Learn Russion

1 - Russian Alphabet
The Russian alphabet is known as the Cyrillic alphabet. There are 33 letters in
the Russian alphabet. 11 vowels, 20 consonants, and 2 pronunciation signs.
Here is what the Russian alphabet looks like (in dictionary order).
Ⱥ, Ȼ, ȼ, Ƚ, Ⱦ, ȿ, Ȭ, ɀ, Ɂ, ɂ, Ƀ, Ʉ, Ʌ, Ɇ, ɇ, Ɉ, ɉ, Ɋ, ɋ, Ɍ, ɍ, Ɏ, ɏ, ɐ, ɑ, ɒ, ɓ, ɔ,
ɕ, ɖ, ɗ, ɘ, ə
Now let's have a look at these letters in detail. For your reference we will make
some notes about unusual hand-written forms, however this will be covered in
another lesson so don't worry too much yet.
Russian letters that are (almost) the same.
Ⱥ ɚ - Pronounced like the "a" in the word "father" or "car". It is not the 'flat' "a"
sound you sometimes hear in words like "cat" or "flat".
Ʉ ɤ - Pronounced like the "k" in "kitten" or "kangaroo". This letter replaces the
english "c" sound in words like "cat".
Ɇ ɦ - Pronounced like the "m" in man. (Note: Unlike english, the hand-written "ɦ"
should always start from the bottom)
O o - When stressed, it is pronounced like the "o" in "bore". When un-stressed it

is pronounced more like the letter "a". (See later notes.)
Ɍ ɬ - Pronounced like the "t" in "tap". (Note: The hand-written form for "ɬ" should
always start from the top, as it looks quite similar to the letter "ɦ")
Russian letters that look like english letters but sound different.
(These are the most important to learn so you don't get them mixed up.)
ȼ ɜ - Pronounced like the "v" in "vet". (Equivalent to the english letter "v").
ȿ ɟ - Pronounced like the "ye" in "yes".
ɇ ɧ - Pronounced like the "n" in "no". (Equivalent to the english letter "n").
Ɋ ɪ - Pronounced like the "r" in "run", but it is rolled. (Equivalent to the english
letter "r").
c
ɋ ɫ - Pronounced like the "s" in "see". (Equivalent to the english letter "s"). (It
might help to remember that it's used like the "s" sound in the english words
"centre" and "cent".)
ɍ ɭ - Pronounced like the "oo" in "boot" or "root".
ɏ ɯ - Pronounced like the "h" in "hello". However, this is often pronounced more
like the "ch" in the Scottish "Loch" or German "Bach", or the spanish "x" in
"Mexico".
Russian letters that look unusual, but have familiar sounds
Ȼ ɛ - Pronounced like the "b" in "bat". (Equivalent to the english letter "b").
Ƚ ɝ - Pronounced like the "g" in "go". (Equivalent to the english letter "g").
Ⱦ ɞ - Pronounced like the "d" in "dog". (Equivalent to the english letter "d").
Ɂ ɡ - Pronounced like the "z" in "zoo". (Equivalent to the english letter "z").
ɂ ɢ - Pronounced like the "i" in "taxi". (Sometimes equivalent to the english letter
"i", the short 'ee' sound.). (Note: The hand-written form for "ɢ" looks a little like
the english "u").
Ʌ ɥ - Pronounced like the "l" in "love". (Equivalent to the english letter "l").
ɉ ɩ - Pronounced like the "p" in "pot". (Equivalent to the english letter "p").
Ɏ ɮ - Pronounced like the "f" in "fat". (Equivalent to the english letter "f").
ɗ ɷ - Pronounced like the "e" in "fed".
New Russian letters and sounds
(The sounds will be familiar, but they don't have their own letter in English).
ɘ ɸ - Pronounced like the "u" in "universe". (Pronounced much like the english
word "you").
ə ɹ - Pronounced like the "ya" in "yard".
Ȭ ɺ - Pronounced like "yo" in "yonder".
ɀ ɠ - Like "s" in "measure", "pleasure" or "fusion" or like "g" in colour "beige". (As
there is no english symbol for this sound, it is usually represented as "zh")
!
ɐ ɰ - Similar to the "ts" sound in "sits" or "its".
ɑ ɱ - Pronounced like the "ch" in "chips" or "church" .
ɒ ɲ - Pronounced like the "sh" in shut.
ɓ ɳ - Pronounced like "sh" but with your tongue on the roof of your mouth. Try
putting your tongue in the same position as you would to say "ch" but say "sh"
instead. English speakers may find it hard to define the difference between "ɲ"
and "ɳ".
ɕ ɵ - Pronounced like the "i" in "bit" or "ill". (Said with your tounge slightly back
in your mouth.)
Ƀ ɣ - This letter is used to form diphthongs. So "oɣ" is like the "oy" sound in "boy"
or "aɣ" is like the "igh" in "sigh".
Ëronunciation Symbols
(These letters have no sound on their own, but are still considered letters.).
ɔ ɴ - The 'Hard Sign' is rarely used. It indicates a slight pause between sylables.
ɖ ɶ - The 'Soft Sign' makes the previous letter 'soft'. Think of the "p" sound in the
word "pew". (Try inflecting a very slight "y" sound onto letter before it.)
A note about vowels
You may have noticed that there are often two forms of a vowel, hard and soft. It
may help to note the corresponding vowels.
Ⱥ ("a") ə ("ya")
ɗ ("e") ȿ ("ye")
ɍ ("oo") ɘ ("yoo")
Ɉ ("o") Ȭ ("yo")
ɕ and ɂ are corresponding vowels but don't really follow this pattern.
Ƀ is also considered a vowel
The "y" sound is always pronounced. It may take some time to get used to
pronouncing it with consonants. Try the following:
ɇȿɌ (No) - Pronounced "nyet". This is one syllable.

ɫɟɦɶ (Seven) - Pronounced "syem".
ɩɹɬɶ (Five) - Pronounced "pyat"
ɆȿɌɊɈ (Metro, underground railway) - Pronounced "mye-tro".
i
Click the green play icon to listen to the word pronounced in Russian.
Spelling Rule 1.
There is a rule for spelling in russian you should keep in mind: "Never write ɕ,
ɘ, or ə after the letters 'Ƚ, Ʉ, ɀ, ɏ, ɑ, ɒ, ɓ' instead use ɂ, ɍ, Ⱥ".
It is not important to worry about this yet, but it will help you understand how
things are spelt in later lessons.
A note about stress.
In most languages, including English, some syllables are emphasised more than
others. A good example would be the word ³photograph´, where the first syllable
is stressed. Compare this to ³Photography´ where the second symbol is stressed.
Phonetically the sound of the vowel changes.
Russian works in much the same way. However in some words it¶s important to
know which syllable is stressed, this is because the letter ³o´ is pronounced very
differently depending on whether it¶s stressed or not. Other stressed vowels are
important, but if you only remember the ³o´ rule, then you will still be able to
speak well. Once you start to hear Russians speak, you will be able to copy the
way they are pronouncing words. (On this site we will indicate a stressed vowel
by underlining it. However, we will only do this to the first occurrences of a word.
One syllable words are assumed to be stressed.)
Take notice of the following examples:
Ⱦɨ ɫɜɢɞɚɧɢɹ (good-bye) - Pronounced "da-svee-da-nee-ye". (The ɞɨ is

pronounced as if it is part of the next word).
ɋɩɚɫɢɛɨ (thank-you) - Pronounced "spa-see-ba".
Ⱦɚ(yes) - Pronounced "da".
ɇɟɬ(no) - Pronounced "nyet".
ɫɬɨ(100) - Pronounced "sto".
ɉɨɤɚ(Bye)
ɉɥɨɯɨ(Bad)
ɏɨɪɨɲɨ(Good)
Some Listening Ëractice
There are many more examples in the following lessons that also have Russian
audio that you can listen to. It is important you learn the sounds by listening to
the Russian audio in the following lessons. If you learn by listening, your speach
will be much clearer.

There are hours of audio on this site. Here are some example sentences to get
you started. Don't worry about learning the words, just try to learn the sounds of
the letters.
Ɇɨɹ ɦɚɦɚ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ - (My mother loves music)

ɲɟɫɬɶ ɤɧɢɝ - (six books)
ɫɟɦɶ ɝɚɡɟɬ - (seven newspapers)
ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ - (eight buildings)
ɞɟɜɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɚɤ - (nine dogs)
ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ - (ten students)
ɫɬɨ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ - (one hundred roubles)
ɫɬɨ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ - (one hundred dollars)
1. Ëlaces spelt in Russian

Try reading the following words in russian. They are cities from around the world.
Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ
Ɍɨɤɢɨ
Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦ
Ɇɚɞɪɢɞ
ɋɚɧɤɬ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ
Now try to recognise these countries written in Russian, their names should
sound similar to English.
Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ
Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ
Ʉɨɪɟɹ
Ȼɪɚɡɢɥɢɹ
ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ
Ⱥɜɫɬɪɚɥɢɹ
ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɹ
Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɚ
Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ
Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɹ
2. Russian Signs
Here are some signs you might see while you are in Russia. See if you can
understand them.
Ⱥɷɪɨɩɨɪɬ
Ɍɭɚɥɟɬ
Ɋɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ
Ȼɚɪ
Ɍɚɤɫɢ

i. Russian words that are similar in english
Try reading the following words in russian. You should be able to work out what
they mean.
(ɩɟɪɚ
ɋɭɩ
ɋɩɨɪɬ
Ɏɭɬɛɨɥ
ɝɢɦɧɚɫɬɢɤɚ
ȼɨɥɟɣɛɨɥ
Ɇɟɧɸ
Ʉɨɮɟ
Ʉɚɮɟ
You may also wish to try our Russian Language Trainer to help you remember
some of this lesson.
Answers
1a: London, Tokyo, Amsterdam, Madrid, St. Petersburg
1b: England, Canada, Korea, Brazil, Netherlands, Australia, Portugal, America,
Mexico, Germany.
2: Airport, Toilet, Resturant, Bar, Taxi.
3: Opera, Soup, Sport, Football, Gymnastics, Volleyball, Menu, Coffee, Cafe
2 - Numbers
Russian numbers: 1 to 10
1 - ɨɞɢɧ ("a-deen")
2 - ɞɜɚ ("dva")
3 - ɬɪɢ ("tree")
4 - ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ("chye-tir-ye")
5 - ɩɹɬɶ ("pyat")
6 - ɲɟɫɬɶ ("shest")
7 - ɫɟɦɶ ("syem")
8 - ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ("vo-syem")
9 - ɞɟɜɹɬɶ ("dyev-yat")
10 -ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ("dyes-yat")
Read through the numbers 1-10 a couple of times until you are confortable with
them. Try counting from 1 to 10 without refering to them. Then for practice, try
counting backwards from 10 to 1 in Russian.
Russian numbers: 11 to 19
Ó
Now that you are confortable with your first Russian numbers, try to learn the
numbers from 11 to 19. To help you with reading practice we will not include the
trans-literations.
11 ± ɨɞɢɧɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
12 - ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
13 - ɬɪɢɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
14 - ɱɟɬɵɪɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
15 - ɩɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
16 - ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
17 - ɫɟɦɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
18 - ɜɨɫɟɦɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
19 - ɞɟɜɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
Russian numbers: 20 and onwards
As you could see, the numbers 11-19 are simply formed by adding
"ɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ" to the numbers 1-9. (You will need to drop the soft sign, or the
"ɟ" in "ɱɟɬɵɪɟ")
20 in Russian is "ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ". The numbers 21-29 are formed in a similar

way to English. Here are some examples:
20 - ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ
21 - ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ
22 - ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɞɜɚ
23 - ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɬɪɢ
24 - ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ
Other compound numbers are formed in the same way, quite similar to English.
(There is no need to use the word "and" in Russian). Here are the other numbers
you will need to form numbers in Russia. It will be useful to learn as many of
these numbers as you can because it makes it easier to understand the price of
goods in Russian roubles.
30 - ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɶ
40 - ɫɨɪɨɤ
50 - ɩɹɬɶɞɟɫɹɬ
60 - ɲɟɫɬɶɞɟɫɹɬ
70 - ɫɟɦɶɞɟɫɹɬ
80 - ɜɨɫɟɦɶɞɟɫɹɬ
90 - ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɨ
100 - ɫɬɨ
200 - ɞɜɟɫɬɢ

300 - ɬɪɢɫɬɚ
400 - ɱɟɬɵɪɟɫɬɚ
500 - ɩɹɬɶɫɨɬ
600 - ɲɟɫɬɶɫɨɬ
700 - ɫɟɦɶɫɨɬ
800 - ɜɨɫɟɦɶɫɨɬ
900 - ɞɟɜɹɬɶɫɨɬ
1,000 - ɬɵɫɹɱɚ
1,000,000 - ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧ
1,000,000,000 - ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞ
For example: 131 - ɫɬɨ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ
When reading phone numbers you may also need to know the name of the digit
0.
0 - ɧɨɥɶ

Try pronouncing the numbers below. Then listen to the sound example to see if
you are correct.
456
219
9,345
23,564
2,007
2,008
2,000
1,994
1,812
Russian Numbers
0 - ɧɨɥɶ ("nol")
1 - ɨɞɢɧ ("a-deen")
2 - ɞɜɚ ("dva")
3 - ɬɪɢ ("tree")
4 - ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ("chye-tir-ye")
5 - ɩɹɬɶ ("pyat")
6 - ɲɟɫɬɶ ("shest")
7 - ɫɟɦɶ ("syem")
8 - ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ("vo-syem")
9 - ɞɟɜɹɬɶ ("dyev-yat")
10 -ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ("dyes-yat")
/
11 - ɨɞɢɧɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
12 - ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
13 - ɬɪɢɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
14 - ɱɟɬɵɪɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
15 - ɩɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
16 - ɲɟɫɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
17 - ɫɟɦɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
18 - ɜɨɫɟɦɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
19 - ɞɟɜɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
20 - ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ
30 - ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɶ
40 - ɫɨɪɨɤ
50 - ɩɹɬɶɞɟɫɹɬ
60 - ɲɟɫɬɶɞɟɫɹɬ
70 - ɫɟɦɶɞɟɫɹɬ
80 - ɜɨɫɟɦɶɞɟɫɹɬ
90 - ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɨ
100 - ɫɬɨ
200 - ɞɜɟɫɬɢ
300 - ɬɪɢɫɬɚ
400 - ɱɟɬɵɪɟɫɬɚ
500 - ɩɹɬɶɫɨɬ
600 - ɲɟɫɬɶɫɨɬ
700 - ɫɟɦɶɫɨɬ
800 - ɜɨɫɟɦɶɫɨɬ
900 - ɞɟɜɹɬɶɫɨɬ
1,000 - ɬɵɫɹɱɚ
1,000,000 - ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧ
1,000,000,000 - ɦɢɥɥɢɚɪɞ
Exercises
1. Count backwards in Russian from 20 to 1.
2. Can you recognise the following numbers when they are written in Russian
ɞɟɜɹɬɶ
ɲɟɫɬɶ
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ
F
ɨɞɢɧ
ɞɟɫɹɬɶ
ɞɜɟɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ
ɜɨɫɟɦɶɞɟɫɹɬ
ɫɬɨ
ɩɹɬɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ
ɫɨɪɨɤ
3. See if you can read out the following phone numbersin Russian:
a. 22 56 78 54
b. 79 09 34 51
c. 43 85 99 20
You may also wish to try our Russian Language Trainer to help you remember
some of this lesson.
Answers
2 - 9, 6, 4, 1, 10, 12, 20, 80, 100, 15, 40
3a - ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɞɜɚ, ɩɹɬɶɞɟɫɹɬ ɲɟɫɬɶ, ɫɟɦɶɞɟɫɹɬ ɜɨɫɟɦɶ, ɩɹɬɶɞɟɫɹɬ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ
3b - ɫɟɦɶɞɟɫɹɬ ɞɟɜɹɬɶ, ɧɨɥɶ ɞɟɜɹɬɶ, ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɶ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ, ɩɹɬɶɞɟɫɹɬ ɨɞɢɧ
3c - ɫɨɪɨɤ ɬɪɢ, ɜɨɫɟɦɶɞɟɫɹɬ ɩɹɬɶ, ɞɟɜɹɧɨɫɬɨ ɞɟɜɹɬɶ, ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ
3 - Basic Phrases
Ëlease and Thank-You.
The two most important words you will learn in Russian are please and thank-
you. You can just add these to any sentence to make it more polite.
ɋɩɚɫɢɛɨ (â â) - Thank-You

ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ (â â) - Please (and You're Welcome)
The word ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ is also used to mean "You're Welcome", after somebody
says thank-you. You should always say this after someone thanks you.
ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ is pronounced a little different than it is written, you can basically
forget the "ɭɣ".
Yes and No.
Two other very important Russian words are "Yes" and "No".
Ⱦɚ (â
â) - Yes
ɇɟɬ (â â) - No
Saying Hello.
c
When you are in Russia and you meet somebody, the first thing you will want to
do is to say "hello". There are two forms of this word.
hɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɭɣɬɟ (â
â) - Hello (Formal)
ɉɪɢɜɟɬ (â â) - Hi (Informal)
Ɂɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɭɣɬɟ may be a little difficult for you to pronounce at first, but it is the
most common Russian greeting so you should try to practice it. ɉɪɢɜɟɬ is also
commonly used with friends. However, keep in mind that ɉɪɢɜɟɬ is informal
(much like "hi" in English), and should only be used with friends. If somebody
says ɉɪɢɜɟɬ to you, then it is normally safe to proceed in the friendly tone.
ùntroducing Yourself.
In order to introduce yourself, you may need the following phrases.
Ɇɟɧɹ ɡɨɜɭɬ ... (â â) - My name is ...

Ʉɚɤ ɜɚɫ ɡɨɜɭɬ? (â â) - What is your name?
(ɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ (â â) - Pleased to meet you.
Note: The above 3 phrases are gramatically unusual. You should just learn the
whole phrase, not the individual words.
How are you?
The most natural way to ask someone how they are in Russian is to ask: "how
are things?"
Ʉɚɤ ɞɟɥɚ? - How are things?

ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɩɚɫɢɛɨ - Good/Well thank-you
ɉɥɨɯɨ - Bad
Saying Good-Bye.
There are also two words for saying good-bye.
Ⱦɨ ɫɜɢɞɚɧɢɹ (â

â) - Good-bye. (The ɞɨ is pronounced as
if it is part of the next word)
ɉɨɤɚ (ââ) - Bye (Informal, slang)
cc
You should generally use ɞɨ ɫɜɢɞɚɧɢɹ, which is appropriate in formal or informal
situations. You may also hear people say ɉɨɤɚ, but we suggest you only use it
as a response when it is said to you.
Asking about languages
When you are asking a yes/no question in Russian, there is no difference

between the question and the statement, except for the question mark. When
you are speaking Russian you should ask questions in a different tone. The tone
of your voice should rise if you are asking a question. If you are making a
statement your tone will naturally fall. You may find that you actually do this in
English without meaning to. If all else fails, put a real questioning expression on
your face.
ȼɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ? - Do you (formal) speak English?

ȼɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ? - Do you (formal) speak Russian?
ə ɝɨɜɨɪɸ ɩɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ - I speak English
ə ɝɨɜɨɪɸ ɩɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ - I speak Russian
ə ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸ - I understand
ə ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸ - I don't understand
Exercises
1. Read out-loud then translate the following Russian phrases:

Ʉɚɤ ɞɟɥɚ?
ɏɨɪɨɲɨ ɋɩɚɫɢɛɨ.
ə ɝɨɜɨɪɸ ɩɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ
ə ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸ
Ɂɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɭɣɬɟ
ɇɟɬ
Ⱦɚ
ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ
Ɉɱɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɹɬɧɨ
2. Translate the following phrases into Russian. Also practice saying them out-
loud in Russian
Thank-You.
Hi (Informal).
What is your name?
My name is....
Nice to meet you.
Bad.
Do you speak Russian?
I speak Russian
c!
Please.
I understand.
4 - In a Bar/Cafe
inding a cafe
After a busy day in Russia, you might be looking for somewhere to have a drink.
You could ask people with the following phrases.
ɋɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ.... - Tell me please....

ɋɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɤɚɮɟ? - Tell me please, where is a cafe?
ɋɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɛɚɪ? - Tell me please, where is a bar?
Russian does not use the articles ³a´ or ³the´, so the phrase ³Ƚɞɟ ɤɚɮɟ?´ means
both ³where is a cafe?´ and ³where is the cafe?´. It will probably sound more
natural to ask where the nearest café is.
ɋɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɟ ɤɚɮɟ? - Tell me please, where is the

nearest cafe?
On the Menu
If you were in a Russian bar or café, here are some words you might see on the
menu:
Ɇɟɧɸ - Menu
Ʉɨɮɟ - Coffee
ɑɚɣ ± Tea
Ɇɨɥɨɤɨ - Milk
Ʉɨɤɚ-Ʉɨɥɚ - Coca-Cola
Ʌɢɦɨɧɚɞ - Lemonade
ɋɨɤ - Juice
Ȼɨɪɳ - Russian beetroot soup
ɋɭɩ - Soup
Ɍɨɪɬ - Cake
ȼɨɞɤɚ - Vodka
ɉɢɜɨ - Beer
ȼɢɧɨ - Wine
ȼɨɞɚ - Water
Be careful, when you order vodka in russia, you will generally get straight vodka.
Do you have...?
ci
If you want to ask someone if they have something, you can use the following
phrase. (Just learn the whole phrase, it is gramatically unusual).
ɍ ɜɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ....? - Do you have ....? (formal)

ɍ ɜɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɨɮɟ? - Do you have coffee?
ɍ ɜɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɚɣ? - Do you have tea?
ɍ ɜɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɤɚ? - Do you have vodka?
Ëlease give me
When you decide what you will have you will need to order. Here are some
Russian phrases you might need, or be asked:
ɑɬɨ? (" ") - What?

ɑɬɨ ɜɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ? - What do you want?
ə ɯɨɱɭ ... - I want...
Ⱦɚɣɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ .... - Give me please...
ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ? - How much is it?.

Ⱦɚɣɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɱɚɣ. - Please give me tea.
Ⱦɚɣɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɤɨɮɟ - Please give me coffee.
Ⱦɚɣɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɤɨɮɟ ɫ ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦ - Please give me coffee with milk.
Ⱦɚɣɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɤɨɮɟ ɫ ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦ ɢ ɫ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɦ - Please give me coffee
with milk and sugar.
hat is it?
Some short but useful Russian phrases to ask what things are...
ɑɬɨ ɷɬɨ? - What is it?

ɗɬɨ ɤɨɮɟ. - It is coffee.
ɉɪɨɫɬɢɬɟ, ɷɬɨ ɤɨɮɟ. - Excuse me, is it coffee?
ɇɟɬ, ɷɬɨ ɱɚɣ. - No, it is tea.
How Much?
The word "ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ?" means "how much?" or "how many" in Russian. You can
use it to ask the price of something.
ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ? - How much? / How many?
ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɨɢɬɶ? - How much does it cost?
c
ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɭɛɥɶ - 21 rubles.
here is the toilet...?
To finish up this lesson here is a Russian phrase to help you find out where a
toilet is. ɋɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ , Ƚɞɟ Ɍɭɚɥɟɬ - Tell me please, where is the
toilet?
Excersices
The mens toilets are normally labeled with an "M".

The ladies toilets are normally labeled with a "ɀ".
Imagine you are in a Russian cafe,
1. Try ordering a coffee with milk.
2. Ask the waitress if they have any beer.
3. Ask where the toilet is.
4. Order three other items from the menu. (refer to the vocabulary for ideas).
Here is a list of the new Russian words from lesson 4.
ɋɤɚɠɢɬɟ - Tell
Ƚɞɟ? - Where is?
Ʉɚɮɟ - Cafe
Ȼɚɪ - Bar
Ɇɟɧɸ - Menu
Ʉɨɮɟ - Coffee
ɑɚɣ - Tea
Ɇɨɥɨɤɨ - Milk
Ʉɨɤɚ-Ʉɨɥɚ - Coca-Cola
Ʌɢɦɨɧɚɞ - Lemonade
ɋɨɤ - Juice
Ȼɨɪɳ - Russian beetroot soup
ɋɭɩ - Soup
Ɍɨɪɬ - Cake
ȼɨɞɤɚ - Vodka
ɉɢɜɨ - Beer
ȼɢɧɨ - Wine
ȼɨɞɚ - Water
c
È ɜɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ....? - Do you have ....? (formal)
ɑɬɨ? (" ") - What?

ə ɯɨɱɭ ... - I want ...
Ⱦɚɣɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, .... - Give me please ...
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ? - How much is it?.
ɫ ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦ - with milk

ɢ - and
ɫ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɦ - with sugar
Ɍɭɚɥɟɬ - toilet
ɑɬɨ ɟɬɨ? - What is it?

ȿɬɨ ɤɨɮɟ. - It is coffee.
ɉɪɨɫɬɢɬɟ, ɟɬɨ ɤɨɮɟ. - Excuse me, is it coffee?
ɇɟɬ, ɟɬɨ ɱɚɣ. - No, it is tea.
5 - Verbs / Pronouns
Definitions
are action words, they are things you can do. For example: run, walk, love,
eat, want.
are words that can replace names. For example: I, you, he, she, him,
her, it.
In the sentence "I love him". "love" is the verb. The is "I", and the is
"him".
Russian Ëronouns
Here are the Russian pronouns that can be used as the subject of a sentence.
(Known as the nominative case.)
ə-I
Ɍɵ - You (informal)
Ɉɧ - He, It (m)
Ɉɧɚ - She, It (f)
Ɉɧɨ - It (n)
Ɇɵ - We
ȼɵ - You (formal, or plural)
Ɉɧɢ - They
cÓ
ȼɵ is used as the formal singular "you", and the plural "you" (slang: "yous" or
"you all") when talking to more than one person.
Here are the Russian pronouns that can be used as the object of a sentence.
(Known as the accusative case)
Ɇɟɧɹ - Me
Ɍɟɛɹ - You (informal)
ȿɝɨ - (ââ) - Him, It (m,n)
ȿɺ - Her, It (f)
ɇɚɫ - Us
ȼɚɫ - You (formal, or plural)
ɂɯ - Them
You should be familiar with using different pronouns for the subject and object of
a sentence ("me" instead of "I"). Just remember that unlike English,Russian uses
an extra version of the word "you". You should memorise these pronouns.
Russian Verbs
You will be pleased to know that Russian has only one present tense. In Russian
there is only one way of saying "I work", "I am working" and "I do work".
Russian verbs change their endings depending on the subject. This happens a
little in English, but not as much. (Example: I work, he works). This happens
according to two different patterns known as the , and the

. (There are also some irregular verbs). Both these patterns are quite
similar, and once you get the hang of it, it is not too difficult.
The first conjugation
The first conjugation is used for verbs ending in "ɬɶ" but not "ɢɬɶ". It is the most
common.
To form the verb for each you need to drop the last two letters of the
infinitive (normally "ɬɶ"), and add the appropriate ending ("ɸ", "ɟɲɶ", "ɟɬ", "ɟɦ",
"ɟɬɟ" or "ɸɬ").Let¶s take a look at a verb that uses the first conjugation: ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
(to work).
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ - To work. (infinitive, dictionary form)

ə ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸ - I work
Ɍɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɲɶ - You work
Ɉɧ, Ɉɧɚ, Ɉɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ - He, She, It works.
Ɇɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɦ - We work
ȼɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬɟ - You work.
Ɉɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ - They work.
c
Let's try some other Russian words from the first conjugation:
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ - To understand. (infinitive, dictionary form)

ə ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸ - I understand.
Ɍɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɲɶ - You understand.
Ɉɧ, Ɉɧɚ, Ɉɧɨ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ - He, She, It understands
Ɇɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɦ - We understand.
ȼɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɟ - You understand.
Ɉɧɢ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸɬ - They understand.
Ɂɧɚɬɶ - To know. (infinitive, dictionary form)
ə ɡɧɚɸ - I know.
Ɍɵ ɡɧɚɟɲɶ - You know.
Ɉɧ, Ɉɧɚ, Ɉɧɨ ɡɧɚɟɬ - He, She, It knows.
Ɇɵ ɡɧɚɟɦ - We know.
ȼɵ ɡɧɚɟɬɟ - You know.
Ɉɧɢ ɡɧɚɸɬ - They know.
Remember you can make a statement negative by using the word "ɧɟ" (not). For
example:
ə ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸ - I don't know.

