Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fundamentals
Prerequisite: Introduction to the
Alcatel GSM Network
Contents
Introduction P. 3
RNP Process Overview P. 39
Coverage Planning P. 54
Traffic Planning and Frequency Planning P.306
Radio Interface / Quality of Service P.382
Abbreviations P.416
Introduction
Contents
Standardization
Documentation
Radio Network Architecture
Mobile Phone Systems
Standardization
Documentation
Um MS - BTS LapDm
BTS BTS (GSM specific)
BSC BSC
Abis BTS - BSC LapD
(ISDN type)
BSS
Um (Radio) MS - BTS LAPDm
BSS (GSM specific)
with
PCU with
PCU
Gn Gs
Gn SGSN-SGSN IP
SGSN-GGSN IP
Gr Gf Gr SGSN-HLR SS7
GGSN Gn Gc GGSN-HLR IP/SS7
Gf SGSN-EIR SS7
Gc Gs SGSN-MSC/VLR SS7
HLR EIR
Gi GGSN-Data Network IP
Data
Network
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 12
GSM RNE Fundamentals
OMC-R
BSS GPRS CN
OMC-G
OMC-R
SGSN GGSN
Gn
Gb
Alcatel
MS 9135
BTS NSS
MFS
BSC SSP
TC A + RCP
BTS
A bis A ter
RF Spectrum
System Total Bandwidth Uplink Downlink Carrier
frequency frequency band Spacing
band /MHz /MHz
GSM 450 2x7.5MHz 450.4-457.6 460.4-467.6 200 kHz
Access Methods
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
FDMA
Used for standard analog cellular mobile systems
(AMPS, TACS, NMT etc.)
Each user is assigned a discrete slice of the RF spectrum
Permits only one user per channel since it allows the user to
use the channel 100% of the time.
TDMA
Multiple users share RF carrier on a time slot basis
Carriers are sub-divided into timeslots
Information flow is not continuous for an user, it is sent and
received in "bursts"
Frequency of Channel
869.040 870.030 889.980 893.980
(MHz) Duplex distance
45 MHz 890.010
TACS - Technical
objectives
Technology FDMA
RF frequency band 890 - 960 MHz
Channel Spacing 25 kHz
Carriers 1000
Timeslots 1
Mobile Power 0.6 - 10 W
Transmission Voice , (data)
HO possible
Roaming possible
Different TACS-Systems
ETACS - Extended TACS
Current UK system that has 1320 channels (1278 voice, 42 control)
and has replaced TACS as the UK standard
ITACS and IETACS - International (E)TACS
Minor variation of TACS to allow operation outside of the UK by allowing
flexibility in assigning the control channels
JTACS - Japanese TACS
A version of TACS designed for operation in Japan
NTACS - Narrowband TACS
New system that has three times as many voice channels as ETACS with no
loss of signal quality
Number of
1329 2047 0 11 23 44 32 34 60 1000
Channel
3 4 0
Organisatio Organisatio
nA nB
Frequency 872.0125 889.9625 890.0125
of channel (917.0125 (934.9625 (935.0125
[Mhz] ) ) )
889.9875
(934.9875
)
Technology TDMA/FDMA
RF frequency band 1880 - 1900 MHz
Channel Spacing 1.728 MHz
Carriers 10
Timeslots 12 (duplex)
Mobile Power (average/max) 10 mW/250 mW
BTS Power class 250 mW
MS sensitivity -83 dBm
BTS sensitivity -83 dBm
Transmission Voice, data
HO possible
CDMA - Technical
objectives
Technology CDMA
RF frequency band 869-894 / 824-849
or 1900 MHz
Channel Spacing 1250 kHz
Channels per 1250 kHz 64
Mobile Power (average/max) 1-6.3 W / 6.3 W
Transmission Voice, data
HO ("Soft handoff") possible
Roaming possible
TETRA - Features
Standard for a frequency efficient european digital trunked radio
communication system (defined in 1990)
Possibility of connections with simultaneous transmission of voice and data
Encryption at two levels:
Basic level which uses the air interface encryption
End-to-end encryption (specifically intended for public safety users)
Open channel operation
"Direct Mode" possible
Communication between two MS without connecting via a BTS
MS can be used as a repeater
UMTS
(Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System)
Third generation mobile communication system
Combining existing mobile services (GSM, CDMA etc.) and
fixed telecommunications services
More capacity and bandwidth
More services (Speech, Video, Audio, Multimedia etc.)
Worldwide roaming
"High" subscriber capacity
Definition of RN Requirements
The Request for Quotation (RfQ) from the customer prescribes the
requirements mainly
Coverage
Definition of coverage probability
Percentage of measurements above level threshold
Definition of covered area
Traffic
Definition of Erlang per square kilometer
Definition of number of TRX in a cell
Mixture of circuit switched and packed switched traffic
QoS
Call success rate
RxQual, voice quality, throughput rates, ping time
ACIE
A9156 RNO
OMC 1
A955 V5 /A9155 V6
COF
RNP
A9155 ACIE
PRC Generator
Module
Conversion
OMC 2
POLO
ACIE = PRC file
3rd Party RNP
or Database BSS Software offline production
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 47
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Turn On Cycle
The network is launched step by step during the TOC
A single step takes typically two or three weeks
Not to mix up with rollout phases, which take months or even
years
For each step the RNE has to define ‘TOC Parameter’
Cells to go on air
Determination of frequency plan
Cell design CAE parameter
Each step is finished with the ‘Turn On Cycle Activation’
Upload PRC/ACIE files into OMC-R
Unlock sites
HW / SW Problem Detection
Problems can be detected due to drive tests or equipment monitoring
Defective equipment
will trigger replacement by operation field service
Software bugs
Incorrect parameter settings
are corrected by using the OMC or in the next TOC
Faulty antenna installation
Wrong coverage footprints of the site will trigger antenna re-alignments
If the problem is serious
Lock BTS
Detailed error detection
Get rid of the fault
Eventually adjusting antenna tilt and orientation
Network Acceptance
Acceptance drive test
Calculation of KPI according to acceptance requirements in
contract
Presentation of KPI to the customer
Comparison of key performance indicators with the acceptance
targets in the contract
The customer accepts
the whole network
only parts of it step by step
Now the network is ready for commercial launch
Further Optimization
Network is in commercial operation
Network optimization can be performed
Significant traffic allows to use OMC based statistics by using
A9156 RNO and A9185 NPA
End of optimization depends on contract and mutual
agreement between Alcatel and customer
Usually, Alcatel is only involved during the first optimization
activities directly after opening the network commercially
Coverage Planning
Contents
Introduction
Geo databases
Antennas and Cables
Radio Propagation
Path Loss Prediction
Link Budget Calculation
Coverage Probability
Cell Range Calculation
Antenna Engineering
Alcatel BSS
Coverage Improvement
Antenna Diversity
Repeater Systems
High Power TRX
Geo Databases
Contents
Map Projection
Different Map Projections: conical, cylindrical, planar/ azimuthal
Geodetic Datum: e.g. WGS 84
Transverse Mercator Projection: e.g. UTM
Types of Geospatial Data
Creation of geospatial databases
Raster data: DEM /Topography, Morphostructure/ Clutter, Buildings
Vector data: airport, coastline, border line, buildings, etc.
