 74, fn. 104; 108-110.
49 G. F. Korzukhina, "Put' Abu Khamid al-Garnati iz Bulgara v Vengriiu," in Problemy
arkheologii, vol. 2: Sbornik statei v pamiaf professora M. I. Artamonova (Leningrad, 1978),
pp. 187-94.
50 Thomas S. Noonan, "When Did Dirhams First Reach the Ukraine?," Harvard Ukrainian
Studies 2, no. 1 (March 1978): 26-40.
51 Appendix A, no. 1 .

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394 THOMAS S. NOONAN

4 'ancient" silver coins found in 1787,


ably dirhams.52 A third hoard, conta
was deposited after the Mongol conqu
traders, so it tells us nothing about K
Mongol era.53 Only a small part of th
1851 was identified; the bulk of the pr
mitage, but have yet to be published i
in the Podil in 1863 has been published
cally, the large hoard of dirhams foun
without a trace.56 Finally, the large h
fully published, although there is a g
sum, of the six hoards of dirhams un
thoroughly published; three have been
able about the other two is incomplete
ham hoards from Kiev relies on a ser
that we do have for the hoards dated
(the 1863 hoard), and 905/06 (the 191
reached Kiev in the early tenth centur
end by the mid-tenth century. Or, to
and/or campaigns that brought these
period ca. 900-950.
One test of this hypothesis is to exam
Kiev. There are three pertinent hoard
containing over 5,300 dirhams and di
other coins, of which most that could
lished in full. Several dirhams in this hoard date to the first decade of the

eleventh century and the hoard as a whole was probably deposited ca.
1020;58 (2) The 1913-1914 hoard from Bondari, about which little infor-
mation is available. It supposedly contained 420 dirhams, the most recent
of which dated to 951/52;59 (3) The 1916 hoard allegedly found near Kha-
brivka, which presents a real puzzle.60 The most recent dirham in it dates to
945/46, whereas its most recent coin is a denier of 1018-1035 or possibly

52 Appendix A, no. 2.
^ Appendix A, no. 3.
54 Appendix A, no. 4.
55 Appendix A, no. 6.
JU Appendix A, no. V.
D/ Appendix A, no. 16.
58 Appendix A, no. 28.
3y Appendix A, no. 30.
60 Appendix A, no. 3 1 .

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 395

another denier of the twelfth-thirteenth centuries. In a normal hoard of ca.

1020-1035 containing dirhams, almost certainly a sizeable number of dir-


hams would have been struck after 950. The absence of such newer dir-

hams in the Khabrivka hoard suggests that either the newer dirhams were
consciously removed or that the deniers originally constituted a separate
find or finds and were mixed with the dirhams after they had been
unearthed. There is good reason to argue, then, that the dirhams in the Kha-
brivka hoard were, in fact, deposited separately around 950, perhaps in the
vicinity of Kiev.
The three dirham hoards from greater Kiev support our hypothesis that
dirhams did not reach the Kiev region in any significant numbers until the
early tenth century. The Bondari and Khabrivka hoards indicate that the
importation of dirhams into this area did not continue after the mid-tenth
century. The Denysy hoard would seem to indicate that dirhams struck
between the mid-tenth and early eleventh centuries did reach the area, but
since the Denysy hoard is so large, it may well represent the accumulated
wealth of several decades rather than the circulation of dirhams in greater
Kiev ca. 1020.

The most startling conclusion to emerge from our analysis of the avail-
able evidence is that dirhams did not reach Kiev in any quantity until the
early tenth century. Contrary to the views of scholars like Kliuchevskii,
who linked Kiev's emergence as a major town to its early trade with the
Islamic world, there is no numismatic evidence for such a trade in the
eighth or ninth centuries.61 Kiev did not have any demonstrable ties to the
influx of dirhams into Eastern Europe during the ninth century. Such ties
only began in the early tenth century and they only lasted, with any regular-
ity, for about half a century.
One striking feature of the dirham hoards from Kiev and vicinity is their
very large size:

Kiev, 1706 2,380


Kiev, 1787 ' 'jug full"
Kiev, 1851 2,000-3,000
Kiev, 1863 191
Kiev, 1889 "large"
Kiev, 1913 2,930
Denysy, 1912 5,400

61 V. O. Kluchevsky, A History of Russia, vol. 1, t


pp. 52-53.

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396 THOMAS S. NOONAN

Bondari, 1913-1914 420


Khabrivka, 1916 106/129

Four of the seven hoards for which some estimate of size is available

exceed 2,000 dirhams; also, if the clay pot found in 1851 contained several
thousand dirhams, then the "jug full" of coins uncovered in 1787 may have
been of similar size. The "large" 1889 hoard probably numbered at least
500 dirhams, if not more. Dirham hoards of a thousand or more coins are
not unknown in Eastern Europe, but a fairly large number of smaller
hoards, ca. 50-200 coins, were usually also found. Kiev and vicinity are
thus marked by a high concentration of very large dirham hoards. One can
argue that these hoards represent the accumulation of wealth in an emerging
capital rather than groups of dirhams taken here and there to facilitate
everyday trade. Kiev may thus have reaped the profits of the Islamic trade
without having had a major role in it.
Using the above estimates for "jug full" and "large," and assuming
that the 1706 and 1787 hoards did contain Islamic coins, we can project that
the nine hoards from the Kiev region probably contained in the neighbor-
hood of 17,000 dirhams. While this may not seem to be a huge sum, it
represents more dirhams than were found in all the ninth century hoards
from the entire Baltic. Large numbers of dirhams were thus imported into
Kiev and its vicinity over a relatively short time, specifically ca. 12,000 dir-
hams between ca. 905 and 955, or some 240 per year on average. The
equivalent of one fair-sized dirham hoard reached Kiev annually during the
first-half of the tenth century.
Based on the above analysis, I should like to put forward the following
hypothesis. Kiev's connection with the Islamic trade began only ca. 905,
when the route by which dirhams reached Eastern Europe shifted from the
Caspian/ Caucasus routes to a Central Asian route transversing the Volga-
Bulgar lands. While most of the dirhams imported into the middle Volga
were re-exported to central and northern Rus' or to the Baltic, for around a
half century or possibly longer, a significant number were diverted to Kiev
and vicinity. It is not clear whether these dirhams were the result of fairly
brief but intensive trade with Volga Bulgaria, of tribute collected from East
Slavic tribes in the form of silver dirhams, or of loot brought back from
various campaigns. Probably all three factors were operative to some
extent.

The first real influx of monetary wealth into Kiev and vicinity thus came
during the first half of the tenth century, when at least 12,000 dirhams were
imported into the area of Kiev. There is no monetary evidence for Kiev's
ties with the Orient before 900, and the ties beginning then seem to have
disappeared around 955, i.e., several decades before the silver crisis in the

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 397

Islamic world put a gradual end to the export of dirhams to Eastern E


The only evidence of new Islamic money coming to Kiev after 955 is
huge Denysy hoard deposited ca. 1020, but that hoard cannot be con
conclusive evidence that dirhams reached the Kiev area after 955 wi
regularity.

Byzantine Coins

In terms of Kiev's monetary history, Byzantine coins present a great con-


trast to Islamic dirhams. Byzantine coins made of copper/bronze, gold, and
silver were all found in early Kiev, unlike their Islamic counterparts, which
were almost all silver dirhams. While our data about some finds from Kiev

and vicinity is incomplete, and the number of coins in some finds must be
estimated, there are about 116 Byzantine coins from Kiev whose metal has
been noted. Of these, 91 (or 78.4 percent) were copper or bronze, 21 (or
18.1 percent) were gold, and only 4 (or 3.4 percent) were silver. This pat-
tern also prevails among the Byzantine finds from greater Kiev, where a
total of around 35 coins has been found: of these, 21 (or 60 percent) were
copper or bronze, 10 (or 28.6 percent) were gold, and only 4 (or 11.4 per-
cent) were silver miliaresia. So Byzantine coins reaching Kiev were most
likely to be the cheaper copper or bronze coins or, failing that, the far more
expensive gold coins.
A second major difference between the Byzantine and Islamic coins
from Kiev and vicinity concerns quantity. Whereas the nine dirham hoards
from Kiev totaled around 17,000 dirhams, the thirty-four Byzantine finds
from Kiev contained around 161 coins. Twenty-three finds from the greater
Kiev region yielded 38 Byzantine coins. In other words, fifty-seven finds
contain a total of only 200 or so Byzantine coins. Furthermore, among
these fifty-seven there are only three definite hoards: a hoard containing at
least nine copper coins was found in 1888;62 fifteen solidi were part of a
coin-treasure hoard discovered in 1899;63 and a hoard of 37 copper coins
was unearthed in 1908.64 No confirmed hoards of Byzantine coins ori-
ginated in greater Kiev. Compared with dirhams, only a minuscule number
of Byzantine coins ever reached Kiev.
A third and final comparison of the Byzantine and Islamic coins has to
do with the timespan during which they reached Kiev and vicinity. Islamic
dirhams, we know, were brought to Kiev primarily during the first half of

62 Appendix B, no. 11.


DJ Appendix B, no. 17.
64 Appendix B., no. 19.

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398 THOMAS S. NOONAN

the tenth century and only very rarel


hoards and the different dating syste
determine the time when Byzantin
hoard of 37 copper coins from the
Thus, at the very earliest Byzantine c
the mid-tenth century. The stray fin
conclusive evidence that Byzantine
mid-tenth century, unless they can b
unquestionably dates from before 950.
Among the 200 Byzantine coins fo
definitely struck in the eleventh centu
ferent find-spots. In addition, several Byzantine coins of the
eleventh -twelfth, twelfth, or eleventh -thirteenth centuries were found at
six sites in Kiev and vicinity.67 Thus we know that some Byzantine coins
were still reaching Kiev during the eleventh and twelfth centuries, long
after the influx of dirhams into Eastern Europe had ceased.
From the preponderance of copper/bronze and gold issues among the
Byzantine coins from the Kiev area, their very small number, and the long
period of time over which they were brought there, it seems evident that
Byzantine coins played no appreciable role in the economic or political his-
tory of Kiev. Unlike Islamic dirhams and West European deniers, which
were imported into Eastern Europe in quantity to facilitate trade with Islam
and the Baltic, Byzantine coins served no commercial function for Kiev,
nor were there enough of them to use for tribute payments, bribes, etc. It
seems, instead, that a small number of low-value copper and bronze coins
and an even smaller number of highly valued gold coins were brought to
Kiev and vicinity by travelers over the course of several centuries. Byzan-
tine coins were thus essentially incidental souvenirs or momentos of Rus'-
Byzantine and Rus'-Kherson relations rather than indicators of Kiev's rela-
tions with these regions.
The peripheral role of Byzantine coins in Kiev's monetary history raises
certain questions about the famous Rus '-Byzantine trade. If this trade were
as important as we have been led to believe, why are there so few Byzan-
tine coins in Kiev, the Rus' center for this trade? Why would the contem-
poraneous Islamic trade generate so much coinage in Rus', while the
Byzantine trade generated so little? Two answers can be offered. First, the
Rus '-Byzantine trade may have been based on the barter of an equal value

65 Appendix B, no. 19.


"u Appendix ü, nos. z, i /, Z4, 3U, 3D, 41, 44, 34, 33.
67 Appendix B, nos. 12, 23, 26, 32, 37, 43.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 399

of goods and thus required no coinage to make up deficits on the Byzantin


side (or Byzantium had no coins to make up such deficits). The number o
Byzantine imports found at Rus' sites tends to support this answer. On t
other hand, the extent of the fabled Rus '-Byzantine trade, especially in t
ninth and tenth centuries, may be exaggerated. There is no compelling ev
dence for the existence of this trade in the ninth century. The so-called
Rus'-Byzantine trade treaties and the report preserved by Constantine P
phyrogenitus may have led us to overestimate the volume of this trade
the tenth century. In any event, it seems clear that Byzantine coins had
very negligible place in the monetary and economic history of Kiev dur
the pre-Mongol era.

West European Coins

West European silver coins or deniers first began to appear with regularit
in Eastern Europe during the last quarter of the tenth century, and they co
tinued to reach the Rus' lands until the early twelfth century.68 One rece
estimate puts the number of deniers from Rus' hoards at just und
37,000.69 Allowing for small and stray finds, we can estimate that there
information on some 40,000 deniers from Rus'. In other words, whil
imports of deniers to Rus' were far smaller than the import of dirhams
very significant quantity of West European silver coins did reach the Ru
lands. Deniers had a key role in Rus' trade with the Baltic, just as dirham
did in its Islamic trade.

In his study of denier finds from Rus', V. M. Potin gave the following
geographic breakdown:
Novgorod lands - 45 hoards and 83 separate finds
Polotsk (Polatsk) lands - 7 hoards and 5 separate finds
Smolensk lands - 6 hoards and 16 separate finds
Rostov-Suzdal' lands - 7 hoards and 44 separate finds
Riazan' lands - 3 hoards and 4 separate finds
Halych lands - 1 hoard and 2 separate finds
Volhynian lands - 7 hoards and 2 separate finds
Kiev and Pereiaslav lands - 5 hoards and 4 separate finds
Chernihiv lands - 4 hoards and 4 separate finds

68 The most recent full study of these coins is by V. M. Potin, Drevniaia Rus i evropeiskie
gosudarstva v X-XIII vv.: lstoriko-numizmaticheskii ocherk (Leningrad, 1968).
õy Bernd Kluge, "Das angelsächsische Element in den slawischen Münzfunden des 10. bis
12. Jahrhunderts. Aspekte einer Analyze," in Viking- Age Coinage in the Northern Lands: The
Sixth Oxford Symposium on Coinage and Monetary History, ed. M. A. S. Blackburn and D. M.
Metcalf (Oxford, 1981), p. 281.