ə ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸ - I don't understand.
Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ - He doesn't understand.
You can also form questions:
Ɍɵ ɡɧɚɟɲɶ? - Do you know?

Ɍɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɲɶ? - Do you understand?
The second conjugation
Verbs where the infinitive ends in "ɢɬɶ" use the second conjugation.
Now we will introduce some verbs from the second conjugation. There are also
some other verbs that use this conjugation.
The second conjugation uses the endings "ɸ" (or "ɭ") "ɢɲɶ" "ɢɬ" "ɢɦ" "ɢɬɟ" "ɹɬ"
(or "ɚɬ"), which replace "ɢɬɶ".
Note 1: The second conjugation is affected by the spelling rules.
Note 2: The first person singuar is affected by the rule of consonant mutation.
Remember, this only applies to the first-person singular (ə).
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ - To speak. (infinitive, dictionary form)
c/
ə ɝɨɜɨɪɸ - I speak.
Ɍɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɲɶ - You speak.
Ɉɧ, Ɉɧɚ, Ɉɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ - He, She, It Speaks.
Ɇɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ - We speak.
ȼɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟ - You speak.
Ɉɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ - They speak.
ɫɥɵɲɚɬɶ - To hear.
ɫɥɵɲɭ - I hear.
ɫɥɵɲɢɲɶ - You hear.
ɫɥɵɲɢɬ - He, She, It hears.
ɫɥɵɲɢɦ - We hear.
ɫɥɵɲɢɬɟ - You hear.
ɫɥɵɲɚɬ - They hear.
For Example:
ə ɝɨɜɨɪɸ ɩɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ - I speak English

Ɉɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɩɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ - He speaks Russian
ȼɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ? - Do you speak Russian?
Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɩɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ - We don't speak Russian.
ɋɨɛɚɤɚ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɩɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ - The dog doesn't speak English.
ùrregular Verbs
There are a number of irregular verbs in Russian. (Verbs that don't exactly follow
the above rules). However, often once you know the stem of the verb, you can
often predict the endings. Even irregular verbs normally follow a similar pattern to
those above.
Some examples:
ȿɯɚɬɶ - To go (by transport).

ə ɟɞɭ - I go (by transport).
Ɍɵ ɟɞɟɲɶ - You go (by transport).
Ɉɧ, Ɉɧɚ, Ɉɧɨ ɟɞɟɬ - He, She, It goes (by transport).
Ɇɵ ɟɞɟɦ - We go (by transport).
ȼɵ ɟɞɟɬɟ - You go (by transport).
Ɉɧɢ ɟɞɭɬ - They go (by transport).
Notice that once you know the stem "ȿɞ" it almost follows the first conjuction,
except that "ɭ" replaces "ɸ".
ɀɢɬɶ - To live.
cF
ə ɠɢɜɭ - I live.
Ɍɵ ɠɢɜɺɲɶ - You live.
Ɉɧ, Ɉɧɚ, Ɉɧɨ ɠɢɜɺɬ - He, She, It lives.
Ɇɵ ɠɢɜɺɦ - We live.
ȼɵ ɠɢɜɺɬɟ - You live.
Ɉɧɢ ɠɢɜɭɬ - They live.
Notice that "ɺ" is used instead of "ɟ" when the stress falls on the ending.
Examples:
ə ɠɢɜɭ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ - I live in London.

Ɉɧ ɟɞɟɬ ɞɨɦɨɣ - He is going home
Here is the vocabulary for Russian lesson 5.
ə - I
(ɧ - He, It (m)
(ɧɚ - She, It (f)
(ɧɨ - It (n)
Ɇɵ - We
(ɧɢ - They
Ɇɟɧɹ - Me
ȿɝɨ - (ââ) - Him
ȿɺ - Her
ɇɚɫ - Us
ɂɯ - Them
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ - To work.
ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ - To understand.
hɧɚɬɶ - To know.
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ - To speak.
ɫɥɵɲɚɬɶ - To hear.
ɀɢɬɶ (ɠɢɜɭ) - To live.
ȿɯɚɬɶ (ɟɞɭ) - To go (by transport).
ɋɨɛɚɤɚ - Dog.
1. Try translating the following phrases to Russian:
Do you know? (informal)
!
I don't know.
They don't know.
He understands.
She doesn't understand.
We don't speak Russian.
Do you speak English? (formal).
I live in London.
2. Try forming all the variations of ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ (to look). (Use the 2nd conjunction).
I look.
You look.
He looks.
We look.
You look.
They look.
Answers
1. Ɍɵ ɡɧɚɟɲɶ?.
ə ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸ.
Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸɬ.
Ɉɧ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ.
Ɉɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬ.
Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦ ɩɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ.
ȼɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ?
ə ɠɢɜɭ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ
2. ə ɫɦɨɬɪɸ
Ɍɵ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɲɶ
Ɉɧ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬ
Ɇɵ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ
ȼɵ ɫɦɨɬɪɢɬɟ
Ɉɧɢ ɫɦɨɬɪɹɬ
6 - Nouns
Definitions
- A noun is a thing, name or place. Example: dog, cat, Moscow, cup, paper,
pen.
- Cases are a grammatical way of determining what a noun does in a
sentence. In English we do this by having a strict word-order. In Russian we use
6 cases.
- Letters that can be said with an open vocal tract. The letters Ⱥ, ə, ɗ, ȿ,
ɍ, ɘ, Ɉ, Ȭ, ɕ, ɂ and Ƀ. (A,E,I,O,U in English).
!c
- A letter that is not a vowel. (Except ɶ, ɴ because they have no
sound).
Gender of nouns.
In Russian, as with many other languages, each noun is assigned a gender.

Russian has three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter (neutral). In the
cases of words like ³father´ these relate to physical gender. In the case of other
objects like ³pen´, ³cup´, ³house´, there is no physical meaning attached to the
gender. However you will still need to know the gender because it affects how
words are formed. Luckily, unlike many languages, in Russian it is almost always
possible to tell what the gender of a noun by its spelling. This is not true in some
other languages where you just have to memorise them.
When you use a noun as the subject of a sentence, it will be in its dictionary
form. In this form you can easily work out it¶s gender. If the noun is in another
part of the sentence the ending is changed to suit the case. From the dictionary
form of a noun, here is how you can tell what the gender is:
1. Look at the last letter of the word:

2. If it is a consonant, or ³ɣ´, the word is masculine.
3. If it is ³ɚ´ or ³ɹ´ it is feminine.
4. If it is ³ɨ´ or ³ɟ´ it is neuter.
5. If it is a soft sign ³ɶ´ then it could be either masculine or feminine.
There are very few exceptions to these rules. But there are five notable
exceptions, this occurs mainly because of physical gender.
ɉɚɩɚ - (Daddy, Papa) - Is Masculine
Ⱦɹɞɹ - (Uncle) - Is Masculine
Ⱦɟɞɭɲɤɚ - (Grandfather) - Is Masculine
Ɇɭɠɱɢɧɚ - (Man) - Is Masculine
Ʉɨɮɟ - (Coffee) - Is Masculine
Some examples:
Masculine : ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬ (passport), ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ (document), ɛɪɚɬ (brother), ɏɥɟɛ

(bread).
Feminine : ɝɚɡɟɬɚ (newspaper), Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ (Russia), Ⱦɨɱɶ (daughter)
Neuter : ɡɞɚɧɢɟ (building), ɪɚɞɢɨ (radio), ɩɢɫɶɦɨ (letter)
Cases in Russian
!!
Russian grammar uses the case system. The case system is also used in
languages like Latin, Greek and German. In fact it was also used in Old English.
In Russian there are six cases. To help you understand what cases are we will
compare them to English...
In English the subject of the sentence must be first noun. For example...
µIvan gives flowers to Anna¶. (ɂɜɚɧ ɞɚɺɬ ɰɜɟɬɵ Ⱥɧɧɟ)
In English it makes no sense to swap the position of the words µIvan¶ and
µflowers¶. The meaning of the sentence would be completely changed. In Russian
it is possible to change the order of these words, and still keep the same
meaning. You may wish to do this to emphasise something. Although it is
common in Russian to use a similar word order to English. The Russian word¶s
position is not so important because it¶s meaning in the sentence is indicated by
it¶s case. To indicate each case we change the ending of word. Lets look at the
six cases (You don¶t need to remember this yet):
Nominative case : The subject of the sentence. (³Ivan´)

Accusative case: The object of the sentence. (³flowers´)
Dative case: The indirect object of the sentence (³Anna´)
Genitive case: Indicates ownership. (Eg. ³Anna¶s flowers´)
Instrumental case: Indicates µwith¶ or µby means of¶. (³Anna writes with a pencil´)
Prepositional case: Used after certain propositions. (In, on, at, and about.)
For example the word Anna in the six different cases would be:
Nominative case: Ⱥɧɧɚ

Accusative case: Ⱥɧɧɭ
Dative case: Ⱥɧɧɟ (to Anna)
Genitive case: Ⱥɧɧɵ (Anna¶s)
Instrumental case: Ⱥɧɧɨɣ (with Anna)
Prepositional case: Ⱥɧɧɟ (about Anna)
We will teach you how to form the cases over the next few lessons so don¶t worry
too much now. It is just important to understand that case effectively gives a word
its meaning in the sentence.
Understanding the case system is often one of the biggest hurdles for people
learning Russian, so we will take it slowly. Once the case system is understood
the Russian language will really open up to you, and we can concentrate more
on vocabulary. Our lessons are designed for English speakers so we will not
assume much knowledge of grammar.
It¶s important not to worry much about the fine details of grammar at first. You will
learn it more naturally when you start using Russian. Remember that Russian
!i
children all learnt to speak Russian before they understood any grammar. Just
try to get a good general overview of the grammar.
Interestingly, some remnants of the case system still exist in English, especially
pronouns. For example we must use µme¶ instead of µI¶ when not the subject.
The Nominative Case. (The subject of a sentence)
The nominative case is used for the subject of a sentence. In the sentence ³I love
her´, the word ³I´ is the subject. The nominative case is the dictionary form for
nouns, so there is nothing special to learn here.
The only time you need to change the ending is to form the plural. In English we
make a plural by adding ³s´. In Russian, in the nominative case, you make a
plural by using the letters ³ɢ´, ³ɵ´, ³ɹ´ or ³ɚ´.
For masculine nouns:

If the word ends in a consonant, add ³ɵ´.
Replace ³ɣ´ with ³ɢ´
Replace ³ɶ´ with ³ɢ´
For feminine nouns:

Replace ³ɚ´ with ³ɵ´
Replace ³ɹ´ with ³ɢ´
For neuter nouns:

Replace ³ɨ´ with ³ɚ´
Replace ³ɟ´ with ³ɹ´
Examples:
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ becomes: ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ (student - students)
ɝɚɡɟɬɚ becomes: ɝɚɡɟɬɵ (newspaper - newspapers)
ɡɞɚɧɢɟ becomes: ɡɞɚɧɢɹ (building - buildings)
The Accusative Case. (The object of a sentence)
To form simple sentences like ³I want a dog´, you need to use the accusative
case also. The accusative case is used for the object of a sentence, in this case
the word ³dog´. The only time we use the accusative case in English is with
pronouns. We use ³me´ instead of ³I´ and ³him´ instead of ³he´. Russian uses the
case for all nouns.
!
Russian is very free about word order. For example, in Russian it may be
possible to change the order of the words in a sentence, without changing the
actual meaning. This doesn¶t work in English because we rely on the subject
always coming first. However, in Russian it still makes perfect sense because the
object will still be in the accusative case. It is normal in Russian to use the same
word ordering as English.
¥ !

"# #
Here are the rules for forming the accusative case from the dictionary
(nominative) form.
Masculine Nouns:
1. If the noun in inanimate, there is no change.
2. If noun is animate and ends in a consonant, add ³ɚ´.
3. If noun is animate, replace ³ɣ´, with ³ɹ´.
4. If noun is animate, replace ³ɶ´, add ³ɹ´.
Feminine Nouns:
1. Replace ³ɚ´ with ³ɭ´.
2. Replace ³ɹ´ with ³ɸ´.
Neuter Nouns:
1. Inanimate nouns do not change (almost all neuter nouns are inanimate).
Examples:
ɫɩɨɪɬ remains: ɫɩɨɪɬ (sport)
ɦɭɡɵɤɚ becomes: ɦɭɡɵɤɭ(music)
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ becomes: Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ(Moscow)
ɝɚɡɟɬɚ becomes: ɝɚɡɟɬɭ(newspaper)
ɡɞɚɧɢɟ remains: ɡɞɚɧɢɟ(building)
ɂɜɚɧbecomes: ɂɜɚɧɚ(Ivan)
You will learn about the plurals of the accusative case in a later lesson.
Exercises
1. For each of the following Russian nouns, work out their gender.
a. ɋɨɛɚɤɚ - (dog)
b. Ȼɚɪ - (bar)
c. Ʌɢɦɨɧɚɞ - (lemonade)
d. ɉɢɜɨ - (beer)
e. ȼɨɞɚ - (water)
f. Ɍɭɚɥɟɬ - (toilet)
!
g. Ɍɨɪɬ - (cake)
h. ɀɭɪɧɚɥ - (magazine)
i. Ƚɚɡɟɬɚ - (newpaper)
j. ɡɞɚɧɢɟ - (building)
k. ɪɚɞɢɨ - (radio)
l. ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪ - (television)
m. Ⱥɧɝɥɢɹ - (England)
n. ɉɢɫɶɦɨ - (letter)
o. ɉɚɫɩɨɪɬ - (passport)
p. ɜɢɡɚ - (visa)
q. ɲɤɨɥɚ (school)
Answers
1. (a) F, (b) M, (c) M, (d) N, (e) F, (f) M, (g) M, (h) M, (i) F, (j) N, (k) N, (l) M, (m)
F, (n) N, (o) M, (p) F, (q) F.
7 - ù Love...\
To Love
Let's start with the Russian verb "to love":
Ʌɸɛɢɬɶ (Ʌɸɛɥɸ, Ʌɸɛɢɲɶ) (View Conjugations)
Remember that a noun after ³I love´ should be in the accusative case as it is the
object of the sentence. Here are some uses of the word:
ə ɥɸɛɥɸ ɫɩɨɪɬ - I love sport.

ə ɥɸɛɥɸ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ - I love music.
ə ɧɟ ɥɸɛɥɸ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ - I don't like music.
Ɍɵ ɥɸɛɢɲɶ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ? - Do you love music?
ə ɥɸɛɥɸ Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ - I love Moscow.
Ɉɧ ɥɸɛɢɬ Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ - He loves Moscow.
ɂɜɚɧ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɱɚɣ - Ivan loves tea.
ɇɚɞɹ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɜɢɧɨ - Nadya loves wine.
ɇɚɞɹ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɜɢɧɨ - Nadya doesn't like wine.
Ʌɸɛɢɬɶ / ɉɨɥɸɛɢɬɶ
love
ùmperfective Aspect Ëerfective Aspect

English love

ùnfinitive Ʌɸɛɢɬɶ ɉɨɥɸɛɢɬɶ
!Ó

Ëresent Tense

1st Person Singular Ʌɸɛɥɸ

2nd Person Singular Ʌɸɛɢɲɶ

3rd Person Singular Ʌɸɛɢɬ

1st Person Plural Ʌɸɛɢɦ

2nd Person Plural Ʌɸɛɢɬɟ

3rd Person Plural Ʌɸɛɹɬ

Ëast Tense

Masculine Ʌɸɛɢɥ ɉɨɥɸɛɢɥ
Feminine Ʌɸɛɢɥɚ ɉɨɥɸɛɢɥɚ
Neuter Ʌɸɛɢɥɨ ɉɨɥɸɛɢɥɨ
Plural Ʌɸɛɢɥɢ ɉɨɥɸɛɢɥɢ

uture Tense

1st Person Singular Ȼɭɞɭ Ʌɸɛɢɬɶ ɉɨɥɸɛɥɸ
2nd Person Singular Ȼɭɞɟɲɶ Ʌɸɛɢɬɶ ɉɨɥɸɛɢɲɶ
3rd Person Singular Ȼɭɞɟɬ Ʌɸɛɢɬɶ ɉɨɥɸɛɢɬ
1st Person Plural Ȼɭɞɟɦ Ʌɸɛɢɬɶ ɉɨɥɸɛɢɦ
2nd Person Plural Ȼɭɞɟɬɟ Ʌɸɛɢɬɶ ɉɨɥɸɛɢɬɟ
3rd Person Plural Ȼɭɞɭɬ Ʌɸɛɢɬɶ ɉɨɥɸɛɹɬ

Command orm

Informal Ʌɸɛɢ ɉɨɥɸɛɢ
Formal Ʌɸɛɢɬɟ ɉɨɥɸɛɢɬɟ

Examples
Ɉɧɚ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɟɝɨ. She loves him.

ȼɵ ɥɸɛɢɥɢ ɟɺ? Did you love her?
Ɇɵ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ. We did not love each other.
Ɉɧɢ ɩɨɥɸɛɹɬ ɟɺ. They will love her.
Ɇɵ ɥɸɛɢɦ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɝɚɡɟɬɵ We like reading the newspapers.
Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɢɥɢ ɫɭɩ. They did not like eating soup.
"ù love you" in Russian
!
You should now know enough Russian to say 'I love you'
ə ɬɟɛɹ ɥɸɛɥɸ - I love you.
This particular phrase is usually said with the word order above. It would still
make sense to say: ə ɥɸɛɥɸ ɬɟɛɹ. Try inserting different pronouns (from lesson
5) into this phrase to change the meaning. Remember to select the pronoun to
match the case:
ə ɟɝɨ ɥɸɛɥɸ - I love him.

ə ɟɺ ɥɸɛɥɸ - I love her.
Ɉɧɚ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɦɟɧɹ - She loves me
hat?
The word "ɑɬɨ?" (pronounced "shto?") means "What?". You can use it to form
questions.
ɑɬɨ ɬɵ ɥɸɛɢɲɶ? - What do you love?
However, if you see the word "ɑɬɨ" in the middle of a sentence, it is probably the
conjunction "that". The word "ɑɬɨ" has two uses, so don't be confused. An
example could be:
ə ɡɧɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɬɵ ɥɸɛɢɲɶ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ. - I know you love music.
Using other Russian verbs
To express yourself better in Russian you will need to learn some more Russian
verbs. Let's introduce some new Russian verbs now. If you would like, you can
see how these verbs are conjugated by clicking here.
ɋɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ - to watch.
ɑɢɬɚɬɶ - to read.
ɋɥɭɲɚɬɶ - to listen
ɂɡɭɱɚɬɶ - to study
Ⱦɭɦɚɬɶ - to think
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ - to work
ɏɨɬɟɬɶ - to want
Here are some possible uses of these verbs:
ə ɫɦɨɬɪɸ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪ - I am watching television.
!/
ə ɫɥɭɲɚɸ ɪɚɞɢɨ - I am listening to the radio.
ə ɫɥɭɲɚɸ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ - I am listening to music.
ə ɱɢɬɚɸ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ - I am reading a magazine.
ə ɱɢɬɚɸ ɝɚɡɟɬɭ - I am reading the newspaper
ə ɱɢɬɚɸ ɤɧɢɝɭ - I am reading a book.
ə ɢɡɭɱɚɸ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ - I study Russian. (lit: I study the Russian language).
ə ɬɚɤ ɞɭɦɚɸ - I think so!
Ʉɚɤ ɜɵ ɞɭɦɚɟɬɟ? - What do you think? (lit: How do you think?)
ə ɯɨɱɭ ɱɚɣ - I want tea.
Sometime you will want to talk about an action. For example "I like to read" or "I
want to read". In such cases you are using 2 verbs in a row. In Russian you
should leave the 2nd verb in the infinitive form. For example:
ə ɥɸɛɥɸ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ - I love to read.

ə ɥɸɛɥɸ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ - I love to travel.
ə ɯɨɱɭ ɤɭɩɢɬɶ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ - I want to buy a magazine.
Very
A very useful Russian word is the word for "very". You can include it into many
phrases. It sometimes replaces the word "really" also. For example:
Ɉɱɟɧɶ - very. (or really)

ə ɨɱɟɧɶ ɥɸɛɥɸ ɫɩɨɪɬ - I really love sport.
ə ɨɱɟɧɶ ɥɸɛɥɸ Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ - I really love Moscow.
Question ords
You may also find these question words useful during your travels around
Russia.
Ƚɞɟ? - Where?
Ʉɬɨ? - Who?
ɑɬɨ? - What?
Ʉɚɤ? - How?
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ? - Why?
Here is the vocabulary for Russian lesson 7.
Ʌɸɛɢɬɶ - to love (also: to like)

ɋɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ - to watch.
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ɑɢɬɚɬɶ - to read.
ɋɥɭɲɚɬɶ - to listen
ɂɡɭɱɚɬɶ - to study
Ⱦɭɦɚɬɶ - to think
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ - to work
ɏɨɬɟɬɶ - to want
Ʉɭɩɢɬɶ - to buy
ɉɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ - to travel
ɫɩɨɪɬ - sport
ɦɭɡɵɤɚ - music
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ - Moscow
ɜɢɧɨ - wine
ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪ - television
Ɋɚɞɢɨ - radio
ɠɭɪɧɚɥ - magazine
ɝɚɡɟɬɚ - newpaper
ɤɧɢɝɚ - book
ɹɡɵɤ - language
ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ - Russian language
ɑɬɨ? (pronounced "shto?") - what?

Ʉɚɤ? - how?
(ɱɟɧɶ - very
ɬɚɤ - so
ɑɬɨ (pronounced "shto?") (as a conjuction) - that
Exercises
1. Translate the following sentences to Russian.
I am watching television
I don't want tea
I love to travel
I love reading
He loves Moscow
I really love sport
Nadya doesn't like wine
I know that you love music
2. Translate the following sentences to Russian. (Use the personal form of 'you')
What do you love?

What do I love?
i
What are you reading?
What are you saying?
What do you know?
What do you want?
3. Translate the following sentences to Russian. (Use the formal form of 'you')
What do you love?

What are you reading?
What are you saying?
What do you know?
What do you want?
What do they want?
What does she want?
What does he want?
4. In Russian, make up your own answers to the questions in exercise 2 and 3.
Answers
1.
ə ɫɦɨɬɪɸ ɬɟɥɟɜɢɡɨɪ
ə ɧɟ ɯɨɱɭ ɱɚɣ
ə ɥɸɛɥɸ ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
ə ɥɸɛɥɸ ɱɢɬɚɬɶ
ə ɨɱɟɧɶ ɥɸɛɥɸ ɫɩɨɪɬ
Ɉɧ ɥɸɛɢɬ Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ
ɇɚɞɹ ɧɟ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɜɢɧɨ
ə ɡɧɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɬɵ ɥɸɛɢɲɶ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ.
2.
ɑɬɨ ɬɵ ɥɸɛɢɲɶ?
ɑɬɨ ɹ ɥɸɛɥɸ?
ɑɬɨ ɬɵ ɱɢɬɚɟɲɶ?
ɑɬɨ ɬɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɲɶ?
ɑɬɨ ɬɵ ɡɧɚɟɲɶ?
ɑɬɨ ɬɵ ɯɨɱɟɲɶ?
3.
ɑɬɨ ɜɵ ɥɸɛɢɬɟ?
ɑɬɨ ɜɵ ɱɢɬɚɟɬɟ?
ɑɬɨ ɜɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟ?
ɱɬɨ ɜɵ ɡɧɚɟɬɟ?
ɑɬɨ ɜɵ ɯɨɬɢɬɟ?
ɑɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɯɨɬɹɬ?
ɑɬɨ ɨɧɚ ɯɨɱɟɬ?
ɑɬɨ ɨɧ ɯɨɱɟɬ?
ic
8 - Places. (in/at/on)
orming the prepositional case
To form the prepositional case you should take the nominative form (dictionary
form) and do the following to the end of the word:
Masculine Nouns:
1. Add : ³ɟ´.
2: Some nouns (mostly single syllable) take ³ɭ´ (but not after preposition ³ɨ´)
Feminine Nouns:
1. Replace ³ɚ´ with ³ɟ´.
2. Replace ³ɹ´ with ³ɟ´.
3. Replace ³ɶ´ with ³ɢ´.
4. Exception: Replace ³ɢɹ´, it becomes ³ɢɢ´
Neuter Nouns:
1. Replace ³ɨ´ with ³ɟ´
2. ³ɟ´ remains unchanged.
Using prepositions and the prepositional case.
As with any language, Russian prepositions can sometimes have slightly

different uses and meanings than in English. Here are some tips to help you,
although these aren¶t precise rules.
The word ³ɜ´ (in) is used to replace the English word ³at´, when you are referring
to enclosed spaces or buildings. (Eg. µat school¶)
The word ³ɧɚ´ (on/at) replaces the English word ³at´ when you are talking about
open spaces or places that were traditionally open spaces. (Eg. µat work¶, µat a
station¶, µat a concert¶).
Now you can easily tell people where you live:
Ƚɞɟ ɜɵ ɠɢɜɺɬɟ? - Where do you live?

ə ɠɢɜɭ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɟ - I live in Moscow.
ə ɠɢɜɭ ɜ ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝɟ - I live in St. Petersburg.
ə ɠɢɜɭ ɜ ɋɢɛɢɪɢ - I live in Siberia.
As with "Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ" you should change the case of other cities, suburbs and
places, even though they are not Russian.
You can also describe where something or someone is:
i!
Ƚɞɟ ɨɧɚ? - Where is she?
ɧɚ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɟ - at the station
ɧɚ ɩɨɱɬɟ - at the post office
ɜ ɫɚɞɭ - in the garden
ɜ ɥɟɫɭ - in the forest
ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ - on the street
ɑɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɟ? - What is on the table?

ɇɚ ɫɬɨɥɟ ɤɧɢɝɚ ɢ ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲ - On the table is a book and a pencil.
Other Ëlaces
Here are some names of other useful places. (They are in dicionary form)
ɤɢɧɨ - cinema
ɬɟɚɬɪ - theatre
ɚɩɬɟɤɚ - pharmacy
ɩɚɪɤ - park
ɫɬɚɞɢɨɧ - stadium
ɲɤɨɥɚ - school
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ - library
ɤɚɮɟ - cafe
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ - square
ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ - restaurant
ɛɚɧɤ - bank
ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɚ - hotel
ɦɭɡɟɣ - museum
ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɚ - hospital
Location and Direction
Sometimes, prepositions have more than one meaning, you can tell this by the
case. When answering questions asked with the word "Ƚɞɟ" (Where is
"), your answer will involve the prepositional case. However, when you
answer questions asked with "Ʉɭɞɚ" (Where ), you would use the accusative
case. Here are some examples for you to compare.
Ʉɭɞɚ ɜɵ ɢɞɺɬɟ - Where are you going (to)? ($

)
ə ɢɞɭ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɭ - I am going to school.
Ƚɞɟ ɜɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬɟ? - Where do you work? ($
)
ə ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɟ - I work at (in) a school.
Here are some useful words and phrases for finding your way around Russia.
ɩɪɹɦɨ - Straight ahead.
ii
ɧɚɥɟɜɨ - To the left.
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɨ - To the right.
ɩɪɹɦɨ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɨ - Straight ahead then to the right.
Going Ëlaces in Russian
In Russian there are two words that can be used to express ³I am going´. The
first indicates you are going on foot, the second indicates that you are going by
some form of transport. Both these words are verbs of motion, and are
grammatically quite complex, but as these words are so important for basic
Russian, we will introduce them now in a simple way. A more detailed lesson on
verbs of motion will follow at a later stage
Each of these 2 verbs (and all verbs of motion) come in pairs. The first indicates
µto go in one direction¶, the second indicates µto go in more than one direction¶ or
to µgo somewhere repetitively¶. You will notice from the examples that this often
relates to when you use 'going' or 'go' in English. So to express µto go¶ in
Russian, there are actually four ways:
Ä

(ə ɢɞɭ, Ɍɵ ɢɞɺɲɶ, Ɉɧ ɢɞɺɬ, Ɇɵ ɢɞɺɦ, ȼɵ ɢɞɺɬɟ, Ɉɧɢ ɢɞɭɬ)
ə ɢɞɭ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɭ - I am going to school.

