Chapter 4:

Shear and

Chapter 3: Moment
Diagram

Torsion
Chapter 5:
Stresses
In beams
 Torsion
Torsion or Torque, T, put simply, is referred to as a
twisting moment.

θ
The derived formulas are:

Where:
– Torsional Shearing Stress Shafts

T - Torque
r – Radial Distance
J - Polar Moment of Inertia
TORSION ON CIRCULAR SHAFTS
1. For Solid Shafts: Iy

r
Ix
TORSION ON CIRCULAR SHAFTS
Iy
1. For Hollow Shafts:

R
Ix
r
The derived formulas are:
Where:
θ – Angle of Twist
T – Torque
L – Length of Shaft over which the
torque is acting
J - Polar Moment of Inertia
G – Modulus of Rigidity
In solving torsion problems – particularly with circular shafts – with the
derived formulas, the following assumptions must be observed:
1. Circular sections, remain circular.
2. Stresses do not exceed the proportional limit.
3. Plane sections remain plane and do not warp.
4. The projection upon a transverse section of straight radial lines in
the sections remain straight.
5. Shaft is loaded by twisting couples in planes that are perpendicular
to the axis of the shaft.
 Torque Diagram
1000 Nm 900 Nm
100 Nm

500 Nm
700 Nm 800 Nm
Example :
What is the minimum diameter of a solid steel
shaft that will not twist through more than 3o , in a 6
meter length when subjected to a torque of 14 kN-
m? What maximum shearing stress is developed? If
the modulus of rigidity of the shaft is 83 GPa.
Example :
A stepped steel shaft consists of a hollow shaft
2m long, with an outside diameter of 100 mm and
an inside diameter of 70 mm, rigidly attached to a
solid shaft 1.5 m. long, and 80 mm in diameter.
Determine the maximum torque which can be
applied without exceeding a shearing stress of 70
MPa or a twist of 2.5o in the 3.5 m length. Use G = 83
GPa.
T T

2m 1.5 m
Example :
A steel shaft with a constant diameter of 60 mm
is loaded by torques applied to gears attached to it
as shown in the figure. Using G = 83 GPa, determine
the relative angle of twist of gear D relative to gear
A. 800 N.m
1000 N.m

1200 N.m A
1000 N.m B
2m
C
3m
D
3m
Example :
Determine the maximum shearing stress
developed in each material and the angle of rotation
of the free end of the shaft. Use Gal = 28 GPa, GSt= 83
GPa and GBr = 35 GPa.
4 KN-m
1. 5 KN-m
d = 100 mm

Aluminum Steel Bronze

d = 75 mm
2m 1.5 m
3m
Example :
The compound shaft shown is attached to rigid
supports. For the bronze segment AB, the diameter
is 75 mm, < or = 60MPa, and Gbr = 35 GPa. For the
steel segment BC, the diameter is 50 mm, < or =
80 MPa, and Gst = 83 GPa. Compute the maximum
torque T that can be applied.
A B C

Bronze
T Steel

2m 1.5 m
Example :
A shaft composed of segments AC, CD and DB
is fastened to rigid supports and loaded as shown.
For steel, Gst = 83 GPa, for aluminum, Gal = 28GPa,
and for bronze, Gbr = 35 GPa. Determine the
maximum shearing stress developed in each
segment.
50 mm ф
A C D B
25 mm ф 25 mm ф
300 N-m 700 N-m
Steel Aluminum Bronze

2m 1m
1.5 m
Example :
A round steel shaft 3 meters long tapers
uniformly from a 60 mm diameter at one end to a 30
mm diameter at the other end. Assuming that no
significant discontinuity results from applying the
angular deformation equation over each
infinitesimal length, compute the angular twist for
the entire length when the shaft is transmitting a
torque of 170 N.m. Use G = 83 GPa.

60 mm ф
30 mm ф

3 meters
Example :
The steel shaft and an aluminum tube are
connected to a fixed support and to a rigid disk as
shown in the cross section. Knowing that the initial
stresses are zero, determine the maximum torque T
that can be applied to the disk if the allowable
stresses are 120 MPa in the steel shaft and 70 MPa in
aluminum tube. Use Gst = 77 GPa and Gal = 27 GPa.
8 mm

76 mm 50 mm

500 mm
Example :
The two steel shafts shown in the figure, each with
one end built into a rigid support, have flanges rigidly
attached to their free ends. The shafts are to be bolted
together at their flanges. However, initially there is a 6o
mismatch in the location of the bolt holes, as shown in
the figure. Determine the maximum shearing stress in
each shaft after the shafts are bolted together. Use G =
83 GPa and neglect deformations of the bolts and
flanges. 6o

50 mm ф 40 mm ф

2m 1m