Geocoordinate Transformation
Practical Applications
Converting one single point
Compare to different geodetic datums
Converting a list of points
Map Projection
x, y
Longitude
Map Projection
Geodetic Ellipsoid
Definition:
A mathematical surface (an ellipse
rotated around the earth's polar axis)
which provides a convenient model of
the size and shape of the earth. The
ellipsoid is chosen to best meet the
needs of a particular map datum system
design.
Geodetic Datum
A Geodetic Datum is a Reference
System which includes:
A local or global Ellipsoid
One “Fixpoint”
Attention: Referencing
geodetic coordinates to the
wrong map datum can result
in position Info:
errors of In most cases the shift, rotation
hundreds of meters and scale factor of a Map
Datum is relative to the
Mobile Radio Network Planning
“satellite map datum” WGS84.
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 65
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Map Projection
Cylindrical
e.g. UTM,
Gauss-Krueger
Conical
e.g.Lambert
Conformal Conic
Planar/Azimuthal
Geo-Coordinate System
To simplify the use of maps a
Cartesian Coordinates is used
To avoid negative values a
False Easting value and a
False Northing value
is added
X = Easting
Also a scaling factor is used to
minimize the “projection error” over Y = Northing
the whole area
Middle-Meridian
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 70
GSM RNE Fundamentals
UTM-System
(Universal Transverse Mercator System)
60 zones, each 6o (60 · 6o = 360o )
±3o around each center meridian
Beginning at 180o longitude
(measured eastward from
Greenwich)
UTM - Definitions
False Northing:
Northern Hemisphere: 0 m
Southern Hemisphere: 10 000 000 m
UTM-System (2)
False origin on the central
meridian of the zone has an
easting of 500,000 meters.
All eastings have a positive
values for the zone
Eastings range from 100,000 to
900,000 meters
The 6 Degree zone ranges from
166,667 to 833,333 m, leaving
about a 0.5° overlap at each end
of the zone
(valid only at the equator)
This allows for overlaps and
matching between zones
UTM-Zone: 32
Middle meridian: 9o
(9o = 500 000 m
“False Easting”)
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 76
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Geospatial
Mobile Radio Network Planning
data
3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 80
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Parameters of a Map
Coordinate system
Map Projection
(incl. Geodetic Datum)
Location of the map (Area …)
Scale:
macrocell planning
1:50000 - 1:100000
microcell planning
1:500 -1:5000
Thematic
Source
Date of Production
Vectordata
Vector mainly used are: airport, coastline,
highway, main roads, secondary roads, railway,
rivers/lakes
Each vector contents
(x1,y1)
Info about kind of vector
(e.g. street, coastline)
A series of several points (xn,yn
Each point has a corresponded x / y -value )
(e.g. in UTM System or as Long/Lat)
Info about Map projection and used
Geodetic Datum
Morphostructure (2)
Besides the topo database the basic
input for radio network planning
Each propagation area has different
obstacles like buildings, forest etc.
Obstacles which have similar effects on
propagation conditions are classified in
morphoclasses
Each morphoclass has a corresponding
value for the correction gain
The resolution of the morpho
databases should be adapted
to the propagation model
Morpho correction factor for
predictions:
0 dB (”skyscapers") … 30 dB (”water")
Morphoclasses
Code Morpho- Description
structure
0 not classified e.g. edge of a database
Morphoclasses
Code Morpho- Description
structure
7 forest all kinds of forest, parks, with high tree density
Orthophoto
Georeferenced Satellite Image
Resolution:
most 10 or 20 m
Satellite: e.g. SPOT, Landsat
Scanned Maps
Mainly used as
background data
Not used for calculation
but for localisation
Has to be geocoded
to put it into a GIS (Geographic
Information System) e.g. a Radio
Network Planning Tool
Buildings
Vectordata
Outlines of
single buildings
building blocks
Building heights
Material code
not: roof shape
Buildings (2)
Microcell radio network planning
is mainly used in urban environment
The prediction of mircowave
propagation is calculated with
a ray-tracing/launching model
A lot of calculation
steps are needed
Optimum building database
required (data reduction) to
minimize the pre-calculation time
Traffic density
Advantageous in the
interference calculation,
thus for frequency
assignment and
in the calculation
of average figures in
network analysis
Raster database of
traffic density
values (in Erlangs) of the
whole planning area
Resolution: 20...100 m
Geocoordinate transformation
Output:
Easting: 513629 m Values, which will
Northing: 5400099 m calculated by program
Datum “WGE: World Geodetic System 1984”
Projection: “Universersal Transverse Mercator (UTM)” Preset of this
Zone: 32 ; Hemisphere: N (North) values necessary
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 97
GSM RNE Fundamentals
GEOTRANS
(Geographic Translator)
is an application program
which allows you to convert
geographic coordinates easily
among a wide variety of
coordinate systems, map
projections, and datums.
Source: http://164.214.2.59/GandG/geotrans/geotrans.html
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 98
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Output:
Easting: 513549 m Values, which will
Northing: 5403685 m calculated by program
Datum “EUR-A: EUROPEAN 1950, Western Europe”
Projection: “Universersal Transverse Mercator (UTM)” Preset of this
Zone: 32 ; Hemisphere: N (North) values necessary
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 99
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Attention:
For flat coordinates (e.g. UTM)
as well as for geographic coordinates
(Long/Lat) a reference called
“Geodetic Datum” is necessary.