ə ɢɞɭ ɜ ɤɢɧɨ - I am going to the cinema.
Ɍɵ ɢɞɺɲɶ ɜ ɤɢɧɨ? - Are you going to the cinema?
Ɉɧ ɢɞɺɬ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɭ - He is going to the hotel.
Ɇɵ ɢɞɺɦ ɜ ɤɚɮɟ - We are going to the cafe.
ɹ ɢɞɭ ɜ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ - I am going to the university

(ə ɯɨɠɭ, Ɍɵ ɯɨɞɢɲɶ, Ɉɧ ɯɨɞɢɬ, Ɇɵ ɯɨɞɢɦ, ȼɵ ɯɨɞɢɬɟ, Ɉɧɢ ɯɨɞɹɬ )
ə ɯɨɠɭ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɭ - I go to school.

ə ɱɚɫɬɨ ɯɨɠɭ ɜ ɤɢɧɨ - I often go to the cinema
Ɇɵ ɯɨɞɢɦ ɜ ɤɚɮɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ - We go to the cafe every day.

(ə ɟɞɭ, Ɍɵ ɟɞɟɲɶ, Ɉɧ ɟɞɟɬ, Ɇɵ ɟɞɟɦ, ȼɵ ɟɞɟɬɟ, Ɉɧɢ ɟɞɭɬ )
i
ə ɟɞɭ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɭ - I am going to school. (by transport)
ə ɟɞɭ ɜ ɤɢɧɨ ɧɚ ɦɟɬɪɨ - I am going to the cinema on the metro.
Ɉɧ ɟɞɟɬ ɜ ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɭ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɫɢ - He is going to the hotel by taxi.
Ɇɵ ɟɞɟɦ ɜ ɤɚɮɟ - We are going to the cafe. (by transport)
Ɉɧ ɟɞɟɬ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ - He is going to London

(ə ɟɡɠɭ, Ɍɵ ɟɡɞɢɲɶ , Ɉɧ ɟɡɞɢɬ , Ɇɵ ɟɡɞɢɦ, ȼɵ ɟɡɞɢɬɟ, Ɉɧɢ ɟɡɞɹɬ)
Ɉɧ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɟɡɞɢɬ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ - He often goes to London

ə ɟɡɠɭ ɜ ɬɟɚɬɪ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ - I go to the theatre every day.
Ɉɧɢ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɟɡɞɹɬ ɜ Ⱥɦɫɬɟɪɞɚɦ - They often go to Amsterdam
Vocabulary
ɜ - in/at.
ɧɚ - on/at.
ɨ - about.
ɲɤɨɥɚ - School.
ɜɨɤɡɚɥ - Train Station.
ɩɨɱɬɚ - Post office.
ɫɚɞ - Garden.
ɥɟɫ - Forest.
ɭɥɢɰɚ - Street.
ɤɢɧɨ - Cinema
ɬɟɚɬɪ - Theatre
ɚɩɬɟɤɚ - Pharmacy
ɩɚɪɤ - Park
ɫɬɚɞɢɨɧ - Stadium
ɲɤɨɥɚ - School
ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ - Library
ɤɚɮɟ - Cafe
ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ - Square
ɪɟɫɬɨɪɚɧ - Restaurant
ɛɚɧɤ - Bank
ɝɨɫɬɢɧɢɰɚ - Hotel
ɦɭɡɟɣ - Museum
ɛɨɥɶɧɢɰɚ - Hospital
ɫɬɨɥ - Table
ɩɪɹɦɨ - Straight ahead.
ɧɚɥɟɜɨ - To the left.
i
ɧɚɩɪɚɜɨ - To the right.
ɩɨɬɨɦ - then.
ɢɞɭ / ɢɞɺɬɟ - to go (by foot).
Ʉɭɞɚ - Where to
9 - Family
Russian amily ords
Here are the words Russians commonly use to refer to members of their family:
Ɇɚɬɶ - mother
Ɉɬɟɰ - father
Ɇɚɦɚ - mum
ɉɚɩɚ - dad
ɋɟɫɬɪɚ - sister
Ȼɪɚɬ - brother
Ⱦɨɱɶ - daughter
ɋɵɧ - son
ɛɚɛɭɲɤɚ - grandmother
Ⱦɟɞɭɲɤɚ - grandfather
ɀɟɧɚ - wife
Ɇɭɠ - husband
Just like English, in Russian there are two ways to refer to your mother and
father. For example we use the words mum and dad. Most commonly Russians
use the words Mama and Papa to refer to their parents.
Here are some other words that it is a talk about members of your family.
Ɍɺɬɹ - auntie
Ⱦɹɞɹ - uncle
Ɋɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ - parents
Ⱦɟɬɢ - children
ȼɧɭɱɤɚ - granddaughter
ȼɧɭɤ - grandson
ɋɟɦɶɹ - family
Basic russian phrases
Quite often you want to tell people how many brothers and sisters you have.
Here are some Russian phrases you could use.
ɍ ɦɟɧɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ - I have a sister.

ɍ ɦɟɧɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɛɪɚɬ - I have a brother.
iÓ
ɍ ɬɟɛɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɞɟɬɢ? - Do you have children?.
ɍ ɦɟɧɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɵɧ ɢ ɞɨɱɶ - I have a son and a daughter.
ɍ ɦɟɧɹ ɧɟɬ ɞɟɬɟɣ - I don't have any children.
Note: This grammar explained in lesson 10.
Ëossesive Ëronouns
In order to talk about your family you normally need to use possesive pronouns
so we will introduce them now. You should always choose the possesive
pronoun that matches the gender of the item it owns.
Ɇɨɣ (m), Ɇɨɹ (f), Ɇɨɺ (n), Ɇɨɢ (pl) - my

Ɍɜɨɣ (m), Ɍɜɨɹ (f), Ɍɜɨɺ (n), Ɍɜɨɢ (pl) - your
ȿɝɨ (m n) ("yevo"), ȿɺ (f) - his, her
ɇɚɲ (m), ɇɚɲɚ (f), ɇɚɲɟ (n), ɇɚɲɢ (pl) - our
ȼɚɲ (m), ȼɚɲɚ (f), ȼɚɲɟ (n), ȼɚɲɢ (pl) - your
ɂɯ - their
Now you will be able to combine Russian words and phrases that your learnt in
earlier lessons to talk about your family. Here are some Russian phrases and
sentences you could say with words you already know.
Ɇɨɹ ɦɚɦɚ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ - My mother loves music

Ɇɨɹ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɝɚɡɟɬɭ - My sister is reading a newspaper
Ɇɨɣ ɛɪɚɬ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɫɩɨɪɬ - My brother loves sport
Ɍɜɨɣ ɛɪɚɬ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɫɩɨɪɬ - Your brother loves sport
ɇɚɲ ɛɪɚɬ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɫɩɨɪɬ - Our brother loves sport
When you introduce members of your family you will need to adapt one of the
phrases we learnt lesson 3. For example, you may wish to say her name is Anna.
However, the only problem is that this particular phrase is unusual. The pronouns
need to be used in the genative case which we have not learnt yet. So here are
two examples that you can use for now:
Ɇɟɧɹ ɡɨɜɭɬ Ⱥɧɧɚ - my name is Anna
ȿɺ ɡɨɜɭɬ Ⱥɧɧɚ - her name is Anna

ȿɝɨ ɡɨɜɭɬ ɂɜɚɧ - his name is Ivan.
This is...
The Russian word ɗɬɨ means 'this is'. Here is how you can use it with some
possesive pronouns. ɗɬɨ ɦɨɣ ɞɨɦ - This is my house
i
ɗɬɨ ɦɨɹ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɚ - This is my apartment
ɗɬɨ ɬɜɨɹ ɤɜɚɪɬɢɪɚ? - Is this your apartment?
Common greetings
Finally, we will introduce some common greeting phrases that you may wish to
use every now and again.
Ⱦɨɛɪɨɟ ɭɬɪɨ - good morning

Ⱦɨɛɪɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ - good afternoon
Ⱦɨɛɪɵɣ ɜɟɱɟɪ - good evening
ɋɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɣ ɧɨɱɢ - goodnight (when going to bed)
Vocabulary
Here are the Russian words you might need to talk about your family.
(ɬɟɰ - father
Ɇɚɬɶ - mother
ɉɚɩɚ - dad
Ɇɚɦɚ - mum
Ȼɪɚɬ - brother
ɋɵɧ - son
Ⱦɨɱɶ - daughter
ɛɚɛɭɲɤɚ - grandmother
ɀɟɧɚ - wife
Ɇɭɠ - husband
Ⱦɹɞɹ - uncle
Ɍɺɬɹ - auntie
Ⱦɟɬɢ - children
ȼɧɭɤ - grandson
ɋɟɦɶɹ - family
ɗɬɨ - this is
Ɇɨɣ (m), Ɇɨɹ (f), Ɇɨɺ (n), Ɇɨɢ (pl) - my

Ɍɜɨɣ (m), Ɍɜɨɹ (f), Ɍɜɨɺ (n), Ɍɜɨɢ (pl) - your
ȿɝɨ (m n) ("yevo"), ȿɺ (f) - his, her
ɇɚɲ (m), ɇɚɲɚ (f), ɇɚɲɟ (n), ɇɚɲɢ (pl) - our
ȼɚɲ (m), ȼɚɲɚ (f), ȼɚɲɟ (n), ȼɚɲɢ (pl) - your
ɂɯ - their
10 - Genitive Case
i/
orming the genitive case
ó

1. If the noun ends in a consonant, add ³ɚ´.
2. Replace ³ɣ´, with ³ɹ´.
3. Replace ³ɶ´, add ³ɹ´.

1. Replace ³ɚ´ with ³ɵ´.
2. Replace ³ɹ´ with ³ɢ´.

1. Replace ³ɨ´ with ³ɚ´
2. Replace ³ɟ´ with ³ɹ´
For example, some names in the genitive case:
ɂɜɚɧ (Ivan) becomes ɂɜɚɧɚ (of Ivan, Ivan's)

Ⱥɞɚɦ becomes Ⱥɞɚɦɚ (of Adam, Adam's)
Ⱥɧɧɚ becomes Ⱥɧɧɵ (of Anna, Anna's)
Ⱦɨɦ ɂɜɚɧɚ - Ivan's house (lit: House of Ivan).
It may be worthwhile noting that the genitive case for masculine nouns is formed
the same way as the accusative case for masculine animate nouns.
Using the genitive case - ownership
As you can see in the above example, you can use the genitive case to indicate
possession. The 'owner' is the noun that is used in the genitive case. (This is like
using 's in English). However, in Russian, the object that is owned always comes
first. In the phrase "Ⱦɨɦ ɂɜɚɧɚ", the house (Ⱦɨɦ) is owned by Ivan. This is a
similar concept to using the word 'of'' in English. Let's have a look at some more
examples.
ɋɨɛɚɤɚ Ⱥɞɚɦɚ - Adam's dog. ( The dog of Adam's)

Ⱥɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ Ⱥɧɧɵ - Anna's car. ( The car of Anna's)
Ɍɟɥɟɮɨɧ ɂɝɨɪɹ - Igor's telephone. ( The telephone of Igor's)
ɗɬɨ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧ Ⱥɞɚɦɚ? - Is this Adam's telephone? ( Is this the telephone of
Adam's)
In the above examples, pay particular attention to the order of the words. Now
let¶s see some examples of the genitive case used like this in sentences.
iF
Ȼɪɚɬ Ⱥɞɚɦɚ ɥɸɛɢɬ Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ - Adam's brother loves Moscow.
ɋɟɫɬɪɚ Ⱥɧɧɵ ɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɝɚɡɟɬɭ - Anna's sister is reading the newspaper.
Ⱦɟɞɭɲɤɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ ɫɥɭɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɞɢɨ - Ivan's grandfather is listens to the radio.
Did you notice that we used 3 different cases in the sentences above? It is
important to understand why each case used. For example, in the first sentence:
³Ȼɪɚɬ´(brother) is the of the sentence and uses the nominative case,
³Ⱥɞɚɦɚ´ (Adam) is the of the first noun and uses the genitive case,
³Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ´ (Moscow) is the
of the verb and uses the Accusative case.
Using the genitive case - of
The genitive case is used to correspond to the English word µof¶. This is exactly
the same concept as above, except here we will give examples where you would
actually use the word µof¶ in English.
ɩɥɚɧ ɝɨɪɨɞɚ - A map of the city.

ɫɬɚɤɚɧ ɦɨɥɨɤɚ - A glass of milk.
Ëronouns of the genitive case
The pronouns of the genitive case are the same as the accusative case. (Ɇɟɧɹ,
Ɍɟɛɹ, ȿɝɨ, ȿɺ, ɇɚɫ, ȼɚɫ, ɂɯ)
Using the genitive case - to have
As the genitive case relates to possession, it is also used to create a way of

saying µto have¶ or µto not have¶. As we have seen in a previous lesson, Russians
don¶t construct µto have¶ sentences like we do in English. To create these
sentences you use the words µɍ¶ (by/near) and µɟɫɬɶ¶ (exist/is). There is no exact
way to literally translate this concept to English, but you would construct the
sentence ³I have a dog´ something like ³By me there exists a dog´. Generally, it
is just easier to learn the concept by example.
The noun or pronoun following the word ³ɍ´ is used in the genitive case. Here are
some examples.
ɍ ɦɟɧɹ ɟɫɬɶ ɤɧɢɝɚ - I have book.

ɍ ɧɟɟ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɛɚɤɚ. - She has a dog.
ɍ Ⱥɞɚɦɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɤɚ? - Does Adam have vodka?
ɍ Ⱥɧɧɵ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɤɚ? - Does Anna have vodka?
ɍ ɂɜɚɧɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɚɣ? - Does Ivan have tea?

Using the genitive case - there is not
The Russian word µɇɟɬ¶ has a second meaning. As well as meaning µNo¶ it also
means µThere isn¶t ...¶. These meanings are quite similar and you probably would
have understood the meaning of µɇɟɬ¶ in this context without it being explained.
When it is used with a person it indicates that they are not here. The important
thing to remember is that µɇɟɬ¶ is followed by the genitive case. Here are some
examples.
ɑɚɹ ɧɟɬ - There is no tea.

Ɇɨɥɨɤɚ ɧɟɬ - There is no milk.
ɂɜɚɧɚ ɧɟɬ - Ivan isn't here.
ȿɝɨ ɧɟɬ ɞɨɦɚ - He is not home.
Ʉɨɮɟ ɧɟɬ< - There is no coffee. (coffee is an indeclinable noun)
11 - Plurals
orming Ëlurals.
First we will show you how to form the plurals in each of the cases we have
already learnt. It is quite a bit of information to present all at once, but don¶t
worry, you will find it easier to learn and remember when you see it used in
context later in the lesson.
!

"
#
In Russian, in the nominative case, you make a plural by using the letters "ɢ",
"ɵ", "ɹ" or "ɚ".

If the word ends in a consonant, add ³ɵ´.
For feminine nouns:

Replace ³ɚ´ with ³ɵ´ (unless previous consonant is Ƚ, Ʉ, ɏ, ɀ, ɑ, ɒ, ɓ then
replace with "ɢ" as per the spelling rules.)
For neuter nouns:

Replace ³ɟ´ with ³ɹ´ (don't forget the spelling rules)
c
Some examples:
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ (student) - ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ (students)
ɝɚɡɟɬɚ (newspaper) - ɝɚɡɟɬɵ (newspapers)
ɡɞɚɧɢɟ (building) - ɡɞɚɧɢɹ (buildings)
$
!
"%&#
For plural nouns the accusative case just 'borrows' from the other cases,
depending on whether the object is animate or not.
Inanimate nouns (not-alive) : Same as the nominative plural.

Animate nouns (alive) : Same as the genitive plural.
' !
"!
The genitive seems to have the most rules for the plural, but it generally ends in -
ɨɜ (manculine) or it is cut short (feminine). These rules refer to converting nouns
from the nominative singular (dictionary form).

If ends in "ɠ,ɱ,ɲ,ɳ,ɶ" then add "ɟɣ"
If ends in "ɣ, ɰ" (stressed) add "ɟɜ"
All other masuline nouns end in "ɨɜ"
For feminine nouns:

If ends in "ɚ" then drop "ɚ" (no ending)
If ends in [consonant] "ɹ" then "ɶ"
If ends in [vowel] "ɹ" then "ɣ"
If ends in "ɶ" then add "ɟɣ"
Note: If a feminine word ends in a double consonant it is quite common for a
vowel (ɨ, ɟ) to be inserted for easy pronunciation. (ɦɚɪɤɚ - ɦɚɪɨɤ, ɚɧɝɥɢɱɚɧɤɚ -
ɚɧɝɥɢɱɚɧɨɤ, ɞɟɜɭɲɤɚ - ɞɟɜɭɲɟɤ)
For neuter nouns:

If ends in "ɨ" then drop "ɨ" (no ending)
If ends in "ɟ" becomes "ɟɣ"
If ends in "ɢɟ" becomes "ɢɣ"
Some examples:
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ - ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ (students')
ɝɚɡɟɬɚ - ɝɚɡɟɬ (newspapers')
ɡɞɚɧɢɟ - ɡɞɚɧɢɣ (buildings')
General use of plurals.
The Russian language works a little differently depending on whether you are
counting something, or whether you are just using general plurals. For example
!
in a sentence like ³The books are on the table´ we don¶t specify how many books
are on the shelf. In this instance you should just have the word µbooks¶ in it¶s
normal case, but in the plural form. Here are some examples.
Ʉɧɢɝɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɨɥɟ - The books are on the table.

Ⱥɧɧɚ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɤɧɢɝɢ - Anna loves books.
Ëlurals with numbers
In the situation where you would like to specify how many books there are you
will need to use the genitive case. Its kind of like saying ³2 of books´ or ³10 of
roubles´. This may feel a little strange at first, but it will become natural as you
learn and hear more of the language. You will hear this quite often when you are
talking about amounts of money.
Occasionally we use a similar construction in English ³hundreds of dollars´ or ³a

lot of money´, but in Russian we use it for all numbers.
Ok, now that we understand when to use counting-plurals, let¶s see how to use
them.

(
If the number is 1, or the number ends in the word 'ɨɞɢɧ' (example: 1, 21, 61)
(but not 11), then you should use the case (singular) that is suitable for the
position in the sentence. The number one declines like an adjective. Here are
some examples.
ɨɞɧɚ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɚ - one girl

ə ɡɧɚɸ ɨɞɧɭ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɭ - I know one girl
ɨɞɢɧ ɪɭɛɥɶ - one rouble
ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɭɛɥɶ - 21 roubles
ɨɞɢɧ ɞɨɥɥɚɪ - one dollar

)
If the number, or the last digit of the number is 2, 3 or 4, (example: 22, 42, 103,
4) (but not 12, 13 & 14), then you should use the genitive singular case.. Here
are some examples.
ɬɪɢ ɪɭɛɥɹ - three roubles

ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɭɛɥɹ - four roubles
ɞɜɟ ɤɧɢɝɢ - two books
ɬɪɢ ɫɨɛɚɤɢ - three dogs
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ - four dollars
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚ - four students
i
ɬɪɢ ɝɚɡɟɬɵ - three newspapers

*
+
If the number ends in any other digit you should use the genitive plural. All the
'teens' (-ɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ) fit in to this catagory (11, 12, 13, 14, etc)
ɩɹɬɶ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ - five roubles

ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ - ten roubles
ɫɬɨ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ - one hundred roubles
ɫɬɨ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɨɜ - one hundred dollars
ɲɟɫɬɶ ɤɧɢɝ - six books
ɫɟɦɶ ɝɚɡɟɬ - seven newspapers
ɜɨɫɟɦɶ ɡɞɚɧɢɣ - eight buildings
ɞɟɜɹɬɶ ɫɨɛɚɤ - nine dogs
ɞɟɫɹɬɶ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɨɜ - ten students
Nobody really knows why we use two different plural formations in the Russian
language. To help you get used to this concept, try using plurals that involve
money. You are probably quite used to hearing the words ³rouble´ or ³dollar´, so
if you practice pronouncing these words in the different cases to form plurals your
brain should be able to become accustomed to this concept very quickly.

Quantity ends in 1 - As per position in the sentence.
Quantity ends in 2,3,4 - Genitive Singular.
Quantity ends in 5,6,7,8,9,0,-ɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ - Genitive Plural
General Quantity - Genitive Case (Singular or Plural depending on context.)
Quantity not specified - Use the case that is appropriate to the sentence position.
Expressing Your Age in Russian
When talking about your age you need to know the word µyears¶. In Russian this
word has an irregular plural:
1: ɝɨɞ
2-4: ɝɨɞɚ
5-0: ɥɟɬ
ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɚɦ ɥɟɬ? - How old are you.

Ɇɧɟ ɜɨɫɟɦɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ - I am 18 years old
Ɇɧɟ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɚ - I am 23 years old.

Notice that the dative case is used for the pronouns. This is occurs often when
you are expressing the state of something. (Lit: To me there are 16 years). Much
like ³Ɇɧɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ´ - ³I am cold´ (lit: to me it¶s cold). You will learn more about
this in the lesson 13 - the dative case.
12 - Language Review
Russian Names...
Note the use of the accusative case for pronouns in this construction.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɚɫ ɡɨɜɭɬ? - What is your name?

Ɇɟɧɹ ɡɨɜɭɬ ȼɟɪɚ. - My name is Vera.
Ʉɚɤ ɟɺ ɡɨɜɭɬ? - What is her name?
ȿɺ ɡɨɜɭɬ Ⱥɥɺɧɚ - Her name is Alyona.
Ʉɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɡɨɜɭɬ? - What is his name?
ȿɝɨ ɡɨɜɭɬ Ȼɨɪɢɫ - His name is Boris.
Here are some other common Russian names for men...
ɇɢɤɨɥɚɣ - Nikolay (Ʉɨɥɹ)

Ȼɨɪɢɫ - Boris
ȼɥɚɞɢɦɢɪ - Vladimir (ȼɨɥɨɞɹ, ȼɨɜɚ)
ɉɺɬɪ - Pyotr, Peter.
Ⱥɧɞɪɟɣ - Andrey
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪ - Alexander (ɋɚɲɚ, ɒɭɪɚ)
Ⱦɦɢɬɪɢɣ - Dimitry (Ⱦɢɦɚ)
ɋɟɪɝɟɣ - Sergey
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɟɣ - Aleksey
And here are some common Russian names for women.
ȿɥɟɧɚ - Yelena (Ʌɟɧɚ)

ɇɚɬɚɥɶɹ - Natalya (ɇɚɬɚɲɚ)
Ɇɚɪɢɹ - Mariya (Ɇɚɲɚ)
Ɉɥɶɝɚ - Olga (Ɉɥɹ)
Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɚ - Alexandra (ɋɚɲɚ)
Ɉɤɫɚɧɚ - Oxana
ȿɤɚɬɟɪɢɧɚ - Yekaterina
Ⱥɧɚɫɬɚɫɢɹ - Anastasiya (ɇɚɫɬɹ)
ɇɚɞɟɠɞɚ - Nadezhda (ɇɚɞɹ)
Ⱥɧɧɚ - Anna (Ⱥɧɹ)
Note: the form in brackets is the diminutive form of the name. This is like a pet
name. (For example in English 'William' is also 'Will'). There are many
diminuatives for each Russian name and they are commonly used. The

diminuative is a more personal, or tender form, and should only be used when
you are in close firendship. The exception is when a person intruduces themself
using this form.
Russian Greetings...
Here are some Russian greetings that we learnt in earlier lessons. You should be
able to remember all of these.
Ɂɞɪɚɜɫɬɜɭɣɬɟ - Hello
ɉɪɢɜɟɬ - Hi (Informal)
Ⱦɨɛɪɨɟ ɭɬɪɨ - good morning
Ⱦɨɛɪɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ - good afternoon
Ⱦɨɛɪɵɣ ɜɟɱɟɪ - good evening
ɋɩɨɤɨɣɧɨɣ ɧɨɱɢ - goodnight (when going to bed)
Ëlease and Thank-You
Never forget please and thank-you.
ɋɩɚɫɢɛɨ - Thank-You
ɉɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ - Please (and You're Welcome)
Really Small Russian ords
To help you remember, here is a summary of those really small Russian words
that we have learnt. Some of these may be new, but try to learn them all. In fact
all of these words are from the 100 most used words in the Russian language
ɢ - and
ɚ - and/but (contrasting)
ɧɨ - but
ɢɥɢ - or
The word "ɚ" is generally used when you could use either the english words
"and" or "but". For example, in the sentence "I am in Moscow
he is in Kiev.",
the statements are related but contrast each other so you could also use the
word "but". In Russian we would use the word "ɚ".
These prepositions are commonly used in Russian
ɫ - with
ɭ - near, by (also used in the "to have" construction)
ɜ, ɜɨ - in % ", to % "
ɧɚ - on, at % ", onto, to % "
Ó
ɨ, ɨɛ - about
ɤ - towards, to
ɡɚ - for % ", behind (+instrumental)
ɢɡ - out of, from
ɨɬ - from
ɩɨ - along, (also used with languages)
You should already know these pronouns. Refer to lesson 5 if you have
forgotton.
ɹ-I
ɨɧ - he, it
ɬɵ - you (informal)
ɜɵ - you (formal/plural)
ɟɝɨ - him, it
ɟɺ - her, it
ɢɯ - them
Using the Russian Language
Now we will give you some sample Russian sentences. You might also find some
new words in these sentences. We will use only common words, so you should
try to learn them all. Also pay attention to the different cases used for nouns and
how verbs are formed.
ɋɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɬɭɚɥɟɬ? - Tell me please, where is the toilet?

Ʉɨɮɟ ɧɟɬ. - There is no coffee.
ɑɚɹ ɧɟɬ. - There is no tea.
ə ɯɨɱɭ ɱɚɣ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ. - I want tea please.
Ⱦɚɣɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɤɨɮɟ ɫ ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦ ɢ ɫ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɦ. - Give me please, coffee
with milk and with sugar.
ɍ Ⱥɧɧɵ ɟɫɬɶ ɜɨɞɤɚ? - Does Anna have vodka?
ɍ ɂɜɚɧɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɱɚɣ? - Does Ivan have tea?
ə ɡɧɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɬɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɲɶ ɩɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ. - I know that you speak Russian.

Ɉɧ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ. - He loves to speak English
Ɇɨɹ ɦɚɦɚ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ. - My mum loves music.
Ɍɜɨɣ ɛɪɚɬ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɩɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ? - Does your borther speak Russian?
Ⱦɚ. Ɉɧ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɩɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ. - Yes. He speaks Russian well.
ɋɨɛɚɤɚ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ ɩɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ. - The dog doesn't speak English.
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɜɵ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɪɭɫɫɤɢ? - Why don't you speak Russian?