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400 THOMAS S. NOONAN

Middle Volga - 1 hoard and 1 separa


Azov steppe - 1 coin.70
The list of hoards and finds does not
number of coins: Potin, unfortunately
his data. Nevertheless, his figures give
lation in pre-Mongol Rus'. The vast m
the Novgorod lands, where they entere
Smolensk, and Rostov-Suzdal' lands.
the southern Rus' lands or the non-Slav
sons are beyond the scope of this stud
of dirham imports led the northweste
reaching Rus' via the Baltic. The pr
probably intensified as far fewer den
dirhams (also, the denier usually we
Deniers were apparently important in
rod deliberately sought to keep as man
Given these circumstances, it is not
reached Kiev and vicinity. Of the five
taining German coins are reportedly s
The Venetian coins date to the first pa
most probably linked with Kiev's Blac
three authentic and relevant finds, con
itself. Surprisingly, many more den
Kiev, in two eleventh-century denier h
Kiev along the Dnieper,73 and one from
Unfortunately, little information is av
know how large they are or when t
consider the 41 deniers found with the
deniers allegedly part of the Khabrivka
In assessing Kiev's monetary history
the same category as Byzantine coins.
nized, however. The denier played a ve
Rus'. The reason so few deniers reache
was highly valued in the Novgorod

70 Potin, Drevniaia Rus' , p. 47.


71 Appendix C, no. 2.
72 Appendix C, no. 3.
73 Appendix C, no. 6.
74 Appendix C, no. 7.
75 Appendix C, no. 10.
76 Appendix C, no. 11.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 40 1

were a negligible factor in trade anywhere in Rus': the copper coins h


very little value, whereas the gold coins were both too few and too valu
to be of use in commerce. The few miliaresia to reach Rus' made no real
difference.

As already mentioned, large numbers of silver ingots have been found


throughout the Rus' lands, particularly in Kiev; many were also cast there.
The ingots found in and around Kiev alone are the equivalent of tens of
thousands of dirhams or deniers. Many, if not most, of these Kiev-type
ingots were deposited between the 1170s and 1240, giving us a probable
date when most were cast. At that time, neither dirhams nor deniers were
being imported into Rus'. Where, then, did the silver for these monetary
ingots come from? The extreme paucity of deniers in Kiev and the slightly
larger numbers found in greater Kiev may well mean that most deniers to
reach Kiev were melted down to make ingots or jewelry. Certainly, anyone
looking for silver to refashion into ingots during the century before the
Mongol conquest would have used deniers for raw material. Dirhams,
miliaresia, and solidi were probably similarly endangered, but deniers were
more vulnerable because they were far more recent imports than dirhams
and because there were far more of them than of miliaresia and solidi.

While few deniers have surfaced in Kiev, a variety of written sources


have documented Kiev's lively overland trade with southern Germany in
the pre-Mongol era. Why did this trade not bring to Kiev more Czech,
Hungarian, and especially German deniers? The best explanation seems to
be that this overland trade functioned on the basis of a balanced barter of

goods and thus did not require coinage.77 Coinage is not requisite for trade,
as the many barter arrangements in Eastern Europe in our own time demon-
strate.

Rus' Coins

During the late tenth and early eleventh centuries (989-1019), several Rus'
princes (Volodimer, Sviatopolk, and Iaroslav) struck their own coins, usu-
ally referred to as either sribnyky (silver coins) or zolotnyky (gold coins).
Recently Sotnikova and Spasskii studied all the 341 examples of these coins
known today. Of these 341 coins, eleven were gold and 330 were silver.
All the zolotnyky as well as the sribnyky of Volodimer and Sviatopolk were
struck in Kiev.78 The sribnyky of Volodimer (245) and Sviatopolk (68)

77 Potin, Drevniaia Rus' , pp. 48 - 52.


78 Sotnikova and Spasskii, Russian Coins, p. 7.

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402 THOMAS S. NOONAN

totaled 313 coins.79 In other words, 3


Rus' coins of this era were struck in K
cent were sribnyky.
The Rus' princes of Kiev selected a
striking coins. Starting ca. 970, the ex
began to decline sharply, while the in
even if the Kiev princes had had a
deniers - which seems highly problem
and vicinity during the period 989-
pressed to obtain sufficient foreign sil
nyky.80 The shortage of silver in t
explains one characteristic of the sribn
composition turned out to be real gold
183 Kievan sribnyky examined, 127 or
all - they were in fact copper coins. An
cent, were billon coins of low-quali
imports combined with the hoarding of
sia forced the Kiev princes to strike c
adulterated silver in lieu of high qualit
The small quantity of sribnyky, most
cannot have served any commercial
shortly after the conversion of Rus',
Christian princes of Kiev sought to m
by striking their own coins, which w
sovereignty. Their coins were a visib
dence as rulers.

The few coins struck by the earliest Christian princes of Kiev played no
real role, then, in the monetary history of the city. In fact, they were quite
probably never intended to have an economic function. Rather, these
copper and billon coins were designed to magnify the prestige of the
princes of Kiev who struck them.

Silver Ingots

The attempt to use coinage as a political instrument quickly floundered


because it clashed with basic economic reality, i.e., the scarcity of gold and
silver. A prosperous economy that needed silver would have been able to

79 Sotnikova and Spasski, Russian Coins, p. 137


80 Sotnikova and Spasski, Russian Coins, p. 137, where it is argued that the raw material for
Rus' silver coins of the period 988 - 1019 could only have been foreign silver coins.
81 Sotnikova and Spasski, Russian Coins, p. 139.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 403

find it. This is evident in a study of the silver ingots of the so-calle
type. Ingots of precious metal were already present in Eastern Europ
the ninth century. For instance, the Uglich hoard of 1879 from the
Volga contained 205 whole dirhams, the most recent of which d
829/30, plus 909 dirham fragments and five silver bars which w
respectively, 149g, 114.6g, 111.6g, 96.5g, and 63. lg.82 The 1867 Iagos
hoard from the former Viatka gubernia comprised about 1,500 dirham
most recent of which dated to 842/43, and a silver bar weighing 76.
Silver ingots were also found in several tenth-century coin-treasure h
The Kopiïvka hoard, deposited in Vinnytsia oblast' of the Ukrain
tained, among other things, 500 dirhams, the most recent of which d
954/55, and two silver ingots shaped like sticks.84 The 1907 Tatarski
ish hoard from the former Kazan' gubernia consisted of 957 dirhams
between 875 and 984/85, as well as two round silver ingots weighing
and 88.4g.85 The 1883 hoard from Borshchivka in Volhynia gub
which dates to the second half of the tenth century, contained 42 s
ingots weighing from 25g to 108g.86 Finally, silver ingots of various
were found in a number of eleventh-century hoards. The 1920
Ladoga hoard, deposited ca. 1010, contained two long silver
(118.6g. and 101.6g).87 The 1912 Denysy hoard, deposited ca
included a long silver ingot that weighed either 117.9g or 139g.88 Th
hoard from Veliko-Seletskoe, deposited ca. 1025, had a long silve
weighing 245. 9g.89 The 1898 Strazhevichi hoard, deposited ca. 1040,
tained four long silver ingots of unknown weight.90 The 1903 hoard
Strazhevichi, deposited ca. 1045, included two long silver ingots weig
201. 7g and 101. 6g, a gold ingot of 78. 8g, and four round silver ing
37.2g, 19.5g, 12.2g, and 10. lg.91 The 1903 Veliko-Seletskoe

82 Thomas S. Noonan, "Ninth-Century Dirham Hoards from European Russia: A Pre


Analysis," in Viking-Age Coinage in the Northern Lands, p. 94, no. 32; N. Bauer, "Di
und Goldbarren des russischen Mittelalters: Eine archäologische Studie," Numism
Zeitschrift 62 (1929): 81, no. 2.
83 Noonan, "Ninth-Century Dirham Hoards," pp. 99-101, no. 40; Bauer, "Die Sil
81, no. 3.
84 Korzukhina. Klad'. d. 84. no. 16.
85 Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 94, no. 26; V. V. Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki sasanidskikh i
kuficheskikh monet v Vostochnoi Evrope," Numizmatika i èpigrafika 9 (1971): 88, no. 122.
80 Bauer, "Die Silber-," pp. 85-86, no. 16; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 85, no. 17.
"' Bauer, "Uie Silber-," p. 82, no. 5; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 102, no. 60.
88 Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 82, no. 6; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 85, no. 18.
*y Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 84, no. 7.
90 Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 84, no. 8; Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 95-96, no. 45.
91 Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 84, no. 9; p. 90, no. 8; p. 92, no. 24. Korzukhina, Klady, pp.
96-97, no. 46.

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404 THOMAS S. NOONAN

deposited around the mid-eleventh


weighing 198.2g and 194.1g.92 The 19
1060, included four long silver ingots
? as well as three pieces of round silv
had one long silver ingot of 55. 5g an
total of 426g.94 The 1897 Orlovka h
43. 7g in addition to 234 whole and 4 f
weighed a total of 21.7kg.95 And the 1
silver ingots weighing 184g, 130.8g
circulation of tangible wealth in the
long history in Rus'. These ingots, lik
real monetary value, although it was n
or western legends and pictures.
By the twelfth century, however, ne
the silver ingot in the monetary and
longer one of several forms of tangib
hams into Rus' had ceased by 1025 or s
an end during the early twelfth centu
quantity of silver coins was imported
considered the onset of the coinless
fact, what seems to have happened is t
the circulation of small quantities of
become too valuable to be used for sm
melted down and cast in the form of
transactions. The term ' 'coinless p
Silver ingots became, in effect, very b
The ingots struck in growing quantit
various shapes. Those with a hexag
called ingots of the Kiev type. As S
'Kievan ingots' is very likely associate
ture, yet variations in shape . . . enable
have taken place at other centers in S
circulation of the hexagonal, Kiev-t

92 Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 84, no. 10; Korzukh


93 Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 84, no. 1 1,
and p. 9
94 Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 85, no. 14,
and p. 9
95 Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 85, no. 15,
and p. 9
96 Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 86, no. 17;
Korzukh
97 I. G. Spassky, The Russian Monetary System
1967), p. 66; see Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 175,
type.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 405

with the pre-Mongol era, when they enjoyed wide circulation.98


As usual, the accounts of the finds of silver ingots in Kiev and else
are at times incomplete, vague, or contradictory. Therefore, any estim
the total number of finds and their weight can only be an approxim
We have no way of knowing, for instance, precisely how many ingot
part of the ' 'hoard" of ingots found along the Khreshchatyk in 188
making educated guesses, and after examining the data in appendix
appears that about 229 silver ingots of the Kiev type were found in K
addition, three gold ingots, one piece of a gold ingot, three ingots o
Novgorod type, three ingots of another type, and four electrum ingot
Kiev type were found in Kiev. Specialists on pre-Mongol Kiev es
that 270 gold and silver ingots weighing over 45kg have been found
city,100 so our estimate of 243 ingots in total is probably too conser
Silver ingots of the Kiev type most probably number 255.
While the weight of the ingots of the Kiev type varied, 155g is a
average. We can estimate, then, that Kiev's 255 ingots weighed
39,525g. To this figure we can add 514g for the Novgorod ingots101
perhaps 300g of silver for the electrum ingots.102 Two of the gold
weighed 236g.103 No weight is given for the gold ingot in one find.10
gold in another weighed 20g.105 We can estimate the total gold at ar
400g. Assuming that gold had a value 15 times that of silver, th
ingots and pieces equal around 6,000g of silver. Adding all this
obtain a figure of just over 46,000g of silver or, to round off to a con
figure, 50,000g of silver from the ingots found in Kiev.
The theoretical weight of a dirham was 2.97 g. However, most tenth
eleventh-century hoards in Eastern Europe contained numerous d
fragments. The Denysy hoard of ca. 1020, for example, contain
whole dirhams and 4,293 dirham fragments.106 Some of the dirham
ments found in hoards were very small, e.g., .5g. Thus, 50,000g of s
would equal around 17,000 whole dirhams. Using an average figu
1.75g to take fragments into account, we arrive at the figure of
29,000 coins. However, as V. L. Ianin has noted, many dirhams o

98 Spassky, Monetary System, p. 65; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 101, dates the he
ingots of the Kiev type to the twelfth and first half of the thirteenth centuries.
w Appendix D, no. 16.
inn m T f i t •• <•> s' n

- wovoe v ar/cneoiogu, p. jo /.
1U1 Appendix D, no. 29.
102 Appendix D, no. 34.
103 Appendix D, no. 21.
lü4 Appendix D, no. 27.
lu:> Appendix D, no. 23.
106 Appendix A, no. 28.

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406 THOMAS S. NOONAN

tenth century were trimmed to a sta


norm, 50,000g of silver ingots wou
gold and silver ingots found in Kiev
17,000 and 50,000 dirhams.
Appendix D shows 337 normal silver
side of Kiev. To facilitate an estimate
and multiplied by 155g, yielding th
add 41 heavy ingots of the Kiev t
8,200g. In addition, several unidentif
and Novgorod types were found in t
another 5,6 18g to our figures. Finally
from the vicinity of Kiev, the equva
we find 73,543g, rounded off to a
greater Kiev or made in the form of
Kiev. Since some silver ingots of the
side of Kiev, we can estimate that ar
In other words, the silver value foun
more than the value found inside K
represent between 39,000 and 115,00
an average weight of ca. lg each,108
in ingots equaled 1 15,000 coins.
If we consider the monetary value o
that is, ca. 39,000 to 115,000 dirhams
the course of two centuries, only 17
into Kiev and vicinity. By way of c
silver reached Kiev in ingot form dur
Mongol invasion. When this ingot va
it equals ca. 115,000 deniers - the f
noted earlier, a recent estimate put t
hoards at around 40,000. 109 The silv
alone exceeded the silver value of all
ca. 975 and 1125. Furthermore, the a
Kiev and vicinity exceeds the numbe
factor of almost three. In other w
cumstances, the monetary wealth of
massive.

107 V. L. Ianin, Denezhno-vesovye sistemy russkogo srednevekov 'ia: Domongol'skii period


(Moscow, 1956), pp. 146-47.
108 Ianin, Denezhno-vesovye sistemy, pp. 146, 159.
1UV See above, p. 399.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 407

The great monetary wealth of Kiev from ca. 1 100 to 1240 raises
important questions. Not all can be explored here, but two importan
can be broached. First, how do we explain the huge concentration o
tary wealth connected with Kiev in the century and a half bef
Mongol conquest? Did Kiev at this time import silver to balance its
tic and international trade? Or was the accumulation of monetary w
the product of Kiev's political and religious position, i.e., was this w
produced by taxes, loot, gifts, the revenue from estates, contributio
other sources not connected with Kiev's trade? Were precious
imported into Kiev to satisfy the demands of the city's jewelers an
rich patrons?
Second, what was the source of the silver used to cast hundreds of
ingots? One is tempted to speculate that the paucity of deniers from Kiev
and a smaller number of dirhams than might be expected is explained by the
melting down of these coins to provide the raw material for ingots. In addi-
tion, the casting of large numbers of silver ingots in Kiev and other southern
centers might represent, in part, an influx of new silver obtained from the
Novgorod lands, silver which Novgorod had originally obtained from the
Baltic in the form of ingots.110 This alternative brings us back to the trade
issue, and suggests that Novgorod and the north of Rus' might have had to
balance their trade with Kiev by the payment of silver ingots. Specifically,
silver and furs from northern Rus' may well have paid for imports of Kiev's
manufactured goods and Black Sea wine shipped via Kiev.
These and related questions indicate that the monetary history of Kiev in
the century and a half before the Mongol conquest was complex indeed.
Kiev at this time was a very wealthy city with an active external trade, a
dynamic domestic economy, and considerable political and ecclesiastical
power. Kiev's monetary wealth reflects this period of prosperity, if only
imperfectly.