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 100
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Input:
text-file with the values (list) of the longitude
and latitude of different points
(How to create the inputfile see on page 3c)
Output:
Datum: “WGE: World Geodetic System 1984”
Preset of this
Projection: “Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)” values necessary
Zone: 32
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 101
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 102
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 103
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Geodatasupplier Internet
BKS www.bks.co.uk
ComputaMaps www.computamaps.com
Geoimage www.geoimage.fr
Infoterra www.infoterra-global.com
Istar www.istar.fr
RMSI www.rmsi.com
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 104
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Map Collection
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/index.html
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 105
Coverage Planning
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 106
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Lightning
Tx
Antenna Systems
rod Antennas
Rx
Rxdiv
Antennas Mechanical
antenna
Power divider Mounting
clamp support
structure
Cables (jumper) Jumper
cable
Feeder cables Jumper
cable
Feeder
Connectors installation
Earthing kit
clamps
Clamps
Lightning protection
Wall glands Earthing
kit
Planning
Feeder
Plugs cable
7/16“ Wall
gland
Sockets
7/16“ Grounding
Jumper cables
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 107
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Antenna Theory
50Ω is the impedance of the cable
377Ω is the impedance of the air
Antennas adapt the different impedances
They convert guided waves, into free-space waves (Hertzian
waves) and/or vice versa
Z =50Ω Z =377Ω
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 108
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Antenna Data
Polarization
Specification due to certain wave polarization (linear/elliptic,
cross-polarization)
Half power beam width (HPBW)
Related to polarization of electrical field
Vertical and Horizontal HPBW
Antenna pattern
Yields the spatial radiation characteristics of the antenna
Front-to-back ratio
Important for interference considerations
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 109
GSM RNE Fundamentals
-3 dB -3 dB
-10 dB -10 dB
HPBW
sidelobe
main beam
null direction
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 110
GSM RNE Fundamentals
V1
Gain =
V2 = V1 11dBi
radiated
Pt = 45 dBm power
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 111
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Monopole antennas
MS antennas, car roof antennas
Dipole antennas
Used for array antennas at base stations for increasing the directivity of RX
and TX antennas
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 112
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 113
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 114
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Dipole Arrangement
Dipole
arrangement
Weighted
and
phase Typical flat panel
shifted antenna
signals
Dipole
element
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 115
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Omni Antenna
Antenna with vertical HPBW for omni sites
Large area coverage
Advantages
Continuous coverage around the site
Simple antenna mounting
Ideal for homogeneous terrain
Drawbacks
No mechanical tilt possible
Clearance of antenna required
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 116
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 118
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 119
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 120
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 121
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 122
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 123
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Vertical Pattern
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 124
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 127
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 128
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 129
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 130
Coverage Planning
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 131
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Propagation effects
Free space loss
Fresnel ellipsoid
Reflection, Refraction, Scattering
in the atmosphere
at a boundary to another material
Diffraction
at small obstacles
over round earth
Attenuation
Rain attenuation
Gas absorption
Fading
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 132
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Reflection
Rh horizontal reflection
Pr = Rh/v ⋅ P0 factor
Rv
Rh/v = f(ϕ, ε, σ, ∆h)
ϕ vertical reflection factor
ε angle of incidence
σ permittivity
∆ conductivity
h surface roughness
Pr
ϕ
∆h
P0
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 133
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Refraction
Considered via an effective
earth radius factor k
k = 4/3
radio path
k =∞
k=1 k = 2/3
k = 2/3
k=1
true earth k = 4/3
k= ∞
Ray paths with different k over true Radio path plotted as a straight line by
changing the earth's radius
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 134
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Diffraction
Occurs at objects which sizes are in the order of the wavelength λ
Radio waves are ‘bent’ or ‘curved’ around objects
Bending angle increases if object thickness is smaller compared to λ
Influence of the object causes an attenuation: diffraction loss
radio
diffracted
obstacle shadow radio
zone
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 135
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Fading
Caused by delay spread of original signal
Multi path propagation
Time-dependent variations in heterogeneity of environment
Movement of receiver
Short-term fading, fast fading
This fading is characterised by phase summation and
cancellation of signal components, which travel on multiple
paths. The variation is in the order of the considered wavelength.
Their statistical behaviour is described by the Rayleigh distribution
(for non-LOS signals) and the Rice distribution (for LOS signals),
respectively.
In GSM, it is already considered by the sensitivity values, which
take the error correction capability into account.
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 136
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Fading types
Mid-term fading, lognormal fading
Mid-term field strength variations caused by objects in the size of
10...100m (cars, trees, buildings). These variations are
lognormal distributed.
Long-term fading, slow fading
Long-term variations caused by large objects like large buildings,
forests, hills, earth curvature (> 100m). Like the mid-term field
strength variations, these variations are lognormal distributed.
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 137
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Lognormal fading
Raleygh fading
-10
-20
Received Power [dBm]
-30
-40
-50
Fading hole
-60
-70
10.6
13.2
15.9
18.5
21.1
23.7
26.3
29.0
31.6
34.2
36.8
39.4
42.1
44.7
47.3
49.9
0.1
2.8
5.4
8.0
Distance [m]
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 138
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Lognormal Fading
Fading hole
Lognormal fading (entering
a tunnel)
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 139
GSM RNE Fundamentals
d f
L freespace = 32.4 + 20 ⋅ log + 20 ⋅ log
km MHz
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 140
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Fresnel Ellipsoid
The free space loss formula can only be applied if the direct line-of-
sight (LOS) between transmitter and receiver is not obstructed
This is the case, if a specific region around the LOS is cleared from any
obstacles
The region is called Fresnel ellipsoid
Transmitter
LOS
Receiver
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 141
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Fresnel Ellipsoid
The Fresnel ellipsoid is the set of
r=
the total length of the
connecting lines to the
LOS + λ/2
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 142
GSM RNE Fundamentals
d1 d2
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 143
GSM RNE Fundamentals
35
Additional diffraction loss F(v)
30 v: clearance parameter, v=-h0/r
25 Note: h0 = 0 ⇒ v =0 ⇒ L = 6 dB
20
F(v) [dB]
15
10
-5
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Clearance of Fresnel ellipsoid (v)
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 144
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 145
GSM RNE Fundamentals
CCIR Recommendation
The CCIR Recommendations provide
various propagation curves
Based on Okumura (1968)
Example (CCIR Report 567-3):
Median field strength in urban area
Frequency = 900 MHz
hMS = 1.5 m
Dashed line: free space
How to use this experience in field
strength prediction models?
Model which fits the curves in certain
ranges → Hata's model
was modified later by the European
Cooperation in Science and Technology
(COST): COST 231 Hata/Okumura
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 146
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Terrain Modeling
Topography
Effective antenna height
Knife edge diffraction
single obstacles
multiple obstacles
Surface shape/Morpho-structure
Correction factors for Hata-
Okumura formula
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 148
GSM RNE Fundamentals
open area
urban area
Distance
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 149
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 150
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Lmodel1=Lu -a(hMS) - 4.78log² (f)+ 18.33 log(f) – 40.94 for rural area
a(hMS) is a correction factor to take into account a receiver antenna height different from 1.5m.
Environments A(hMS)
Rural/Small city (1.1log(f) – 0.7)hMS – (1.56log(f) -0.8)
Large city 3.2log² (11.75hMS) – 4.97
Note: When receiver antenna height equals 1.5m, a(hMS) is close to 0 dB regardless of frequency.
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 151
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 153
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 154
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 155
Coverage Planning
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 156
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 157
GSM RNE Fundamentals
ALCATEL EvoliumTM
Max. allowed uplink propagation loss: Lprop,max = EIRPMS - PRX,min,BTS = 157.5 dB
With antenna diversity gain of 3dB: Lprop,max,AD = EIRPMS - PRX,min,BTS + GAD = 160.5 dB
With TMA compensating cable loss: Lprop,max,AD,TMA = EIRPMS - PRX,min,BTS + GAD + GTMA = 163.5 dB
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 158
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Link Budget (1)
GSM900 Macro TX
MS to BS
Uplink
BS to MS
Downlink
RX Uplink Downlink
Rec. Sensitivity -104,0 dBm -102,0 dBm
Body/Indoor Loss 4,0 dB
Cables, Connectors Loss 3,0 dB 2,0 dB
Antenna Gain 11,0 dBi 2,0 dBi
Diversity Gain 3,0 dB
Interferer Margin 3,0 dB 3,0 dB
Lognormal Margin 50%→ 8,0 dB 8,0 dB
90,9%
Degradation (no FH) 0,0 dB 0,0 dB
Antenna Pre-Ampl. 0,0 dB
Isotr. Rec. Power: -104,0 dBm -87,0 dBm
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 159
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 160
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 161
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 162
GSM RNE Fundamentals
30
25
20
15
10
0
d
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
54
60
66
72
78
84
90
0
Indoor Penetration
Depending on
environment -0.3 dB / floor
(11th ... 100th floor)
Line-of-sight to antenna?