ə ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸ. - I understand.
ə ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɸ. - I don't understand.
Ɍɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɲɶ? - Do you understand?
ə ɡɧɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɜɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɟ. - I know that you understand.
ə ɞɭɦɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɬɵ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɲɶ. - I think that you understand.
ɉɨɱɟɦɭ ɬɵ ɧɟ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɲɶ? - Why don't you understand?

Ɉɧ ɟɞɟɬ ɞɨɦɨɣ - He is going home.
Ƚɞɟ? - Where?
Ʉɬɨ? - Who?
ɑɬɨ? - What?
Ʉɚɤ? - How?
Ʉɨɝɞɚ? - When?
ɑɬɨ ɬɵ ɡɧɚɟɲɶ? - What do you know?
ɑɬɨ ɬɵ ɞɭɦɚɟɲɶ? - What do you think?
Ƚɞɟ ɨɧ? - Where is he?
Ƚɞɟ ɤɚɮɟ? - Where is the cafe?
Ʉɬɨ ɨɧ? - Who is he?
ə ɱɢɬɚɸ ɠɭɪɧɚɥ - I am reading a magazine.

ə ɢɡɭɱɚɸ ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ ɹɡɵɤ - I am studying the Russian language.
ə ɫɥɭɲɚɸ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ - I am listening to music.
ə ɨɱɟɧɶ ɥɸɛɥɸ ɫɩɨɪɬ - I really love sport.
ə ɨɱɟɧɶ ɥɸɛɥɸ Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ - I really love Moscow.
Ȼɪɚɬ Ⱥɞɚɦɚ ɥɸɛɢɬ Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ - Adam's brother loves Moscow.

Ɇɨɹ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ ɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɝɚɡɟɬɭ - My sister is reading a newspaper.
ɋɟɫɬɪɚ Ⱥɧɧɵ ɱɢɬɚɟɬ ɝɚɡɟɬɭ - Anna's siser is reading a newspaper.
Ⱦɟɞɭɲɤɚ ɂɜɚɧɚ ɫɥɭɲɚɟɬ ɪɚɞɢɨ - Ivan's grandfather is listenig to the radio.
Ɇɨɹ ɦɚɦɚ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ - My Mum loves music.
ȿɝɨ ɧɟɬ ɞɨɦɚ - He is not home.
ɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɨɢɬ? - How much?

ɫɬɨ ɪɭɛɥɟɣ - 100 roubles.

ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɞɨɥɥɚɪɚ - 4 dollars.

ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ ɪɭɛɥɶ - 21 roubles.
/
ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɭɛɥɹ - 4 roubles.
13 - Dative Case
orming the dative case.
To create nouns in the dative case, we first start with the nominative (dictionary)
form.
ó

1. If the noun ends in a consonant, add ³ɭ´.
2. Replace ³ɣ´, with ³ɸ´.
3. Replace ³ɶ´, add ³ɸ´.

4. Replace ³ɢɹ´ with ³ɢɢ´.

1. Replace ³ɨ´ with ³ɭ´
2. Replace ³ɟ´ with ³ɸ´
!

Look at the last letter nominative singular form (dictionary form) and...
1. If the noun ends in a consonant, add "ɚɦ".
2. Replace "ɚ", "ɨ" or a consonant with "ɚɦ".
3. Replace the last letter with "ɹɦ"
Here are some examples.
Ⱥɞɚɦ - Ⱥɞɚɦɭ
ȿɥɟɧɚ - ȿɥɟɧɟ
Ɇɨɥɨɤɨ - Ɇɨɥɨɤɭ
ȼɢɧɨ - ȼɢɧɭ
Ëronouns of the Dative Case.
It is worth learning the dative case personal pronouns quite well as they are used
more than you might expect.
F
Ɇɧɟ - me.
Ɍɟɛɟ - you (informal).
ȿɦɭ (m), ȿɦɭ (n), ȿɣ (f) - him, it, her.
ɇɚɦ - us.
ȼɚɦ - you (formal, or plural).
ɂɦ - them.
Using the Dative Case for ùndirect Objects
The indirect object is the person or object in a sentence that receives something.
For example in the sentence ³Ivan gives flowers to Anna´, the word ³Anna´ is the
indirect object. It should be used in the dative case. In this sentence notice that
the dative case is used in the place of the word ³to´.
When the above sentence is rearranged to ³Ivan gives Anna flowers´, the word
³Anna´ is still used in the dative case as Anna is the person who is receiving the
object. Similarly, in Russian the word order of a sentence can be rearranged. In
fact because Russian uses the case system words can be rearranged much
more freely than in English. For this reason, you need to be able to recognise
cases effectively.
The word Ⱦɚɜɚɬɶ(give) is commonly used with the dative case. Here are the
conjuctions:
Ⱦɚɸ - (I) give

Ⱦɚɺɲɶ - (you) give
Ⱦɚɺɬ - (he) gives
Ⱦɚɺɦ - (we) give
Ⱦɚɺɬɟ - (you) give
Ⱦɚɸɬ - (they) give
The command forms of this word include...
Ⱦɚɣ - give!
Ⱦɚɣɬɟ - give!
You will learn more about commands in a later lesson. (View all conjugations)
Here are some examples
ɂɜɚɧ ɞɚɺɬ ɰɜɟɬɵ Ⱥɧɧɟ - Ivan gives flowers to Anna.

ə ɞɚɸ ɰɜɟɬɵ Ⱥɧɧɟ - I give flowers to Anna.
Ɉɧɢ ɞɚɸɬ ɰɜɟɬɵ ȿɥɟɧɟ - They give flowers to Elena.
Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɦɧɟ ... - Give me ...

Ⱦɚɣɬɟ ɦɧɟ ɜɚɲ ɚɞɪɟɫ ɢ ɧɨɦɟɪ ɬɟɥɟɮɨɧɚ. - Give me your address and
telephone number.
Other uses of the dative case meaning ³to´
There are a number of verbs that can be used with the dative case. Most of these
involve giving something or communicating something. In English we sometimes
also use the word ³to´ in these situations. Here are a couple of verbs that use the
dative case:
ɉɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ - to help (to give help to)

ə ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸ Ⱥɧɧɟ - I am helping Anna.
ə ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸ ɂɜɚɧɭ - I am helping Ivan.
Ɇɵ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɟɦ ɦɚɦɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ - We help mother every day.
ə ɩɨɦɨɝɚɸ ɷɬɨɣ ɞɟɜɭɲɤɟ - I am helping this girl.
Ɂɜɨɧɢɬɶ - to call (to make a phone call to)

Ɉɧɚ ɡɜɨɧɢɬ ɂɜɚɧɭ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ - She calls Ivan every day.
ɂɜɚɧ ɡɜɨɧɢɬ Ⱥɧɧɟ ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɞɟɧɶ - Ivan calls Anna every day.
To Like
In an earlier lesson we met the Russian verb "Ʌɸɛɢɬɶ" (to love). If you would like
to say ³I like´ which is not quite so strong you must use the word "ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ" (to
like). However this verb is used differently, and it relies on the dative case. The
dative case is used where you would expect the subject. Although it's almost
impossible to translate literally to English, it is like saying ³To me it is likable´. The
object that is liked is the subject and is used in the nominative case.
This is verb is also a reflexive verb, a concept which we haven¶t learnt yet. (The
"ɫɹ" ending is reflexive). However it is a common word, so it is worth learning
now. You will learn how to conjugate it in a later lesson. (It conjugates relative to
the word in the nominative case, so in most examples this verb is used in the 3rd
person, so it is enough for now just to learn this form.)
Practice using the word ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ. It is also a good chance to practice your
dative case pronouns.
Ɇɧɟ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ - I like Moscow. (lit: Moscow is pleasing to me.)

ȿɣ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ - She likes Moscow. (lit: Moscow is pleasing to her.)
ȿɦɭ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ - He likes Moscow.
ȼɚɦ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ - You like Moscow.
Ⱥɞɚɦɭ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ - Adam likes Moscow.
Ʉɚɤ ɜɚɦ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ ...? - How do you like ...?
c
Ʉɚɤ ɜɚɦ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ ɮɢɥɶɦ? - How do you like the film?
ȼɚɦ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ? - Do you like Moscow?
If the subject is plural use ɧɪɚɜɹɬɫɹ
Ɇɧɟ ɧɪɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɞɟɬɢ - I like the children. (lit: children is pleasing to me.)
Ɇɧɟ ɧɪɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɜɚɲɢ ɞɟɬɢ - I like your children.
Ɇɧɟ ɧɪɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɰɜɟɬɵ - I like the flowers.
Ɇɧɟ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɧɪɚɜɹɬɫɹ ɰɜɟɬɵ - I really like the flowers.
eelings
Interestingly in Russian the dative case can be used to express the state of
something. You commonly use this to express whether you are hot or cold.
Although we have not learnt any adjectives yet, it is still worth learning these
examples. Again you will make use of the dative case pronouns.
Ɇɧɟ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ - I am cold (to me it¶s cold)

Ɇɧɟ ɠɚɪɤɨ - I am hot (to me it¶s hot)
ȿɦɭ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ - He is cold (to him its cold)
ȿɣ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ - She is cold (to her its cold)
ɇɚɦ ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨ - We are cold (to us its cold)
Ɇɧɟ ɫɤɭɱɧɨ - I am bored (to me its boring)
Age
The dative case is also used in Russian to express your age
Ɇɧɟ ɜɨɫɟɦɧɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɥɟɬ - I am 18 years old (to me there are 18 years)

Ɇɧɟ ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ ɬɪɢ ɝɨɞɚ - I am 23 years old.
The preposition "ɤ" (towards/to)
In Russian the preposition "ɤ" means "towards/to". It is followed by the dative

case.
The dative case can also be used with the preposition "ɩɨ" (along). Although the
use of this proposition is too varied, and has too many meanings, to create an
exact rule.
Some More Examples
ə ɢɞɭ ɤ ɜɨɤɡɚɥɭ - I am walking towards the station.
!
Ɇɵ ɟɞɟɦ ɤ ɞɪɭɡɶɹɦ - We are going to our friends.
More Dative Case
A large number of Russian reflexive verbs also use the dative case, but more on
this in a later lesson
You can visit the dative case entry in the grammar section.
You can also try and learn the possessive pronouns of the dative case.
14 - Instrumental Case
orming the Russian ùnstrumental Case
ó

1. All consonants, add ³ɨɦ´. Except...
2. If the noun ends in unstressed ³ɠ´, ³ɰ´, ³ɱ´, ³ɲ´ or ³ɳ´, then add ³ɟɦ´. (This is
to comply with the spelling rules)
3. Replace ³ɣ´, with ³ɟɦ´, if stressed ³ɺɦ´.
4. Replace ³ɶ´, add ³ɟɦ´, if stressed ³ɺɦ´.

1. Replace ³ɚ´ with ³ɨɣ´. Except...
2. If the stem of the noun ends in ³ɠ´, ³ɰ´, ³ɱ´, ³ɲ´ or ³ɳ´, replace ³ɚ´ with ³ɟɣ´
(This is to comply with the spelling rules)
3. Replace ³ɹ´ with ³ɟɣ´, if stressed ³ɺɣ´.
4. Replace ³ɶ´ with ³ɶɸ´.

1. Add ³ɦ´
!

1. All consonants, add "ɚɦɢ".
2. Replace "ɚ", "ɨ" with "ɚɦɢ".
3. Otherwise replace with "ɹɦɢ"

ɦɨɥɨɤɨ - ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦ (milk)
ɫɦɟɬɚɧɚ - ɫɦɟɬɚɧɨɣ (sour cream)
ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲ - ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲɨɦ (pencil)
ɥɨɠɤɚ - ɥɨɠɤɨɣ (spoon)
i
ɧɨɠ - ɧɨɠɨɦ (knife)
ɦɭɠ - ɦɭɠɟɦ (husband)
ɠɟɧɚ - ɠɟɧɨɣ (wife)
ɂɜɚɧ - ɂɜɚɧɨɦ (Ivan)
Ⱥɧɧɚ - Ⱥɧɧɨɣ (Anna)
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ - ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɚɦɢ (students)
Using the ùntrumental Case: By means of
The instrumental case is used to express the concept of ³by means of´. In
English this is normally done using the words ³using´ or ³with´. In English these
words can have different meanings, so it¶s important to recognise when they are
meaning ³by means of´.

ɂɜɚɧ ɩɢɲɟɬ ɤɚɪɚɧɞɚɲɨɦ - Ivan writes with a pencil.
ə ɟɦ ɫɭɩ ɥɨɠɤɨɣ - I eat soup with a spoon.
Ɉɥɟɝ ɪɟɠɟɬ ɦɹɫɨ ɧɨɠɨɦ - Oleg cuts the meat with a knife.
The preposition: µɫ¶ - ith, Accompanied by.
The preposition ³ɫ´ means ³with´ when used with the instrumental case. It
expresses the concept of ³to be accompanied by´ or ³together with´. ³ɫ´ is
normally pronounced as though it is part of the next word.
For ease of pronunciation, when ³ɫ´ it is followed by two or more consonants, it is

often written as ³ɫɨ´. This way it can be pronounced as a word on it¶s own rather
than combined with the following word. Here are a couple of examples from
lesson 4:
Ⱦɚɣɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɤɨɮɟ ɫ ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦ - Please give me coffee with milk.

Ⱦɚɣɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɤɨɮɟ ɫ ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦ ɢ ɫ ɫɚɯɚɪɨɦ - Please give me coffee
with milk and sugar.
More examples:
ə ɟɦ ɛɨɪɳ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɬɚɧɨɣ - I eat borsh with sour cream.
ɂɜɚɧ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɱɚɣ ɫ ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦ - Ivan wants tea with milk.
ɇɚɞɹ ɯɨɱɟɬ ɱɚɣ ɫ ɥɢɦɨɧɨɦ - Nadya wants tea with lemon.
ə ɥɸɛɥɸ ɛɥɢɧɱɢɤɢ ɫ ɢɤɪɨɣ - I love pancakes with caviar
In Russian the preposition ³ɫ´ is also used to indicate when two people
accompany each other. In English we would use the word ³and´, but Russian
generally uses ³ɫ´ (with). Have a look at the following Russian examples.

ɂɜɚɧ ɫ Ⱥɧɧɨɣ ɢɞɭɬ ɜ ɤɚɮɟ. - Ivan and Anna are going to the cafe.
ɂɜɚɧ ɫ ɠɟɧɨɣ ɢɞɭɬ ɜ ɤɚɮɟ. - Ivan and his wife are going to the cafe.
Ⱥɧɧɚ ɫ ɂɜɚɧɨɦ ɢɞɭɬ ɜ ɤɚɮɟ. - Anna and Ivan are going to the cafe.
Ⱥɧɧɚ ɫ ɦɭɠɟɦ ɢɞɭɬ ɜ ɤɚɮɟ. - Anna and her husband are going to the cafe.
Another interesting language point is how Russians say ³Ivan and I´. It is said as
³Ɇɵ ɫ ɂɜɚɧɨɦ´ (³we, with Ivan´). Here are some examples.
Ɇɵ ɫ ɂɜɚɧɨɦ ɢɞɺɦ ɜ ɲɤɨɥɭ - Ivan and I are going to school.

Ɇɵ ɫ ɦɭɠɟɦ ɢɞɺɦ ɜ ɤɚɮɟ - My husband and I are going to the cafe.
Ɇɵ ɫ ɠɟɧɨɣ ɢɞɺɦ ɜ ɤɚɮɟ - My wife and I are going to the cafe.
Ɇɵ ɫ ɜɚɦɢ - Me and you
Notes:
1. The Russian word for µwithout¶ is µɛɟɡ¶. However it is followed by the genitive
case.
2. µɜɦɟɫɬɟ¶ is the Russian word for 'together'. So µɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ¶ means 'together with'
and is followed by the instrumental case.
Ëronouns - ùnstrumental Case
Here are the Russian pronouns in the instrumental case. Remember that these
pronouns are very often follow the preposition ³ɫ´. So they commonly have the
meaning µwith me¶, µwith you¶, µwith him¶. It is a good idea to also practice saying
them with the ³ɫ´ sound at the start.
Ɇɧɨɣ - Me
Ɍɨɛɨɣ - You
ɂɦ - Him
ȿɣ - Her
ɂɦ - It
ɇɚɦɢ - Us
ȼɚɦɢ - You (plural)
ɂɦɢ - Them
Seasons and parts of the day.
Changing a season to the instrumental case gives it the meaning of µin¶. For
example:
ɥɟɬɨ - summer
ɥɟɬɨɦ - in summer
ɨɫɟɧɶ - autumn

ɨɫɟɧɶɸ - in autumn
ɡɢɦɚ - winter
ɡɢɦɨɣ - in winter
ɜɟɫɧɚ - spring
ɜɟɫɧɨɣ - in spring
The same principal applies to parts of the day:
ɭɬɪɨ - morning
ɭɬɪɨɦ - in the morning
ɞɟɧɶ - day, afternoon
ɞɧɺɦ - in the afternoon
ɜɟɱɟɪ - evening
ɜɟɱɟɪɨɦ - in the evening
ɧɨɱɶ - night
ɧɨɱɶɸ - at night
ȼɟɱɟɪɨɦ ɹ ɟɦ ɛɨɪɳ ɫɨ ɫɦɟɬɚɧɨɣ - In the evening I eat borsh with sour cream.
Other Ërepositions and the ùnstrumental Case.
The instrumental case is also used after the following prepositions. Remember
that some of these prepositions may have different meanings if they are followed
by a different case.
ɡɚ - behind, beyond
ɦɟɠɞɭ - between
ɧɚɞ - above
ɩɟɪɟɞ - in front of
ɩɨɞ ± under
Examples:
Ɂɚ ɷɬɢɦ ɡɞɚɧɢɟɦ - ɲɤɨɥɚ. - Behind this building there is school.
Ɇɟɠɞɭ ɨɛɟɞɨɦ ɢ ɭɠɢɧɨɦ ɜɵɩɟɣ ɱɚɣ. - Between lunch and dinner drink tea.
ɇɚɞ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ ɜɢɫɢɬ ɥɚɦɩɚ. - The lamp is above the table.
ɉɟɪɟɞ ɷɬɨɣ ɲɤɨɥɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɧɢɬɟ ɧɚɥɟɜɨ. - In front of this school turn to the left.
ɉɨɞ ɫɬɨɥɨɦ ɫɢɞɢɬ ɤɨɬ. - Under the table the cat is sitting.
ùmportant Russian Expressions
Learn the following phrases for special events in Russia
ɋ Ɋɨɠɞɟɫɬɜɨɦ - Merry Christmas

ɋ ɞɧɺɦ ɪɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ - Happy birthday
Ó
ɋ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɝɨɞɨɦ - Happy new year
Advanced: Verbs that use the ùnstrumental Case.
The following verbs are used commonly used with the instrumental case. Most of
these are reflexive verbs which we haven¶t learnt yet. As this is a little bit
advanced we won¶t give examples now, but it is something to keep in mind. You
don't need to learn these verbs now.
ɛɵɬɶ - to be, is, was

ɡɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ - to be engaged in, to be occupied with
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ - to be interested in
ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ - to turn out to be
ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ - to remain as
ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ - to use, enjoy
ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ/ɫɬɚɬɶ - to become
ɭɜɥɟɤɚɬɶɫɹ - to be keen on
ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ - control, manage, govern
ɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ - to seem, be
The verb ³Ȼɵɬɶ´ (to be, is, was) has no present tense. However when it is used
in the past and future tense with nouns, the following noun is usually in the
instrumental case. (Example: ə ɛɵɥ ɜɪɚɱɨɦ - I was a doctor). You will learn
more about this in a later lesson.
Russian Grammar
Russian Spelling Rules
Here are the so called Russian spelling rules. They are just used to make
pronounciation of a word clean when soft consonants might make this difficult.
Generally, you will notice that the consonants these rules apply to are the
consonants that don't exist in English.

(,Ä
Never write the letter "ɕ" after the letters 'Ƚ, Ʉ, ɏ, ɀ, ɑ, ɒ, ɓ' instead use "ɂ"

)
&
Never write an unstressed "O" after the letters 'ɀ, ɑ, ɒ, ɓ, ɐ' instead use "E"

-.
Never write the letter "ə" after the letters 'Ƚ, Ʉ, ɏ, ɀ, ɑ, ɒ, ɓ, ɐ' instead use "Ⱥ"

/0
Never write the letter "ɘ" after the letters 'Ƚ, Ʉ, ɏ, ɀ, ɑ, ɒ, ɓ, ɐ' instead use "ɍ"
Consonant Mutation
There are times when the last consonants of words are changed when the word's
ending is changed. Again this is to make them easier to pronounce. When
consonant mutation occurs here are the consonant that change.
ɩ - ɩɥ
ɛ - ɛɥ
ɮ - ɮɥ
ɜ - ɜɥ
ɦ - ɦɥ
ɬ-ɱ
ɤ-ɱ
ɞ-ɠ
ɡ-ɠ
ɝ-ɠ
ɫ-ɲ
ɯ-ɲ
ɫɬ - ɳ
ɫɤ - ɳ
Remember that the spelling rules may apply to the vowels that follow.
You will often see consonant mutation take place when conjugating verbs. In
particular the 1st person singular, but there are also other times it's used. Here
are a couple of examples.
ȼɢɞɟɬɶ - ȼɢɠɭ (see)

Ʌɸɛɢɬɶ - Ʌɸɛɥɸ (love)
ɋɤɚɡɚɬɶ - ɋɤɚɠɭ (say)
Gender of Russian nouns.
In Russian, as with many other languages, each noun is assigned a gender.

Russian has three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter (neutral). In the
cases of words like ³father´ these relate to physical gender. In the case of other
objects like ³pen´, ³cup´, ³house´, there is no physical meaning attached to the
gender. However you will still need to know the gender because it affects how
words are formed. Luckily, unlike many languages, in Russian it is almost always
possible to tell what the gender of a noun by it¶s spelling. This is not true in some
other languages where you just have to memorise them.
/
When you use a noun as the subject of a sentence, it will be in it¶s dictionary
form. In this form you can easily work out it¶s gender. If the noun is in another
part of the sentence the ending is changed to suit the case. From the dictionary
form of a noun, here is how you can tell what the gender is:
1. Look at the last letter of the word:

2. If it is a consonant, or ³ɣ´, the word is masculine.
3. If it is ³ɚ´ or ³ɹ´ it is feminine.
4. If it is ³ɨ´ or ³ɟ´ it is neuter.
5. If it is a soft sign ³ɶ´ then it could be either masculine or feminine.
There are very few exceptions to these rules. But there are five notable
exceptions, this occurs mainly because of physical gender.
ɉɚɩɚ - (Daddy, Papa) - Is Masculine
Ⱦɹɞɹ - (Uncle) - Is Masculine
Ⱦɟɞɭɲɤɚ - (Grandfather) - Is Masculine
Ɇɭɠɱɢɧɚ - (Man) - Is Masculine
Ʉɨɮɟ - (Coffee) - Is Masculine
Some examples:
Masculine : ɩɚɫɩɨɪɬ (passport), ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ (document), ɛɪɚɬ (brother), ɏɥɟɛ

(bread).
Feminine : ɝɚɡɟɬɚ (newspaper), Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ (Russia), Ⱦɨɱɶ (daughter)
Neuter : ɡɞɚɧɢɟ (building), ɪɚɞɢɨ (radio), ɩɢɫɶɦɨ (letter)
The Nominative Case. (The subject of a sentence)
The Russian nominative case is used for the subject of a sentence. In the
sentence ³I love her´, the word ³I´ is the subject. The nominative case is the
dictionary form for nouns, so there is nothing special to learn here.
The Nominative Ëlural
The only time you need to change the ending is to form the plural. In English we
make a plural by adding ³s´. In Russian, in the nominative case, you make a
plural by using the letters ³ɢ´, ³ɵ´, ³ɹ´ or ³ɚ´.
For masculine nouns: If the word ends in a consonant, add ³ɵ´.

For feminine nouns:

Replace ³ɚ´ with ³ɵ´ (unless previous consonant is Ƚ, Ʉ, ɏ, ɀ, ɑ, ɒ, ɓ then
F
replace with "ɢ" as per the spelling rules.)
For neuter nouns:

Replace ³ɟ´ with ³ɹ´ (don't forget the spelling rules)
Some examples:
ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ (student) becomes: ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬɵ (students)
ɝɚɡɟɬɚ (newspaper) becomes: ɝɚɡɟɬɵ (newspapers)
ɡɞɚɧɢɟ (building) becomes: ɡɞɚɧɢɹ (buildings)
Ëronouns of the Nominative Case.
Here are the personal pronouns used in the nominative case.
ə - I
(ɧ - He, It (m)
(ɧɚ - She, It (f)
(ɧɨ - It (n)
Ɇɵ - We
(ɧɢ - They
The Accusative Case. (The object of a sentence)
To form simple sentences like ³I want a dog´, you need to use the accusative
case. The Russian accusative case is used for the object of a sentence, in this
case the word ³dog´. The only time we use the accusative case in English is with
pronouns. We use ³me´ instead of ³I´ and ³him´ instead of ³he´. The Russian
language uses the case for all nouns.
The accusitive case is also used after the prepositions ³ɜ´ (to, into) and ³ɧɚ´ (on,
to) when they indicate motion towards somthing.
¥

#
"# #
Here are the rules for forming the accusative case from the dictionary
(nominative) form.
ó

1. If the noun in inanimate, there is no change.
2. If noun is animate and ends in a consonant, add ³ɚ´.
Ó
3. If noun is animate, replace ³ɣ´, with ³ɹ´.
4. If noun is animate, replace ³ɶ´, add ³ɹ´.

1. Replace ³ɚ´ with ³ɭ´.
2. Replace ³ɹ´ with ³ɸ´.
3. Does not change if a soft sign.

1. Inanimate nouns do not change (almost all neuter nouns are inanimate).
orming Ëlurals.
For plural nouns the accusative case just 'borrows' from the other cases,
depending on weather the object is animate or not.
Inanimate nouns (not-alive) : Same as the nominative plural.