Conclusion

The analysis here of the five types of monetary wealth found in pre-Mongol
Kiev indicates that three types of metallic wealth - Byzantine coins, West
European deniers, and Rus' coins - had only a negligible role. These coins
can thus be discounted in the examination of Kiev's monetary history.
Consequently, the real question is, what do the hoards of dirhams and finds
of ingots tell us about this history?

110 Potin, Drevniaia Rus', pp. 83-92.

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408 THOMAS S. NOONAN

Among monetary historians there a


ing of hoards of coins and metal ingot
finds. Perhaps the best known approa
active trade: lacking anything like ba
with trade supposedly buried their wo
keeping. An alternative approach sees
turbed conditions: during troubled tim
the ground. Finally, a quite different
sign of a backward or less develope
developed economy, metallic wealth
only in those areas where it could not
I do not believe any one approach is v
at all times during the medieval er
illuminate aspects of Kiev's monetary
ten evidence as well as a constantly g
cal data leave no doubt that Kiev had
trade during the century and a half b
massive amount of silver expressed in
were cast during the twelfth and fir
unquestionably connected with that t
required silver for their uses, and the
sought after tangible, worldly wealth.
in Kiev and vicinity is far more than
merce.

At the same time, the large number of rich treasure hoards as


ingots deposited in Kiev between the 1170s and 1240 clearly refl
impact of the Mongol conquest. Were it not for the Mongols, m
tangible wealth would have been buried at another time and/or
there would have been no concentration of great wealth in K
from Batu's forces if Kiev had not been a major political, eco
religious center.
Finally, it is striking that Kiev's craft production experienced
off" during the eleventh century.112 The amount of metallic, silv

1 ' ' This commerce was discussed in my paper "The Flourishing of Kiev's Inter
Domestic Trade, ca. 1 100- 1240," presented at the Third Conference on the Uk
omy, October 1985; the conference papers are being published by the Ukrainian R
tute of Harvard University.
1 12 The development of Kiev's craft production during the eleventh century was
my paper on "The Transformation of Kiev into a Major European Commercial a
Center During the Pre-Mongol Era," presented at the convention of the American
for the Advancement of Slavic Studies, November 1986.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 409

available in Kiev and vicinity thus declined sharply at the very tim
Kiev's crafts were growing in number and their production was ex
rapidly. Kiev might not have required large quantities of silver
domestic crafts, at least not in the eleventh century. Or, what
likely, much if not most of the silver reaching Kiev remained in circ
so that a large part was eventually reexported elsewhere or was
down. In Kiev's developed economy, silver was often invested and/o
to good use rather than buried. This would explain, for instance, wh
ingots of the Kiev type were deposited outside of Kiev than in
itself. Nevertheless, it is no coincidence that very large quantities
reached Kiev and vicinity during the very period when the city's cra
prospering and its commerce was thriving.
In sum, then, all three interpretations of hoarding contribute to an
standing of Kiev's monetary history in the pre-Mongol era, althou
in itself is sufficient to explain it adequately.
The hoards of dirhams and ingots found in and around Kiev refl
city's central political and religious position, its growing craft pro
and its extensive commerce. It would appear that the initial gro
Kiev's political position as well as its internal economy took place b
ca. 900 and 955, when a large number of dirhams were imported to t
Although we do not know for certain how these dirhams were obtai
can guess that they were probably imported initially into Volga Bu
Given Kiev's active Byzantine trade at this time and the strong Bul
of the Rüs merchants of the upper Volga, trade between Kiev
Volga-Bulgars is not a fully satisfactory explanation. In any eve
import of dirhams was clearly a reflection of Kiev's emergence as a
center.

The ingots, by way of comparison, reflect Kiev's pre-Mongol economy


and society in its mature stage. The rulers of the city and other nearby areas
constituted a large market for expensive jewelry and other luxury products.
Concurrently, these same rulers had a variety of obligations elsewhere. As
a result, huge quantities of scarce silver were imported into the city while
large amounts of silver were also sent elsewhere. Some of this silver could
have been acquired through trade with the northern and central Rus' lands,
while some silver may also have been exported to other areas for commer-
cial purposes. In any event, the large quantities of silver which circulated in
Kiev at this time reflect the city's great prosperity, active economy, and
extensive political and religious power.

University of Minnesota

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410 THOMAS S. NOONAN

ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE APPENDIXES

Bauer, "Die Silber-" = N. Bauer, "Die Silber- und Goldbarren des russischen M
telalters: Eine archäologische Studie," Numismatische Zeitschrift 62
(1929): 77- 120.
Bauer, "Die Silber-" 1931 = N. Bauer, "Die Silber- und Goldbarren des russisch
Mittelalters: Eine archäologische Studie," Numismatische Zeitschrif
(1931):61-100.
Irin, Topografiia = A. A. Il' in, Topografia kladov serebrianykh i zolotykh slitkov
[Trudy Numizmaticheskoi komissii 1] (Petersburg, 1921).
Karger, Kiev = M. K. Karger, Drevnii Kiev: Ocherki pò istorii material' noi kuVtury
drevnerusskogo gor oda, vol. 1 (Moscow and Leningrad, 1958).
Korzukhina, Klady = G. F. Korzukhina, Russkie klady IX-XIII vv. (Moscow and
Leningrad, 1954).
Kotlar, "Obrót" = N. F. Kotlar (M. F. Kotliar), "Obrót arabskich dirhemów na
terytorium Ukrainy," Wiadomosci Numizmatyczne 14 (1970): 19-29.
Kotliar, Hroshovyi obih = M. F. Kotliar, Hroshovyi obih na tery torii Ukrainy doby
feodalizmu (Kiev, 1971).
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh = V. V. Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh monet na ter-
ritorii SSSR [Arkheologiia SSSR. Svod arkheologicheskikh istochnikov, E4-4]
(Moscow, 1962).
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh = V. V. Kropotkin, Novye nakhodki
vizantiiskikh monet na territorii SSSR," Vizantiiskii vremennik 26
(1965): 166-89.
Kropotkin, "Sasanidskikh" = V. V. Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki sasanidskikh i
kuficheskikh monet v Vostochnoi Evrope," Numizmatika i èpigrafika 9
(1971): 76-97.
Markov, Topografiia = A. K. Markov, comp., Topografiia kladov vostochnykh
monet (sasanidskikh i kuficheskikh) (St. Petersburg, 1910).
Motsia, "Monety" = O. P. Motsia, "Monety z davn'orus'kykh pokhovan'
Seredn'oho Podniprov'ia," Arkheolohiia 45 (1984): 75-80.
Novoe v arkheologii = Novoe v arkheologii Kieva (Kiev, 1981).
Potin, "Topografiia" = V. M. Potin, "Topografiia nakhodok zapadnoevropeiskikh
monet X-XIII vv. na territorii drevnei Rusi," Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Ermi-
tazha 9 (1967): 106-188.
Sotnikova and Spasski, Tysiacheletie = M. P. Sotnikova and I. G. Spasskii,
Tysiacheletie drevneishikh monet Rossii: Svodnyi katalog russkikh monet X-XI
vekov (Leningrad, 1983). [There is also an English translation: M. P. Sotnikova
and I. G. Spasski, Russian Coins of the X-XI Centuries A.D.: Recent Research
and a Corpus in Commemoration of the Millenary of the Earliest Russian
Coinage, trans. H. B. Wells (BAR International Series 136) (Oxford, 1982)].
Sotnikova and Spasskii, "Russkie klady," = M. P. Sotnikova and I. G. Spasskii,
"Russkie klady slitkov i monet v Ermitazhe," in Russkaia numizmatika XI -XX
vekov: Materialy i issledovaniia (Leningrad, 1979), 48-167.
Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev = P. P. Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev (Kiev, 1983).
Tolochko, "Topohrafiia" = P. P. Tolochko, "Topohrafiia skarbiv monetnykh
hryven u Kyievi," Arkheolohiia 20 (1966): 123-34.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 4 1 1

APPENDIX A: Finds of Islamic Coins

from Kiev and Surrounding Areas

1 . Kiev. 1 706. A hoard of some 2,380 silver coins was found during the construc-
tion of a new Pêchers 'k fortress. Hetmán Mazepa sent the coins in a sack to St.
Petersburg, where they were registered, as Assyrian coins, in the records of the
Malorossiiskii prikaz. After 1715, no more information about these coins is
recorded. The coins were later transfered to the Academy of Sciences, where
they reportedly served as the basis for the Numismatic Cabinet of the Asiatic
Museum. The hoard seems to have been dispersed in the Asiatic Museum, and
no detailed record of its contents has been preserved. P. S. Savel'ev believed
that these coins were Islamic dirhams.

Karger, Kiev, pp. 116-17; Markov, Topografia, pp. 13-14, no. 73; Tolochko,
Drevnii Kiev, p. 164, no. 1.

2. Kiev. 1787. In May 1787, students from the Kiev Ecclesiastical Academy found
a jug full of "ancient" silver coins and treasure on the slopes of Mykhailova
hora along the Khreshchatyk. The hoard was dispersed completely and no
detailed record of its contents exists. Korzukhina believed the coins could have
been Islamic and Byzantine.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 90, no. 29.

3. Kiev. 1845. A hoard of around 200 Oriental copper coins from various dynasties
was found in a clay pot near the St. Cyril Monastery. The oldest coin was an
'Abbãsid fais struck in Bukhara in 765/66 under al-Mansür while the most
recent was a Chaghatayid fais struck in Bukhara in 1253/54 under Mengii
Khan. Since this hoard was deposited some 250 years after dirham imports into
Eastern Europe ceased, it most likely forms part of the monetary history of
Kiev in the early Mongol era, i.e., it was probably brought to Kiev by a Mongol
who had gathered coins in Central Asia.
Thomas S. Noonan, "Medieval Islamic Copper Coins from European Russia
and Surrounding Regions: The Use of the Fais in Early Islamic Trade with
Eastern Europe," Journal of the American Oriental Society 94 (1974):
448-49; Karger, Kiev, p. 118; Markov, Topografia, p. 13, no. 72; Tolochko,
Drevnii Kiev, p. 164, no. 2.

4. Kiev. 1851. A coin-treasure hoard in a clay pot was found on a hill near the
Pustynno-Mykils'kyi Monastery, not far from the Dnieper, on May 30, while
digging for a new fortress was underway. The monetary part of the hoard
apparently consisted of perhaps 2,000-3,000 dirhams, most of which were
dispersed and disappeared without a trace. However, small parts of the hoard
obtained by various museums and private collectors were identified, thus pro-
viding some idea of the original composition of the hoard. Unfortunately, those
dirhams that were preserved have not been identified in detail.
A. Dirhams Obtained by P. S. Savel'ev (60 or 61)
VAbbãsid (9)
4 Madïnat al-Salãm, 770/71, 776/77, 800/01, 877/78 or 887/88
1 al-Muhammidiyyah, 775/76 (?)
1 al-Abbãsiyyah, 778/79

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412 THOMAS S. NOONAN

1 Mäh al-Küfah, 861/62


1 Bardháah, 890/91
1 Mint and date indeterminable
II. Tãhirid (5)
2 al-Shãsh, 862/63, 863/64
1 Marw, 865/66
2 Samarqand, 865/66, 878/79 or 981/92
III. Sãmãnid (presumably 46 or 47)
? al-Shãsh, 893/94, 895/96, 896/97, 897/98
? Samarqand, 897/98, 899/900, 900, 900/01
1 Balkh, 905/06

B. Dirhams donated by 1. 1. Funduklei to the St.


Society (25)
VAbbãsid (S)
3 Madïnat al-Salâm, 776/77, 804/05, 877/78
1 al-Abbãsiyyah, 778/79
1 Samarqand, 812/13
1 Naysãbur, 882/83
IMãh al-Küfah, 861/62
1 Bardháah, 890/91
II. Sãmãnid (13)
4? Samarqand, 897/98, 899/900, 900/01, 90
3? al-Shãsh, 897/98, 899/900, 903/04
1? Balkh, 905/06
1 Andarãbah, 905/06
1 Mint and date indeterminable
III. Tãhirid (1)
1 Marw, 865/66
IV. Imitations (3)
3 Sãmãnid prototype

C. Dirhams donated by 1. 1. Funduklei to the Co


iVAbbãsid
? II. Sãmãnid
? III. Umayyad (?)

D. Dirhams donated by S. P. Kryzhanovskii to the Russian Archaeological Society (5)


I. Sãmãnid (5)
5 al-Shãsh and Samarqand, 905/06

E. Acquired by the Dorpat/Tartu Museum (1)


I. Sãmãnid (1)
1 al-Shãsh, 904/05

F. In the Iuzefovich Collection (1)


I. Sãmãnid (')
1 Andarãbah, 905/06

G. Obtained by the Hermitage (401)


I. Umayyad (I)
' 1 Mint indeterminable, 746/47
iVAbbãsid(W)
III. Tãhirid (?)
IV. Sãmãnid (?)

Aside from the Umayyad, Abbãsid, and Tãhirid dirhams, there were "many

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 4 1 3

other' ' coins in this group. Presumably, most of these coins were Sãmãnid.
Karger, Kiev, pp. 118-20; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 83, no. 12; Mark
Topografia, p. 13, no. 68, and p. 14, no. 74; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
no. 3.

5. Kiev. 1854. During the planning of a square in the old city (now Plo
Heroïv Perekopu), five coins from various times were found. One of thes
apparently a Sãmãnid dirham.
Karger, Kiev, p. 120; Markov, Topografiia, p. 14, no. 75; Tolochko, Dre
Kiev, pp. 164-65, no. 4.