Interior unknown Incident wave
general assumptions
-2.7 dB / floor
Lindoor = 3 ... 15 dB (1st ... 10th floor)
Measured
attenuation versus
time for a test person
walking
around in an
anechoic chamber
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 165
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Calculation model
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 166
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 167
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Interference Margin
In GSM, the defined minimum carrier-to-interferer ration (C/I)
threshold of 9 dB is only valid if the received server signal is
not too weak.
In the case that e.g. the defined system threshold for the BTS of
-111dBm is approached, a higher value of C/I is required in
order to maintain the speech quality.
According to GSM, this is done by taking into account a
correction of 3 dB.
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 168
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 169
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Diversity Gain
This designates the optional usage of a second receiver
antenna.
The second antenna is placed in a way, which provides some
decorrelation of the received signals.
In a suitable combiner, the signals are processed in order to
achieve a sum signal with a smaller fading variation range.
Depending on the receiver type, the signal correlation, and the
antenna orientation, a diversity gain from 2…6 dB is possible.
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 170
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Lognormal margin
Lognormal margin is also called fading margin
Due to fading effects, the minimum isotropic power is only received with a certain
probability
Signal statistics, lognormal distribution with median power value Fmed and standard
deviation σ (sigma)
Without any margin, the probability is 50%, which is not a sufficient value in order to
provide a good call success rate.
A typical design goal should be a coverage probability of 90...95%. The following
normalised table can be applied to find fading margins for different values of σ. The
fading margin is calculated by multiplying the value of k (in the table) with the standard
deviation:
Lognormal/Fading Margin = kσ.
k -∞ -0.5 0 1 1.3 1.65 2 2.33 +∞
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 171
GSM RNE Fundamentals
0m
x
10
100 m
BS
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 172
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 173
GSM RNE Fundamentals
0 R r
Coverage Probability
Pcov (r)
Pcov = P ( Frec > Frec, thr )
1
0,95
0,5
0
R r
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 175
GSM RNE Fundamentals
85% 145
140
135
Water 27 5
130 Open area 27 6
125
80%
120
115
110
75%
Calculation conditions:
70%
0,0 1,5 3,0 4,5 6,0 7,5 9,0 10,5 Correction = 3; Sigma = 7
d [km] hBS = 30 m; hMS = 1.7m; f = 900 Mhz
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 176
GSM RNE Fundamentals
TX and RX 1 BTS
TX
ALCATEL EvoliumTM
TX → 45.4 dBm R0
RX → -109dBm
A0
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 177
GSM RNE Fundamentals
RXDIV
RX
ALCATEL EvoliumTM R0
RDiv
TX → 45.4 dBm
RX → -109dBm
A0
ADiv
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 178
GSM RNE Fundamentals
sector
omni
RXDIV
Max. coverage range
Rsec,div = 1.95 · R0
Coverage area
Asec,div = 3 · A0
TX
ALCATEL
R0
EvoliumTM
ALCATEL Rsec,div
EvoliumTM
ALCATEL
EvoliumTM
Asec,div
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 180
GSM RNE Fundamentals
RXDIV
Antenna preamplifier (3dB)
Max. coverage range
Rsec,div,pre = 2.22 · R0
Coverage area
Asec,div,pre = 3.9 · A0
TX
General: R0
ALCATEL
Asec = g · A0
EvoliumTM g: Area gain factor
Rsec,div,pre
ALCATEL
EvoliumTM
ALCATEL
EvoliumTM
Asec,div,pre
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 181
Coverage Planning
Antenna Engineering
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 182
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Omni Antennas
Application
Large area coverage
Umbrella cell for micro cell layer
Advantages
Continuous coverage around the site
Simple antenna mounting
Ideal for homogeneous terrain
Drawbacks
No mechanical tilt possible
Clearance of antenna required
Densification of network difficult
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 183
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Sector Antenna
Antenna with horizontal HPBW of e.g. 90° or 65°
Advantages
Coverage can be focussed on special areas
Low coverage of areas of no interest (e.g. forest)
Allows high traffic load
Additional mechanical downtilt possible
Wall mounting possible
Drawbacks
More frequencies needed per site compared to omni sites
More hardware needed
Lower coverage area per sector
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 184
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Typical Applications
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 185
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Antenna Tilt
Downtilting of the Antenna main beam related to the
horizontal line
Goals:
Reduction of overshoot
Removal of insular coverage
Lowering the interference
Coverage improvement of the near area (indoor coverage)
Adjustment of cell borders (handover zones)
Mechanical / Electrical or Combined downtilt
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 186
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mechanical Downtilt
Advantages
Later adjustment of vertical tilt possible
Antenna diagram is not changed, i.e. nulls and side lobes
remain in their position relative to the main beam
Cost effective (single antenna type may be used)
Fast adjustments possible
Drawbacks
Side lobes are less tilted
Accurate adjustment is difficult
Problems for sites with difficult access
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 187
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 188
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Combined Downtilt
Combination of both mechanical and electrical downtilt
High electrical downtilt: Distinct range reduction in sidelobe
direction (interference reduction)
Less mechanical uptilt in main beam direction
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 189
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 190
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 191
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Tilt 2 Tilt 2
Site A Site B
M e
ai
n e lob
be
am Sid
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 192
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 193
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Site C Ma Site D
in bea
m eam
a in b
M
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 194
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Application of Duplexer
Consists of a TX/RX Filter and a combiner
one antenna can be saved
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)
Increase Uplink Sensitivity
TMA needs to have TX bypass =>
in case of duplexer usage Duplex
Filter
Diversity
Space diversity
Polarization diversity
Tx Rx
To BTS
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 195
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Bracons
Pole
Rxdiv Rx
Tx
Rxdiv Rx
Tx
Sector
Antenna
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 196
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 197
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 198
GSM RNE Fundamentals
ϕ = HPBW/2 + 20° + α
ϕ H
D[m] 1 5 10
Roof Top = Obstacle H[m] 0.5 2.5 5
D HPBW = 8°, α = 2°
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 199
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Receiver
P [dBm] Pout Characteristic
-13 fuse
TX P1dB
fint
-101 n*200kHz RX
45
dH
40
GSM1800
Isolation [dB] 35
30
GSM900
25
I =22+20log(d/λ)-(G +G ) [dB]
H H T R
20
15
.4
.8
.2
.6
.4
.8
.2
.6
.4
.8
.2
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
12
14
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
Separation [m ]
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 201
GSM RNE Fundamentals
70
dv
60
Mast
GSM1800
50
Iso latio n [d B ]
40
dm
30
GSM900
I =28+40log(d /λ) [dB]
V V 20
10
0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Separation [m]
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 202
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Space Diversity
Required separation for max. diversity gain = F(λ)
RXA
dH
RXA RXB dV
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 203
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Quasi-Omni
Power Divider Configuration
Power dividers connect several
antennas to one feeder cable
Power divider
Also called "power splitter" or "junction box"
Passive device (works in both (transmit and receive)
direction)
3 dB 4.5 dB 6 dB
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 205
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 207
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 208
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 209