Animate nouns (alive) : Same as the genitive plural.
Ëersonal Ëronouns Of The Accusative Case
(Accusative case)
Ɇɟɧɹ - Me
ȿɺ - Her
ɇɚɫ - Us
ɂɯ - Them
Russian Dative Case (The indirect object)
The dative case is used in Russian for the indirect object of a sentence. In the
sentence "Adam gave flowers to Anna", the word "Anna" should be in the dative
case. The indirect object is normally the person who receives the direct object.
orming the Russian Dative Case
Óc
ó

1. If the noun ends in a consonant, add ³ɭ´.
2. Replace ³ɣ´, with ³ɸ´.
3. Replace ³ɶ´, add ³ɸ´.

4. Replace ³ɢɹ´ with ³ɢɢ´.

1. Replace ³ɨ´ with ³ɭ´
2. Replace ³ɟ´ with ³ɸ´
Ëlurals - Russian Dative Case
1. If the noun ends in a consonant, add "ɚɦ".
2. Replace "ɚ", "ɨ" or a consonant with "ɚɦ".
3. Replace the last letter with "ɹɦ"
Other Uses of the Dative Case.
In addition to simply using the dative case as the indirect object. There are some
additional times when you will need to use the dative case.
1. It is used after the Russian verbs "ɉɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ" ("to help") and "ɋɨɜɟɬɨɜɚɬ" ("to
advise"). (ie. instead of using the accusative case, as you may have expected).
2. With "ɇɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ" ("to like"). Example : "Ⱥɞɚɦɭ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ" ("Adam

likes Moscow").
3. It is also used in conjuction with some other reflexive verbs (-ɫɹ).
4. When using the word "ɇɭɠɟɧ" (to need). (the word you would expect as the
subject, is used in the dative).
5. To represent the concept of sending or communicating something. Like the

English word "to". (example: write , bring , call (by telephone) ).
Ó!
6. To express your age.
For more information and examples refer to Lesson 13 - Russian Dative Case
Ëronouns of the dative case.
To use a personal pronoun in the dative case, you should use the following:
Ɇɧɟ - me.
Ɍɟɛɟ - you (informal).
ȿɦɭ (m), ȿɦɭ (n), ȿɣ (f) - him, it, her.
ɇɚɦ - us.
ȼɚɦ - you (formal, or plural).
ɂɦ - them.
The Genitive Case - (Ëossession)
The primary use of the Russian genitive case is to show possession. In English
we often indicate this with an apostrophe (µs), or the word ³of´. Grammatically, the
definition of possession may be larger than we are used to thinking of in English.
In Russian the possessor always follows the object it possess. (This is the
reverse of the normal English µs).
For example in the sentence ³this is Adam¶s dog´, the word ³Adam´ is in the
genitive case. But to convert it to Russian you should think of it like ³the dog of
Adam¶s´, placing the possessor after the object.
You should also use the genitive in most cases where you would use the word
³of´ in English.
You should use the genitive case for words, where in English you could place
³some´ or ³any´ before them.
The genitive is commonly used after negation.
orming the Genitive Case
ó

1. If the noun ends in a consonant, add ³ɚ´.
2. Replace ³ɣ´, with ³ɹ´.
3. Replace ³ɶ´, add ³ɹ´.
Ói

1. Replace ³ɚ´ with ³ɵ´.
2. Replace ³ɹ´ with ³ɢ´.

1. Replace ³ɨ´ with ³ɚ´
2. Replace ³ɟ´ with ³ɹ´
orming Ëlurals.
ó

If ends in "ɠ,ɱ,ɲ,ɳ,ɶ" then add "ɟɣ"
If ends in "ɣ, ɰ" (stressed) add "ɟɜ"
All other masuline nouns end in "ɨɜ"

If ends in "ɚ" then drop "ɚ" (no ending)
If ends in [consonant] "ɹ" then "ɶ"
If ends in [vowel] "ɹ" then "ɣ"
If ends in "ɶ" then add "ɟɣ"
Note: If a feminine word ends in a double consonant it is quite common for a
vowel (ɨ, ɟ) to be inserted for easy pronunciation. (ɦɚɪɤɚ - ɦɚɪɨɤ, ɚɧɝɥɢɱɚɧɤɚ -
ɚɧɝɥɢɱɚɧɨɤ, ɞɟɜɭɲɤɚ - ɞɟɜɭɲɟɤ)

If ends in "ɨ" then drop "ɨ" (no ending)
If ends in "ɟ" becomes "ɟɣ"
If ends in "ɢɟ" becomes "ɢɣ"
Ëersonal Ëronouns Of The Genitive Case
(Accusative case)
Ɇɟɧɹ - Me
ȿɺ - Her
ɇɚɫ - Us
ɂɯ - Them
Ó
Pronouns that start with vowels may be proceeded by the letter "ɧ" when used
with some prepositions
Russian Ëersonal Ëronouns

1st 2nd ird person ird person ird person
person person (masc.) (fem.) (neut.).
$!& ' (!( )!( $

ə Ɍɵ Ɉɧ Ɉɧɚ Ɉɧɨ

Ɇɟɧɹ Ɍɟɛɹ ȿɝɨ ȿɺ ȿɝɨ

* Ɇɟɧɹ Ɍɟɛɹ ȿɝɨ ȿɺ ȿɝɨ
¥ Ɇɧɟ Ɍɟɛɟ ȿɦɭ ȿɣ ȿɦɭ
$
Ɇɧɨɣ Ɍɨɛɨɣ ɂɦ ȿɣ ɂɦ

Ɇɧɟ Ɍɟɛɟ ɇɺɦ ɇɟɣ ɇɺɦ

!

1st person 2nd person ird person
+!, ' -!-
Ɇɵ ȼɵ Ɉɧɢ
ɇɚɫ ȼɚɫ ɂɯ
* ɇɚɫ ȼɚɫ ɂɯ
¥ ɇɚɦ ȼɚɦ ɂɦ
$ ɇɚɦɢ ȼɚɦɢ ɂɦɢ
ɇɚɫ ȼɚɫ ɇɢɯ
Note 1: Pronouns that start with vowels may be proceeded by the letter "ɧ" when
Ó
used with prepositions.
Note 2: ȿɝɨ is pronounced "yevo".
Russian Ëossessive Ëronouns
Please note that the genders indicated in the following tables refer to the gender
of the noun that these pronouns modify. (ie the noun owned). For example in the
phrase "My book", you would use the 1st person (my) and feminie gender (book
is feminine) (Ɇɨɹ). Don't confuse this with the pronouns "his" and "her" (ȿɝɨ and
ȿɺ).

1st Ëerson 2nd Ëerson
Masc. em. Neut. Ëlural Masc. em. Neut. Ëlural
&!& ' !'

Ɇɨɣ Ɇɨɹ Ɇɨɺ Ɇɨɢ Ɍɜɨɣ Ɍɜɨɹ Ɍɜɨɺ Ɍɜɨɢ

Ɇɨɣ Ɇɨɢ Ɍɜɨɣ Ɍɜɨɢ
Ɇɨɸ Ɇɨɺ Ɍɜɨɸ Ɍɜɨɺ
Ɇɨɟɝɨ Ɇɨɢɯ Ɍɜɨɟɝɨ Ɍɜɨɢɯ
#"
* Ɇɨɟɝɨ Ɇɨɟɣ Ɇɨɟɝɨ Ɇɨɢɯ Ɍɜɨɟɝɨ Ɍɜɨɟɣ Ɍɜɨɟɝɨ Ɍɜɨɢɯ
¥ Ɇɨɟɦɭ Ɇɨɟɣ Ɇɨɟɦɭ Ɇɨɢɦ Ɍɜɨɟɦɭ Ɍɜɨɟɣ Ɍɜɨɟɦɭ Ɍɜɨɢɦ
$
Ɇɨɢɦ Ɇɨɟɣ Ɇɨɢɦ Ɇɨɢɦɢ Ɍɜɨɢɦ Ɍɜɨɟɣ Ɍɜɨɢɦ Ɍɜɨɢɦɢ

Ɇɨɺɦ Ɇɨɟɣ Ɇɨɺɦ Ɇɨɢɯ Ɍɜɨɺɦ Ɍɜɨɟɣ Ɍɜɨɺɦ Ɍɜɨɢɯ

ird Ëerson : Always use ȿɝɨ (m.n) (his, its) or ȿɺ (f) (her) regardless of the case
of the noun modified.
!

1st Ëerson 2nd Ëerson
Masc. em. Neut. Ëlural Masc. em. Neut. Ëlural
. ' !'

ɇɚɲ ɇɚɲɚ ɇɚɲɟ ɇɚɲɢ ȼɚɲ ȼɚɲɚ ȼɚɲɟ ȼɚɲɢ

ɇɚɲ ɇɚɲɭ ɇɚɲɟ ɇɚɲɢ ȼɚɲ ȼɚɲɭ ȼɚɲɟ ȼɚɲɢ
ÓÓ
ɇɚɲɟɝ ɇɚɲɢɯ ȼɚɲɟɝ ȼɚɲɢɯ
#" ɨ ɨ
* ɇɚɲɟɝ ɇɚɲɟ ɇɚɲɟɝ ȼɚɲɟɝ ȼɚɲɟ ȼɚɲɟɝ
ɇɚɲɢɯ ȼɚɲɢɯ
ɨ ɣ ɨ ɨ ɣ ɨ
¥ ɇɚɲɟɦ ɇɚɲɟ ɇɚɲɟɦ ȼɚɲɟɦ ȼɚɲɟ ȼɚɲɟɦ
ɇɚɲɢɦ ȼɚɲɢɦ
ɭ ɣ ɭ ɭ ɣ ɭ
$ ɇɚɲɟ ɇɚɲɢɦ ȼɚɲɟ ȼɚɲɢɦ
ɇɚɲɢɦ ɇɚɲɢɦ ȼɚɲɢɦ ȼɚɲɢɦ
ɣ ɢ ɣ ɢ
ɇɚɲɟ ȼɚɲɟ
ɇɚɲɟɦ ɇɚɲɟɦ ɇɚɲɢɯ ȼɚɲɟɦ ȼɚɲɟɦ ȼɚɲɢɯ
ɣ ɣ
ird Ëerson : Always use ɂɯ regardless of the gender and case of the noun
modified.
Russian ùnstumental Case (ith, By)
In Russian, the instrumental case is used to indicate how something is done. In

English we commonly use the words "by" or "with" to do this. You would use the
instrumental in a sentence like "we went there by car". Refer to Lesson 14 -
Instrumental Case for more detailed information.
orming the Russian ùnstumental Case
ó

1. All consonants, add ³ɨɦ´. Except...
2. If the noun ends in unstressed ³ɠ´, ³ɰ´, ³ɱ´, ³ɲ´ or ³ɳ´, then add ³ɟɦ´. (This is
to comply with the spelling rules)
3. Replace ³ɣ´, with ³ɟɦ´, if stressed ³ɺɦ´.
4. Replace ³ɶ´, add ³ɟɦ´, if stressed ³ɺɦ´.

1. Replace ³ɚ´ with ³ɨɣ´ (or rarely ³ɨɸ´). Except...
2. If the stem of the noun ends in ³ɠ´, ³ɰ´, ³ɱ´, ³ɲ´ or ³ɳ´, replace ³ɚ´ with ³ɟɣ´
(This is to comply with the spelling rules)
3. Replace ³ɹ´ with ³ɟɣ´, if stressed ³ɺɣ´.
4. Replace ³ɶ´ with ³ɶɸ´.

1. Add ³ɦ´
Ó
The phrase "if stressed" in this case, means if the end of the word is stressed.
The exceptions for ³ɠ´, ³ɰ´, ³ɱ´, ³ɲ´ or ³ɳ´ are to comply with the spelling rules.
Ëlurals - Russian ùnstrumental Case
1. All consonants, add "ɚɦɢ".
2. Replace "ɚ", "ɨ" with "ɚɦɢ".
3. Otherwise replace with "ɹɦɢ"
Exceptions: ɞɨɱɶ - ɞɨɱɟɪɶɦɢ (daughters), ɪɟɛɺɧɨɤ - ɞɟɬɶɦɢ (children), ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ

- ɥɸɞɶɦɢ (people)
Ëronouns - ùnstrumental Case
Ɇɧɨɣ - Me
Ɍɨɛɨɣ - You
ɂɦ - Him
ȿɣ - Her
ɂɦ - It
ɇɚɦɢ - Us
ȼɚɦɢ - You (plural)
ɂɦɢ - Them
Russian Ërepositional Case (ùn, At and About)
In Russian, the prepositional case is used after the prepositions ³ɨ´ (about), ³ɜ´
(in), ³ɧɚ´ (at).
Note: Sometimes these prepositions are used with other cases, this gives them a
different meaning.
orming the Ërepositional Case
ó

1. Add : ³ɟ´.
2: Some nouns (mostly single syllable) take ³ɭ´ (but not after preposition ³ɨ´)


1. Replace ³ɨ´ with ³ɟ´
2. ³ɟ´ remains unchanged.
Ó/
Ëlurals - Russian Ërepositional Case
1. Replace "ɚ", "ɨ" or a consonant with "ɚɯ".
2. Replace the last letter with "ɹɯ"
Ëronouns - Russian Ërepositional Case
Ɇɧɟ - Me
Ɍɟɛɟ - You
ɇɺɦ - Him
ɇɟɣ - Her
ɇɺɦ - It
ɇɚɫ - Us
ȼɚɫ - You (Plural)
ɇɢɯ - Them
Russian Verbs - Ëresent Tense
there is only one way of saying "I work", "I am working" and ""I do work".

. Both these patterns are quite similar, and once you get the hang of
it, it is not too difficult.
Please also refer to lessons 5. It will contain many more samples.
irst conjunction
infinative (normally "ɬɶ"), and add the appropriate ending ("ɸ", "ɟɲɶ", "ɟɬ", "ɟɦ",
"ɟɬɟ" or "ɸɬ"). For example the verb: ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ (to work).
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ - To work. (infinative, dictionary form)

(ɧ, (ɧɚ, (ɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ - He, She, It works.
(ɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ - They work.
ÓF
Second conjunction
Verbs where the infinative ends in "ɢɬɶ" use the second conjunction. There are
also other verbs that use this conjunction. The second conjunction uses the
endings "ɸ" (or "ɭ") "ɢɲɶ" "ɢɬ" "ɢɦ" "ɢɬɟ" "ɹɬ" (or "ɚɬ"), which replace "ɢɬɶ".

)/ "Never write ɕ, ɘ, or ə after the letters 'Ƚ, Ʉ, ɀ, ɏ,
ɑ, ɒ, ɓ' instead use ɂ, ɍ, Ⱥ".
When using the second conjunction, sometimes the last letter of the stem
(infinitive without "ɢɬɶ") for the first person singular (ə) chages. Change this letter
acording to the following table:
ɞ becomes ɠ
ɡ becomes ɠ
c becomes ɲ
ct becomes ɳ
ɬ becomes ɱ
ɛ, ɜ, ɦ, ɩ, ɮ add the letter ɥ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ - To speak. (infinative, dictionary form)

(ɧ, (ɧɚ, (ɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ - He, She, It Speaks.
(ɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ - They speak.
ùrregular Verbs
those above.
Some examples:

(ɧ, (ɧɚ, (ɧɨ ɟɞɟɬ - He, She, It goes (by transport).
(ɧɢ ɟɞɭɬ - They go (by transport).

ɀɢɬɶ - To live.
(ɧ, (ɧɚ, (ɧɨ ɠɢɜɺɬ - He, She, It lives.
(ɧɢ ɠɢɜɭɬ - They live.
Notice that "ɺ" is used instead of "ɟ" when the stress falls on the ending.
Russian Russian
English
ùmperfective Ëerfective
(View
Ȼɟɝɚɬɶ ɉɨɛɟɠɚɬɶ run
Conjugations)
(View
Ȼɪɨɞɢɬɶ ɉɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ stroll
Conjugations)
(View
Ȼɵɬɶ ɉɨɛɵɬɶ be (is, are, will, was)
Conjugations)
(View
ȼɢɞɟɬɶ ɍɜɢɞɟɬɶ see
Conjugations)
(View
ȼɨɞɢɬɶ ɉɨɜɟɫɬɢ drive, lead
Conjugations)
transport, carry (by (View
ȼɨɡɢɬɶ ɉɨɜɟɡɬɢ
vehicle) Conjugations)
(View
Ƚɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɋɤɚɡɚɬɶ speak, talk, say
Conjugations)
(View
Ƚɨɧɹɬɶ ɉɨɝɧɚɬɶ drive
Conjugations)
(View
Ⱦɚɜɚɬɶ Ⱦɚɬɶ give
Conjugations)
(View
Ⱦɟɥɚɬɶ ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶ do, make
Conjugations)
(View
Ⱦɭɦɚɬɶ ɉɨɞɭɦɚɬɶ think
Conjugations)
(View
ȿɡɞɢɬɶ ɉɨɟɯɚɬɶ go (by vehicle)
Conjugations)
(View
ȿɫɬɶ ɋɴɟɫɬ eat
Conjugations)
c
(View
ɀɢɬɶ ɉɪɨɠɢɬɶ live
Conjugations)
(View
Ɂɧɚɬɶ Ɂɧɚɬɶ know
Conjugations)
(View
ɂɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɂɡɭɱɢɬɶ study
Conjugations)
(View
ɂɦɟɬɶ ɂɦɟɬɶ have
Conjugations)
(View
Ʌɚɡɢɬɶ ɉɨɥɟɡɬɶ climb
Conjugations)
(View
Ʌɟɬɚɬɶ ɉɨɥɟɬɟɬɶ fly
Conjugations)
(View
Ʌɸɛɢɬɶ ɉɨɥɸɛɢɬɶ love
Conjugations)
can, able (to be (View
Ɇɨɱɶ ɋɦɨɱɶ
able) Conjugations)
(View
ɇɨɫɢɬɶ ɉɨɧɟɫɬɢ carry, wear
Conjugations)
(View
ɉɥɚɜɚɬɶ ɉɨɩɥɵɬɶ swim
Conjugations)
(View
ɉɨɥɡɚɬɶ ɉɨɩɨɥɡɬɢ crawl
Conjugations)
(View
ɉɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɉɨɧɹɬɶ understand
Conjugations)
(View
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɉɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ work
Conjugations)
(View
ɋɢɞɟɬɶ ɉɨɫɢɞɟɬɶ sit
Conjugations)
(View
ɋɥɭɲɚɬɶ (ɫɹ) ɉɨɫɥɭɲɚɬɶ (ɫɹ) listen
Conjugations)
(View
ɋɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ (ɫɹ) ɉɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ (ɫɹ) watch, look at
Conjugations)
(View
ɋɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɋɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ ask
Conjugations)
(View
ɋɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɋɬɚɬɶ become, begin
Conjugations)
(View
ɋɬɨɹɬɶ ɉɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ stand
Conjugations)
(View
Ɍɚɫɤɚɬɶ ɉɨɬɚɳɢɬɶ pull, drag
Conjugations)
!
(View
ɏɨɞɢɬɶ ɉɨɣɬɢ go (on foot)
Conjugations)
(View
ɏɨɬɟɬɶ (ɫɹ) Ɂɚɯɨɬɟɬɶ (ɫɹ) want, feel like
Conjugations)
(View
ɑɢɬɚɬɶ ɉɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ read
Conjugations)
Russian Verbs of Motion
Some people think learning about the verbs of motion is one of the hardest
concepts in the Russian language. The truth is, it is not so difficult if you just try
to understand them one step at a time. However it is quite an important concept,
as motion verbs are among the most used in any language. We have broken this
into several parts, so just learn one part at a time if there is too much information
in this lesson.
A verb of motion, as the name suggests, is simply a verb that will take you from
one place to another. For example verbs like ³go´, ³walk´, ³run´, ³swim´ or ³fly´.
The reason they are special in Russian is that Russian uses special prefixes or
different forms to explain even more with one word.
We will first discuss these verbs without the use of prefixes, then we will discuss
the prefixes later. (A µprefix¶ is the couple of letters you put at the front of a word
to add to it¶s meaning).
Ëart 1 - Motion verbs without prefixes. - To Go
Let¶s start by looking at the words that could correspond to the English word ³go´.
Essentially there is no word in Russian that is like the English ³go´. Instead
Russians always indicate how they are going somewhere. Here are the two most
important words.
ɏɨɞɢɬɶ / ɂɞɬɢ - To go by foot (walk). (View Conjugations)

ȿɡɞɢɬɶ / ȿɯɚɬɶ - To go by transport (drive, train, bus, etc.). (View
Conjugations)
i
The first thing you will notice is that there are two similar Russian words
corresponding to one English word. This is because Russians also indicate
weather they are going in one direction or making a return trip. As it is often the
case in Russian, you are able to say a lot with few words. Each verb conjugates
in the normal way, click on the link next to the verbs to view the fully conjugated
forms.
The verb on the left (ɏɨɞɢɬɶ, ȿɡɞɢɬɶ) is the multidirectional (return trip) verb.
(Technically known as the 'indefinite'). The verb on the right (ɂɞɬɢ, ȿɯɚɬɶ ) is the
unidirectional (one-way) verb. (Technically known as the 'definite'). Here is how
you use each form:
,
.+" (ɂɞɬɢ, ȿɯɚɬɶ )
Use the unidirectional form when you are going in 1 direction, or talking
specifically about going in 1 direction. This form often corresponds to the
continuous tenses in English, ie when you say 'I ' or 'we '.
Examples:
ə ɢɞɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ. - I am going to work. (by foot)
Ɇɵ ɟɞɟɦ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ. - We are going to Moscow. (by transport)
hɚɜɬɪɚ ɦɵ ɟɞɟɦ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ. - Tomorrow we are going to London. (by
transport)
Ʉɭɞɚ ɜɵ ɢɞɺɬɟ? - Where are you going? (by foot)
&
! #" (ɏɨɞɢɬɶ, ȿɡɞɢɬɶ)
Use the mutildirectional form when are talking about actions in more than one
direction, for example a return trip. Also use this form when you are talking in
general about going to somewhere, or when there is no motion, or the number of
directions is irrelevant.
Examples:
Ʉɚɠɞɵɢ ɞɟɧɶ ɹ ɯɨɠɭ ɜ ɤɢɧɨ - Everyday I go to the cinema. (Talking in
general)
Ɇɵ ɯɨɞɢɥɢ ɩɨ ɝɨɪɨɞɭ. - We walked around the town. (moving in a number
of different directions)
ȼɱɟɪɚ ɦɵ ɟɡɞɢɥɢ ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ. - Yesterday we went to London. (by transport)
(the return trip is implied)
You should now be comfortable using these motion verbs in the present tense.
These are to two most important verbs of motion, and you will find them very
useful even as a beginner-intermediate Russian speaker.
Ëart 2 - Other unprefixed verbs of motion

Now that you are comfortable with the concept learnt in part 1, you can easily
apply this same concept to the other verbs of motion. With these verbs the action
is more specific than with the first two verbs you have learnt. There are no new
concepts to learn in this part. Here are the verbs, click the link to see how they
are congugated.
Ȼɟɝɚɬɶ / Ȼɟɠɚɬɶ - To Run. (View Conjugations)

Ȼɪɨɞɢɬɶ / Ȼɪɟɫɬɢ - To Stroll. (View Conjugations)
Ƚɨɧɹɬɶ / Ƚɧɚɬɶ - To Drive.** (View Conjugations)
Ʌɚɡɢɬɶ / Ʌɟɡɬɶ - To Climb. (View Conjugations)
Ʌɟɬɚɬɶ / Ʌɟɬɟɬɶ - To Fly. (View Conjugations)
ɉɥɚɜɚɬɶ / ɉɥɵɬɶ - To Swim, To Sail. (View Conjugations)
ɉɨɥɡɚɬɶ / ɉɨɥɡɬɢ - To Crawl. (View Conjugations)
**Rarely used: Ƚɨɧɹɬɶ / Ƚɧɚɬɶ does not mean 'to drive by car'. (see ȼɨɞɢɬɶ /
ȼɟɫɬɢ). It means 'to force to move'. As in: 'To drive someone into a corner', 'to
drive cattle to market'.
Ëart i - Other unprefixed verbs of motion -To Carry
The last set of unprefixed verbs of motion are verbs that indicate the concept of
µcarrying¶. These verbs are a little different because there is an object that is
transported or carried. For example ³the train transports passengers to Moscow´.
You will normally see these words translated as µto carry¶, but there meaning is
more general and they could mean µto transport¶ or µto take¶. You should translate
them back to English depending on the context. Let¶s have a look at these verbs:
ȼɨɡɢɬɶ / ȼɟɡɬɢ - To Carry (by vehicle). (View Conjugations)

ɇɨɫɢɬɶ / ɇɟɫɬɢ - To Carry, To Wear (View Conjugations)
ȼɨɞɢɬɶ / ȼɟɫɬɢ - To Lead, To Accompany, To Drive (a car) (View
Conjugations)
Ɍɚɫɤɚɬɶ / Ɍɚɳɢɬɶ - To Drag, To Pull. (View Conjugations)
Let's have a quick look at how each one is used:
ȼɨɡɢɬɶ / ȼɟɡɬɢ - Generally this word corresponds 'to transport'. Or 'to take' by
some means of vehicle. For example in a sentences like ³The train transports
passengers to Moscow´ or ³Ivan takes his daughter to school´.
ɇɨɫɢɬɶ / ɇɟɫɬɢ - Generally this word corresponds to 'to carry' when the person is
carrying the object by walking. It's used in sentences like "The driver carried our
bags to the taxi". This verb can also mean 'to wear', but it isn't really used like a
verb of motion in theis sense.