6. Kiev. 1863. A coin-treasure hoard in a clay pot was found in the Podil sect
the city on October 27, during the digging of a grave in the Iordan (St. Dem
ter) Church. The monetary part of the hoard consisted of 191 or 192 dir
dating between 892/93 and 935/36. Eight or nine of the dirhams were pi
and two had tabs. One dirham was sent to the Hermitage and the rest w
preserved in the Coin Cabinet of Kiev University. After the 1917 revolu
the latter were transferred to the Kiev Historical Museum.
I. Sãmãnid (US)*
82 al-Shãsh, 895/96, 898/99-900, 901/02-908/09, 910/11-912/13, 914/15,
920/21 -924/25, 927/28-933, 934/35, 935/36, indeterminable years
76 Samarqand, 898/99, 900, 905/06-909/10, 911/12, 913/14-916/17,
918/19-930/31, 932/33, 933/34-935/36
3 Naysäbür, 986/87, 922/23-931/32, year indeterminable
4 Balkh, 904/05, 914/15, 927/28, 928/29 (?)
7 Andarãbah, 910/11, 904/05 and 915/16 (?), 916/17, 917/18, 920/21
1 Pendjikhir(?), 911/12 [This appears to be a misreading of the mint name by
Markov.]
IMarw, 913/14
II. Tãhirid (I)
1 Faris, 905/06

III. Imitations (12)


12 Sãmãnid prototype of dirhams of Nasr ibn Ahmad struck in Samarqand.
There has been no full publication of this hoard. The above list is
based primarily upon Markov's account. The difference in the figures
for the total number of coins may lie in the dirham of 911/12 sent to
the Hermitage. The dirham attributed to 986/87 is apparently intrusive
or a misreading.
Karger, Kiev, pp. 120-21; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 84, no. 14, says 192
coins total and dates the most recent to 935/36; Markov, Topografiia,
p. 12, no. 67, says 191 coins total and dates the most recent to 986/87;
Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 165, no. 5.

7. Kiev. 1879. On the former lands of Marr in the Podil section of the city (now
55-59 Frunze Street) was found an'Abbasid dirham struck in al-Küfah, 759/60,
with a tab attached. The coin was part of a necklace from a grave. The
accounts of Karger and Kotliar also report that an 'Abbãsid dirham struck in al-
Küfah in 759/60 was found in Kiev during 1876 in grave 125 located on the
former lands of Marr. It is not clear if this is the same coin.

Markov says 178 but only lists 174.

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414 THOMAS S. NOONAN

Karger, Kiev, pp. 121, 210; Kotlar, "O


Hroshovyi obih, pp. 40-41, fn. 22, no
69; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 165, no.
8. Kiev. 1885. A dirham was found beyo
kova Hill.

Karger, Kiev, p. 121; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 165, no. 7.

9. Kiev. 1889. A large hoard of dirhams was found while digging near a bath in the
Podil. Most of the coins disappeared without a trace; a few were acquired by
D. N. Chudovskii.

Karger, Kiev, p. 121; Markov, Topografia, p. 13, no. 71; Tolochko, Drevnii
Kiev, p. 165, no. 8.

10. Kiev. 1899. On August 28, a gold coin-treasure hoard in a red clay amphora
was found while digging in the yard of L. I. Brodskii along Kateryns'ka Street.
Of the 20 gold coins in the hoard, 16 were preserved: 15 Byzantine solidi and
one dinar struck by Yahyã I, the Hammüdid ruler of Malaga in Spain, during
1033/34. The most recent solidus dated to 1057-1059. Two gold ingots also
formed part of this hoard.
Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 90-91, no. 30; Kotliar, Hroshovyi obih, pp. 43-44, fn.
42, no. 103; Markov, Topografia, p. 138, no. 11.
11. Kiev. 1900. Dirhams were found in grave 108 uncovered during construction
work in the former Furman yard at the corner of Reitars 'ka and Malo-
Volodymyrs'ka (now Chkalova) streets. Six dirhams were preserved: one was
struck in al-Shãsh, 900; four were struck under the Sãmãnid Amïr Nasr ibn
Ahmad, 914-943, one in Samarqand, 919; one was a barbarian imitation. The
finders claimed that there were originally some 40 coins in the grave, most of
which disappeared.
Karger, Kiev, pp. 169-72, no. 108; Motsia, "Monety," p. 78, no. IV.
12. Kiev. 1908. Two dirhams were supposedly found in grave 109 located within
an excavated wooden dwelling adjacent to the Desiatynna Church.
Karger, Kiev, pp. 172-74, no. 109.
13. Kiev. 1909. A dirham from a necklace and possibly dirhams of the late
eighth -early ninth century were found in the excavations of grave 14 in the
yard of the Desiatynna Church. One coin was a worn Sãmãnid dirham struck
between 892/93 and 907/08.
Karger, Kiev, pp. 142-43, no. 14.
14. Kiev. 1909. Two Sãmãnid dirhams, both struck in al-Shãsh in 911/12, were
found in grave 110 in the yard of the Desiatynna Church. One dirham had an
attached tab, and the other had two holes as well as a cross with three crossbars
scratched on it.

Karger, Kiev, pp. 174-76, no. 1 10.


15. Kiev. 1911. Two Sãmãnid dirhams were part of a necklace found during exca-
vations of grave 30 in the yard of the Desiatynna Church: (1) Samarqand,
905/06, and (2) worn, date and mint indeterminable. Both dirhams had
attached tabs.

Karger, Kiev, pp. 146-47, no. 30.


16. Kiev. 1913. A large coin-treasure hoard was found inside a copper pot in the
garden of I. A. Sikors'kyi along Velykopidval'na Street. The coin part of the

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 4 1 5

hoard consisted of 2,930 dirhams dating from 709/10 to 905/06. While t


important hoard has yet to be published in detail, Pakhomov provided a gene
summary of the 2,760 dirhams from this hoard that were examined by R. F
mer in the Hermitage.
I. Umayyad (90)
Struck in al-Jazïrah, Junday-Sãbõr, Dãrãbjird, Dimashq, Sãbur, al-Sãmiyyah
Mahï, and Wãsit between 709/10 and 749/50.
iVAbbãsid Partisans (2)
Istakhr and al-Kufah, 745/46
III. Spanish Umayyad (2)
al-Andalus, 767/68-768/69
IV.'AbbasidiciL. 2,290)
Struck between 749/50 and 903/04 in: Abarshahr; Ãdharbayjãn, 754/5
785/86; Ardashïr-Khurrah; Airan, 769/70, 800/01 (2), 802/03 (2), 803/04
805/06 (3), 806/07, 822/23 (2), 824/25 (3), 826/27, 828/29, 835 (2); Armïniyah
761/62, 764/65, 768/69, 770, 771/72, 777/78 (2), 778/79 (2), 783/84 (2),
795/96, 796/97, 797/98, 798/99, 801/02, 818/19, 866/67, 868/69, 880/81 (5
889/90 (2), 890/91 (2); Istakhr; Ifrîqiyah; Bukhara; al-Basrah; Tiflïs, 862/63
900; Jayy; Dimashq; Ra's al-'Ayn; al-Rahbah; al-Rãfiqah; Rãmhurmuz; a
Rayy; Zaranj; Sijistân; Samarqand; Surra man ra'ä; Sûq al-Ahwãz; S.kzhar (?)
al-Shãsh; al-Abbãsiyyah; Tabaristãn; Misr; Qasr al-Salãm; Qumm; Kirmãn; a
Küfah; al-Mubãrakah; al-Muhammadiyyah; Madïnat al-Salãm; Marw; Madi
Bãjunays, 805/06 (2), 806/07 (3), 808/09, 828/29; Madin al-Shãsh; al-Mawsil
(?); Nasïbïn; Harãh; al-Hãruniyyah, 786/87 (2); Hãrunãbãd, 785/86 (2); âl
Hãshimiyyah; Wãsit; al-Yamãmah.
' . Aghlabid {')
al-Abbãsiyyah, 800/01
VI. Idrísid (8)
Tudghah, 790/91 Walílah, 806/07
VII. Khãrijite Imãm Khalafibn al-Madã' (1?)
Tudghah, 791/92
VIII. Tãhirid (44)
Struck between 821/22 and 867/68 in Zaranj, Samarqand, al-Shãsh, Fãris, a
Muhammadiyyah, Marw, Naysãbur, Harãh
IX.Sãjid(l)
Bardháah
X. Saffãrid (7)
Struck between 878/79 and 897/98 in Arrajãn, Shírãz, Marw, Naysãbur
Xl.SãmãnidOW)
Struck between 879/80 and 906/07 in Samarqand, al-Shãsh, Marw, Naysãbur,
etc.

XII. Bänljürid (2?)


Andarãbah, 891/92, 904/05
XIII. Zaydid(ì)
Jurjãn, 881/82

Karger, Kiev, pp. 121-22; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 83, no. 13; E. A. Pakhomov,
Monetnye klady Azerbaidzhana i drugikh respublik, kraev i oblasti Kavkaza,
vol. 2 (Baku, 1938), pp. 70-71, no. 612; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 165, no. 9.
17. Kiev. 1927. In laying underground pipes, four dirhams were found. All were
Äbbasid dirhams struck in Samarqand in 809/10.
Karger, Kiev, p. 122; Kropotkin, "Sasanidskikh," p. 89, no. 140; Kotlar,
"Obrót," p. 22, no. 15.

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416 THOMAS S. NOONAN

18. Kiev. 1936. Eight dirhams were par


vated in the yard of the Art Institu
900/01, 922/23, 914-943; Samarqand, 9
dirham was very worn and indeterminab
Karger, Kiev, pp. 178-82, no. 1 12.

19. Kiev. 1937. A highly oxidized Sãmãn


and 976, was found in the excavations o
tute.

Karger, Kiev, pp. 206-208, no. 123.


20. Kiev. 1939. During excavations on the Kyselivka/Zamkova Hill, a Sãmãnid
dirham of 943 was found.

Karger, Kiev, p. 122; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 165, no. 10.


21. Kiev. Date ?. An Islamic coin was found in the yard of the St. Andrew Church.
Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 165, no. 14.
22. Kiev. Date ?. An Islamic coin was found at 9 Kateryns'ka/Karl Liebknecht
Street.

Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 165, no. 13.

23. Near the village ofSavyn. Kozelets' raion. Chernihiv oblast '. ca. 1868. Islamic
coins of the tenth and eleventh centuries were found in sandy burial mounds.
The coins included Äbbasid dirhams of 81 1/12-941/42.
Markov, Topografiia, p. 51, no. 293.

24. Kiev county. Kiev gubernia. Before 1890. An Äbbasid dirham of 799/800 was
found on the former lands of Count Dobrynskii.
Kotliar, Hroshovyi obih, p. 41, fn. 23, no. 4; Markov, Topografiia, p. 14, no. 76.

25. Pekari. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. Before 1898. An'Abbasid dirham struck
in Samarqand in 81 1/12 was found at Kniazha hora.
Kropotkin, "Sasanidskikh," p. 90, no. 152.
26. Oster. Kozelets raion. Chernihiv oblast9. ca. 1911. An indeterminable dirham
was found at a fortified site near the city.
Kropotkin, "Sasanidskikh," p. 91, no. 156.
27. Bilohorodka. Kiev-Sviatoshyne raion. 1909-1914. A tenth-century dirham was
found in one of the graves near the Malyi Khram.
Motsia, "Monety," p. 78, no. III.
28. Denysy. Pereiaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyi raion. Kiev oblast'. 1912. A huge coin-
treasure hoard was found in a clay pot. Among the 5,400 silver coins, the earli-
est dated to pre-750 and the most recent to 1002-1026. Given the large number
of coins, it is not surprising to find different figures for certain types of coins in
the hoard.

A. Dirhams (402 whole + 4,293 fragments = 5,325 total)


Fasmer identified and published 671 (668) dirhams (378 [376] whole + 293
[292] fragments) from among those that reached the Hermitage. In addition, he
noted 24 worn dirhams and 1 ,630 fragments which could not be identified. On
207 such fragments Fasmer was able to decipher either the date, usually between
922/23 and 999/1000, or the mint, e.g., Ämul, Andarãbah, Bukhara, Samarqand,
al-Shãsh, Madïnat al-Salãm, and Naysäbür.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 4 1 7

I. U may y ad ( 1 )
1 Mint and date indeterminable
WAbbãsidÇl)
1 al-Muhammadiyyah, 805/06
2 al-Kufah, 912/13, 941/42
2 Madïnat al-Salãm, 930/31, 941/42
1 al-Basrah, 932/33
1 mint indeterminable, 908-932
III. Amir al-Umara ( 1 )
lal-Mawsil, 940/41
IV. Sãmãnid (379)
75 Samarqand, 900/01, 917/18, 930/31, 933, 936/37, 939/40, 940/41, 914-943
(4), 943/44, 947/48, 948/49, 949/50, 950/51, 951/52, 943-954 (4), 954/55,
955/56, 958/59, 960/61 (2), 962/63, 964/65, 965 (2), 965/66 (5), 966/67 (2),
968/69, 969/70 (2), 973/74, 974/75, 976/77, 977/78, 961-976 (5), 977/78 (6),
979/80 (2), 981/82, 984/85 (3), 985/86, 988/89 (4), 989/90 (2), 995/96,
976-997(6)
90 al-Shãsh, 901/02, 895/96 or 904/05, 923/24, 925/26, 926/27, 928/29, 930/31,
933, 934/35 (2), 935/36 (2), 936/37 (2), 940/41, 941/42, 914-943 (4), 946/47,
952/53 (2), 953/54, 943-954 (3), 954/55, 955/56, 960/61 (4), 962/63, 965 (3),
965/66 (3), 966/67, 968/69 (2), 970/71 (2), 971/72 (2), 972/73, 973/74 (2),
974/75 (2), 975/76 (2), 961-976 (14), 977/78, 979/80 (2), 981/82 (2), 982/83
(2), 983/84 (2), 984/85, 985/86 (4), 986/87, 987/88, 990/91, 976-997 (5)
1 Andarãbah, 915/16
7 Balkh, 935/36, 955/56, 954-961, 962/63, 961 -976 (3)
24 Mint indeterminable, 897/98, 906/07, 931/32, 950/51 (2), 957/58, 958/59,
959/60 (2), 962/63, 965, 965/66 (2), 966/67, 967/68, 970/71, 974/75, 978/79,
979/80 (2), 985/86, 988/89 (2), 1003/04.
1 16 Mint and date indeterminable, 907-914 (2), 914-943 (10), 943-954 (15),
954-961 (9), 961 -976 (54), 976-997 (26)
42 Bukhara, 947/48 (2), 951/52, 953/54, 957/58, 958/59 (3), 959/60, 960/61 (5),
954-961 (3), 962/63 (4), 963/64 (2), 964/65 (2), 965 (5), 965/66, 66/67, 969/70,
971/72, 961 -976 (2), 975/76-979/80 (2), 986/87 (3), 988/89
3 Ämul, 966/67 (2), 967/68
12 Rasht, 970/71 (2), 971/72 (2), 974/75 (2), 975/76, 976/77 (3), 961 -976 (2)
9 Naysãbur, 983/84, 984/85, 985/86, 986/87, 987/88, 976-997 (4)
V. Imitations (6)
6 Sãmãnid prototype
VI. Símjüñd(ll)
17 Naysãbur, 987/88 (6), 989/90, 990/9 1 ,, 994/95 (3), 995/96, 980s-990s (5)
VII. Bänijürid (2)
2 Andarãbah, 907/08, 909/10
VIII. Amirs of Andarãbah (2)
2 Andarãbah, 970/7 1 , 975/76
IX. ilek-Khãnid (4)
2 Taraz, 1003/04 (2)
2 Mint and date indeterminable (2)
X. Buwayhid (159)
1 al-Mawsil, 944/45
1 Rãmhurmuz, 960/61
13 Araajãn, 977/78 (2), 959/60, 970/71, 971/72, 974/75, 975/76, 970s (3),
978/79, 981/82, ca. 980