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Feeders
Technical summary
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 210
GSM RNE Fundamentals
1 Cable Clamps
2 Antenna Cable 7/16 Connector:
3 Double Bearing Coaxial Connector
4 Counterpart
5 Anchor tape Robust
Good RF-Performance
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 211
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Feeder Parameters
Type Minimum bending radius Jacket Weight (m) Recommended
(outer diameter) clamp spacing
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 212
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 213
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Radiating Cables
Provide coverage in Tunnels, buildings, along side tracks or lines
Principle: Radiate a weak but constant electromagnetic wave
Suitable for coverage over longer distances (Repeater)
Fieldstrength distribution more constant as with antennas
Repeater Terminat-
ing Load
F F
F Thr F Thr
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 214
GSM RNE Fundamentals
N-connections
BTS
Rx
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 215
GSM RNE Fundamentals
-60
Cable attenuation
-70 between the antennas
-80
Radiating cable field
-90 strength
-100
Antenna field strength
-110
Distance
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 216
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Example of a
radiating cable
in a tunnel
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 217
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Parabolic antenna
Parabolic dish, illuminated by a feed horn at its
focus
Available sizes: 1’ (0.3 m) up to 16’ (4.8 m)
Sizes over 4’ seldom used due to installation
restrictions
Single plane polarized feed vertical (V) or
horizontal (H)
Also: dual polarized feeder (DP), with separate
V and H connections (lower gain)
Front-to-back ratios of 45 dB not high enough
for back-to-back configuration on the same
frequency
Antenna patterns are absolutely necessary for
interference calculations
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 219
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 220
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Horn antennas
Horn lens antenna
For very high frequencies > 25 GHz
Replacement for small parabolic
antennas (1’)
Same electrical data, but easier to
install due to size and weight
Horn reflector antenna
Large parabola, energy from the feed
horn is reflected at right angle (90°)
Gain like 10’ parabolic antenna (60
dBi), but higher front-to-back ratios >
70 dB
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 222
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Weight
Wind load
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 223
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Half-power beamwidth (deg) 2.3 1.2 0.8 Half-power beamwidth (deg) 2.3 1.2 0.8
Gain low band (dBi) 36.2 42.3 45.8 Gain low band (dBi) 36.2 42.3 45.8
Gain mid band (dBi) 36.5 42.5 46.0 Gain mid band (dBi) 36.5 42.5 46.0
Gain high band (dBi) 36.7 42.8 46.3 Gain high band (dBi) 36.7 42.8 46.3
Front-to-back ratio (dB) 42 48 52 Front-to-back ratio (dB) 65 68 68
Cross polar discrimination (dB) 28 30 30 Cross polar discrimination (dB) 28 30 30
Return loss (dB) 26 26 28 Return loss (dB) 26 26 26
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 224
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 225
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Feeders (1)
Coaxial cables or waveguides (according to frequency)
Most important characteristic: loss and return loss
Coaxial cables
Used between 10 MHz and 3 GHz
Dielectric material: foam or air
Parameters of common coaxial cables:
Feeders (2)
Waveguides
Used for frequency bands above 2.7 GHz
Three basic types available: circular, elliptical and rectangular
Rigid circular waveguide
Very low loss
Supports two orthogonal polarisations
Capable to carry more than one frequency band
Usually, short components of this type are used
Disadvantages: cost, handling and moding problems
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 227
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Feeders (3)
Elliptical semiflexible waveguides
Acceptable loss, good VSWR performance
Low cost and easy to install
Various types optimised for many frequency bands up to 23 GHz
Used for longer distances (easy and flexible installation)
Can be installed as a "single run" (no intermediate flanges)
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 228
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Feeders (4)
Solid and flexible rectangular waveguides
Solid rectangular waveguides
Combination of low VSWR and low loss
High cost and difficult to install
Used for realising couplers, combiners, filters
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 229
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Feeders (5)
Flexible rectangular waveguides
Worse VSWR and losses than for solid waveguides
Often used in short lengths (<1 m), where position between
connection points depends on actual installation place
Common applications: connection of microwave system to
antenna (close together on rooftops or towers) for
frequencies >13 Ghz
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 231
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 232
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 233
Alcatel BSS (Examples)
BSS BSS
BSS
B
B T
T S
S
BSC B B BSC
T T
B S S
T
S
BSC B
T
S
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 234
GSM RNE Fundamentals
3 levels
Antenna network stage Antenna network stage
ANc ANc
Antenna
coupling level
Combiner stage (ANy) Combiner stage (ANy)
TRX level TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX TRX
Abis interface
Abbreviations
BCF Base station Control Function
TRX Transceiver
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 235
GSM RNE Fundamentals
D uplexer D uplexer
Filter Filter Filter Filter
LN A LN A
Splitter S plitter
TR X 1 TR X 2 TR X 3 TR X 4
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 236
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Duplexer Duplexer
Filter Filter Filter Filter
LNA LNA
By-pass Splitter Splitter By-pass
function function
TX RX RX div Rx div RX TX
TRX 1 TRX 2
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 237
GSM RNE Fundamentals
2 types of Any
For GSM 900 and GSM 1800, two versions each are available:
Band Variant Function
GSM 900 3BK 07237 AAxx Up to four standard TRX, up to two high-power TRX
GSM 1800 3BK 07245 AAxx Up to four standard TRX, up to two high-power TRX
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 238
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 239
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 240
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 241
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 242
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 243
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 244
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 245
GSM RNE Fundamentals
TRX Types
This slide is referring only to Evolium macro BTS A9100
Overview on TRX types of A9100 Evolium Evolution BTS (G4)
M o d u le O u tp u t p o w e r
nam e G M SK 8PSK
E v o lu tio n S te p 1
T RG M G SM 900 3 5 W a tts 4 5 .4 4 d B m
TRD M G SM 1800 3 5 W a tts 4 5 .4 4 d B m
TR D H G SM 1800 6 0 W a tts 4 7 .7 8 d B m
E v o lu tio n S te p 2
TRA L G SM 850 45 W a tts 4 6 .5 3 dBm 15 W a tts 4 1 .7 6 dBm
TR A G G SM 900 45 W a tts 4 6 .5 3 dBm 15 W a tts 4 1 .7 6 dBm
TA G H G SM 900 60 W a tts 4 7 .7 8 dBm 25 W a tts 4 3 .9 8 dBm
TR A D G SM 1800 35 W a tts 4 5 .4 4 dBm 12 W a tts 4 0 .7 9 dBm
TA D H G SM 1800 60 W a tts 4 7 .7 8 dBm 25 W a tts 4 3 .9 8 dBm
TR A P G SM 1900 45 W a tts 4 6 .5 3 dBm 25 W a tts 4 3 .9 8 dBm
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 246
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 247
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 248
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 249
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 250
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 252
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 253
GSM RNE Fundamentals
4TRX 4TRX
BCCH
4TRX 4TRX
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 255
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 256
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 257
GSM RNE Fundamentals
3 Level Architecture
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 258
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 259
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Technical Data
A910 A9110
(2 TRX) (2 TRX)
Frequency band GSM 850, E-GSM, GSM 850, E-GSM,
GSM900, GSM 1800, GSM GSM900, GSM 1800, GSM
1900 1900
Tx output power Up to 4.5 W 7W
(at antenna connector)
Rx sensitivity -107 dBm -110 dBm
Radio FH Yes yes
Temperature range (max.) 55 °C 55 °C
Max. power consumption 130 W 145 W
Size (volume) 54 litres 54 litres
Weight 39.6 kg (incl. connection 32.5
box)