ȼɨɞɢɬɶ / ȼɟɫɬɢ - This word generally means 'to lead', or 'to take on foot' where
the object itself is also walking. For example "The dog leads the blind man to the
shop". It also means 'to drive a car'. The verb has a number of other uses, where
it is not considered to be a verb of motion.
These verbs work the same was as those above, either multidirectional or
unidirectional. Initially don¶t worry too much if you are not sure exactly when to
use each of these verbs, this is something that is best learnt naturally as you
read or hear them in real situations. As long as you are aware of the different
concepts involved. In simple conversation it is less likely you will use these words
compared to the verbs in part 1.
Ëart 4 - Ërefixed verbs of motion
This brings us to one of the most hated parts of Russian for learners. However it
is not so difficult at all. To all of the verbs above it is possible to add different
prefixes. By placing a few extra letters at the front of these verbs, you can
increase its meaning. This normally adds a direction to its meaning. For example
you could change the meaning of ³walk´ to ³walk in´.
As you can see in the above example we normally achieve this in English by
adding an adverb after the verb. Words like ³in´, ³down´, ³through´ or ³across´.
Often it is also possible to do this by using a different verb, ³walk in´ could be
replaced by ³enter´. Now that we know what we are trying to do in English lets
have a look our how we can do it in Russian...
If you find the concept of µprefixes¶ difficult you could just remember each of
these verbs. Treating each verb as it¶s own word, rather than a set of related
verbs. This would be good for learners with a good memory for words. Other
learners, who may be more conceptually minded, may choose to remember how
all the pre-fixes work. We think it¶s best to do a little of both. Once you
understand this concept, you might find that you can suddenly decipher a whole
lot of Russian verbs, and the language may really open up to you.
Let¶s take a look at these prefixes.
ɜ- - in
ɜɵ- - out
ɞɨ- - as far as, reach
ɡɚ- - drop in, stop by
ɨɛ- - around
ɨɬ- - away
ɩɟɪɟ- - across
ɩɨɞ- - approach
ɩɪɢ- - arrival
ɩɪɨ- - through, pass
Ó
ɫ- - down from
ɭ- - from
Now let's see some examples of the prefixes in use. This is how you can use
them with the promary motion verb: ɏɨɞɢɬɶ / ɂɞɬɢ. (Note that ɂɞɬɢ becomes
ɣɬɢ when used with pre-fixes.)
ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ / ɜɨɣɬɢ - to go in, to enter

ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ / ɜɵɣɬɢ - to go out, to leave, to exit
ɜɡɯɨɞɢɬɶ / ɜɡoɣɬɢ - to go up, to ascend
ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ / ɞɨɣɬɢ - to get to, to get as far as, to reach
ɡɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ / ɡɚɣɬɢ - to drop in, to stop by
ɨɛɯɨɞɢɬɶ / ɨɛɨɣɬɢ - to walk around, to bypass
ɨɬɯɨɞɢɬɶ / ɨɬɨɣɬɢ - to walk away
ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɢɬɶ / ɩɟɪɟɣɬɢ - to go across, to turn
ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ / ɩɨɞɨɣɬɢ - to approach
ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ / ɩɪɢɣɬɢ - to arrive, to come
ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ / ɩɪɨɣɬɢ - to go by, to go past
ɫɯɨɞɢɬɶ / ɫɨɣɬɢ - to go down, decend
ɭɯɨɞɢɬɶ / ɭɨɣɬɢ - to go from, to leave, depart
OK, now here is the interesting bit: As these new verbs already indicate direction,
they loose the concept of unidirectional or multi-directional that we learnt above.
Instead the first word above is the imperfective aspect, and the 2nd is the
perfective. (refer to the section on aspects for more info.). So in the present tense
you will always use the first of these verbs above.
This part is difficult. It is a good idea to have an understanding of how the pre-
fixes work. If you hate grammar you could simply remember each word, for
example ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ = enter. However, if you do understand some of the concepts
and you came accross a word like "ɜɥɟɬɚɬɶ" you could work out that it meant "to
fly in".
Here are a couple of examples of how you could use the prefixes with different
verbs:
ɋɚɦɨɥɺɬ ɩɪɢɥɟɬɚɟɬ ɜ Ɇɨɫɤɜɭ. - The plane arrives (arrives by flying) in

Moscow
ɋɚɦɨɥɺɬ ɭɥɟɬɚɟɬ ɢɡ Ɇɨɫɤɜɵ. - The plane departs (fly from) Moscow
Russian Ëast Tense - Russian Verbs
The past tense in Russian, like any language, is one of the most important things
to learn. The past tense allows you tell stories, and discuss events that have
already happened. Forming the past tense verbs in Russian is actually quite
easy. In fact it is one of the simplest conjugations to remember in Russian.

orming the Russian Ëast Tense
In Russian, the past tense is formed quite differently than the present tense. In
the present tense we are concerned about the person who is talking (ie 1st, 2nd,
or 3rd person). In the past tense however we are concerned about the gender of
the subject.
To do this we use the grammatical gender of the subject. (This is the word that is
in the nominative case.) Often the subject is a pronoun, especially when you are
talking about yourself. If the subject is a real person then you would use select
the masculine or feminine gender as appropriate. If the subject is plural you
select the plural form.
Here are the verb endings you can use for each situation:
Masculine: -ɥ
Feminine: -ɥɚ
Neuter: -ɥɨ
Plural: -ɥɢ
And here is a sample conjugation for the word Ɂɧɚɬɶ (to know):
Masculine: Ɂɧɚɥ
Feminine: Ɂɧɚɥɚ
Neuter: Ɂɧɚɥɨ
Plural: Ɂɧɚɥɢ
Examples of the Russian past tense.
ə ɡɧɚɥ - I knew (man speaking)

ə ɡɧɚɥɚ - I knew (woman speaking)
Ɉɧ ɡɧɚɥ - He knew
Ɉɧɚ ɡɧɚɥɚ - She knew
Ɉɧɨ ɡɧɚɥɨ - It knew
Ɉɧɢ ɡɧɚɥɢ - They knew
Ɉɧ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɥ - He didn¶t know
Ɉɧɚ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɥɚ - She didn¶t know
ȼɫɟ ɦɟɱɬɚɥɢ ɩɨɠɚɬɶ ɟɦɭ ɪɭɤɭ. - Everyone dreamed to shake his hand
as - µBe¶ in the Ëast Tense
From previous lessons you will remember that there is no word in Russian that
corresponds to the English word µis¶. It is simply omitted. In the Russian Past
Tense however there is a word, and it corresponds to the English word µwas¶. It
/
comes from Ȼɵɬɶ (to be). (Note the irregular stress pattern in the feminine when
using this verb.)
ə ɛɵɥ - I was (man speaking)

ə ɛɵɥɚ - I was (woman speaking)
Ɉɧ ɛɵɥ - He was
Ɉɧɚ ɛɵɥɚ - She was
Ɉɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ - It was
Ɉɧɢ ɛɵɥɢ - They were
Note the unsual stress patterns when used in the negative. The stress moves to
the word 'ɧɟ' except in the feminine.
ə ɧɟ ɛɵɥ - I was not (man speaking).
ə ɧɟ ɛɵɥɚ - I was not (woman speaking).
Ɉɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɨ - It was not.
Ɉɧɢ ɧɟ ɛɵɥɢ - They were not.
The Ëerfective Aspect
If you have read the previous grammar lesson about aspects in Russian you will
realise that they are important when using the past tense, and that you need to
select the appropriate aspect. Remember that the perfective is used for actions
that are completed only once, and are not ongoing. In almost all other cases the
imperfective is used. Refer to the page on aspects for more detailed information.
The perfective aspect conjugates in the same was as the imperfective aspect, so
the endings are the same. Here are some examples...
ə ɤɭɩɢɥ ɤɨɮɟ - I bought a coffee (man speaking)

ə ɤɭɩɢɥɚ ɤɨɮɟ - I bought a coffee (woman speaking)
ə ɩɨɲɥɚ ɞɨɦɨɣ - I went home.
Ɇɵ ɩɨɲɥɢ ɞɨɦɨɣ - We went home.
Reflexive Verbs in the Ëast Tense
Reflexive verbs are conjugated in almost exactly the same way as above, except
that they still maintain the reflexive endings. Refer to the sections on reflexive
verbs for more information.
Masculine: -ɥɫɹ
Feminine: -ɥɚɫɶ
Neuter: -ɥɨɫɶ
Plural: -ɥɢɫɶ
Examples - Ɉɞɟɜɚɬɶ (to dress):
F
ə ɨɞɟɜɚɥɫɹ - I dressed myself (man speaking)
ə ɨɞɟɜɚɥɚɫɶ - I dressed myself (woman speaking)
Ɉɧɢ ɨɞɟɜɚɥɢɫɶ - They dressed themselves.
Notable ùrregular Verbs
The Russian verb ɂɞɬɢ (to go on foot) has a very irregular past tense.
Masculine: ɒɺɥ
Feminine: ɒɥɚ
Neuter: ɒɥɨ
Plural: ɒɥɢ
See all conjugations.
Ɇɨɱɶ (can, to be able) is also irregular.
Masculine: Ɇɨɝ
Feminine: Ɇɨɝɥɚ
Neuter: Ɇɨɝɥɨ
Plural: Ɇɨɝɥɢ
See all conjugations.
Other verbs that don¶t end in -ɬɶ are also commonly irregular in the past tense
and it¶s worth checking your verb book. (If you don't have one then we
recommend Big Silver Book of Russian Verbs)
Russian Verbs - Ëresent Tense
there is only one way of saying "I work", "I am working" and ""I do work".

. Both these patterns are quite similar, and once you get the hang of
it, it is not too difficult.
Please also refer to lessons 5. It will contain many more samples.
irst conjunction
infinative (normally "ɬɶ"), and add the appropriate ending ("ɸ", "ɟɲɶ", "ɟɬ", "ɟɦ",
"ɟɬɟ" or "ɸɬ"). For example the verb: ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ (to work).
/
ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ - To work. (infinative, dictionary form)
(ɧ, (ɧɚ, (ɧɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ - He, She, It works.
(ɧɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ - They work.
Second conjunction
Verbs where the infinative ends in "ɢɬɶ" use the second conjunction. There are
also other verbs that use this conjunction. The second conjunction uses the
endings "ɸ" (or "ɭ") "ɢɲɶ" "ɢɬ" "ɢɦ" "ɢɬɟ" "ɹɬ" (or "ɚɬ"), which replace "ɢɬɶ".

)/ "Never write ɕ, ɘ, or ə after the letters 'Ƚ, Ʉ, ɀ, ɏ,
ɑ, ɒ, ɓ' instead use ɂ, ɍ, Ⱥ".
When using the second conjunction, sometimes the last letter of the stem
(infinitive without "ɢɬɶ") for the first person singular (ə) chages. Change this letter
acording to the following table:
ɞ becomes ɠ
ɡ becomes ɠ
c becomes ɲ
ct becomes ɳ
ɬ becomes ɱ
ɛ, ɜ, ɦ, ɩ, ɮ add the letter ɥ
ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ - To speak. (infinative, dictionary form)

(ɧ, (ɧɚ, (ɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬ - He, She, It Speaks.
(ɧɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɹɬ - They speak.
ùrregular Verbs
those above.
/c
Some examples:

(ɧ, (ɧɚ, (ɧɨ ɟɞɟɬ - He, She, It goes (by transport).
(ɧɢ ɟɞɭɬ - They go (by transport).
ɀɢɬɶ - To live.
(ɧ, (ɧɚ, (ɧɨ ɠɢɜɺɬ - He, She, It lives.
(ɧɢ ɠɢɜɭɬ - They live.
Russian ùmperfective Russian Ëerfective English

Ȼɟɝɚɬɶ ɉɨɛɟɠɚɬɶ run
Ȼɪɨɞɢɬɶ ɉɨɛɪɟɫɬɢ stroll
Ȼɵɬɶ ɉɨɛɵɬɶ be (is, are, will, was)
ȼɢɞɟɬɶ ɍɜɢɞɟɬɶ see
ȼɨɞɢɬɶ ɉɨɜɟɫɬɢ drive, lead
ȼɨɡɢɬɶ ɉɨɜɟɡɬɢ transport, carry (by vehicle)
Ƚɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɋɤɚɡɚɬɶ speak, talk, say
Ƚɨɧɹɬɶ ɉɨɝɧɚɬɶ drive
Ⱦɚɜɚɬɶ Ⱦɚɬɶ give
Ⱦɟɥɚɬɶ ɋɞɟɥɚɬɶ do, make
Ⱦɭɦɚɬɶ ɉɨɞɭɦɚɬɶ think
ȿɡɞɢɬɶ ɉɨɟɯɚɬɶ go (by vehicle)
ȿɫɬɶ ɋɴɟɫɬ eat
ɀɢɬɶ ɉɪɨɠɢɬɶ live
Ɂɧɚɬɶ Ɂɧɚɬɶ know
ɂɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɂɡɭɱɢɬɶ study
ɂɦɟɬɶ ɂɦɟɬɶ have
/!
Ʌɚɡɢɬɶ ɉɨɥɟɡɬɶ climb
Ʌɟɬɚɬɶ ɉɨɥɟɬɟɬɶ fly
Ʌɸɛɢɬɶ ɉɨɥɸɛɢɬɶ love
Ɇɨɱɶ ɋɦɨɱɶ can, able (to be able)
ɇɨɫɢɬɶ ɉɨɧɟɫɬɢ carry, wear
ɉɥɚɜɚɬɶ ɉɨɩɥɵɬɶ swim
ɉɨɥɡɚɬɶ ɉɨɩɨɥɡɬɢ crawl
ɉɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ ɉɨɧɹɬɶ understand
Ɋɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɉɨɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ work
ɋɢɞɟɬɶ ɉɨɫɢɞɟɬɶ sit
ɋɥɭɲɚɬɶ (ɫɹ) ɉɨɫɥɭɲɚɬɶ (ɫɹ) listen
ɋɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ (ɫɹ) ɉɨɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ (ɫɹ) watch, look at
ɋɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ ɋɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ ask
ɋɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ ɋɬɚɬɶ become, begin
ɋɬɨɹɬɶ ɉɨɫɬɨɹɬɶ stand
Ɍɚɫɤɚɬɶ ɉɨɬɚɳɢɬɶ pull, drag
ɏɨɞɢɬɶ ɉɨɣɬɢ go (on foot)
ɏɨɬɟɬɶ (ɫɹ) Ɂɚɯɨɬɟɬɶ (ɫɹ) want, feel like
ɑɢɬɚɬɶ ɉɪɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ read
Russian Reflexive Verbs
Reflexive verbs in Russian are used to indicate the concept of µself¶. For example
µI dressed myself¶. Notice in this sentence that the subject and the object are
actually the same person.
When this happens in English we use the word µ-self¶, or simply omit the object.
In Russian you simply add ³ɫɹ´ or ³ɫɶ´ to the verb. You can think of this as being
a short way to write ³ɫɟɛɹ´ (self).
The reflexive form is also used for intransitive verbs. Intransitive verbs are those
verbs which have a subject, but no object.
A short discussion of the reflexive pronouns (ɫɟɛɹ and ɫɜɨɣ) is also included
below. They are included in this section so that you can compare them to
reflexive verbs.
orming Reflexive Verbs
/i
Reflexive verbs are formed almost the same as all other Russian verbs. The only
difference is that you add ³ɫɹ´ or ³ɫɶ´.
Conjugate the verb in the normal way then..

Add ³ɫɶ´ when the verb ends in a vowel.
Add ³ɫɹ´ when it does not end in a vowel.
For example...
Ɉɞɟɜɚɬɶ - To dress.
Ɉɞɟɜɚɬɶɫɹ - To dress oneself.
ə ɨɞɟɜɚɸɫɶ - I dress myself.

Ɍɵ ɨɞɟɜɚɟɲɶɫɹ - You dress yourself.
Ɉɧɚ ɨɞɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ - She dresses herself.
Simple Reflexive Verbs
The first group of reflexive verbs are those which are clearly reflexive. The
subject and the object refer to the same thing and you would use µ-self¶ in
English. In Russian the reflexive form is always used, unlike English it is not
possible to omit it.
Compare the normal and reflexive forms below.
ə ɨɞɟɜɚɸ Ⱥɧɧɭ - I am dressing Anna.

ə ɨɞɟɜɚɸɫɶ - I am dressing myself.
Here are some other words commonly used in the reflexive form.
Ɇɵɬɶ (ɫɹ) - To wash.

Ȼɪɢɬɶ (ɫɹ) - To shave.
Ɋɚɡɞɟɜɚɬɶ (ɫɹ) - To undress, to take your coat off.
Ƚɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ (ɫɹ) - To prepare, get ready.
Reciprocal - Each Other
Quite similar to the use above is the reciprocal meaning. In English this use is
normally translated as µeach other¶.
Ɇɵ ɜɫɬɪɟɬɢɥɢɫɶ ɜ ɤɚɮɟ - We met (each other) at the café.

Ɇɵ ɩɨɰɟɥɨɜɚɥɢɫɶ - We kissed (each other).
/
ùntransitive Verbs
A lot of verbs by their very nature have no object, simply a subject. These are
known as intransitive verbs. In Russian these verbs normally use the reflexive
form. Here are some examples.
ɍɥɵɛɚɬɶɫɹ - To smile.
ɋɦɟɹɬɶɫɹ - To laugh.
ɇɚɞɟɹɬɫɹ - To hope, to wish.
Even when these verbs form sentences there will not be an accusative case.
Depending on the verb, a different case or preposition will generally be used.
This can sometimes be hard to predict, so when you see or hear these words
being used, try to remember the sentence structure.
For example in the following sentence the dative case is used to indicate µto/at¶.
Ɉɧɚ ɦɧɟ ɭɥɵɛɚɟɬɫɹ - She smiled at me.
Sometimes a preposition is used.
Ɉɧɚ ɫɦɟɺɬɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɜɚɦɢ - She is laughing at you.
Reflexive Verbs meaning µto be¶
In Russian reflexive verbs are used to indicate the idea of µto be¶, or express the
state of something. These verbs are generally intransitive, like the verbs detailed
above there is no object. Again, it is a good idea to try and remember how these
words are used when you see them, although the instrumental case is common.
Here are some examples (common case usage is included in brackets)....
Ƚɨɪɞɢɬɶɫɹ % " - To be proud.

ɋɟɪɞɢɬɶɫɹ 01%"- To be angry.
ɂɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ % " - To be interested in.
Ɂɚɧɢɦɚɬɶɫɹ % " - To be engaged in.
ɉɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ % " - To use, to be using.
ɍɜɥɟɤɚɬɶɫɹ % " - To be keen on.
Ɉɲɢɛɚɬɶɫɹ 2% " - To be mistaken.
Verbs used in an intransitive manner.
When normal verbs are used in an intransitive manner the reflexive form is used.
Verbs like µopen¶, µclose¶, µbegin¶, µfinish¶, µcontinue¶ can be used in such a
/
manner. They can be used without an object of the sentence. Compare the
following sentences...
ɂɜɚɧ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɜɟɪɶ - Ivan opened the door.

Ⱦɜɟɪɶ ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ - The door opened (itself).
ɂɜɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɮɢɥɶɦ - Ivan starts the film.

Ɏɢɥɶɦ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ - The film begins.
Notice that the thing which opens or begins becomes the subject, and there is no
longer any object of the sentence. Below are some more examples of words that
are used in this manner...
ɉɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ(ɫɹ) - Continue.
Ɉɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ(ɫɹ) - Open
Ɂɚɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ(ɫɹ) - Close
ɇɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ(ɫɹ) - Begin
Ʉɨɧɱɚɬɶ(ɫɹ) - End
The same concept applies to verbs that are use to indicate a permanent state of
something. Because the verb is used without an object it takes the reflexive form.
ɋɨɛɚɤɚ ɤɭɫɚɟɬɫɹ - The dog bites.
ùmpersonal Speech
Russians commonly use impersonal speech to express feelings or the state of

something. Impersonal speech is when the person affected is in the dative case
(or omitted), commonly ³ɦɧɟ´ (to me). You can often translate this to English as ³I
feel´, ³I feel like´, ³I like´, ³I would like´.
Certain verbs are naturally impersonal, others are used in this way to soften their
meaning. Notice that using the impersonal form softens µI want¶ to µI would like¶.
The verb ɧɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ (to like) always uses in this form.
These verbs are in the reflexive form because they are expressed without an
object of the sentence. (This is simply a grammatical feature of Russian because
the dative case is used, and there is no accusative. When translated to English
there may be an object.)
Ɇɧɟ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ - I like Moscow.

Ɇɧɟ ɯɨɱɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɟɚɬɪ - I would like to go to the theatre.
Ɇɧɟ ɧɟ ɫɢɞɢɬɫɹ ɞɨɦɚ. - I don't like to stay home.
/Ó
Note: Not all impersonal speech uses this form. Some impersonal sentences are
formed using other methods.
Ëassive Voice (Advanced)
The passive voice is when a sentence is changed around to make the subject
something that would normally be the object of the sentence. As a result the
grammar in English and Russian is much more complex. It is rare to use the
passive voice in Russian. It is better to avoid using it.
When the passive voice is used with an imperfective verb, the reflexive form is
used.
ɋɜɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɟɪɤɚɥɨɦ. - The light is reflected by the mirror.
Notice how the verb µreflect¶ is kind of used backwards. It would be better to
convert this to active voice before translating to Russian, and avoid such a
complex grammar structure. (Ɂɟɪɤɚɥɨ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬ ɫɜɟɬ. - The mirror reflects the
light).
ɋɟɛɹ - Self
The Russian pronoun ³ɋɟɛɹ´ also means self. It is used in more complex
sentences when the use of a reflexive verb is not suitable. Reflexive verbs refer
only to the object of a sentence. ³ɋɟɛɹ´ can be used in other parts of the
sentence (ie different cases).
Ɉɧ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥ ɨ ɫɟɛɟ - He talked about himself.
ɋɟɛɹ always refers to the same person or thing as the subject of the sentence.
The use of ɫɟɛɹ is a requirement, you may not use a normal pronoun instead.
ɋɟɛɹ takes the same forms as ³Ɍɟɛɹ´ (Ɍɵ) when used in different cases. (It does
not exist in the nominative case)
Note: ɋɟɛɹ always means µ-self¶. (It never implies µto be¶, or has an intransitive
meaning).
Reflexive verbs are used in preference to ³ɋɟɛɹ´ when it is possible. You should
not combine reflexive verbs and ³ɋɟɛɹ´ in the one sentence, unless they have a
distinctly different meaning within that sentence. (For example the verb may
intransitive, and ɫɟɛɹ may be used to indicate µ-self¶ after a pronoun).
Ɉɧɚ ɫɦɟɺɬɫɹ ɧɚɞ ɫɨɛɨɣ - She is laughing at herself.
/
ɋɜɨɣ - Ones own
ɋɜɨɣ is the Russian reflexive possessive pronoun. It is used like Ɇɨɣ (my), and
has the same forms.
It is used when the owner of something is the subject of the sentence clause. (Its
use is required in the 3rd person, and optional in the 1st and 2nd. Although it is
almost always used if the subject is ɬɵ).
ɂɜɚɧ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɫɜɨɸ ɫɨɛɚɤɭ - Ivan loves his (own) dog.
Normal Adjectives
Normal adjectives are those that come before a noun. For example in a phrase
like ³beautiful girl´, or ³new car´.
Normal adjectives always agree in gender, and case with the noun that they are
describing. This means that there are several ending for each adjective.
There are two systems to make the adjectives. Use the µSoft Adjectives¶ table for
those adjectives ending in ³-ɧɢɣ´, otherwise use the µHard Adjectives¶
Normal Adjectives - Hard (³-ɵɣ´, ³-ɨɣ´, ³-ɢɣ´ (but not ³-ɧɢɣ´))
Hard Adjectives are by far the most common. Just substitute ³-ɵɣ´ for ³-ɨɣ´, or ³-
ɢɣ´ where needed. (other table entries remain the same).
Masculine eminine Neuter Ëlural
-ɵɣ -ɚɹ -ɨɟ -ɵɟ
-ɵɣ -ɵɟ
-ɭɸ -ɨɟ
-ɨɝɨ (anim.) -ɵɯ (anim.)
* -ɨɝɨ -ɨɣ -ɨɝɨ -ɵɯ
¥ -ɨɦɭ -ɨɣ -ɨɦɭ -ɵɦ
$ -ɵɦ -ɨɣ -ɵɦ -ɵɦɢ
-ɨɦ -ɨɣ -ɨɦ -ɵɯ
For example, the word "ɧɨɜɵɣ" (new) ends in the letters -ɵɣ so we use the forms
above.
//
ɧɨɜɵɣ ɧɨɜɚɹ ɧɨɜɨɟ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɧɨɜɵɣ ɧɨɜɵɟ
ɧɨɜɭɸ ɧɨɜɨɟ
ɧɨɜɨɝɨ (anim.) ɧɨɜɵɯ (anim.)
* ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɧɨɜɵɯ
¥ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɧɨɜɨɦɭ ɧɨɜɵɦ
$ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɧɨɜɵɦ ɧɨɜɵɦɢ
ɧɨɜɨɦ ɧɨɜɨɣ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ
Normal Adjectives - Soft (³-ɧɢɣ´)
The soft form or normal adjectives is less common. It's for adjectives ending in ³-
ɧɢɣ´.

-ɢɣ -ɹɹ -ɟɟ -ɢɟ
-ɢɣ -ɢɟ
-ɸɸ -ɟɟ
-ɟɝɨ (anim.) -ɢɯ (anim.)
* -ɟɝɨ -ɟɣ -ɟɝɨ -ɢɯ
¥ -ɟɦɭ -ɟɣ -ɟɦɭ -ɢɦ
$ -ɢɦ -ɟɣ (or -ɟɸ) -ɢɦ -ɢɦɢ
-ɟɦ -ɟɣ -ɟɦ -ɢɯ
You will notice that the soft adjectives simply use the soft form of the first added
vowel. ("ɵ" becomes "ɢ", "ɚ" becomes "ɹ", "ɨ" becomes "ɟ","ɭ" becomes "ɸ").
Otherwise the hard and soft forms are basically the same.
Remember that "ɟɝɨ", and "ɨɝɨ", the "ɝ" is pronounced like the english letter "v"
For example, the word "ɫɢɧɢɣ" (dark blue) ends in the letters -ɢɣ so we use the
forular above.

ɫɢɧɢɣ ɫɢɧɹɹ ɫɢɧɟɟ ɫɢɧɢɟ
ɫɢɧɢɣ ɫɢɧɢɟ
ɫɢɧɸɸ ɫɢɧɟɟ
ɫɢɧɟɝɨ (anim.) ɫɢɧɢɯ (anim.)
/F
* ɫɢɧɟɝɨ ɫɢɧɟɣ ɫɢɧɟɝɨ ɫɢɧɢɯ
¥ ɫɢɧɟɦɭ ɫɢɧɟɣ ɫɢɧɟɦɭ ɫɢɧɢɦ
$ ɫɢɧɢɦ ɫɢɧɟɣ ɫɢɧɢɦ ɫɢɧɢɦɢ
ɫɢɧɟɦ ɫɢɧɟɣ ɫɢɧɟɦ ɫɢɧɢɯ
Short Adjectives
The second main type of Russian adjectives are the µshort form¶. We don¶t really
have this form in English, but we do use adjectives the same way.
The short form is generally used to make a statement about something. In

English it normally follows the word ³is´ or ³are´. For example, ³You are beautiful´,
³He is busy´. Notice that the adjective is not followed by a noun. The use of the
short form is generally limited to such simple sentences.
It is important to note that not all adjectives can have a short form, (but most do).
One notable example is ɪɭɫɫɤɢɣ (Russian).
Cases are not relevant when using short adjectives, as you only need the
nominative case when making such statements. The adjective should still agree
in gender with the noun. Masculine nouns just use the stem of the adjective in
the short form. Feminine adds ³ɚ´. Neuter adds ³ɨ´. Plural adds ³ɵ´ or ³ɢ´. If the
adjective is masculine and the stem ends in two consonants, then add a vowel
(³ɨ´, ³ɟ´ or ³ɺ´) so that the word is easier to read.

)
- -ɚ -ɨ -ɵ or -ɢ
For Example.

)
ɤɪɚɫɢɜ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɚ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɨ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵ
Comparative Adjectives
Often you may wish to use adjectives to compare one thing to another. To do this
we normally use the comparative adjectives. These adjectives are just adapted
from normal adjectives. However the are a couple of methods that you can use.
All of these methods are relatively easy.
F
ó (ó 1
The lazy way to compare two things is to use the Russian words for ³more´ and
³less´. Here are the Russian words that you need to use.
ɛɨɥɟɟ - more
ɦɟɧɟɟ - less
ɱɟɦ - than
When comparing adjectives using this method, use the normal adjectives. Here
are some examples.
ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ ɞɨɦ - A more beautiful house.

ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ ɞɨɦ - A less beautiful house.
Ⱥɧɧɚ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ, ɱɟɦ ȿɥɟɧɚ. - Anna is a more beautiful woman
than Elena.
Ⱥɧɧɚ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ, ɱɟɦ ȿɥɟɧɚ. - Anna is a less beautiful woman
than Elena.
ó ) $#
Although the above examples are acceptable, Russians will prefer to use the
comparative adjectives most of the time. These are formed by adding either ³ɟɟ´
or ³ɟ´ to the stem of the adjective. It is worth noting that these forms can also be
used as comparative adverbs.
1. If the last consonant of the adjective is ɧ, ɥ, ɪ, ɩ, ɛ, ɦ, ɜ : Add ³ɟɟ´
ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ(fast) - ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ(faster)
ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ(beautiful) - ɤɪɚɫɢɜɟɟ(more beautiful, also: more beautifully)
ɬɪɭɞɧɵɣ(difficult) - ɬɪɭɞɧɟɟ(more difficult , also: more difficultly)
2. Otherwise add ³ɟ´ (but the stem will display typical consonant mutation).
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ(big) - ɛɨɥɶɲɟ(bigger)
ɥɺɝɤɢɣ(easy) - ɥɟɝɱɟ(easier)
ɞɟɲɺɜɵɣ(cheap) - ɞɟɲɟɜɥɟ(cheaper)
ɞɨɪɨɝɨɣ(expensive) - ɞɨɪɨɠɟ(more expensive)
3. As with English the words "good" and "bad" have irregular comparative forms.
ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ(good) - ɥɭɱɲɟ(better)
ɩɥɨɯɨɣ(bad) - ɯɭɠɟ(worse)
Here are some examples.
Fc
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɟɟ, ɱɟɦ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧ. - Moscow is more beautiful than London.
Ⱥɧɧɚ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ȿɥɟɧɚ. - Anna is more beautiful than Elena.
2
345
The third way to make comparisons is almost the same as method 2, except the
we omit the word ³ɑɟɦ´ (than). This method is popular in spoken Russian. In
order to omit ³ɑɟɦ´ we must use the second noun in the genitive case. When
using this method the order of words in the sentence is important.
Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɟɟ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɚ. - Moscow is more beautiful than London.

Ⱥɧɧɚ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɟɟ ȿɥɟɧɵ. - Anna is more beautiful than Elena.
Superlative Adjectives - Most
The superlative is how we indicate something is the best, or the most. (Eg, ³the
most beautiful´, ³smallest´, ³oldest´). To do this we simply use the adjective
³ɫɚɦɵɣ´ (most) which declines like a normal adjective.
ɫɚɦɵɣ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ ɞɨɦ - The most beautiful house.