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418 THOMAS S. NOONAN

1 Qumm, 970/71
2 Mäh al-KDfah, 965/66, 977/78
7 al-Muhammadiyyah, 960s -970s, 980/81
1 Jannãbã, 956/57
1 al-STrajãn, 976/77
8 Astarãbãdh, 980/81, 980s (2), 981/82, 9
12 Ämul, 980/81, 981/82 (3), 982/83, 983
(2)
1 al-Basrah (?), 980s
5 Sãriyyah, 979/80, 982/83, 985/86, 980s (2)
4 Madïnat al-Salãm, 981/82, 980s (3)
2 Wasit, 979/80 (2)
14 Jurjän, 980/81, 981/82, 982/83 (2), 980s (6), 983/84, 985/86, 987/88, 991/92
1 Qaswin, 981/82
1 Hamadhãn, 982/83
1 Firrïm, 980s
1 Hausam (?), 985/86
18 Mint indeterminable, 949/50, 940s, 965 or 974/75, 967/68, 974/75 (2),
975/76, 982/83, 983/84 (3), 984/85, 985/86, 986/87 (2), 989/90 (3)
61 Mint and date indeterminable, ca. 950, 960s -970s (35), 980s (25)
2 Isbahãn, 980s (2)
I Süq al-Ahwãz, 981/82
XL Ziyãrid (74)
7 Astarãbãdh, 972/73 (2), 973/74, 975/76, 970s (3)
I 1 Ämul, 968/69, 969/70, 971/72 (2), 973/74, 974/75, 975/76, 970s (3), 979/80
17 Jurjãn, 968/69 (2), 970/71 (2), 972/73, 973/74, 974/75 (2), 975/76, 976/77
(3), 970s (4), 977/78
7 Sãriyyah, 969/70, 972/73, 976/77 (2), 970s, 977/78, 978/79
6 Mint indeterminable, 910/11,969/10, 974/75, 975/76, 978/79 (2)
26 Mint and date indeterminable, 970s (26)
XII. HamdãnidO)
1 Hirns, 945/46
1 al-Mawsil, 949/50
1 Nasîbïn, 958/59
XIII. Marwãnid (4)
1 Mayyãfãriqín, 1008/09
3 Mint and date indeterminable, 1000s (3)
XIV. Sallãrid(i)
1 Ardabïl, 965/66
XV. Bãwandid (5)
5 Firrïm, 966/67, 969/70, 975/76, 979/80, 970s
XVl.Vqaylid (l)
1 al-Mawsil, 1000/01
XVII. Julandid (2)
Huzû, 949/50, 950/51
B. West European (41)
Czech, Danish, English, and German deniers dating from 919-936 to
1002-1026
C. Imitation Deniers (15)
D. Byzantine (4)
3 miliaresia of John Tzimisces (969-976) and 1 of Basil II and Constantine
VIII (976- 1025)
E. Imitation Byzantine (1 - copper)
F. India (2)

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 4 1 9

Tenth Century (1), ca. 900 (1)


G. Rus' (6 or 7)
Volodimer (980- 1015), 5 or 6
Iaroslav (1019- 1054), 1
The hoard also contained one silver ingot.
R. Fasmer, "Kuficheskiia monety Pereiaslavskogo klada," Izvestii
arkheologicheskoi komissii 51 (1914): 17-66; Korzukhina, Klady, p
85-86, no. 18, who dates the hoard's burial to the early eleventh cen
tury; Potin, " Topografi ia," pp. 181-82, no. 380, who dates the
hoard's burial to 1010.

29. Bakhmach1 raion. Chernihiv oblast'. 1913-1914. An imitation dirham of the


tenth century with a tab attached was found in burial mound 7.
Motsia, "Monety," p. 79, no. IX.
30. Bondari. Oster county. Chernihiv province. 1913-1914. A hoard of 420 dir-
hams was found. The most recent coin was a Sãmãnid dirham of 951/52.
I. Sãmãnid (323)
II. Imitation dirhams (17)
III. Others (?)

Kropotkin, "Sasanidskikh," p. 90, no. 153.


31. Khabrivka. Near Kiev. 1916. A hoard of Islamic and West European silver
coins was found in a clay pot. In 1968, the pot along with 106 dirhams and 23
deniers were sold to museums in Warsaw. It is believed that these 129 coins consti-
tute only part of the original hoard. The oldest dirham dated to 747/48 and the most
recent coin was a denier of 1018-1035.
I. Umayyad (2)
2 Wãsit, 747/48 (2)
iVAbbãsid (49)
11 Madïnat al-Salãm, 765/66, 773/74, 778/79, 782/83, 786/87, 788/89, 782/83, 786/87,
788/98, 786/87-795/96, 807/08, 849/50, 867/68, 869/70
5 al-Muhammadiyyah, 771/72 (?), 798/99, 819/20, 833/34, 902/03-907/08
1 al-Äbbasiyyah, 783/84
1 Madïnat Balkh, 803/04
5 Samarqand, 805/06, 867/68 (3), 865/66-868/69
8 mint indeterminable, 787/88, 823/24, 848/49, 854/55-863/64, 867/68 (2), 893/94,
933/34-940/41
2 Madïnat Isbahãn, 813/14, 816/17 or 826/27
IMakka, 816/17
3 al-Shash, 840/41, 859/60, 869/70-892/93
2 Marw, 851/52 or 853/54, 862/63-865/66
2 Surra man ra'a, 859/60, 865/66
1 Wãsit, 875/76
3 Armïniyah, 880/81 (2), 890/91
4 Mint and year indeterminable, 4
III. Sãmãnid (39)
8 Samarqand, 894/95, 895/96, 897/98, 905/06, 935/36, 913/14-942/43, 945/46 (2)
18 al-Shash, 894/95 (3), 895/96 (3), 896/97 (3), 897/98 (2), 898/99, 899/900, 900/01 (2),
902/03, 903/04, 904/05
5 Andarãbah, 902/03 (2), 903/04, 905/06, 892/93-907/08
3 Balkh, 905/06 (2), 929/30 or 931/31
5 Mint indeterminable, 913/14-942/43 (3), 938/39 or 940/41, 942/43-950/51.

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420 THOMAS S. NOONAN

IV. Safßrid (3)


1 al-Banjhïr, 868-878/79
1 Shïrâz, 885/86
1 Arrajãn, 891/92
V. Banïjurid (2)
2 Andarãbah, 904/05 (2)
VI. Imitations (11)
6 Äbbäsid prototypes
2 Sãmãnid prototypes
2 Indeterminable prototypes
1 Blank flan

VII. West European Q3)


1 5 German
2 Czech

4 English
1 Scandinavian
1 French

Maria Czapkiewicz and Anna Kmietowicz, "Wczesnosredniowieczny skarb


srebrny z Chabrówki koto Kijowa," Wiadomosci Numizmatyczne 17, no. 1
(1973): 16-46. The authors could not establish the exact location of Khabrivka
(Polish, Chabrówka).

32. Zarubyntsi. Monastyryshche raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1961. An Äbbäsid dir-


ham struck in Madïnat al-Salãm in 814/15 was found in a settlement of the
ninth -tenth centuries.

Kropotkin, "Sasanidskikh," p. 89, no. 139.


33. Zarubyntsi. Monastyryshche raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1974. A dirham was
found in one of the dwellings excavated during archaeological digs.
Arkheologicheskie otkrytiia 1974 goda (Moscow, 1975), p. 291.

34. Monastyrok. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1979-1980. During archaeologi-


cal excavations of the medieval site, a dirham of 740/41 (Umayyad ?) was
found in 1979, and a dirham of 761 (Äbbäsid ?) was found in 1980.
Arkheologicheskie otkrytiia 1979 goda (Moscow, 1980), p. 299; Arkheologi-
cheskie otkrytiia 1980 goda (Moscow, 1981), p. 277.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 42 1

APPENDIX B: Finds of Byzantine Coins


from Kiev and Surrounding Areas

1. Kiev. 1824. Byzantine coins were found in the churchyard of the Desi
Church.

Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 173, no. 39 (515).

2. Kiev. 1830s. A nomisma of Theodora (1055-1056) was found during th


ging of cellars.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 173, no. 40 (516).

3. Kiev. 1843. An anonymous, bronze Byzantine coin of the tenth -eleventh


ries was found near St. Sophia Cathedral. It is often attributed to John
isces (969-976).
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 164; Karger, Kiev, p. 125; Tolochko,
Drevnii Kiev, p. 1 64, no. 1

4. Kiev. 1853. A Bronze Byzantine coin (no date given) was found on
Velykopidval'na Street during the removal of walls.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 165; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 19.

5. Kiev. 1876. A solidus of Basil II and Constantine VIII (976- 1025) was found at
the former Bessarabian Square.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 167; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 10.

6. Kiev. 1878. Several copper Byzantine coins, probably anonymous, were found at
the Kudriavets' during excavations for treasure.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 168.

7. Kiev. 1882. An anonymous copper Byzantine coin of the ninth -eleventh centu-
ries was found in the Podil section on Kozhumiaky Street.
Kropotkin Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 169; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 3, reports coins of John Tzimisces (969-976) there also.

8. Kiev. 1882. A copper coin of Constantine VII (919-921) was found in grave 94
in the former yard of T. V. Kybal'chych on Velyka Dorohozhyts'ka (now
Mel'nykiv) Street, no. 40.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 173, no. 41 (170); Tolochko,
Drevnii Kiev, p. 164, no. 9.

9. Kiev. Before 1883. A solidus of Constantine VII and Romanus II (945-959) was
found near St. Sophia Cathedral.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 166; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 4.

10. Kiev. 1883. A Kherson-Byzantine coin of Basil I (877-886) was found along
Malo-Volodymyrs'ka Street in the former yard of M. F. Biliashivs'kyi.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 171.

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422 THOMAS S. NOONAN

11. Kiev. Ca. 1888. A hoard of anonym


tenth -eleventh centuries was found on
Ivanishev in the Podil. Nine coins were i
John Tzimisces (969-976).
Karger, Kiev, p. 124; Kropotkin, Klady
Drevnii Kiev, p. 164, no. 14, lists a h
Heroïv Trypillia Street, formerly Spas
164, no. 2, 9 coins of John Tzimisces fo

12. Kiev. 1889. A coin-treasure hoard wa


Ryl'skyi provulok, in the former yar
two bent solidi with tabs: Alexius I Co
nenus (1118-1143).
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32,
no. 21.

13. Kiev. Early 1890s. Two miliaresia of Romanus I, Constantine VII, Stephen, and
Constantine (931-944) were found in the excavation of grave 124 on Frunze
Street.

Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 175; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 15.

14. Kiev. 1893. A coin of Constantine VII and Romanus II (945-959) was found
during sewer construction.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," pp. 173-74, no. 42 (517).

15. Kiev. 1894. A silver coin, apparently Byzantine, was found on the Kyselivka.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 174; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 5, reports coins of the ninth -tenth century from Zamkova hora.

16. Kiev. No later than 1899. Five Byzantine coins and treasure were found in the
former Kravtsov yard along Heroïv Revoliutsii Street.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 174, no. 43 (518).

17. Kiev. 1899. (See appendix A, no. 10) Among gold coins in a coin-treasure
hoard were 15 solidi: 1 Nicephorus II Phocas (963-969); 7 Basil II and Con-
stantine VIII (976-1025); 2 Romanus III (1028-1034); 1 Constantine IX
Monomakh (1042- 1055); 4 Isaac I Comnenus (1057-1059).
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 176; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 6, says 12 gold coins.

18. Kiev. Before 1907. A Byzantine copper coin and an unspecified Byzantine coin
were found. No dates are given.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, nos. 185 and 186.

19. Kiev. 1908. A hoard of 37 Kherson-Byzantine coins was found on the


Kyselivka: 28 Basil I (867-886); 2 Basil I and Constantine (867-870); 5
Romanus I (919-944); 1 Romanus II (959-963); 1 Nicephorus II Phocas
(963-969).

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 423

Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 177; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p


no. 7.

20. Kiev. 1908. During archaeological excavations of grave 122 at the Desi
Church, a gilded silver "barbarian" imitation of a solidus of Basil I and
stantine (869-879) or Basil II and Constantine VIII (976-1025) was foun
The coin had a tab.

Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 178.

21. Kiev. 1908-1914. During archaeological excavations at the site of the Desia-
tynna Church, several anonymous Byzantine copper coins of the
tenth -eleventh centuries were found.

Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 179.

22. Kiev. 1920s. A miliaresion of John Tzimisces (969-976) was found on the left
bank of the Dnieper.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 174, no. 44 (519).

23. Kiev. 1937. During archaeological excavations at the St. Michael Golden-
Domed Monastery, a copper coin of Alexius I Comnenus (1081-1118) was
found in dwelling 3.

Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 180; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 20, lists two Byzantine coins from the 1934- 1938 excavations.

24. Kiev. 1939. An unspecified number of copper coins were found at the
Luk'ianivka. They included: Constantine VII (913-959); the period from
John Tzimisces to Romanus III (969-1034); Theodora (1055-1056); Isaac I
Comnenus (1057-1059); a worn coin of either Constantine X Ducas
(1059-1067) or Michael VII Ducas (1071 - 1078). The majority of these coins
were evidently anonymous.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 174, no. 45 (520).

25. Kiev. 1949. During archaeological excavations at the St. Michael Golden-
Domed Monastery, a copper Byzantine coin of the eighth century was found.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 181; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 18.

26. Kiev. 1950. During archaeological excavations near the corner of Volos'ka
Street and Heroiv Trypillia Street in the Podil, a copper coin of Alexius I Com-
nenus (1081 - 1 1 18) was found.

Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 182.

