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Advanced FEM

3
Weak and Variational
Forms of the
Poisson’s Equation

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 1
Advanced FEM

The Poisson Problem in


Generic Notation

n Exterior normal to S
Constitutive coefficient ρ in V
x3
Sq : q^n = q

x1 x2 Volume V

Source s in V
Su : u = u^

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 2
Advanced FEM

Summary of Governing Equations

KE: ∇u = g in V,
Field equations: CE: ρg=q in V,
BE: ∇ ·q=s in V.

PBC: u = û on Su ,
Classical BCs:
FBC: q.n = qn = q̂n , on Sq .

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 3
Advanced FEM

The Strong Form Tonti Diagram


for the Poisson Equation

u = u^
u^ u s
on Su

g = grad u in V div q = s in V

q = ρ g in V qn = q.n = ^q
g q q^
on Sq

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 4
Advanced FEM

Weak Form Used as Departure Point for


Deriving a Primal (TPE-Like) Functional

u = u^
u^ u s
on Su

(∇.q − s) wB E d V = 0
g = grad u in V V

q = ρ g in V
g q q^

(q · n − q̂) wF BC d S = 0
Strong connection Sq

Weak connection

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 5
Advanced FEM

Master/Slave Field Notation


Master field

u = u^
u^ u s
on Su

(∇.q − s) wB E d V = 0
gu = grad u in V Slave fields V

qu = ρ gu in V
gu qu q^

(q · n − q̂) wF BC d S = 0
Sq

Notation: Master field from which slave comes

u Master (primary, gu Slave (secondary,


varied, parent) field derived, sibling) field

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 6
Advanced FEM

Derivation of the Primal Functional


Form weighted residuals of weak links:
 
R BE = (∇ . q u − s) wBE dV = (∇ . ρ ∇ u − s) wBE dV
V
V 
RFBC = (q u − q)
^ w dS =
FBC
^ w
(ρ ∇ u . n - q) FBC
dS
Sq Sq

Rewrite them as variations of an alleged functional:



δΠBE = (− ∇ . ρ ∇u + s) δu dV
V

δΠ FBC = ^ δu dS
(ρ ∇u . n − q)
Sq

if we are lucky

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 7
Advanced FEM

Derivation of the Primal Functional (cont'd)

Apply divergence theorem to δΠBE


 
DT
δΠBE = (ρ ∇u . δ∇u + s δu) dV − ρ ∇u . n δu dS
V Sq
why Sq and not S?
Add the contributions of the two weak links and express
each term as variation of something (if we are lucky):

alleged  
δΠ = δΠBE + δΠFBC = (ρ ∇u . δ∇u + s δu) dV − q^ δu dS
V Sq
  
= δ 1
2
ρ ∇u .∇u dV + δ s u dV − δ q u dS
V V Sq

Yes, we were lucky!

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 8
Advanced FEM

And We Arrive at the Primal Functional


δΠ is the variation of the TPE (Total Potential Energy Like)
functional, often called the Primal Functional
alleged   
ΠTPE = 1
2
ρ ∇u .∇u dV + s u dV − q^ u dS
V  V  Sq
= 1
2
(qu ). g u dV + s u dV − q^ u dS
V V Sq

In full component notation,

The variational principle is

δTPE = 0

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 9
Advanced FEM

Multifield and Mixed Functionals

Definitions
Multifield functional: involves more than one master field

Mixed functional: all master fields are internal (volume) fields

Motivation for Developing Mixed Functionals in FEM


Balanced approximation to multiple fields

Key ingredient of hybrid functionals

May relax interelement continuity requirements (important in


plates and shells)

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 10
Advanced FEM
Weak Form Used as Departure Point to
Derive a HR-like Mixed Functional
Master fields
u = ^u
u^ u s
on Su

gu = grad u in V

( ∇.q − s ) wB E dV = 0
gu V


Slave fields 
(gu − gq ) wGG d V = 0
V ( q · n − q̂ ) wF BC dS = 0
Sq

−1
g q = ρ q in V
gq q q^

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 11
Advanced FEM

Derivation of Mixed Functional


Form weighted residuals of weak links

Rewrite as variations of an alleged functional


w B E → −δu, w F BC → δu, w F BC → δq

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 12
Advanced FEM

Derivation of Mixed Functional (cont'd)


Adding the contributions of the three weak links:

This is the variation of the functional

The variational principle is

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 13
Advanced FEM

Gauss' Divergence Theorem (Review)


Departure point is classical form of theorem: divergence of a vector
field a in V is equal to the vector flux over S, or
 

Take a = φ b

Take b = α∇ ψ

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 14
Advanced FEM

Gauss' Divergence Theorem (Review, cont'd)


Can be applied to Poisson's equation ∇ · (ρ∇u) = s substituting φ → −δu,
ψ → u and α → ρ to get

Rearrange terms, separate the surface integral in two portions and


note that δu = 0 on Su because u = u^ there:
  
∇ · (ρ∇u) δu d V = ρ∇u · ∇ δu d V − ρ ∇u · n δu d S
  
V V S
0
= ρ∇u · ∇ δu d V − ρ ∇u · n
δu d S − ρ ∇u · n δu d S
V Su Sq
 
= ρ∇u · δ ∇u d V − ρ ∇u · n δu d S.
V Sq

This relation is used in the development of the primal functional

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 15
Advanced FEM

Robin Boundary Conditions (Ch. 3 Exercises)

u = u^
u^ u s
on Su

g = grad u in V div q = s in V

q = ρ g in V qn = q.n = ^q
g q q^
on Sq

Connect these
two boxs,
messing up
diagram
Examples in heat conduction:
convection (Exercise 3.2)
radiation (Exercise 3.3)

AFEM Ch 3 – Slide 16

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