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 260
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 261
GSM RNE Fundamentals
BSC Architecture
Group Switch
8 Planes
Abis TSU 2 Stages Ater TSU
TCUC
self-routing, non-blocking DTCC
TCUC DTCC
6x TCUC DTCC 2x
G.703
TCUC DTCC
ASMB G.703
Abis
TCUC DTCC Ater
I/F
TCUC DTCC muxed
BIUA
TCUC DTCC
I/F
TCUC AS AS DTCC ASMB
TSL Q1 bus
AS
Broadcast bus
Common Functions TSU
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 262
GSM RNE Fundamentals
A-TER TSU A-BIS TSU A-TER TSU A-BIS TSU A-TER TSU A-BIS TSU
A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU A-BIS TSU
A-TER TSU A-TER TSU A-TER TSU A-TER TSU A-TER TSU A-TER TSU
GS GS GS
A-BIS TSU Clock A-BIS TSU Clock A-BIS TSU Clock
Stage 1 Stage 1 Stage 1
GS GS
TSCA COMMON TSU Stage 2 TSCA A-BIS TSU Stage 2 TSCA A-BIS TSU
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 263
Coverage Planning
Coverage Improvement
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 264
Coverage Improvement
Antenna Diversity
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 265
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Diversity
Purpose Demands
Improvement in fading correlation between different
probability statistics signal branches should be low
leads to a better total Combining methods
signal level or better total S/N Selection Diversity
ratio Maximum Ratio Combining
Principle Equal Gain Combining
Combining signals with same
information from different
signal branches
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 266
GSM RNE Fundamentals
-80
selection of the highest
-90
baseband signal-to-noise ratio
(S/N) or of the strongest signal
-100
(S+N)
Correlation of signal levels
Antenna 1 Antenna 2
a lower correlation between
signal levels of different
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
branches improves the total
Time [sec] signal level
Correlation of signal levels
should be low
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 267
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Antenna 1
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 268
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 269
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 270
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 271
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 272
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 273
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 274
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 275
GSM RNE Fundamentals
The values in the right column are due to the feature Enhanced
Diversity Combining, Selective Beam-forming Combining
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 276
GSM RNE Fundamentals
+45° -
45°
RXA RXB
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 277
GSM RNE Fundamentals
dV
dH
RXA RXB RXB
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 278
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Optimum
diversity
Gain
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 279
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 280
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Polarization Diversity
Diversity gain in using orthogonal orientated antennas
Horizontal / vertical polarization: Polarization of +/- 45°:
Hor/Ver Antenna cross polarized antenna
or Slant antenna
V H +45° -
45°
RXA RXB RXA RXB
EX1
reflection,
Ex2 or Eh
diffraction reception with EX2 Ex1 or Ev
a X-polarised
Time [sec]
antenna
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 282
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Air Combining
Features
only one TX per antenna
combining signals "on air" and
not in a combiner
3dB combiner loss can be
TX1 TX2 saved to increase coverage
Can be realized with
two vertical polarized
antennas
one cross polarized panel
antenna
TX1 TX2
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 283
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 284
GSM RNE Fundamentals
RXA RXB TX
TX
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 285
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 286
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 287
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 288
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 289
Coverage Improvement
Repeater Systems
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 290
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Repeater Application
repeater BTS (donor cell)
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 291
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 292
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Repeater Applications
Coverage Improvement of Cells (‘Cell Enhancer’)
removal of coverage holes caused by
topography (hills, ravines, ...)
man made obstacles
Provision of tunnel coverage
street, railway tunnels
underground stations
Provision of indoor coverage at places of low additional
traffic
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 293
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Repeater Types
Channel selective repeaters Broad band repeaters
high selectivity of certain low cost solution for low traffic
channels areas (rural environment)
high traffic areas, small cell medium to high repeater gain
sizes Personal repeaters
Band selective repeaters low gain
adjustment to operator’s broad band
frequency band indoor coverage improvement
no (accidental) usage by for certain rooms
competitors
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 294
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 295
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Radiating
cable
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 296
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Planning Aspects
Repeater does not provide additional traffic capacity
risk of blocking if additional coverage area catches more traffic
possible carrier upgrading required
Repeater causes additional signal delay
delay: 4..8µs ⌫ max. cell range of 35 km reduced by 1 to 2km
special care needed for total delay of repeater chain!
delayed signal and original signal could cause outage in urban
environment if total delay exceeds 16 ... 22µs
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 297
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 298
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Pback =
Pin - 12 dB
isolation
90 dB
Intermodulation Products
A Non-linear system
produces higher-order intermodulation
products as soon as output power reaches the
saturation point
Parameter
1 dB compression point
3rd order intercept point (ICP3)
Intermodulation reduction (IMR)
Amplifier back-off
GSM900/GSM1800 requirements
IM products ≤ -36 dBm or
IM distance > 70 dBc whichever is
higher
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 300
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 301
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 303
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 304
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Hardware configuration
T T
R R T T
A A R R
E E
HP MP
Logical cell Allocation
Packet Voice
TRX1 (BCCH)
TRX2 (1 SDCCH)
TRX3
TRX4
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 305
GSM Radio Network Engineering Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 306
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Contents
Traffic Capacity
Network evolution
Cell structures
Frequency Reuse
Cell Planning - Frequency Planning
Interference Probability
Carrier types
Multiple Reuse Pattern MRP
Intermodulation
Manual Frequency Planning
BSIC Planning
Capacity Enhancement Techniques
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 307
Traffic Planning
Frequency Planning
Traffic Capacity
λ λ λ λ
0 1 k n-1 n
µ kµ (k+1)µ nµ
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 308
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Telephone System
blocked call
attempts
subscriber
1 sub 1
2 sub 2
line to PSTN
3 sub 3
4 automatic sub 4
switch
time
observation period, e.g.
main busy hour (MBH)
Parameters:
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 309
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Offered
Traffic (ρ) Loss System Handled
(n slots) Traffic (T)
T=ρ-R
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 310
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Definition of Erlang
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 311
GSM RNE Fundamentals
ERLANG COMPUTATION
TCH = (350 * 85)/3600 = 8,26 ERLANG
SDCCH = [ (350 + 350*3) * 4,5 ] / 3600 = 1.75 ERLANG
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 312
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Definition of Erlang B
ERLANG B LAW
Relationship between
Offered traffic
Number of resources
Blocking rate
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 313
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 314
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Erlang´s Formula
How to calculate the traffic capacity T?