27. Kiev. 1955. During archaeological excavations at 7-9 Volodymyrs'ka Street, a


copper coin of Leo VI (886-912) was found.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 183; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164,
no. 12.

28. Kiev. 1959 (?). During the digging of a ditch in the Mykil'ska sloboda, on the
left bank of the Dnieper, a solidus of Romanus I and Christopher (919-944)
was found, probably in a burial mound.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 187.

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424 THOMAS S. NOONAN

29. Kiev. 1972. Two copper coins were f


Red Square in the Podil: 1 Constantine VII (945-959) and one poorly
preserved, now attributed to Romanus I (921 -944).
Novoe v arkheologii, pp. 415-16; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164, no. 16.

30. Kiev. 1972-1973. Two coins of Constantine VIII (1025-1028) were found in
excavations in the Podil.

Novoe v arkheologii, 373.

31. Kiev. 1973. Two Byzantine copper coins were found during the excavations in
the Zhytnyi rynok in the Podil: one, poorly preserved, was probably of the
tenth -eleventh centuries; one was an anonymous coin of the tenth -eleventh
centuries.

Novoe v arkheologii, pp. 416- 17; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164, no. 17.

32. Kiev. 1974 or 1975. A Byzantine coin of the eleventh -twelfth century was
found in excavations at 17 Volos'ka Street, in the Podil.

Novoe v arkheologii, p. 371; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164, no. 22.

33. Kiev. 1981-1982. An anonymous Byzantine coin of the tenth -eleventh centu-
ries was found by chance during archaeological excavations at 9-11 Poliny
Osypenko Street.
la. E. Borovs'kyi (Borovskii) and M. A. Sahaidak (Sagaidak), "Arkheologi-
cheskie issledovaniia verkhnego Kieva v 1978-1982 gg.," in Arkheologi-
cheskie issledovaniia Kieva 1978-1983 gg. (Kiev, 1985), p. 50.

34. Kiev. Date ? Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 164, nos. 8, 11, and 13, reports a
ninth-century Byzantine coin from "Iaroslav's City," 6 Byzantine coins of the
ninth -tenth centuries from Starokyïvs'ka hora, and 6 Byzantine coins from the
yard of the former Brotherhood Monastery, now Red Square.

35. Vyshhorod. Kiev raion. 1824. A nomisma (?) of Theodora (1055-1056) was
found.

Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 173, no. 36 (512).

36. Kaniv. Cherkasy oblast'. Before 1837. Many Byzantine copper coins of various
types were found near the town.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 179, no. 78 (548).

37. Trylisy. Fastiv. Kiev oblast'. 1866. A gold coin, probably a Byzantine nomisma
of the eleventh -thirteenth centuries, was found in a nomadic grave inside a
burial mound.

Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 174, no. 48 (522).

38. Trypillia. Obukhiv raion. Kiev oblast'. 1874. Along the Dnieper and near the
village a Kherson-Byzantine copper coin of Romanus I (919-944) was found.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, no. 191.

39. Bezridna. Kiev county. Before 1876. A Byzantine copper coin of the late
tenth -early eleventh century was found.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 173, no. 33 (509).

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 425

40. Former Kaniv county. Now in Cherkasy oblast'. Before 1885. A coin of
Tzimisces (969-976) was found.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 37, no. 277.

41. Kniazha hora. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast1. 1S87. A coin-treasure hoar
found which included two gold coins of Nicephorus III Botaneiates
(1078-1081).
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 37, no. 279.

42. Pekari. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. Before 1899. A Kherson-Byzantine


copper coin of Romanus I (920-944) and a copper coin of one of the Comneni
(twelfth century) were found during archaeological excavations at Kniazha
hora.

Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 179, no. 81 (551).

43. Sakhnivka. Korsun -Shevchenkivs kyi raion. Cherkasy oblast1. 1900. A coin-
treasure hoard was found in two pots near the site. It included two gold coins:
1 Manuel I Comnenus (1 143- 1 180) and 1 lost.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 37, no. 281.

44. Bilohorodka. Kiev-Sviatoshyne raion. 1882. A nomisma of Romanus III


Argyrus (1028- 1034) was found.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 173, no. 34 (510).

45. Hamarnia. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast1. 1890s. A nomisma of Basil II and
Constantine VIII (976- 1025) was found in the village.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 179, no. 77 (547).

46. Vyshhorod. Kiev oblast1. 1906. During excavations, a copper Byzantine coin of
the late tenth -early eleventh century was found along the shore of the Dnieper.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 173, no. 37 (513).

47. Bilohorodka. Kiev-Sviatoshyne raion. 1909. A solidus of John Tzimisces


(969-976) was found in the foundations of a burnt building.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no. 162.

48. Vypovziv. Kozelets1 raion. Chernihiv oblast1. Before 1911. An anonymous


Byzantine copper coin of the late tenth -early eleventh century was found near
the village.
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 179, no. 87 (557).

49. Denysy. Pereiaslav-KhmeVnyts'kyi raion. Kiev oblast1. 1912. (See appendix A,


no. 28) The large hoard of some 5,400 silver coins included three fragments of
miliaresia of John Tzimisces (969-976), a miliaresion of Basil II and Constan-
tine VIII (976-1025), and one fragment of a copper "barbarous" imitation of
a coin of Basil II and Constantine VIII (976- 1025).
Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 85-86, no. 18; Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32,
no. 163.

50. Somewhere in the middle Dnieper. Before 1914. A pendant made from a Byzan-
tine copper coin was obtained from the Khvoika collection.

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426 THOMAS S. NOONAN

Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, no

51. Somewhere in the middle Dnieper.


found.

Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, no

52. Obukhiv. Kiev oblast'. Before 1927.


edly found. Kropotkin, however, believes
a private collection.
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 33, no

53. Vyhurivshchyna. Now part of Kiev.


Byzantine copper coin of the late tenth -
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiisk

54. Vyshhorod. Kiev oblast'. 1937. Two co


Ducas (1059-1067) and 1 Romanus IV
Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiisk

55. Andrushi. Pereiaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyi


logical excavations in a sandy dune, a p
stantine X Ducas (1059-1067) was foun
Kropotkin, Klady vizantiiskikh, p. 32, no

56. Rzhyshchiv. Kiev oblast'. 1960. During


coin was found.

Kropotkin, "Novye nakhodki vizantiiskikh," p. 174, no. 47 (188a).

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 427

APPENDIX C: Finds of West European Coins


from Kiev and Surrounding Areas

1. Kiev. 1835. A German coin of Henry III (1039- 1056) was found along
Boloto Street in what is now the area of the Square of the October Revo
Potin, "Topografiia," p. 181, no. 373; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 165
where the coin is dated to 1080.

2. Kiev. Before 1895. Two hoards "with German coins dating to the reign of Henry
II (1002- 1024)" were found.
Potin, "Topografiia," p. 181, nos. 374-75; Novoe v arkheologii, pp. 420-22,
where it is argued that the first hoard resulted from a confusion with the 1835
find and that the second hoard did not exist.

3. Kiev. 1936-1939. A gilded Venetian coin of Doge Dandolo (1192-1205) was


found during the excavation of a grave in the ruins of the Desiatynna Church.
A Venetian grosso or groat of Doge Petro Ziani (1205-1229) was found by
chance on Starokyivs'ka Hill.
Novoe v arkheologii, pp. 358, 422; Potin, "Topografiia," p. 181, no. 376;
Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 165, no. 2.

4. Kiev. 1940. Two deniers of the late tenth -eleventh centuries were found in the

excavations at the St. Michael Golden-Domed Monastery: 1 English, Aethelred


II (978-1016) and 1 German, Otto and Adelheid (991 - 1040).
Novoe v arkheologii, p. 415.

5. Kiev. 1978. Four deniers from the first half of the eleventh century were found
during archaeological excavations at 36-38 Reitars 'ka Street: 2 English, Cnut
I, pointed helmet type (1017-1022), from different mints; 1 English, indeter-
minable, perhaps Edward the Confessor (1042-1066); 1 poorly preserved,
perhaps German, Henry II (1014- 1024).
Borovs'kyi and Sahaidak, "Arkheologicheskie issledovaniia verkhnego
Kieva," p. 42; Novoe v arkheologii, pp. 419-20; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
165, no. 3.

6. Cherkasy. Before 1900. A hoard of deniers was found around Cherkasy. Only 21
vendki of the eleventh century are known from this hoard.

Potin, "Topografiia," p. 181, no. 379.

7. Oster county. Chernihiv gubernia. Before 1917. A hoard of West European coins
of the tenth -eleventh centuries was found. No further details are available.

Potin, "Topografiia," p. 181, no. 377.

8. Vyshhorod. Kiev oblast'. 1930s. During archaeological excavations, two deniers


were found: 1 English, Aethelred II (978-1016); 1 German, Otto and
Adelheid (991 -1040).
Potin, "Topografiia," p. 181, no. 372.

9. Vyshhorod. Kiev oblast'. 1980. An English denier of Aethelred II (976-1016)


was found during archaeological excavations.
Novoe v arkheologii, p. 424.

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428 THOMAS S. NOONAN

10. Denysy. Pereiaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyi ra


no. 28; appendix B, no. 49) Forty-one W
919-936 and 1002-1026 were part of a
some 5,400 silver coins, deposited ca. 10

11. Khabrivka. Near Kiev. 1916. (See app


dating between 919-964 and 1018-1035
to the twelfth -thirteenth centuries) w
whose most recent dirham dated to 945/4

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 429

APPENDIX D: Ingots of the Kiev Type


found in the Rus' Lands and Other Ingots
found in and around Kiev

1. Kiev. 1787. (See appendix A, no. 2) Three or four silver ingots of the Kiev type
were part of a coin-treasure hoard found along the slopes of the Khreshchatyk.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 90, no. 29, where the hoard is dated to the
eleventh -early twelfth centuries; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 133, no. 34;
Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no. 33.

2. Kiev. 1826. Four silver ingots of the Kiev type weighing 162.2g each were found
in the ruins of the Desiatynna Church.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 24, no. 68; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 42; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130, no. 1; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 1.

3. Kiev. 1838. Three (or five) silver ingots of the Kiev type were found in the
former yard of Kororov/Trubetskoi. They weighed 164.2g, 155.7g, and
153.7g.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 80; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 43; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130, no. 3; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 3.

4. Kiev. By 1846. A. S. Annenkov donated a silver ingot of the Kiev type, perhaps
part of a chance find from Kiev. According to Korzukhina, this ingot and the
one from "Kiev. 1847" may be part of one hoard found in 1842.
Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 106-107, no. 65B and p. 108, no. 65, where the hoard
is dated between the 1 170s and 1240.

5. Kiev. 1847. A silver ingot of the Kiev type weighing 153.6g was part of a treas-
ure hoard found by the Desiatynna Church in the former garden of Annenkov.
IFin, Topografiia, p. 24, no. 69; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 44; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 107, no. 65V, where the hoard is dated between the 1 170s and
1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130, no. 4; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173,
no. 4.

6. Kiev. 1851. Six (or three) ingots of the Kiev type were found in the former yard
of Korol'ov or Annenkov.

Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 81; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 65; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130, no. 5; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 5.

7. Kiev. 1854. Two silver ingots of the Kiev type were found with treasure in the
former Prysutstvenni mistsia (15 Volodymyrs'ka Street).
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 83; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 66; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 114, no. 88, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s and
1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 18; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
173, no. 17.

8. Kiev. 1857. Six silver ingots of the Kiev type weighing between 160.9g and
152.6g were part of a hoard found in the former yard of Klimovich.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 110, no. 76, where the hoard is dated between the 1 170s

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430 THOMAS S. NOONAN

and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p.


173, no. 6.

9. Kiev. 1862. Three ingots of the Kiev type were part of a hoard found near the
former home of Klimovich.

Korzukhina, Klady, p. Ill, no. 77, where the hoard is dated between the 1 170s
and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130, no. 7; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
173, no. 7.

10. Kiev. Pre-1868. A silver ingot of the Kiev type was part of a treasure hoard
found in excavations on the land of the Desiatynna Church. Tolochko reports
that two or several ingots of the Kiev type were found in the yard of the Desia-
tynna Church in 1837.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 108, no. 66, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s
and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130, no. 2; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
173, no. 2.

11. Kiev. 1876. Fourteen silver ingots of the Kiev type were found along with treas-
ure in a clay pot by the Desiatynna Church in the former yard of Leskov.
II 'in, Topografia, p. 24, no. 71; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 68; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 111-12, no. 80, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s
and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130, no. 8; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
173, no. 8.

12. Kiev. 1880. A rich treasure hoard including 34 silver ingots of the Kiev type
was found while digging a canal in the former yard of Kuhlyn on Velyka
Zhytomyrs'ka Street. The ingots weighed: 164.1g, 160.4g (2), 158.5g (2),
158.4g (2) 157.4g, 156.7g, 156.5g, 156.4g, 156.3g, 156.1g, 156g, 155.4g,
154.9g, 154.3g, 154.2g, 153.8g (2), 153.7g, 153.5g, 153.1g, 152.8g, 151.8g,
151.2g, 150.8g, 148.9g (2), 147.9g, 146.5g, 144.2g, 144.1g, and 141.8g.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 26, no. 84; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 45: Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 115, no. 90, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s and
1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 19; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
173, no. 18.

13. Kiev. 1882. Two silver ingots of the Kiev type weighing 166.9g and 160.7g
were found by the Desiatynna Church in the former yard of Ageev.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 24, no. 72; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 46; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 130-31, no. 9; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 9.

14. Kiev. 1885. Nine silver ingots of the Kiev type were part of a treasure hoard
found in the former yard of Sikors'kyi. They weighed: 162. lg, 160.7g, 159.2g
(2), 158.2g, 156.8g, 155.7g, 153.3g, and 150.5g.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 85; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 47; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 117-18, no. 98, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s
and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 20; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev,
p. 173, no. 19.

15. Kiev. 1888. Three ingots of the Kiev type were found by the St. Michael
Golden-Domed Monastery.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 43 1

Il'in, Topografia, p. 25, no. 76; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 2


Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 23.

16. Kiev. 1888. A hoard of ingots of the Kiev type was found along the Khres
tyk ravine.

Il'in, Topografia, p. 26, no. 82; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 133, no. 35;
Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no. 34.

17. Kiev. Pre-1889. Several ingots of the Kiev type were found by the Desiatynna
Church in the former yard of Prince Trubetskoi.

Il'in, Topografiia, p. 24, no. 70; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 69; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 17; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 16.

18. Kiev. 1889. A silver ingot of the Kiev type and silver objects were found along
Reitars 'ka Street.

Il'in, Topografiia, p. 26, no. 86; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 67; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 117, no. 97, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s and
1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," pp. 131-32, no. 22; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev,
p. 173, no. 21.