ɫɚɦɨɟ ɞɟɲɺɜɨɟ ɜɢɧɨ - The cheapest wine.
ɫɚɦɚɹ ɤɪɚɫɢɜɚɹ ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ - The most beautiful woman
Quenstion ords in Russian
In Russian, there are a number of words used to form questions. You should
remember that when you ask a yes/no question it is formed the same was as a
statement. (There is no equivalent of words "do", "are"). When you are speaking
Russian you should use a rising questioning tone.
ɑɬɨ? - What? (Pronounced "shto")

Ʉɚɤ? - How?
ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ? - How many?
Ʉɬɨ? - Who?
Ʉɨɝɞɚ? - When?
Ƚɞɟ? - Where? (Used when you are searching for something. "Where is the
bank?")
Ʉɭɞɚ? - (to) Where? (indicates motion towards something. "Where are you
going?")
(ɬɤɭɞɚ? - (from) Where? (indicates motion away from something. "Where are
you coming from?")
Ʉɚɤɨɣ? (m), Ʉɚɤɚɹ? (f), Ʉɚɤɨɟ? (n) - Which? What sort of?
ɑɟɣ? (m), ɑɶɹ? (f), ɑɶɺ? (n), ɑɶɢ? (pl) - Whose?
F!
Notes:
Where gender is shown, the word should agree with the noun it relates to.
The word Ʉɚɤɨɣ declines like a stressed adjective, so it must also agree in case.
The words ɑɬɨ? and Ʉɬɨ? have different forms in different cases. Above is
nominative. (others shown below)
Advanced Topics:
% 36 76
Nominative Case (subject):

ɑɬɨ? - What? (Pronounced "shto")
Ʉɬɨ? - Who?
Accusative Case (object):

ɑɬɨ? - What?
Ʉɨɝɨ? - Whom?
Dative Case (indirect object):

ɑɟɦɭ? - To What?
Ʉɨɦɭ? - To Whom?
Genative Case (Possession, negation):

ɑɟɝɨ? - What? (Pronounced "chevo")
Ʉɨɝɨ? - Whom? (Pronounced "kavo")
Insrumental Case (by/with)

ɑɟɦ? - What?
Ʉɟɦ? - Whom?
Prepositional Case (in/at/about)

ɑɺɦ - (in/about) What?.
Ʉɨɦ? - (in/about) Whom?
The days of the week in Russian...
ɉɨɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɢɤ - Monday
ȼɬɨɪɧɢɤ - Tuesday
ɋɪɟɞɚ - Wednesday
ɑɟɬɜɟɪɝ - Thursday
ɉɹɬɧɢɰɚ - Friday
ɋɭɛɛɨɬɚ - Saturday
ȼɨɫɤɪɟɫɟɧɶɟ - Sunday
Fi
Months
əɧɜɚɪɶ - January
Ɏɟɜɪɚɥɶ - February
Ɇɚɪɬ - March
Ⱥɩɪɟɥɶ - April
Ɇɚɣ - May
ɂɸɧɶ - June
ɂɸɥɶ - July
Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬ - August
ɋɟɧɬɹɛɪɶ - September
(ɤɬɹɛɪɶ - October
ɇɨɹɛɪɶ - November
Ⱦɟɤɚɛɪɶ - December
Related words
ɋɟɝɨɞɧɹ - Today (pronounced "sivodnya")

hɚɜɬɪɚ - Tomorrow
ȼɱɟɪɚ - Yesterday
Ⱦɟɧɶ - Day
ɇɟɞɟɥɹ - Week
Ɇɟɫɹɰ - Month
Ƚɨɞ - Year
Notes:
1. The preposition "ɜ" is used to mean "on". ("ɜ ɩɨɧɟɞɟɥɶɧɢɤ" - on Monday). If
the last letter is "ɚ" it becomes "y".
2. The days always start with a lowercase letter unless at the start of a sentence.
ùmmediate amily
Ɉɬɟɰ - father
Ɇɚɬɶ - mother
ɉɚɩɚ - dad
Ɇɚɦɚ - mum
Ȼɪɚɬ - brother
ɋɵɧ - son
Ⱦɨɱɶ - daughter
ɀɟɧɚ - wife
Ɇɭɠ - husband
Ⱦɟɬɢ - children
ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ - child
F
Extended amily
Ȼɚɛɭɲɤɚ - grandmother
ȼɧɭɤ - grandson
Ⱦɹɞɹ - uncle
Ɍɺɬɹ - auntie
ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɤ - nephew
ɩɥɟɦɹɧɧɢɰɚ - niece
ɞɜɨɸɪɨɞɧɵɣ ɛɪɚɬ (ɞɜɨɸɪɨɞɧɚɹ ɫɟɫɬɪɚ) - cousin
Related ords
ɫɟɦɶɹ - family
ɪɨɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɢɤɢ - relatives
ɛɥɢɡɧɟɰɵ - twins
ɞɟɬɫɬɜɨ - childhood
ɦɚɥɵɲ, ɝɪɭɞɧɨɣ ɪɟɛɟɧɨɤ - baby

ɦɚɥɶɱɢɤ - young boy
ɞɟɜɨɱɤɚ - young girl
ɞɟɜɭɲɤɚ - young woman
ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ - young man
ɦɭɠɱɢɧɚ - man
ɠɟɧɳɢɧɚ - woman
ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ - person
ɜɡɪɨɫɥɵɣ - adult
ɧɟɜɟɫɬɚ - bride
ɠɟɧɢɯ - groom
ɦɟɞɨɜɵɣ ɦɟɫɹɰ - honey moon
ɛɪɚɤ - marriage
ɡɚɦɭɠɟɦ, ɠɟɧɚɬɵɣ - married
ɠɟɧɢɬɶɫɹ, ɜɵɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɡɚɦɭɠ - marry
ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɣ - single
ɜɞɨɜɚ - widow
ɜɞɨɜɟɰ - widower
Ɏɪɭɤɬɵ - ruit
əɛɥɨɤɨ (ɹɛɥɨɤɢ) - apple

Ƚɪɭɲɚ (ɝɪɭɲɢ) - pear
Ⱥɩɟɥɶɫɢɧ (ɚɩɟɥɶɫɢɧɵ) - orange
ȼɢɧɨɝɪɚɞ - grapes
Ƚɪɟɣɩɮɪɭɬ (ɝɪɟɣɩɮɪɭɬɵ) - grapefruit
F
Ʉɢɜɢ (ɤɢɜɢ) - kiwi fruit
Ɇɚɧɞɚɪɢɧ (ɦɚɧɞɚɪɢɧɵ) - mandarine
Ɇɚɧɝɨ (-) - mango
Ȼɚɧɚɧ (ɛɚɧɚɧɵ) - banana
Ⱥɧɚɧɚɫ - pineapple
ɉɟɪɫɢɤ (ɩɟɪɫɢɤɢ) - peach
Ⱥɛɪɢɤɨɫ (ɚɛɪɢɤɨɫɵ) - apricot
ɋɥɢɜɚ (ɋɥɢɜɵ) - plum
Ʉɥɭɛɧɢɤɚ (-) - strawberry
Ɇɚɥɢɧɚ (-) - raspberry
Ʌɢɦɨɧ (ɥɢɦɨɧɵ) - lemon
ȿɠɟɜɢɤɚ (-) - blackberry
ȼɢɲɧɹ, ɑɟɪɟɲɧɹ (-) - cherry
Ⱦɵɧɹ - melon
Ⱥɪɛɭɡ - watermelon
ɋɦɨɪɨɞɢɧɚ ɤɪɚɫɧɚɹ - red currant
ɋɦɨɪɨɞɢɧɚ ɱɺɪɧɚɹ - black currant
Ʉɪɵɠɨɜɧɢɤ - gooseberry
(ɜɨɳɢ - Vegtables
Ɉɝɭɪɟɰ (ɨɝɭɪɰɵ) - cucumber

ɉɨɦɢɞɨɪ (ɩɨɦɢɞɨɪɵ) - tomato
Ʉɚɛɚɱɨɤ (ɤɚɛɚɱɤɢ) - vegtable marrow
Ʉɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ (-) - potato
Ȼɚɤɥɚɠɚɧ (ɛɚɤɥɚɠɚɧɵ) - aubergine, egg-plant
Ʉɚɩɭɫɬɚ (-) - cabbage
ɐɜɟɬɧɚɹ ɤɚɩɭɫɬɚ (-) - cauliflower
Ȼɪɨɤɤɨɥɢ (-) - broccoli
ɉɚɬɢɫɨɧ (ɩɚɬɢɫɨɧɵ) - squash
Ɍɵɤɜɚ (ɬɵɤɜɵ) - pumpkin
Ɇɨɪɤɨɜɶ (-) - carrot
Ʌɭɤ (-) - onion
ɉɟɪɟɰ (ɩɟɪɰɵ) - pepper, capsicum
Ɏɚɫɨɥɶ (-) - bean
Ƚɨɪɨɯ (-) - pea
ɋɟɥɶɞɟɪɟɣ - celery
ɩɸɪɟ ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶɧɨɟ - mashed potatoes
ɋɜɟɤɥɚ - beetroot, beet
ɋɚɥɚɬ - lettuce
Ƚɪɢɛ (ɝɪɢɛɵ) - mushroom
(ɪɟɯɢ - Nuts
FÓ
Ʌɟɫɧɨɣ ɨɪɟɯ - hazelnut
Ƚɪɟɰɤɢɣ ɨɪɟɯ - walnut
Ʉɟɲɶɸ - cashew
Ɇɢɧɞɚɥɶ - almond
Ʉɨɤɨɫɨɜɵɣ ɨɪɟɯ - cocoanut
Ɏɢɫɬɚɲɤɢ - pistachio
Ⱥɪɚɯɢɫ - peanut
Ɇɭɫɤɚɬɧɵɣ ɨɪɟɯ - nutmeg
Ɇɹɫɨ - Meat
Ƚɨɜɹɞɢɧɚ - beef
Ȼɚɪɚɧɢɧɚ - mutton
ɋɜɢɧɢɧɚ - pork
Ɍɟɥɹɬɢɧɚ - veal
Ʉɭɪɢɰɚ - chichen
əɝɧɹɬɢɧɚ - lamb
Ʉɪɨɥɶɱɚɬɢɧɚ (ɤɪɨɥɢɤ) - rabbit
ȼɟɬɱɢɧɚ - ham
Ȼɟɤɨɧ - bacon
Ɇɭɱɧɵɟ ɢɡɞɟɥɢɹ - Ëroducts from flour
Ɇɭɤɚ - flour
ɏɥɟɛ - bread
Ȼɟɥɵɣ ɯɥɟɛ - white bread
ɑɟɪɧɵɣ ɯɥɟɛ - rye bread
Ȼɭɥɨɱɤɚ - cookie
Ʉɟɤɫ - cake
Ɍɨɪɬ - tart, pie
ɉɢɪɨɠɨɤ - pie, patty
ɛɭɥɨɱɤɚ - muffin
ɛɥɢɧ - pancake
Ʉɪɭɩɚ - Grain
ɨɜɟɫ - oatmeal
ɝɪɟɱɤɚ - buckwheat
ɹɱɦɟɧɶ - barley
ɩɲɟɧɨ - millet
ɪɢɫ - rice
F
Misc
ɦɨɪɨɠɟɧɨɟ - ice cream

ɫɵɪ - cheese
ɹɣɰɨ - egg
ɦɚɫɥɨ - butter
ɤɚɪɬɨɮɟɥɶ ɮɪɢ - French fries
ɠɟɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɡɢɧɤɚ, ɠɟɜɚɱɤɚ - (chewing) gum
ɜɚɪɟɧɶɟ - jam
ɩɢɰɰɚ - pizza
ɤɨɧɮɟɬɚ - candy
ɛɚɬɨɧɱɢɤ - candy bar
ɫɨɫɢɫɤɚ - hotdog
ɬɨɦɚɬɧɵɣ ɫɨɭɫ - ketchup
ɫɨɭɫ - sauce
ɤɨɥɛɚɫɚ - sausage
ɫɚɥɚɬ - salad
ɛɭɬɟɪɛɪɨɞ - sandwich
ɫɭɩ - soup
ɫɦɟɬɚɧɚ - sour cream
Ɇɨɪɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ - Seafood
Ɋɵɛɚ - fish
Ɉɤɭɧɶ - bass
ɋɟɦɝɚ - salmon
Ɉɫɟɬɪ - sturgeon
Ƚɨɪɛɭɲɚ - humpback salmon
Ɏɨɪɟɥɶ - trout
ɋɭɞɚɤ - pike perch
ɓɭɤɚ - pike
Ʉɚɦɛɚɥɚ - flatfish
ɋɨɦ - sheatfish, catfish
Ɍɪɟɫɤɚ - codfish
ɋɚɪɞɢɧɚ - sardine
ɋɬɚɜɪɢɞɚ - horse-mackerel
ɋɤɭɦɛɪɢɹ - mackerel
Ʉɚɪɚɫɶ - crucian
Ʉɚɪɩ - carp
ɉɚɥɬɭɫ - fluke
Ɍɭɧɟɰ - tuna
Ȼɟɥɭɝɚ - huso
ɏɟɤ - hake
ɋɟɥɶɞɶ - herring
ɍɫɬɪɢɰɚ (ɭɫɬɪɢɰɵ) - oyster
F/
Ɇɢɞɢɹ (ɦɢɞɢɢ) - mussel
Ʉɪɟɜɟɬɤɚ (ɤɪɟɜɟɬɤɢ) - shrimp
Ʉɪɚɛ (ɤɪɚɛɵ) - crab
Ʉɚɥɶɦɚɪ (ɤɚɥɶɦɚɪɵ) - squid
ɋɩɟɰɢɢ - Spice
ɋɨɥɶ - salt
ɋɚɯɚɪ - sugar
Ɍɢɦɶɹɧ - thyme
ɑɟɪɧɵɣ ɩɟɪɟɰ - pepper
Ɇɚɫɥɢɧɚ - olive
Ɉɥɢɜɤɚ - olive
Ƚɜɨɡɞɢɤɚ - carnation
Ʉɚɩɟɪɫɵ - caper
ɗɫɬɪɚɝɨɧ - estragon
Ɍɚɪɯɭɧ - estragon
ɒɚɮɪɚɧ - saffron
ȼɚɧɢɥɶ - vanilla
ɂɦɛɢɪɶ - ginger
Ʉɚɪɞɚɦɨɧ - cardamom
Ɋɨɡɦɚɪɢɧ - rosemary
Ƚɨɪɱɢɰɚ - mustard
Ʉɨɪɢɰɚ - cinnamon
ɍɤɪɨɩ - dill
ɉɟɬɪɭɲɤɚ - punch
Ȼɚɡɢɥɢɤ - basil
ɓɚɜɟɥɶ - sorrel
ɇɚɩɢɬɤɢ - Drinks
Ȼɟɡɚɥɤɨɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ - Non-alcoholic
ɑɚɣ - Tea
Ʉɨɮɟ - Coffee
ɋɨɤ - Juice
Ⱥɩɟɥɶɫɢɧɨɜɵɣ - orange juice
əɛɥɨɱɧɵɣ - apple juice
Ƚɪɭɲɟɜɵɣ - pear juice
ɉɟɪɫɢɤɨɜɵɣ - peach juice
Ⱥɛɪɢɤɨɫɨɜɵɣ - apricot juice
ȼɢɲɧɟɜɵɣ - cherry juice
ɋɦɟɲɚɧɧɵɣ - mixed juice
ɝɪɟɣɩɮɪɭɬɨɜɵɣ - gapefruit juice
FF
Ɇɨɥɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɨɤɬɟɣɥɶ - milkshake
ȼɨɞɚ - water
Ɇɨɥɨɤɨ - milk
Ʉɟɮɢɪ - kefir
ɋɥɢɜɤɢ - cream
ɥɢɦɨɧɚɞ - lemonade
ɤɨɤɚ-ɤɨɥɚ - coke
ɤɚɤɚɨ - hot chocolate
Ⱥɥɤɨɝɨɥɶɧɵɟ - Alcoholic
ɉɢɜɨ - beer
ȼɢɧɨ - wine
ȼɨɞɤɚ - vodka
Ɍɟɤɢɥɚ - tequila
Ɋɨɦ - rum
ȼɢɫɤɢ - whisky
Ʉɨɧɶɹɤ - cognac
Ȼɪɟɧɞɢ - brandy
Ɇɚɪɬɢɧɢ - martini
Ʌɢɤɟɪ - liqueur
ɒɚɦɩɚɧɫɤɨɟ - champagne
ɉɢɳɚ - Meals
Ɂɚɜɬɪɚɤ - breakfast
Ɉɛɟɞ - lunch
ɍɠɢɧ - dinner
ɉɨɥɞɧɢɤ - supper
ɀɢɜɨɬɧɵɟ - Animals
Ʉɨɬ, Ʉɨɲɤɚ - cat