Basics: Markov Chain (queue statistics)
λ λ
p0 p1 p2 pi pn
µ 2µ 3µ nµ
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 316
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 317
Traffic Planning
Frequency Planning
Network Evolution
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 318
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 319
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Possible Solutions:
Discussion!
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 320
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 321
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 322
Traffic Planning
Frequency Planning
Cell Structures
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 323
GSM RNE Fundamentals
interferer
region
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 324
GSM RNE Fundamentals
2 3
7 1 4 2 3
6 5 7 1 4
R 6 5
D
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 325
GSM RNE Fundamentals
1 2 3
D
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11 12
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 326
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 327
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 328
GSM RNE Fundamentals
5 1
2 3
4
5
6
Coverage
Hole 7 Island
Network Border
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 329
Traffic Planning
Frequency Planning
Frequency Reuse
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 330
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 332
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Aim:
Minimizing the frequency reuse for providing more capacity
REUSE CLUSTER:
Area including cells which do not reuse the same frequency (or
frequency group)
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 333
GSM RNE Fundamentals
B
RCS =
# TRX / cell
Average Reuse Cluster Size - ARCS
If the cells are different equiped, the average number of TRXs has
to be used for calculating the average reuse cluster size:
B
ARCS =
# TRX / cell
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 334
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 335
GSM RNE Fundamentals
3 6
1 2 4 5 7 8 10 11
3 6 9 12
7 8 10 11
9 12
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 336
GSM RNE Fundamentals
7 8 1 2 4 5
9 3 6
7 8
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 337
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Reuse Distance
re-
D = f ⋅ R ⋅ 3 ⋅ RCS
us
ed
ist
cell A an
ce
1 omnidirectional cells
f = 2
three - sectorized cells
3
interferer
region
cell B
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 338
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Frec, A
Frec, B
site A site B
C/I
σ
0 R distance D
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 339
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Example:
B= 26
4TRXs per cell TCH RCS
26 − 7BCCH −1Guard
TCH RCS = =6
3
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 340
Traffic Planning
Frequency Planning
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 341
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Discussion
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 342
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 343
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 344
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Conclusion
In cellular mobile networks, the frequency reuse pattern has a direct
influence on the interference and hence the network quality
Regular hexagonal patterns allow the deduction of engineering
formulas
In real networks, cell sizes and shapes are irregular due to
Variation in traffic density
Topography
Land usage
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 345
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 346
Traffic Planning
Frequency Planning
Interference Probability
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 347
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Prec, A
Prec, B
C/ I
σ
0 R dista nce D
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 348
GSM RNE Fundamentals
4,0% 80%
3,0% 60%
2,0% 40%
0,0%
C/Ithr C/Imed 0%
C/I [dB] → -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Interference Probability
Pint = P ( C/I < C/I thr)
P int
CPDF - Cumulative Probability Density Function
1
0,9
0,8
0,7
0,6
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0
R D Distance from serving cell
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 350
GSM RNE Fundamentals
0
5 10 15 20 25 ARCS
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 351
Traffic Planning
Frequency Planning
Carrier Types
Multiple Reuse Pattern
Intermodulation
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 352
GSM RNE Fundamentals
If there is no traffic/signaling on TS 1 to 7
dummy bursts are transmitted
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 353
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 354
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 355
GSM RNE Fundamentals
TCH layer
BCCH layer
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 356
GSM RNE Fundamentals
GSM restrictions
Intra site minimum channel spacing 2
Intra cell minimum channel spacing 2 (ETSI recommends 3,
but with Alcatel EVOLIUM capabilities this value can be set to
2)
constrains:
Uplink power control enabled
Intra cell interference handover enabled
fA1,fA2,fA3,...
IM5 IM3
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 358
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 359
GSM RNE Fundamentals
OUTSIDE Problem: Dual Band Problem only for non hopping and BCCH carriers
Colocated BTSs
G3 900 G2/G3 1800 f(1800,t) - f(900,t) = f(900,r)
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 361
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 362
Traffic Planning
Frequency Planning
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 363
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Example:
18 channels, 2TRX per cell ARCS 9
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 364
GSM RNE Fundamentals
A1
B1
A2
B2
A3
B3
A4
B4
A5
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 365
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 366
GSM RNE Fundamentals
A2
A3
B2
B1 A4 A5
B1 B4
B2 B3 B2
A3
A5
A2 B4
A1 B1
A1
A4 A2 A3 A2
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 367
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 368
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 369
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 370
Traffic Planning
Frequency Planning
BSIC Planning
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 371
GSM RNE Fundamentals
BSIC allocation
Together with the frequencies the Base Transceiver Station
Identity Code (BSIC) has to be planned
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 372
GSM RNE Fundamentals
B C
Neighbour Cell
BCCH:24
BSIC: must NOT be
Neighbour Cell A 36
BCCH:24
Serving Cell
BSIC:36
BCCH:10
BSIC: any
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 373
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Spurious RACH
Bad BSIC planning can cause SDCCH congestion cause by the
spurious RACH problem, also known as “Ghost RACH”
Both cells using the same BSIC and Training Sequence Code
TSQC, the HO access burst is understood by the cell B as a
RACH for call setup
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 374
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Summary
For optimal usage of your frequency spectrum a good cell
design is essential
Use larger reuse for BCCH frequencies
Use spectrum splitting only when necessary
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 375
Traffic Planning
Frequency Planning
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 376
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 377
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 378
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 379
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 380
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 381
GSM Radio Network Engineering Fundamentals
Radio Interface
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 382
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Contents
GSM Air Interface
Channel Coding
Performance Figures
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 383
Quality of Service
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 384
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Radio Resources
Frequency Time
(FDMA) (TDMA)
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 385
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 387
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Bad propagation
Spectrum limitations
conditions
Operator
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 388
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Loss
Noise radio
Interference channel
Fading
speech
output speech error
de-interleaving decryption demodulation
decoding correction
Speech Coding
Coding algorithm: RPE-LTP 20 ms of coded speech
Pre-computation
RPE = Regular Pulse Excitation
260 bits speech block
Model of human voice generation
LTP = Long Term Prediction
Reduction of bit rate
Bit rate: 13 kBit/s
182 class 1 bits 78 class 2 bits
sensitive to bit errors robust to bit errors
must be protected
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 390
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Error Protection
Speech (full rate)
Messages (signalling data) 260 bits
Class 1a Class 1b Class 2
184 50 bits 132 bits 78 bits
bits
Cyclic
Fire Code Parity code
check Tail bits
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 391
GSM RNE Fundamentals
2 x 57 Interleaving
bits
.... 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits 114 bits ....
. .
Addition of
stealing
flags
.... 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits 116 bits ....
. .
Mapping
onto
bursts
.... burst n-3 burst n-2 burst n-1 burst n burst n+1 burst n+2 burst n+3 burst n+4 ....
. .