19. Kiev. 1889. (See appendix B, no. 12) Seven (or nine) silver ingots of the Kiev
type were part of a coin-treasure hoard found in the former yard of
Hrebenovs'kyi. They weighed: 167.9g, 162.6g, 162.5g, 161.8g, 159.7g,
157.3g,andl56g.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 26, no. 87 (7 ingots); Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 101, no. 39
(7 ingots); Korzukhina, Klady, p. 118-19, no. 99, where the hoard is dated
between the 1170s and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 21; Sotni-
kova and Spasskii, "Russkie klady," p. 55, no. 17 (6 ingots); Tolochko, Drev-
nii Kiev, p. 173, no. 20.

20. Kiev. 1898. One silver ingot (or two) of the Kiev type weighing 163.2g (and
154.6g) was/ were found on the Andreev slope.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 20, no. 88; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 48; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 10; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 10.

21. Kiev. 1899. (See appendix A, no. 10 and appendix B, no. 17) Two gold ingots
of undetermined form weighing 94. 7g and 141.4g were part of a coin-treasure
hoard found in the former yard of Brodskii.

Il'in, Topografia, p. 27, no. 90; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 90, no. 19; Korzu-
khina, Klady, pp. 90-91, no. 30, where the hoard is dated to the
eleventh -early twelfth centuries; Sotnikova and Spasskii, "Russkie klady," p.
53, no. 2; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 133, no. 41.

22. Kiev. 1899. Three silver ingots of the Kiev type were found in a copper vessel
discovered somewhere in the Podil.

Il'in, Topografia, p. 27, no. 89; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 70; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 133, no. 36; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no. 35.

23. Kiev. 1900. (See appendix B, no. 43) A piece of a gold ingot of the Novgorod
type weighing 20g and eight silver ingots of the Kiev type weighing between

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432 THOMAS S. NOONAN

157.7g and 143.5 g were part of a coin-t


tion of B. I. Khanenko.

IF in, Topografia, p. 27, no. 91; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 90, no. 20, and p.
101, no. 40; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 131, no. 127, gives Divocha hora, near
Sakhnivka, Kaniv county, Kiev province, as the find spot and dates the hoard to
between the 1170s and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 25 and
Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 25, gives the yard of the former St. Michael Golden-
Domed Monastery as the find spot.

24. Kiev. 1900. Two silver ingots of the Kiev type were part of a hoard found in the
former yard of the Technical School on Mykhailivs'ka Square.
Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 114-15, no. 89, where the hoard is dated between the
1170s and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 26; Tolochko, Drevnii
Kiev, p. 173, no. 24.

25. Kiev. 1903. Two silver ingots of the Kiev type weighing 160.5g and 157.6g
were found with treasure by the St. Michael Golden-Domed Monastery.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 77; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 49; Korzu-
khina, Klady, pp. 120-22, no. 103, where the hoard is dated between the 1 170s
and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 27; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev,
pp. 173-74, no. 26.

26. Kiev. 1903. An ingot of the Kiev type was found on the Zamkova
hora/Kyselivka along with coins of Volodimer Ol'gerdovich.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 27, no. 92; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 133, no. 37;
Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no. 36.

27. Kiev. 1906. Two gold ingots (or one cut into two parts) and two silver ingots of
the Kiev type weighing 161.8g and 160g were part of a treasure hoard of the
twelfth -thirteenth centuries from the courtyard of the St. Michael Golden-
Domed Monastery.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 78; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 90, no. 21, and p.
101, no. 41; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 122, no. 105, where only one gold ingot is
mentioned and the hoard is dated between the 1170s and 1240; Tolochko,
"Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 28; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no. 27, where 3
pieces from gold ingots and two ingots of the Kiev type are mentioned.

28. Kiev. 1906. Two silver ingots of the Kiev type were part of a large treasure
hoard found along Trysviatytel's'ka Street.
Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 124-25, no. 108, where the hoard is dated between the
1170s and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 29; Tolochko, Drevnii
Kiev, p. 174, no. 28.

29. Kiev. 1907. A treasure hoard including 53 silver ingots of the Kiev type and 3
ingots of the Novgorod type weighing 192.9g (2) and 128g was found in the St.
Michael Golden-Domed Monastery. The Kiev type ingots weighed: 164.5g,
164.2g, 164. lg, 163.9g, 163.7g, 163. lg (2), 163g, 162.9g, 162.8g, 162.7g,
162.5g, 162.4g, 162.1g, 162g (2), 161.9g (2), 161.7g (2), 161.6g, 161.4g,
161.2g (3), 161. lg, 160.6g (2), 160.5g, 160.2g (2), 160.1g, 160g (2), 159.9g,

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 433

159.7g (2), 159.3g, 159.2g (3), 159.1g, 158.9g, 158.8g, 158.6g, 158.5g, 15
158.1g, 158g, 157.2g, 156.7g, 154.2g, and 152.2g.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 79; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 105, no. 63 an
119, no. 108; Bauer, "Die Silber-," 1931, p. 64, no. 116; Korzukhina, K
p. 125, no. 106, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s and 1240; T
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 30; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no. 2

30. Kiev. 1908. An ingot of the Kiev type weighing 159.4 g was found along
treasure in excavations by the Desiatynna Church.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 73; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 102, no. 50; T
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 11 and Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 11, lists
ingot of the Novgorod type found near the kapyshche in 1908.

31. Kiev. 1908. A copper tile, apparently a copper ingot of the Novgorod typ
found in excavations. In 1908 two such copper ingots were also found in
former yard of the Frol Monastery and a third was found in a yard
Kostiantynivs'ka Street. Finally, an ingot cast from lead and weighing
was found on the grounds of the St. Sofia Cathedral ca. 1908-1909.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 27, no. 93; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 119, no. 105;
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 133, nos. 38-39; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174
37-38.

32. Kiev. 1909. A silver ingot of the Kiev type was found in the yard of the Desia-
tynna Church.

Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 12; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no.
12.

33. Kiev. 1911. Six ingots of the Kiev type were part of a hoard found in excava-
tions at the Desiatynna Church. They weighed: 165.8g, 159.8g, 159.5g,
156.5g, 155.9g,andl46.3g.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 74; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 103, no. 51; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 109, no. 69, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s and
1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 13; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p.
173, no. 13.

34. Kiev. 1914. Four electrum ingots of the Kiev type were part of a hoard found
during work at the Desiatynna Church.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 25, no. 75; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 71, where
one silver ingot of the Kiev type is noted; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 1 1 1, no. 78,
where the hoard is dated to between the 1170s and 1240; Tolochko,
"Topohrafiia," p. 131, no. 14; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 173, no. 14.

35. Kiev. 1936. A silver ingot of the Kiev type was part of a hoard found near the
Desiatynna Church in the former yard of Petrovs'kyi.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 108, no. 67, where the hoard is dated between the 1 170s
and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 131, nos. 15 and 16, and Drevnii Kiev,
p. 173, no. 15, lists two ingots of the Kiev type.

36. Kiev. 1938. An ingot of the Kiev type was part of a small hoard found at 14
Strilets'ka Street.

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434 THOMAS S. NOONAN

Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 23


22.

37. Kiev. 1940. Fifteen silver ingots of the Kiev type weighing between 160g and
150g were part of a hoard found in the yard of the St. Michael Golden-Domed
Monastery.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 122, no. 104, where the hoard is dated between the
1170s and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 31; Tolochko, Drevnii
Kiev, p. 174, no. 30.

38. Kiev. 1949. A silver ingot of the Kiev type was found in the yard of the St.
Michael Golden-Domed Monastery.
Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," p. 132, no. 32; Tolochko, Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no.
31.

39. Kiev. 1949. Three silver ingots of the Kiev type weighing 159.9g, 159.7g, and
157.6g as well as three silver monetary ingots having the shape of a small
three-edged stick (weighing 196.3g, 195.3g, and a small piece) were part of a
treasure hoard found along Heroïv Revoliutsii Street, formerly
Trysviatytel's'ka.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 125, no. 109, where the hoard is dated between the
1170s and 1240; Tolochko, "Topohrafiia," pp. 133-34, no. 33; Tolochko,
Drevnii Kiev, p. 174, no. 32.

40. Near Kutkova. P eriaslavV -Riazan county. Riazari gubernia. 1673. At least 39
silver ingots were part of a treasure hoard found along a tributary of the Oka
(?). The description of these ingots is imprecise, but Korzukhina believed they
were most likely of the Kiev type from the twelfth century.

Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 142-43, no. 161, where the hoard is dated between the
1170s and 1240.

41. Staiky. Kakharlyk raion. Kiev oblast'. 1819. Twelve silver ingots of the Kiev
type were found.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 29, no. 104; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 72.

42. Zhuliany (formerly Zheliany). Kiev-Sviatoshyne raion. Kiev oblast7. 1840.


Twenty heavy ingots of the Kiev type were found. One weighed 206.9g.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 29, no. 105; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 118, no. 99; Tolo-
chko, "Topohrafiia," p. 133, no. 40.

43. Pekari. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. Pre-1840. Ingots were found along with
Roman coins. The ingots may date to the pre-Kievan era.
IF in, Topografia, p. 30, no. 1 10.

44. Khotyn. Rivne raion. Rivne oblast'. 1852. Several silver ingots of the Kiev type
were found.

Il'in, Topografia, p. 16, no. 20; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 108, no. 83.

45. Sofiis'ka koloniia. Rivne county. Volhynia gubernia. 1866. A hoard containing
one silver ingot of the Kiev type and twelve silver ingots of the "West Rus' "
type were found.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 435

Il'in, Topografia, p. 16, no. 22; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 105, no. 64.

46. Terekhovo. Bolkhovskii county. Orel gubernia. 1876. A silver ingot of th


type weighing 159.1 g was part of a hoard found during the digging of a fie
Il'in, Topografia, p. 38, no. 160; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 104, no. 58; Ko
khina, Klady, pp. 139-40, no. 154, where the hoard is dated between the 1 1
and 1240.

47. Horbove. Novhorod-Sivers' kyi raion. Chernihiv oblast'. 1878. Of 25 silver


ingots found in a hoard, several were identified: six were heavy ingots of the
Kiev type with an average weight of 195.9g.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 52, no. 220; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 118, no. 101.

48. Pekaril Kniazha hora. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1877. Three silver ingots
of the Kiev type were found weighing 166.8g, 161.4g, and 152g.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 30, no. 1 1 1; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 103, no. 52.

49. Chernihiv. 1878. A hoard of 9 silver ingots of the Kiev type was found near the
Savior Cathedral.

Il'in, Topografia, p. 53, no. 225; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 108, no. 85.

50. Richyka. Near Chernihiv. Pre-1884. Two silver ingots of the Kiev type were
found weighing 160g and 157.8g.
Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 103, no. 55.

51. VasyVkiv (formerly Vasyliv). Kiev oblast'. 1885. Several gold ingots were part
of a treasure hoard found along the Stuhna River.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 99; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 21, no. 23; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 133, no. 134, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s and
1240.

52. Vilkhovets' . Zvenyhorodka raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1888. Four silver ingots of
the Novgorod type and one silver ingot of the Kiev type were found with silver
jewelry.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 101; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 77; Korzu-
khina, Klady, pp. 132-33, no. 133, where the hoard is dated between the 1 170s
and 1240.

53. Trypilla. Obukhiv raion. Kiev oblast'. Pre-1889. Several ingots of the Kiev type
were found together with other things.

Il'in, Topografia, p. 29, no. 106; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 74.

54. Vasyl'kiv (formerly Vasyliv). Kiev oblast'. 1889. Three silver ingots of the Kiev
type were found.

Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 95; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 73.

55. Pekaril Kniazha hora. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1889. Four silver ingots
of the Kiev type weighing 159g, 158.5g, 157.5g, and 156.6g were found.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 30, no. 1 12; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 103, no. 53.

56. Horodok. Rivne raion. Rivne oblast'. 1890. A silver ingot of the Kiev type was
found with jewelry.

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436 THOMAS S. NOONAN

Irin, Topografia, p. 16, no. 24; Bauer,


khina, Klady, p. 135, no. 141, where the
1240.

57. Pivtsi. Former Kaniv county. Kiev gu


made of poor quality silver was found wi
Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 102; Korzukh
hoard is dated between the 1 170s and 1240

58. Pekaril Kniazha hora. Kaniv raion. C


hoards were found during excavations.
of the Kiev type weighing between 164.7
Il'in, Topografia, p. 30, no. 114; Bauer
khina, Klady, p. 127, no. 115, where the
1240.

59. Pekaril Kniazha hora. Kaniv raion. C


of the Kiev type were found.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 130, no. 113; Bauer

60. Diagunino. Zubtsov county. Tver gube


the Kiev type weighing around 195g eac
along the Volga.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 47, no. 205; Bauer
khina, Klady, pp. 148-49, no. 172, where
and 1240.

61. Zadrutsie. Lukaü volosf . Rahachoü county. Mahiloü gubernia. 1893. Twenty-
one of 92 silver ingots of the Kiev type were preserved. Bauer gives the weight
of 87: 164.8g, 163.7g, 163.3g, 163.2g, 162.6g, 162.2g, 162.1g, 161.9g, 161.8g
(2), 161.6g, 161.4g (3), 161.2g, 161. lg, 161g (2), 160.8g, 160.7g, 160.5g,
160.2g, 160g, 159.8g (3), 159.3g, 159.2g (2), 158.9g (2), 158.8g, 158.7g
158.6g, 158.4g, 158.2g, 158.1g, 157.8g (3), 157.7g, 157.3g (3), 157g (3),
156.9g (2), 156.8g (3), 156.6g, 156.4g, 156.1g, 156g, 155.9g. 155.8g, 155.7g
155.3g (2), 155.2g, 155g, 154.9g (2), 154.8g (2), 154.7g (2), 154.6g (2),
154.5g, 154.2g, 153.6g, 153.1g (2), 153g, 152.9g, 152.5g, 152.2g, 151.2g,
150.5g, 147.7g (2), 146.5g, 146.1g, and 135.4g. Four damaged ingots weighed:
153g(2), 152.2g,andl45.5g.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 36, no. 149; Bauer, "Die Silber-," pp. 103-104, no. 57;
Sotnikova and Spasskii, "Russkie klady," p. 55, no. 18.

62. Smila. Kiev gubernia. Pre-1894. A silver ingot of the Kiev type was found.
Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 81.

