Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Oleh:
Ir. Murdjito, MSc.Eng
Dosen Jurusan Teknik Kelautan
Fakultas Teknologi Kelautan
Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS)
Surabaya
DESIGN LOADS & CONDITIONS-
References
z API-RP2A, "Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and
Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms-Working Stress Design",
American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 21st ed., 2000.
z DET NORSKE VERITAS, Offshore standard: structural design of
offshore units (wsd method), APRIL 2002, DNV-OS-C201
z BS6235, "Code of Practice for Fixed Offshore Structures", British
Standards Institution, London, 1982.
z DOE-OG, "Offshore Installation: Guidance on Design and Construction",
U.K., Dept. of Energy, London 1985.
z Clauss, G. T. et al: "Offshore Structures, Vol 1 - Conceptual Design and
Hydromechanics", Springer, London 1992.
z Hsu, H.T., "Applied Offshore Structural Engineering", Gulf Publishing
Co., Houston, 1981.
z Graff, W.J., "Introduction to Offshore Structures", Gulf Publishing Co.,
Houston, 1981.
DESIGN LOADS & CONDITIONS
z Dead Loads:
z Weight of the platform structure in air incl:weight of piles, grout, &
ballast
z Weight of appurtenant structures permanently mounted on the platform
z Hydrostatic forces acting on the structure below the water line incl:
external pressure & bouyancy
z Functional loads:
z Operating Loads: Fluid, contents in piping and equipment
z Live Loads: the loads imposed during its use and may change during a
mode of operation: static or dynamic functional loads arising form personnel,
helicopter, maintenance loads, etc.
z Environmental Loads: arise from the action of wave, currents and
winds on the structure
z Seismic loads: arise as result of the ground motion
z Accidental Loads: arise as result of accident or abuse or exceptional
conditions: boat impact, dropped objects, etc
z Consctructions Loads: resulting from fabrication, load out,
transportation & installation
z Dynamic Loads: loads imposed due to response to an excitation of a
cyclic nature as wave, wind, earthquake, etc.
Design loads
z Loads criteria
z Permanent (dead) loads.
z Operating (live) loads.
z Environmental loads including earthquakes.
z Construction - installation loads.
z Accidental loads.
z Environment criteria :
z US and Norwegian regulations:100 years
z British rules : 50 years or greater
LOADING CONDITIONS
z The environmental conditions combined with appropriate
dead and live loads
z Operational (Normal) Condition:
z 1-year return period environmental loads
z Allowable stresses max 1.0
z Storm Condition
z 100-year return period environmental loads
z Allowable stresses: increased by 1/3
z Seismic Condition
z Consider the effects of all gravity loads in combinations with
simulatanous and collinear of loads due to ground motion
z Allowable stresses: increased by 70%
z Accidental Loads
z Consider the effects of collision loads and due to dropped
objects
z Allowable stresses: increased by 1/3
z For local design of elements, a dynamic load factor of 2.0 shall
be used
DESIGN CODES
z API RP 2A WSD OR LRFD
z Recommended Practice Planning, designing and
Constructing of Fixed Offshore Platform
z AISC
z Manual of Steel Construction, Allowable Stress
Design
z AWS D1.1
z Structural Welding Code
z API RP 2L
z Recommended Practice Planning, Designing and
Construction Heliport for Fixed Offshore Platform
Wind Loads
z Fw = (1/2) ρ V2 Cs A
z ρ : the wind density (ρ ~ 1.225 Kg/m3)
z Cs : the shape coefficient
z Cs = 1,5 for beams and sides of buildings,
z = 0,5 for cylindrical sections
z = 1,0 for total projected area of platform.
z Shieldingand solidity effects can be
accounted for
Wind loads
z combination with wave loads:
z DNV and DOE-OG rules recommend the most unfavorable of the
following two loadings:
z 1-minute sustained wind speeds combined with extreme waves.
z 3-second gusts.
z API-RP2A distinguishes between global and local wind load effects.
z first case: it gives guideline values of mean 1-hour average wind
speeds to be combined with extreme waves and current.
z second case: it gives values of extreme wind speeds to be used
without regard to waves.
z Wind loads are generally taken as static. When the ratio of height to the
least horizontal dimension of the wind exposed object (or structure) > 5,
then this object (or structure) could be wind sensitive.
z API-RP2A requires the dynamic effects of the wind to be taken into
account in this case and the flow induced cyclic wind loads due to vortex
shedding must be investigated.
DESIGN LOADS – WAVE & CURRENT LOADS
1 2
B
WAVE PARAMETER
z Wave Kinematic factor:
z Consider wave directional spreading or irregularity in wave
profile shape
z Tropical storm: 0.85 – 0.95
z Extra tropical storm: 0.95 – 1.0
z Current Blockage Factor:
z Reducing current speed due to the presence of the structure
z Marine Growth: Increased in cross sectional area
z Drag and Inertia Coefficient, depend on:
z Reynold Number : R = Um D/ν
z K-C number : K = 2 Um T2/D
z Roughness : e = k/D
z Current/Wave velcity : r = V1/Vmo
z Member Orientation
CD, CM vs Re
CD, CM vs KC
CURRENT BLOCKAGE FACTOR
# of
legs Heading factor
3 All 0.90
End-on 0.80
4 Diagonal 0.85
Broadside 0.80
End-on 0.75
6 Diagonal 0.85
Broadside 0.80
End-on 0.70
8 Diagonal 0.85
Broadside 0.80
CONDUCTOR SHIELDING FACTOR
z CL ≈1,3 CD.
z Cs ≈ π Æ For tubular members
Earthquakes
z Two levels of earthquake intensity:
z strength level (SLE)
z Settlements
z Ground motion due to overstressing of foundation
elements
z Subsidence
z Ground motion due to failure of seafloor slope