1 time
Mobile Radio Network Planning slot 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 392
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Encryption
Network Authenticatio Mobile station
n
yes/no
Algorithm Algorithm
+
A3 SRES (32 bit) A3
AuC
Algorithm Algorithm
A8 A8
Kc (64 bit) Kc
Algorithm Algorithm
A5 A5
original encrypte encrypte original
data d d data
+ data data +
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 393
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Burst Structure
A burst contains one data
"portion" of one timeslot
TDMA frame: time between
Normal Burst
two bursts with same
timeslot number TDMA frame = 4.615 ms
The burst also consists of:
Guard period (GP): allows for 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
transition and settling times
Tail bits: allow for small shifts in
time delay (synchronisation)
Stealing flags: to indicate FACCH
(control channel) data Training
Data Sequence
Data
Training sequence: for
equalization purposes GP 3 57 bits 1 26 bits 1 57 bits 3 GP
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 394
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Synchronisation
1 0 1 2 3 transmitted from BTS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
(downlink)
3 TS
received at BTS delay
4 1 2 (uplink) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
received at MS
2 0 1 2 (downlink) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
TT TT TT
transmitted from MS
3 1 2 (uplink) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1
RACH
TT
non-synchronized synchronized MS delay line setting
Modulation
Gaussian minimum shift keying
Based on phase shift keying
Reduction of required bandwidth
Maximum phase change during one bit duration
Baseband filtering to achieve continuous phase changes
cos x
ϕ
Data ∫ ≈ + to RF modulator
90°
sin x
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 396
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Propagation Environment
Radio propagation is characterised by dispersive multi-
path caused by reflection and scattering
Moving MS causes Doppler spectrum
→ Definition of propagation models in the time
domain to allow channel simulations
TUxx (Typical Urban)
RAxx (Rural Area)
HTxx (Hilly Terrain)
xx = speed in km/h
Equalizing
0.1
Purpose: equalize
distortions in transmission
spectrum
Adaptive filtering required
Filter parameters determined
out of the training sequence
Filter parameters change from
BER
0.01
burst to burst
Equalizer takes advantage
from multipath propagation
(path diversity) Equalizer
none
Alcatel
MLSE
0.001
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Delay of second path [chips]
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 398
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Speech Quality
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 400
GSM RNE Fundamentals
BER1 →
How to find a quality figure?
BER1 for marginal speech TU50
quality: 0.25%
required C/I ≈ 9 dB for TU50
environment
but: signal must not be close to
noise floor!
C/I [dB] →
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 401
GSM RNE Fundamentals
-30
-40
-50
-60
Fading holes
-70
10.6
13.2
15.9
18.5
21.1
23.7
26.3
29.0
31.6
34.2
36.8
39.4
42.1
44.7
47.3
49.9
0.1
2.8
5.4
8.0
Distance [m]
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 402
GSM RNE Fundamentals
BER →
0 km/h (worst case)
Parameter: number of hopping
frequencies
Ec/N0 [dB] →
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 403
Quality of Service
Channel Coding
0 12 3 4 5 6 70 12 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 3 4
... ...
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 404
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Presentation layer 6
Session layer 5
Transport layer 4
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 406
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Synchronisation burst
TB 64 bit training TB GP
39 data bits 39 data bits
3 sequence 3 8.25
Access burst
TB 41 bit synchronisation TB enlarged GP
36 data bits
8 sequence 3 68.25 bit
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 407
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Logical Channels
Traffic Control
channel channel
TCH/H4.8
TCH/H2.4
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 408
GSM RNE Fundamentals
CCCH = PCH+RACH+AGCH
Combination 4 and 5 is only possible on TS0 of the first (BCCH) carrier
Combination 6 is possible on TS2, TS4, or TS6 of the BCCH carrier
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 409
GSM RNE Fundamentals
0 12 3 4 5 6 70 12 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 3 4 5 6 7 0 12 3 4
.......
.......
time
one TDMA
frame = 4.616 ms
Follows a 51-cycle
SDCCH2 SDCCH2 SACCH7 SACCH3
10 FCCH RACH FCCH FCCH TCH 10
and SCH
RACH RACH RACH TCH
CCCH SDCCH0 SDCCH0
RACH RACH RACH TCH
SDCCH2 SDCCH2
RACH RACH RACH 25
SDCCH6 SDCCH6
0
Traffic channels
RACH RACH RACH TCH
RACH RACH RACH TCH
CCCH SDCCH1 SDCCH1
RACH RACH RACH TCH
SDCCH3 SDCCH3
Follows a 26-cycle
RACH RACH RACH TCH
SDCCH7 SDCCH7
30 FCCH RACH FCCH FCCH RACH RACH TCH 30
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 411
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Multiframe 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 120 ms
Frame 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4.615 ms
TB 26 bit training TB
Time slot 3
57 data bits 1
sequence
1 57 data bits
3
GP
8.2
0.577 ms
5
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 412
Quality of Service
Performance Figures
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 413
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 414
Abbreviations
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 415
GSM RNE Fundamentals
AMR Advanced Multi Rate (TC) BIE Base Station Interface Equipment
AMSS Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Services BIEC Base Station Interface Equipment (BSC)
AN Antenna Network (BTS) BIUA Base Station Interface Unit A
ARCS Average Reuse Cluster Size BPA Back Panel Assembly
ARFCN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel BSC Base Station Controller
AS Access Switch (BSC) BSIC Base Transceiver Station Identity Code
AS Alarm Surveillance (O&M) BSS Base Station (sub)System
ASMA A-ter Submultiplexer A BSSGP Base Station System GPRS Protocol
ASMB A-ter Submultiplexer B (GPRS)
AuC Authentication Center BTS Base Transceiver Station
BC Broadcast CAE Customer Application Engineering
BCU Broadcast Unit CAL Current Alarm List (O&M)
BCLA BSC Clock A CBC Cell Broadcast Center
BCR Broadcast Register CBCH Cell Broadcast Channel (GSM TS)
BCU Broadcast Unit CBE Cell Broadcast Entity
BCCH Broadcast Common Control Channel CCCH Common Control Channel (GSM TS)
(GSM TS) CCU Channel Coding Unit
BCF Base station Control Function (BTS)
BG Border Gate (GPRS)
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 416
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 417
GSM RNE Fundamentals
PCH Paging CHannel (GSM TS) PSTN Public Switching Telephone Network
PCM Pulse Coded Modulation (Telecom)
PCU Packet Control Unit (GPRS) PTP-CNLS Point To Point CoNnectionLeSs data
PDCH Packet Data CHannel transfer (GPRS)
PDN Packet Data Network (Telecom) QoS Quality of Service
PDU Protocol Data Unit (generic terminology) RA Radio Access
PLL Phase Locked Loop RACH Random Access CHannel (GSM TS)
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network RAM Random Access Memory
PMA Prompt Maintenance Alarm (O&M) RCP Radio Control Point
PMC Permanent Measurement Campaign RLC Radio Link Control (GPRS)
(O&M) RLP Radio Link Protocol (GSM TS)
PPCH Packet Paging CHannel (GPRS) RML Radio Management Level
PRACH Packet Random Access CHannel (GPRS) RNO Radio Network Optimisation
Prec Received Power RNP Radio Network Planning
PRC Provisioning Radio Configuration (O&M) RSL Radio Signalling Link
PSDN Packet Switching Data Network
(Telecom)
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 420
GSM RNE Fundamentals
Mobile Radio Network Planning 3FL 11820 ABAA WAZZA ed01 421
GSM RNE Fundamentals