63. Pyliava. Kaniv county. Kiev gubernia. 1895. Six silver ingots were found along
with several silver bracelets.

Korzukhina, Klady, p. 92, no. 34, where the hoard is dated to the
eleventh -early twelfth centuries.

64. ViVshanytsia. VasyVkiv county. Kiev gubernia. 1895. A silver ingot of the Kiev
type was found.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 437

Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 96; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 76.

65. Pekaril Kniazha hora. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1896. A silver ingo
Kiev type was part of a treasure hoard found in a clay pot.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 129, no. 120, where the hoard is dated betwe
1170s and 1240.

66. Mysholovka. Kiev county. 1896. Eleven ingots, evidently of the Chernihiv type,
were found along with silver jewelry. They weighed: 200.4g, 199.8g, 199.6g,
199.3g, 199.2g, 198.6g, 198.4g, 198.1g, 197.3g, 196.2g, and 194.1g.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 29, no. 108; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 114, no. 93; Korzu-
khina, Klady, p. 133, no. 136, where the hoard is dated between the 1170s and
1240.

67. Zhadkiva. Korets' raion. Rivna oblast'. 1896. Fifteen silver ingots of the Kiev
type were found. The weights of nine were: 165.8g, 165g, 164.1g, 159.6g,
159.2g, 158.5g (2), 155.6g, and 154.4g.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 16, no. 17; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 103, no. 54.

68. Viitivtsi. Pereiaslav county. Poltava gubernia. 1898. Twenty-nine silver ingots
of the Kiev type were part of a hoard which also included gold and silver
jewelry. The ingots weighed: 200.5g (2), 198.4g (2), 162.1g, 160g (3), 157.8g
(11), 156.7g (7), 153.6g (2), and 108.6g.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 42, no. 179; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 104, no. 59, and p.
1 16, no. 97, and p. 1 19, no. 103; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 136, no. 145, where the
hoard is dated between the 1 170s and 1240.

69. P e kari/ Kniazha hora. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1899. Several ingots were
found - most were of very good silver but one, of the Kiev type and weighing
179.2g, was of low quality. Several were of the Kiev type and one was a heavy
ingot of the Kiev type.

Il'in, Topografia, p. 30, no. 115; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 80, and p.
118, no. 100.

70. Sakhnivka. Korsun' -Shevchenkivs' kyi raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1899. Silver
ingots were found.
Il'in, Topografia, p. 30, no. 117.

71. Velyka Snitynka. Fastiv raion. Kiev oblast'. 1900. Five silver ingots of the Kiev
type (?) weighing 202.9g, 200.9g, 197. lg, 169.8g, and a cut ingot of 123.7g
were found.

Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 98; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 104, no. 60, and p.
116, no. 96.

72. Sharky. Rokytne raion. Kiev oblast'. 1901. A silver ingot of the Kiev type was
found.

Il'in, Topografia, p. 28, no. 97; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 75.

73. Pyshka. Korsun' -Shevchenkivs' kyi raion. Cherkasy oblast'. 1901. A gold bar
weighing ca. 64g, perhaps part of an ingot, was found in a burial mound along
with other objects.

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438 THOMAS S. NOONAN

II 'in, Topografiia, p. 29, no. 103.

74. Kamianyi Brid. Baranivka raion. Zh


including one of the Kiev type weighin
weight were found along with jewelry of
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 30, no. 109; Baue
khina, Klady, pp. 134-35, no. 138, where
and 1240.

75. Tver' . 1906. Ninety-five (or 96) regular silver ingots of the Kiev type were
found as part of a treasure hoard. They weighed: 167.4g, 166.5g, 166. lg,
165.4g, 165.1g, 165g, 164.8g, 164.7g, 164.6g, 164.4g, 164.2g (2), 164g, 163.9g
(3), 163.7g (2), 163.6g (2), 163.5g, 163.4g, 163.3g, 163.2g (3), 163.1g (2),
163g, 162.8g, 162.6g (3), 162.5g (3), 162.4g, 162.2g, 162. lg (3), 162g (2),
161.9g (4), 161.8g (3), 161.7g (3), 161.6g, 161.5g (2), 161.4g, 161.3g, 161.2g,
161. lg (2), 160.9g, 160.8g (2), 160.7g, 160.6g, 160.5g, 160.3g, 160.2g (2),
160g (2), 159.8g, 159.6g, 159.5g, 159.4g, 159.2g, 159.1g (2), 159g (2), 158.8g,
158.7g, 158.5g, 158.2g, 157.9g, 157.6g, 157.5g, 157.4g (2), 156.4g, 156g,
155.9g (2), 155.3g, and 154.9g. The hoard also included eight heavy ingots of
the Kiev type weighing: 215.7g, 201.1g, 199.8g, 198.9g, 198.8g, 193.2g,
192.8g,andl91.8g.
Il'in, Topografiia, pp. 47-49, no. 206, mentions 106 ingots of the Kiev type:
98 weighed between 168g and 154.9g, 7 weighed between 215.6g and 189g,
and 1 weighed 87.6g; Bauer, "Die Silber-," pp. 104-105, no. 62, and p. 118,
no. 102, and p. 119, no. 104; Korzukhina, Klady, pp. 147-48, no. 170, says
138 total ingots divided as follows: 96 of the Kiev type weighing between
167.4g and 154.9g; 1 ingot weighing 154.6g; 8 ingots of the Kiev type weigh-
ing between 215.7g and 191. 8g; 1 light ingot of the Kiev type weighing 87.7g;
12 ingots of the Novgorod type; 1 ingot of the Novgorod type; 14 ingots of the
"West Russian" type; 4 unidentified ingots; and 1 bar. Korzukhina dates the
hoard between the 1170s and 1240; Sotnikova and Spasskii, "Russkie klady,"
pp. 55-56, no. 19.

76. Denysy. Pereiaslav-Khmel'nyts'kyi raion. Kiev oblast'. 1912. (See appendix A,


no. 28; appendix B, no. 49; appendix C, no. 10) A silver ingot of undetermined
form weighing 1 17.9g was part of a coin-treasure hoard.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 42, no. 180; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 82, no. 6; Sotnikova
and Spasskii, "Russkie klady," p. 54, no. 9.

77. Pekari. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblast'. Pre-1917. An ingot of the Novgorod
type was found.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 30, no. 1 16.

78. Zhytomyr. Pre-1921. Two ingots of the Kiev type were found.
Il'in, Topografiia, p. 15, no. 14; Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 106, no. 82.

79. Chernihiv. 1923. A silver ingot of the Kiev type weighing 160g was part of a
hoard found in excavations around the Savior Cathedral.

Bauer, "Die Silber-," p. 103, no. 56; Korzukhina, Klady, p. 138, no. 150,
where the hoard is dated between the 1 170s and 1240.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 439

80. MyropiV. Zhytomyr oblast'. 1938. A silver ingot of the Kiev type we
149.8g was part of a hoard.
Korzukhina, Klady, p. 134, no. 137, where the hoard is dated between
1170s and 1240.

81. Find spots and dates unknown. The Hermitage collection includes 14 silver
ingots of the Kiev type weighing between 168.7g and 152.4g of unknown
origin.

Sotnikova and Spasskii, "Russkie klady," p. 63.

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440 THOMAS S. NOONAN

APPENDIX E: Finds of Rus' Coins

1. Boryspil. Kiev oblasf (formerly Poltava gubernia). Pre-1815. A sribnyk of


Volodimer, type 1 , was found by a peasant.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 1.

2. Vyshhorod. Kiev-Sviatoshyne raion. Kiev oblasf . 1935. A sribnyk of Volodimer,


type 1 , was found during archaeological excavations.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 2.

3. Zarichchia. VasyVkiv raion. Kiev oblast'. 1963-1964.. Two sribnyky of Volodi-


mer, one type 1 and the other type 2, were found during archaeological excava-
tions.

Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 3.

4. Kiev. Ca. 1850. A sribnyk of Volodimer, type 2, was acquired.


Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 4.

5. Kiev. 1876. A hoard of about 120 sribnyky of Volodimer, type 1, was found in
the courtyard of L. N. Kushnerev.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 5.

6. Kiev. 1894. K. A. Stavronski found a sribnyk of Volodimer, type 2, on the


Kyselivka Hill in the Podil.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 6.

7. Denysy. Pereiaslav-KhmeVnyts'kyi raion. Kiev oblasf (formerly Pereiaslav


county. Poltava gubernia). 1912. (See appendix A, no. 28; appendix B, no. 49;
appendix C, no. 10; appendix D, no. 76) Six sribnyky of Volodimer, types
2-6, and one sribnyk with the name "Petor" were part of a large coin-treasure
hoard.

Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 7.

8. Lipliave. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblasf (formerly Kaniv county. Poltava guber-
nia). 1913-1914. A sribnyk of Volodimer, type 3, was found in during
archaeological excavations.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 8.

9. Pekari. Kaniv raion. Cherkasy oblasf (formerly Cherkasy county. Kiev guber-
nia). 1914. A sribnyk of Volodimer, type 3, was found at the Kniazha hora
townsite.

Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 9.

10. Velykyi Lystven . Horodnia raion. Chernihiv oblast'. 1892. A sribnyk of Volo-
dimer, type 1 , was unearthed.

Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 10.

11. Vyshen'ky. Kozelets' raion. Chernihiv oblast'. Ca. 1882.. A sribnyk of Volodi-
mer, type 4, was found along the banks of the Dnieper.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 55, no. 11.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 44 1

12. Nizhyn. Chernihiv oblast' . 1852. A hoard of around 200 sribnyky was
including Volodimer (types 2-4), Sviatopolk, and both types with the nam
Peter.

Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, pp. 55-56, no. 12.

13. Shores of the Dnieper lagoon. Forty versts from Kinburn. Kherson
Pre-1863. Shepherds found a hoard containing 33 Byzantine gold coins a
zolotnyky of Volodimer.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 56, no. 13.

14. Radens'k. Tsiurupyns' k raion. Kherson oblast'. 1956. A sribnyk of Volo


type 1, was found by an anthropological expedition.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 56, no. 14.

15. Pinsk. Brest oblast'. Belorussian SSR. 1804. A nobleman gave Tsar Alexan
20 gold Byzantine coins from his lands. This hoard (?) apparently includ
zolotnyky of Volodimer as well.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 56, no. 15.

16. Parechye. Talochyn raion. Vitsiebsk oblast' (formerly Starotalochyn vol


Mahiloü gubernia). Belorussian SSR. 1886. A fragment of a sribnyk of V
dimer, type 3, was part of a coin-treasure hoard.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 56, no. 16.

17. Votnia. Bykhaü raion. Mahiloü oblast'. Belorussian SSR. 1873. Four sri
of Volodimer, type 1 , were found during the excavations of burial mounds
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 56, no. 17.

18. Mitkovka. Klimovo raion. Briask oblast'. Russian SFSR. Early 1950s. Thir
sribnyky of Volodimer (types 1 and 2), Sviatopolk, and with the name
were found during unauthorized archaeological excavations of burial mound
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, pp. 56-57, no. 18.

19. Lipino. Kursk raion and oblast'. Russian SFSR. 1948. A fragment of a sr
of Volodimer, type 1, was found during the archaeological excavation
burial mounds.

Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 19.

20. Naginshchina. Slantsy raion. Leningrad oblast' {formerly Gdov county. St.
Petersburg gubernia). Russian SFSR. 1895. Included in a hoard of 1,018 silver
coins deposited ca. 1055 was a sribnyk of Iaroslav with a Latin letter in the
legend (a so-called Scandinavian imitation of Iaroslav' s silver coins).
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 20.

21. Molodi. Pskov raion and oblast'. Russian SFSR. 1878. A fragment of a sribnyk
of Volodimer, type 1 , was found in a hoard of 3kg of coin fragments.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 21.

22. Former Rostov county. Russian SFSR. 1823. A sribnyk of Volodimer, type 4,
was found.

Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 22.

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442 THOMAS S. NOONAN

23. TsimliansL Tsimliansk raion. Rost


archaeological excavations a badly bro
obtained from a local inhabitant.

Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 23.

24. Raadi. Tartu raion (the former village of Rasthof near the city of Dorpat).
Estonian SSR. 1838. A sribnyk of Iaroslav was found.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 24.

25. Island of Saaremaa (Oesel). Estonian SSR. After 1893. A sribnyk of Iaroslav
found on the island was given to 1. 1. Tolstoi.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 25.

26. Dobra. Nowograd powiat. Pomerania. Poland. Pre-1894). A sribnyk of Iaros-


lav was included in a hoard of West European deniers deposited no earlier than
1030.

Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 57, no. 26.

27. Goszczyno or Sierpów. Leczyca powiat. Kalisz województwo. Poland. 1850 or


1855. A sribnyk of Volodimer, type 2, was included in a large coin hoard
deposited ca. 1020-1025.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, pp. 57-58, no. 27.

28. Rawicz. Poznan województwo. Poland. 1880. A fragment of a sribnyk of Iaros-


lav was found in a large denier hoard deposited ca. 1040.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 28.

29. Schwaan. City of Rostock. Germany. 1859. A sribnyk of Volodimer, type 2,


was found in a very large coin hoard deposited around 1025.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 29.

30. Romsdal. Nasbo parish. Near Molde. Norway. 1891. A sribnyk of Iaroslav with
the Latin letter "R" in the legend was found in a coin hoard deposited around
1025.

Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 30.

31. Exact find site unknown. Sweden. 1858. A sribnyk of Iaroslav with a Latin letter
"R" in the legend was found in the holdings of the Royal Coin Cabinet in
Stockholm.

Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 31.

32. Visby. Island of Gotland. Sweden. 1938. A sribnyk of Iaroslav was found in a
denier hoard preserved in the local museum.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 32.

33. Grötlingbo. Island of Gotland. Sweden. Pre-1935. A sribnyk of Iaroslav with


the letter "R" in the legend was found in a hoard deposited around 1025.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 33.

34. Sigsarve. Heide parish. Island of Gotland. Sweden. 1918. A sribnyk of Volodi-
mer, type 1, was found in a denier hoard deposited around 1055-1060.

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MONETARY HISTORY OF KIEV IN THE PRE-MONGOL PERIOD 443

Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 34.

35. Unknown provenance. 1796. A zolotnyk of Volodimer was purchased in


Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 35.

36. Unknown provenance. Pre-1797. A sribnyk of Iaroslav was acquired.


Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 36.

37. Unknown provenance. 1860. A sribnyk of Volodimer, type 1, was part of


collection purchased by lu. B. Iversen.
Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 37.

38. Unknown provenance. 1878. A zolotnyk of Volodimer was purchased.


Sotnikova and Spasskii, Tysiacheletie, p. 58, no. 38.

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