ɋɨɛɚɤɚ - dog
Ɇɟɞɜɟɞɶ - bear
ɋɥɨɧ - elephant
Ʌɟɜ - lion
Ɍɢɝɪ - tiger
ɀɢɪɚɮ - giraffe
ȼɟɪɛɥɸɞ - camel
Ʉɪɨɥɢɤ - rabbit
Ɂɚɹɰ - hare
Ɉɛɟɡɶɹɧɚ - monkey
Ȼɟɥɤɚ - squirrel
c
ȼɨɥɤ - wolf
Ʌɢɫɚ - fox
Ʉɪɨɬ - mole
Ɇɵɲɶ - mouse
Ʉɪɵɫɚ - rat
ȿɠɢɤ - hedge-hog
Ɂɦɟɹ - snake
ɚɧɬɢɥɨɩɚ - antelope
ɛɢɡɨɧ - bison
Ȼɭɣɜɨɥ - buffalo
ɥɨɫɶ - elk, moose
ɨɥɟɧɶ - deer
ɞɢɤɨɛɪɚɡ - porcupine
ɡɟɛɪɚ - zebra
ɧɨɫɨɪɨɝ - rhino
ɝɢɩɩɨɩɨɬɚɦ - hippopotamus
ɝɨɪɢɥɥɚ - gorilla
ɲɢɦɩɚɧɡɟ - chimpanzee
ɨɪɚɧɝɭɬɚɧɝ - orangutan
ɛɟɥɤɚ - squirrel
ɨɛɟɡɶɹɧɚ - ape
ɥɟɨɩɚɪɞ - leopard
ɝɟɩɚɪɞ - cheetah
ɩɚɧɞɚ - panda
Ʉɭɪɢɰɚ - chicken
ɉɟɬɭɯ - cock
Ʉɨɪɨɜɚ - cow
Ȼɭɣɜɨɥ - bull
Ɉɜɰɚ - sheep
Ȼɚɪɚɧ - ram
Ʉɨɡɚ, Ʉɨɡɺɥ - goat
Ɉɫɟɥ - donkey
Ʌɨɲɚɞɶ - horse
Ƚɭɫɶ - goose
ɍɬɤɚ - duck
ɉɚɭɤ - spider
Ɇɭɪɚɜɟɣ - ant
ɉɱɟɥɚ - bee
Ɉɫɚ - wasp
ɑɟɪɜɹɤ - worm
Ȼɚɛɨɱɤɚ - butterfly
ɦɨɥɶ - moth
Ʉɟɧɝɭɪɭ - kangaroo
cc
ɗɦɭ - emu
ȼɨɦɛɚɬ - wombat
Ʉɨɚɥɚ - koala
Ɋɵɛɚ - fish
ɞɟɥɶɮɢɧ - dolphin
Ʉɪɨɤɨɞɢɥ - crocodile
ɚɥɥɢɝɚɬɨɪ - alligator
Ɉɫɶɦɢɧɨɝ - octopus
Ʉɢɬ - whale
Ⱥɤɭɥɚ - shark
ɑɟɪɟɩɚɯɚ - turtle
Ʌɹɝɭɲɤɚ - frog
ɧɟɪɩɚ - seal
ɠɚɛɚ - toad
ɤɚɥɶɦɚɪ - squid
ɉɬɢɰɵ - Birds
ɉɬɢɰɚ - bird
ɋɤɜɨɪɟɰ - starling
Ⱦɹɬɟɥ - woodpecker
ȼɨɪɨɛɟɣ - sparrow
ȼɨɪɨɧɚ - crow
ɋɧɟɝɢɪɶ - bullfinch
ɋɨɜɚ - owl
ɉɢɧɝɜɢɧ - penguin
ɉɨɩɭɝɚɣ - parrot
ɦɚɥɢɧɨɜɤɚ - robin
ɝɨɥɭɛɶ - pigeon
ɩɚɜɥɢɧ - peacock
ɮɥɚɦɢɧɝɨ - flamingo
ɫɬɪɚɭɫ - ostrich
ɝɚɡɟɥɶ - gazelle
(ɞɟɠɞɚ - Clothes
Ɋɭɛɚɲɤɚ - shirt
Ʉɨɫɬɸɦ - suit
Ȼɪɸɤɢ - trouses
ɇɨɫɤɢ - socks
ɋɜɢɬɟɪ - sweater
Ɏɭɬɛɨɥɤɚ - t-shirt
Ɇɚɣɤɚ - singlet
Ʉɨɮɬɚ - blouse
Ⱦɠɢɧɫɵ - jeans
c!
ɘɛɤɚ - skirt
ɉɥɚɬɶɟ - dress
ȼɨɞɨɥɚɡɤɚ - poloneck
ɀɚɤɟɬ - jacket
ɀɢɥɟɬ - waistcoat
ɉɢɞɠɚɤ - coat
ɒɚɪɮ - scarf
Ʉɭɪɬɤɚ - jacket
ɉɚɥɶɬɨ - coat
ɒɭɛɚ - fur coat
ɒɚɩɤɚ - cap, hat
Ȼɨɬɢɧɤɢ - shoes
Ʉɪɨɫɫɨɜɤɢ - sneakers, sport shoes
ɋɩɨɪɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɨɫɬɸɦ - sport suit
Ʉɟɞɵ - gumshoes
Ɍɭɮɥɢ - shoes
Ȼɨɫɨɧɨɠɤɢ - sandals
Ɍɚɩɨɱɤɢ - slippers
Ȼɸɫɬɝɚɥɬɟɪ - bra
Èɤɪɚɲɟɧɢɹ - Jewelry
Ʉɨɥɶɰɨ - ring
ɐɟɩɨɱɤɚ - chain
Ȼɪɚɫɥɟɬ - bracelet
Ɉɠɟɪɟɥɶɟ - necklace
ɋɟɪɟɠɤɢ - earrings
Ʉɭɥɨɧ - pendant
Verbs - Ƚɥɚɝɨɥɵ
accept - ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ
add - ɞɨɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ, ɩɪɢɛɚɜɥɹɬɶ
adjust - ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɚɛɥɢɜɚɬɶ(ɫɹ)
admire - ɜɨɫɯɢɳɚɬɶɫɹ ɛ/ɩ
advice - ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜɚɬɶ
agree - ɫɨɝɥɚɲɚɬɶɫɹ
answer - ɨɬɜɟɱɚɬɶ
apologize - ɢɡɜɢɧɹɬɶɫɹ
appear - ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ
argue - ɫɩɨɪɢɬɶ
ask - ɫɩɪɚɲɢɜɚɬɶ
ask (for) - ɩɪɨɫɢɬɶ (ɨ ɱɟɦ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ)
attack - ɧɚɩɚɞɚɬɶ ɛ/ɩ
ci
attend - ɩɨɫɟɳɚɬɶ
attract - ɩɪɢɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ
avoid - ɢɡɛɟɝɚɬɶ
bark - ɥɚɹɬɶ
bathe - ɤɭɩɚɬɶɫɹ
beat - ɛɢɬɶ, ɭɞɚɪɹɬɶ
become - ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ (ɤɟɦ-ɬɨ, ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ)
begin - ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ
behave - ɜɟɫɬɢ ɫɟɛɹ (ɯɨɪɨɲɨ)
believe - ɜɟɪɢɬɶ, ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ
belong (to) - ɩɪɢɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɬɶ (ɤɨɦɭ-ɬɨ, ɱɟɦɭ-ɬɨ)
bite - ɤɭɫɚɬɶ
blame - ɜɢɧɢɬɶ, ɨɛɜɢɧɹɬɶ ɛ/ɩ.
blush - ɤɪɚɫɧɟɬɶ
bother - ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɢɬɶ, ɞɨɫɚɠɞɚɬɶ, ɦɟɲɚɬɶ
brag - ɯɜɚɫɬɚɬɶɫɹ
break - ɥɨɦɚɬɶ
break up (with) - ɩɨɪɭɝɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚɜɫɟɝɞɚ, ɡɚɜɹɡɚɬɶ
bring - ɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɬɶ, ɩɪɢɜɨɡɢɬɶ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬɶ
build - ɫɬɪɨɢɬɶ
burn - ɠɟɱɶ, ɝɨɪɟɬɶ
buy - ɩɨɤɭɩɚɬɶ
call - ɡɜɚɬɶ, ɡɜɨɧɢɬɶ ɛ/ɩ
calm ... down - ɭɫɩɨɤɚɢɜɚɬɶ(ɫɹ)
can - ɦɨɠɟɬ
cancel - ɨɬɦɟɧɹɬɶ
carry - ɧɨɫɢɬɶ
catch - ɥɨɜɢɬɶ, ɞɨɝɨɧɹɬɶ, ɭɫɩɟɜɚɬɶ
change - ɦɟɧɹɬɶ, ɩɟɪɟɨɞɟɜɚɬɶɫɹ
check - ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ
chew - ɠɟɜɚɬɶ
choose - ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ
choose - ɜɵɛɢɪɚɬɶ
chop down - ɡɚɪɭɛɢɬɶ
chop off - ɪɭɛɢɬɶ, ɨɬɪɭɛɚɬɶ
chop up - ɢɡɪɭɛɢɬɶ
clean - ɱɢɫɬɢɬɶ
climb - ɡɚɥɟɡɚɬɶ, ɡɚɩɨɥɡɚɬɶ, ɤɚɪɚɛɤɚɬɶɫɹ
close - ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ
come - ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɩɪɢɟɡɠɚɬɶ
come true - ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ
compare - ɫɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɬɶ
complain - ɠɚɥɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
confuse - ɩɭɬɚɬɶ, ɫɩɭɬɚɬɶ
congratulate - ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ
consult - ɫɨɜɟɬɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛ/ɩ
c
continue - ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶ
convince - ɭɛɟɠɞɚɬɶ
cook - ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ (ɧɚ ɤɭɯɧɟ)
cost - ɫɬɨɢɬɶ
cost - ɫɬɨɢɬɶ
could - ɦɨɝ ɛɵ
count (on) - ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ (ɧɚ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ)
cover - ɩɨɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ, ɧɚɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ
crawl - ɩɨɥɡɬɢ
create - ɬɜɨɪɢɬɶ, ɫɨɡɞɚɜɚɬɶ
cross - ɩɟɪɟɫɟɤɚɬɶ
cross ... out - ɜɵɱɟɪɤɢɜɚɬɶ
cry - ɩɥɚɤɚɬɶ
cut - ɫɬɪɢɱɶ, ɪɟɡɚɬɶ
dance - ɬɚɧɰɟɜɚɬɶ
deceive - ɨɛɦɚɧɵɜɚɬɶ
decide - ɪɟɲɚɬɶ (ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ)
defend - ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ
deliver - ɞɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ
deny - ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɬɶ, ɨɬɪɢɰɚɬɶ
depend (on) - ɡɚɜɢɫɟɬɶ (ɨɬ ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ)
describe - ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɬɶ
deserve - ɡɚɫɥɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ
die - ɭɦɢɪɚɬɶ
dig - ɤɨɩɚɬɶ, ɪɵɬɶ
disappear - ɢɫɱɟɡɚɬɶ
disappoint - ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ
discard - ɜɵɤɢɞɵɜɚɬɶ (ɜɟɳɶ)
discover - ɨɛɧɚɪɭɠɢɜɚɬɶ, ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ (ɧɨɜɨɟ)
dispose - ɪɚɫɩɨɪɹɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɛ/ɩ
distract - ɨɬɜɥɟɤɚɬɶ
dive - ɧɵɪɹɬɶ
do - ɞɟɥɚɬɶ (ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ)
doubt - ɫɨɦɧɟɜɚɬɶɫɹ
dream - ɦɟɱɬɚɬɶ, ɜɢɞɟɬɶ ɫɧɵ
drink - ɩɢɬɶ
drip - ɤɚɩɚɬɶ
drop - ɪɨɧɹɬɶ
drown - ɬɨɩɢɬɶ, ɬɨɧɭɬɶ (ɠɢɜɨɦɭ)
earn - ɡɚɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɬɶ
eat - ɟɫɬɶ
embarrass - ɫɦɭɳɚɬɶ
end - ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
enjoy - ɧɚɫɥɚɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɛ/ɩ
enter - ɜɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ (ɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ) ɛ/ɩ
envy - ɡɚɜɢɞɨɜɚɬɶ ɛ/ɩ
c
estimate - ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ
exchange - ɨɛɦɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ
exist - ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
expect - ɨɠɢɞɚɬɶ
experience - ɢɫɩɵɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɛ/ɩ. EG: ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ
explain (to) - ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɬɶ (ɤɨɦɭ-ɬɨ)
explode - ɜɡɪɵɜɚɬɶ
express - ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶ EG: ɦɵɫɥɢ, ɱɭɜɫɬɜɚ
faint - ɬɟɪɹɬɶ ɫɨɡɧɚɧɢɟ
fall - ɩɚɞɚɬɶ
fall apart - ɪɚɡɜɚɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
fall asleep - ɡɚɫɵɩɚɬɶ (=ɭɫɧɭɬɶ)
feed - ɤɨɪɦɢɬɶ
feel - ɱɭɜɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
fight - ɞɪɚɬɶɫɹ, ɫɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ
figure - ɞɨɝɚɞɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ
fill ... in - ɡɚɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ, ɧɚɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ
find - ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ
find oneself - ɨɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ
finish - ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɬɶ
fit - ɩɨɞɯɨɞɢɬɶ
fix - ɪɟɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ, ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ
flatter - ɥɶɫɬɢɬɶ
flow - ɬɟɱɶ
flush - ɤɪɚɫɧɟɬɶ
fly - ɥɟɬɚɬɶ
follow - ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ
forbid - ɡɚɩɪɟɳɚɬɶ
force - ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ
forget - ɡɚɛɵɜɚɬɶ, ɧɟ ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ
forgive - ɩɪɨɳɚɬɶ
freeze - ɡɚɦɨɪɚɠɢɜɚɬɶ, ɦɟɪɡɧɭɬɶ
fuss - ɪɭɝɚɬɶɫɹ, µ ɪɚɡɨɪɹɬɶɫɹ¶
get - ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ, ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɶɫɹ (ɧɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɭ)
get even (with) - ɫɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɫɱɟɬɵ (ɫ ɤɟɦ-ɬɨ)
get rid (of) - ɢɡɛɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ (ɨɬ)
give - ɞɚɜɚɬɶ
give in - ɫɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ
give up - ɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɶ ɪɭɤɢ, ɛɪɨɫɢɬɶ ɱɬɨ-ɥɢɛɨ
go - ɯɨɞɢɬɶ (ɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ), ɭɯɨɞɢɬɶ, ɭɟɡɠɚɬɶ
go on - ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶɫɹ
grab - ɯɜɚɬɚɬɶ, ɛɪɚɬɶ
graduate (from) - ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɬɶ
greet - ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ
grow - ɪɚɫɬɢ (ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɟ)
guess - ɞɭɦɚɬɶ, ɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ
cÓ
handle - ɫɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ ɛ/ɩ
hang - ɜɟɲɚɬɶ
happen - ɫɥɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ
harm - ɜɪɟɞɢɬɶ ɛ/ɩ.
hate - ɧɟɧɚɜɢɞɟɬɶ
have - ɢɦɟɬɶ
heal - ɜɵɡɞɨɪɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ
hear - ɫɥɵɲɚɬɶ
help - ɩɨɦɨɝɚɬɶ
hesitate - ɤɨɥɟɛɚɬɶɫɹ EG: ɫ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟɦ
hide - ɩɪɹɬɚɬɶ(ɫɹ)
hint - ɧɚɦɟɤɚɬɶ
hit - ɩɨɩɚɞɚɬɶ (ɰɟɥɶ), ɭɞɚɪɹɬɶ ɛ/ɩ.
hold - ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ EG: ɜ ɪɭɤɟ; ɨɛɧɢɦɚɬɶ
hope - ɧɚɞɟɹɬɶɫɹ
hug - ɨɛɧɢɦɚɬɶ
hunt (after) - ɨɯɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ (ɡɚ)
hurry - ɬɨɪɨɩɢɬɶɫɹ
hurt - ɨɛɢɠɚɬɶ, ɩɪɢɱɢɧɹɬɶ ɛɨɥɶ ɛ/ɩ
I am supposed to - ɦɧɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɡɧɚɬɶ
I like - ɦɧɟ ɧɪɚɜɢɬɫɹ
I need - ɦɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɨ
imagine - ɜɨɨɛɪɚɠɚɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɬɶ ɫɟɛɟ
impose (on) - ɧɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ (ɤɨɦɭ)
impress - ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɹɬɶ, ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɜɩɟɱɚɬɥɟɧɢɟ
improve - ɭɥɭɱɲɚɬɶ(ɫɹ)
influence - ɜɥɢɹɬɶ ɛ/ɩ.
inherit - ɧɚɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɶ
insist - ɧɚɫɬɚɢɜɚɬɶ
interest - ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɬɶ
interfere - ɜɫɬɪɟɜɚɬɶ, ɜɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
interrupt - ɩɟɪɟɛɢɜɚɬɶ EG: ɝɨɜɨɪɹɳɟɝɨ
invent - ɢɡɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ
invite - ɩɪɢɝɥɚɲɚɬɶ
it occurred to me - ɦɧɟ ɩɪɢɲɥɨ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ
it seems to me - ɦɧɟ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ
it sounds interesting - ɷɬɨ ɤɚɠɟɬɫɹ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɦ
join - ɜɫɬɭɩɚɬɶ, ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɛ/ɩ
joke - ɲɭɬɢɬɶ
jump - ɩɪɵɝɚɬɶ
justify - ɨɩɪɚɜɞɵɜɚɬɶ
keep - ɯɪɚɧɢɬɶ, ɞɟɪɠɚɬɶ EG: ɜ ɯɨɥɨɞɢɥɶɧɢɤɟ
keep silence - ɦɨɥɱɚɬɶ
kick - ɩɢɧɚɬɶ
kill - ɭɛɢɜɚɬɶ
kiss - ɰɟɥɨɜɚɬɶ
c
knit - ɜɹɡɚɬɶ
knock - ɫɬɭɱɚɬɶ, ɫɬɭɤɧɭɬɶ
knock ... down - ɫɛɢɬɶ (ɤɨɝɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ) ɫ ɧɨɝ
know - ɡɧɚɬɶ
lack - ɧɟ ɯɜɚɬɚɬɶ ɛ/ɩ
last - ɯɜɚɬɚɬɶ (ɧɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ), ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɚɬɶɫɹ
laugh (at) - ɫɦɟɹɬɶɫɹ (ɧɚɞ ɤɟɦ-ɬɨ)
lay - ɤɥɚɫɬɶ
leak - ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɬɶ EG: ɤɪɚɧ, ɤɪɵɲɚ
learn - ɡɚɭɱɢɜɚɬɶ (ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɧɨɜɨɟ), ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ
leave (for) - ɩɨɤɢɞɚɬɶ, ɭɟɡɠɚɬɶ (ɤɭɞɚ-ɬɨ)
let - ɪɚɡɪɟɲɚɬɶ, ɞɚɜɚɬɶ (ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ) ɛ/ɩ
let me see -
lick - ɥɢɡɚɬɶ
lie - ɥɨɠɢɬɶɫɹ, ɥɟɠɚɬɶ
lift - ɩɪɢɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɬɶ
like - ɧɪɚɜɢɬɶɫɹ
listen (to) - ɫɥɭɲɚɬɶ (ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ, ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ)
live - ɠɢɬɶ
look (at) - ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ (ɧɚ), ɜɵɝɥɹɞɟɬɶ ɛ/ɩ
look for - ɢɫɤɚɬɶ
look for - ɢɫɤɚɬɶ
lose - ɬɟɪɹɬɶ, ɩɪɨɢɝɪɵɜɚɬɶ
love - ɥɸɛɢɬɶ
make - ɞɟɥɚɬɶ EG: ɜɟɳɶ, ɭɫɢɥɢɟ
make conclusions - ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɵɜɨɞɵ
make up - ɩɪɢɞɭɦɵɜɚɬɶ
make up for - ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ (ɱɬɨ)
match - ɫɨɱɟɬɚɬɶɫɹ
mean - ɨɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ, ɢɦɟɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɭ
meet - ɜɫɬɪɟɱɚɬɶ, ɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶ
mess - ɧɚɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɛɟɫɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ
mess up - ɢɫɩɨɝɚɧɢɬɶ, ɢɫɩɨɪɬɢɬɶ ɫɨɜɫɟɦ
miss - ɫɤɭɱɚɬɶ (ɩɨ ɤɨɦɭ-ɬɨ) ɛ/ɩ
mix - ɫɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ
move - ɞɜɢɝɚɬɶɫɹ, ɲɟɜɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ, ɩɟɪɟɟɡɠɚɬɶ
must - ɞɨɥɠɟɧ
need - ɧɭɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɛ/ɩ
notice - ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɶ EG: ɧɚ ɭɥɢɰɟ
obey - ɫɥɭɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɛ/ɩ
occur - ɫɥɭɱɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɜ ɝɨɥɨɜɭ
offer - ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɬɶ (ɜɟɳɶ)
open - ɨɬɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ
order - ɩɪɢɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ, ɡɚɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
overcome - ɩɪɟɨɞɨɥɟɜɚɬɶ
pack (up) - ɭɩɚɤɨɜɵɜɚɬɶ
c/
paint - ɪɢɫɨɜɚɬɶ ( ɤɪɚɫɤɚɦɢ)
part - ɪɚɫɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ
pass - ɫɞɚɜɚɬɶ
pass by - ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɦɢɦɨ (ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ, ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ)
pay - ɩɥɚɬɢɬɶ
pay attention to - ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ (ɧɚ)
pay back (to) - ɦɫɬɢɬɶ (ɤɨɦɭ-ɬɨ)
pick - ɩɨɞɧɢɦɚɬɶ (ɫ ɩɨɥɚ), ɫɨɛɢɪɚɬɶ (ɹɝɨɞɵ)
play - ɢɝɪɚɬɶ
pour - ɧɚɫɵɩɚɬɶ, ɧɚɥɢɜɚɬɶ
praise - ɯɜɚɥɢɬɶ
predict - ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
prefer - ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɢɬɚɬɶ
prepare - ɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɶ(ɫɹ)
pretend - ɩɪɢɤɢɞɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɞɟɥɚɬɶ ɜɢɞ
promise - ɨɛɟɳɚɬɶ
propose - ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɬɶ (ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ)
protect - ɡɚɳɢɳɚɬɶ, ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɹɬɶ
prove - ɞɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
provide - ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ
pull - ɬɹɧɭɬɶ
purchase - ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɬɶ
push - ɬɨɥɤɚɬɶ
put - ɤɥɚɫɬɶ, ɫɬɚɜɢɬɶ
put ... on - ɧɚɞɟɜɚɬɶ (ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ)
put up (with) - ɫɦɢɪɹɬɶɫɹ (ɫ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ)
quarrel - ɫɫɨɪɢɬɶɫɹ
quit - ɛɪɨɫɚɬɶ (ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɞɟɥɚɬɶ)
raise - ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɬɶ, ɜɨɫɩɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ
reach - ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ, ɞɨɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ
react - ɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ
read - ɱɢɬɚɬɶ
receive - ɩɨɥɭɱɚɬɶ, ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ EG: ɝɨɫɬɟɣ
recognize - ɭɡɧɚɜɚɬɶ
recommend - ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɬɶ
refuse - ɨɬɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ(ɫɹ)
reject - ɨɬɜɟɪɝɚɬɶ
remember - ɩɨɦɧɢɬɶ, ɜɫɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ
remind - ɧɚɩɨɦɢɧɚɬɶ
remove - ɭɞɚɥɹɬɶ
repeat - ɩɨɜɬɨɪɹɬɶ
replace - ɡɚɦɟɧɹɬɶ
resist - ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ
respect - ɭɜɚɠɚɬɶ
return - ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɬɶ(ɫɹ)
ride - ɤɚɬɚɬɶɫɹ (ɧɚ ɥɨɲɚɞɢ, ɜɟɥɨɫɢɩɟɞɟ)
cF
rip ... off - ɨɬɪɵɜɚɬɶ, ɨɛɞɢɪɚɬɶ
rob - ɝɪɚɛɢɬɶ
rub - ɬɟɪɟɬɶ
ruin - ɩɨɪɬɢɬɶ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
run - ɛɟɝɚɬɶ, ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ
save - ɫɩɚɫɚɬɶ, ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɬɶ
say - ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ (ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ)
scare - ɩɭɝɚɬɶ
scatter - ɪɚɫɤɢɞɵɜɚɬɶ
scold - ɪɭɝɚɬɶ
scream - ɜɢɡɠɚɬɶ
see - ɜɢɞɟɬɶ
seem - ɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ
sell - ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ
sell - ɩɪɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ
send - ɩɨɫɵɥɚɬɶ, ɨɬɩɪɚɜɥɹɬɶ
serve - ɫɥɭɠɢɬɶ
set - ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ
sew - ɲɢɬɶ
shake - ɬɪɹɫɬɢ, ɩɨɠɢɦɚɬɶ (ɪɭɤɭ), ɞɪɨɠɚɬɶ (ɪɭɤɚɦ)
share - ɞɟɥɢɬɶ, ɞɟɥɢɬɶɫɹ (ɫ ɤɟɦ-ɬɨ)
shatter - ɪɚɡɛɢɜɚɬɶ EG: ɬɚɪɟɥɤɭ
shave - ɛɪɢɬɶɫɹ
shine - ɫɜɟɬɢɬɶ
shoot (at) - ɫɬɪɟɥɹɬɶ (ɜ)
should - ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ (ɞɟɥɚɬɶ)
show - ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ
show up - ɩɨɹɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ (ɤɚɤ ɨɠɢɞɚɥɨɫɶ)
shut - ɡɚɯɥɨɩɧɭɬɶ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨ ɡɚɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ
sigh - ɜɡɞɵɯɚɬɶ
sing - ɩɟɬɶ
sink - ɬɨɩɢɬɶ, ɬɨɧɭɬɶ (ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ)
sit - ɫɢɞɟɬɶ
skip - ɩɪɨɝɭɥɢɜɚɬɶ
sleep - ɫɩɚɬɶ
smear - ɢɫɩɚɱɤɚɬɶ
smell (with) - ɧɸɯɚɬɶ, ɩɚɯɧɭɬɶ (ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ)
smoke - ɤɭɪɢɬɶ
socialize - ɨɛɳɚɬɶɫɹ
soil - ɩɚɱɤɚɬɶ
solve - ɪɟɲɚɬɶ
sort ... out - ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ
sound - ɡɜɭɱɚɬɶ, ɤɚɡɚɬɶɫɹ
speak - ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ (ɧɚ ɤɨɤɨɦ-ɬɨ ɹɡɵɤɟ) ɛ/ɩ
spell - ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɛɭɤɜɚɦ
spend - ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ, ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ
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spill - ɩɪɨɥɢɜɚɬɶ
spoil - ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɢɫɩɨɪɬɢɬɶ, ɛɚɥɨɜɚɬɶ
spread - ɧɚɦɚɡɵɜɚɬɶ, ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɹɬɶ
stand - ɩɟɪɟɧɨɫɢɬɶ ɛ/ɩ
stare (at) - ɬɚɪɚɳɢɬɶɫɹ (ɧɚ ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ)
start - ɧɚɱɢɧɚɬɶ
starve - ɨɱɟɧɶ ɯɨɬɟɬɶ ɟɫɬɶ, ɭɦɢɪɚɬɶ ɫ ɝɨɥɨɞɭ
stay - ɨɫɬɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ
steal - ɜɨɪɨɜɚɬɶ
step - ɲɚɝɚɬɶ
sting - ɠɚɥɢɬɶ (ɩɱɟɥɚ, ɡɦɟɹ)
stink - ɩɥɨɯɨ ɩɚɯɧɭɬɶ (ɤɚɤ ɦɢɧɢɦɭɦ)
stir - ɩɨɦɟɲɢɜɚɬɶ
stop - ɩɟɪɟɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ, ɨɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶɫɹ
strangle - ɞɭɲɢɬɶ
stretch (out) - ɩɪɨɬɹɝɢɜɚɬɶ
study - ɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ, ɢɡɭɱɚɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɨ
substitute - ɩɨɞɦɟɧɹɬɶ
succeed - ɩɪɟɭɫɩɟɜɚɬɶ, ɭɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ
suck - ɫɨɫɚɬɶ
suffer - ɦɭɱɢɬɶɫɹ, ɫɬɪɚɞɚɬɶ
suffocate - ɡɚɞɵɯɚɬɶɫɹ
surprise - ɭɞɢɜɥɹɬɶ
survive - ɜɵɠɢɜɚɬɶ (ɜ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢɢ)
suspect - ɩɨɞɨɡɪɟɜɚɬɶ
swap - ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ
swim - ɩɥɚɜɚɬɶ
take - ɡɚɛɢɪɚɬɶ, ɭɧɨɫɢɬɶ, ɭɜɨɡɢɬɶ, ɭɜɨɞɢɬɶ
take ... apart - ɪɚɡɛɢɪɚɬɶ
take ... off - ɫɧɢɦɚɬɶ (ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ)
take care - ɡɚɛɨɬɢɬɶɫɹ
talk - ɪɚɡɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɶ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ (ɨ ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ)
talk ... in - ɭɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɶ
talk ... out (of) - ɨɬɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɬɶ (ɨɬ ɱɟɝɨ)
teach - ɭɱɢɬɶ (ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ)
tear - ɪɚɡɪɵɜɚɬɶ, ɪɜɚɬɶ
tease - ɩɨɞɲɭɱɢɜɚɬɶ, ɞɪɚɡɧɢɬɶ, ɢɡɞɟɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɛ/ɩ
tell - ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ (ɤɨɦɭ-ɬɨ) ɛ/ɩ
throw - ɤɢɞɚɬɶ, ɲɜɵɪɹɬɶ (ɜɟɳɶ)
tie - ɡɚɜɹɡɵɜɚɬɶ
to be accustomed to - ɩɪɢɜɵɤɚɬɶ
to be addicted to - ɧɟ ɦɨɱɶ ɠɢɬɶ (ɛɟɡ ɱɟɝɨ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ)
to be afraid (of) - ɛɨɹɬɶɫɹ (ɱɟɝɨ)
to be angry (at) - ɨɛɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ (ɧɚ ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ)
to be disappointed - ɪɚɡɨɱɚɪɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ
to be embarrassed - ɫɦɭɳɚɬɶɫɹ
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to be excited - ɛɵɬɶ ɜ ɜɨɫɬɨɪɝɟ
to be fed up (with) - ɭɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ, ɧɚɞɨɟɞɚɬɶ
to be forced - ɛɵɬɶ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɧɵɦ
to be interested (in) - ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ (ɱɟɦ)
to be like - ɛɵɬɶ ɩɨɯɨɠɢɦ (ɧɚ ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ) ɛ/ɩ
to be mad (at) - ɨɛɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ (ɧɚ ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ)
to be mistaken - ɨɲɢɛɚɬɶɫɹ
to be nervous - ɧɟɪɜɧɢɱɚɬɶ
to be proud (of) - ɝɨɪɞɢɬɶɫɹ (ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ)
to be surprised - ɭɞɢɜɥɹɬɶɫɹ
to be tired (of) - ɭɫɬɚɜɚɬɶ (ɨɬ ɱɟɝɨ-ɬɨ)
to be upset - ɨɝɨɪɱɚɬɶɫɹ
to be used to - ɩɪɢɜɵɤɚɬɶ (ɤ ɱɟɦɭ-ɬɨ)
torture - ɦɭɱɢɬɶ, ɢɡɞɟɜɚɬɶɫɹ
toss out - ɜɵɲɜɵɪɢɜɚɬɶ
touch - ɬɪɨɝɚɬɶ, ɩɪɢɤɚɫɚɬɶɫɹ
travel - ɩɭɬɟɲɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ
treat (s.b. to) - ɥɟɱɢɬɶ, ɭɝɨɳɚɬɶ (ɱɟɦ-ɬɨ), ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ (ɫ ɤɟɦ-ɬɨ) ɛ/ɩ
tremble - ɞɪɨɠɚɬɶ
trust - ɞɨɜɟɪɹɬɶ ɛ/ɩ
try - ɩɵɬɚɬɶɫɹ, ɫɬɚɪɚɬɶɫɹ, ɩɪɨɛɨɜɚɬɶ
turn - ɩɨɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ(ɫɹ)
turn (into) - ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ (ɜ)
turn (to) - ɨɛɪɚɳɚɬɶɫɹ (ɤ)
type - ɩɟɱɚɬɚɬɶ (=¶ɧɚɛɢɪɚɬɶ¶)
under-; over- - ɧɟɞɨ-; ɩɟɪɟ-
understand - ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ
undertake - ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɬɶ
upset - ɨɝɨɪɱɚɬɶ
use - ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶ, ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ
wait (for) - ɠɞɚɬɶ (ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ)
wake up - ɩɪɨɫɵɩɚɬɶɫɹ, ɛɭɞɢɬɶ
walk - ɯɨɞɢɬɶ (ɬɭɞɚ-ɫɸɞɚ), ɝɭɥɹɬɶ
want - ɯɨɬɟɬɶ
warn - ɩɪɟɞɭɩɪɟɠɞɚɬɶ
wash - ɭɦɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ, ɫɬɢɪɚɬɶ (ɛɟɥɶɟ)
waste - ɧɟɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɬɪɚɬɢɬɶ, ɬɟɪɹɬɶ EG: ɜɪɟɦɹ
watch - ɫɦɨɬɪɟɬɶ
wear - ɧɨɫɢɬɶ
wipe - ɫɦɚɯɢɜɚɬɶ, ɫɬɢɪɚɬɶ
wish - ɠɟɥɚɬɶ
work - ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ
worry - ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɢɬɶ, ɛɟɫɩɨɤɨɢɬɶɫɹ
worsen - ɭɯɭɞɲɚɬɶ(ɫɹ)
would - ɛɵ
wrap - ɡɚɜɨɪɚɱɢɜɚɬɶ (ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ ɜɨ ɱɬɨ-ɬɨ)
cc!
write - ɩɢɫɚɬɶ
yell (at) - ɤɪɢɱɚɬɶ (ɧɚ ɤɨɝɨ-ɬɨ)
Russian Colours
ɛɟɥɵɣ - white
ɱɺɪɧɵɣ - black
ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ - red
ɡɟɥɺɧɵɣ - green
ɠɺɥɬɵɣ - yellow
ɫɢɧɢɣ - blue (dark)
ɝɨɥɭɛɨɣ - blue
ɨɪɚɧɠɟɜɵɣ - orange
ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɣ - brown
ɫɟɪɵɣ - grey
ɪɨɡɨɜɵɣ - pink
ɩɭɪɩɭɪɧɵɣ - purple
Descriptive Adjectives
Here are some of the more commonly used discriptive Russian adjectives.
ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ - fast
ɛɥɢɡɤɢɣ - near, close
ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ - big
ɜɚɠɧɵɣ - important
ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ - tall, high
ɝɥɚɜɧɵɣ - main
ɝɪɹɡɧɵɣ - dirty
ɝɪɨɦɤɢɣ - loud
ɝɭɫɬɨɣ - dense, thick
ɞɟɲɺɜɵɣ - cheap
ɞɨɛɪɵɣ - kind
ɞɨɪɨɝɨɣ - dear, expensive
ɠɚɪɤɢɣ - hot
ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɧɵɣ - interesting
ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ - beautiful
ɤɪɟɩɤɢɣ - strong, tough
ɥɺɝɤɢɣ - easy
ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɣ - small
ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɣ - slow
ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ - young
ɦɹɝɤɢɣ - soft
ɧɨɜɵɣ - new
ɨɫɬɪɵɣ - sharp
ɩɟɪɜɵɣ - first
cci
ɩɟɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ - sad
ɩɥɨɯɨɣ - bad
ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɣ - last
ɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ - pleasant
ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ - simple
ɫɤɨɪɵɣ - rapid, quick
ɫɤɭɱɧɵɣ - boring
ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ - strong, powerful
ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɵɣ - peaceful
ɫɬɚɪɵɣ - old
ɫɬɪɨɝɢɣ - strict
ɫɭɯɨɣ - dry
ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɵɣ - happy
ɬɜɺɪɞɵ - hard, firm
ɬɺɦɧɵɣ - dark
ɬɺɩɥɵɣ - warm
ɬɨɥɫɬɵɣ - fat, thick
ɬɪɭɞɧɵɣ - difficult
ɭɞɨɛɧɵɣ - comfortable
ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ - cold
ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ - good, nice
ɱɚɫɬɧɵɣ - private
ɱɚɫɬɵɣ - frequent, close together, dense
ɱɢɫɬɵɣ - clean
ɹɪɤɢɣ - bright
Even more English and Russian adjectives
actually - ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ

alive - ɠɢɜɨɣ (ɧɟ ɦɟɪɬɜɵɣ)
almost - ɩɨɱɬɢ
also - ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɬɨɠɟ
always - ɜɫɟɝɞɚ
anyway - ɜ ɥɸɛɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɜɫɟ ɪɚɜɧɨ
at best - ɜ ɥɭɱɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
at last - ɧɚɤɨɧɟɰ-ɬɨ, ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ
at least - ɩɨ ɤɪɚɣɧɟɣ ɦɟɪɟ, ɥɢɲɶ
at worst - ɜ ɯɭɞɲɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ
attentive - ɜɧɢɦɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
awesome - ɩɨɬɪɹɫɚɸɳɢɣ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɣ, µɤɥɚɫɫɧɵɣ¶
bad - ɩɥɨɯɨɣ
basically - ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɹ
beautiful - ɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ (ɨɱɟɧɶ!)
black - ɱɟɪɧɵɣ
blue - ɫɢɧɢɣ, ɝɨɥɭɛɨɣ
blunt - ɬɭɩɨɣ (ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ)
cc
boring - ɫɤɭɱɧɵɣ
brave - ɫɦɟɥɵɣ
bright - ɫɜɟɬɥɵɣ, ɹɪɤɢɣ
brown - ɤɨɪɢɱɧɟɜɵɣ
busy - ɡɚɧɹɬɵɣ
calm - ɫɩɨɤɨɣɧɵɣ
careful - ɨɫɬɨɪɨɠɧɵɣ
certain - ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɣ, ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ
cheap - ɞɟɲɟɜɵɣ
clean - ɱɢɫɬɵɣ
close - ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɣ
cold - ɯɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ
comfortable - ɭɞɨɛɧɵɣ (ɞɥɹ ɨɬɞɵɯɚ)
complex - ɫɥɨɠɧɵɣ
constantly - ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨ
convenient - ɭɞɨɛɧɵɣ (ɞɥɹ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ)
cool - ɩɪɨɯɥɚɞɧɵɣ, ɩɨɬɪɹɫɧɵɣ, 'ɤɥɚɫɫɧɵɣ'
cowardly - ɬɪɭɫɥɢɜɵɣ
crazy - ɫɭɦɚɫɲɟɞɲɢɣ, 'ɧɟɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ'
cute - ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɧɵɣ
dangerous - ɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ
dark - ɬɟɦɧɵɣ
dead - ɦɟɪɬɜɵɣ
decent - ɩɨɪɹɞɨɱɧɵɣ (ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ)
deep - ɝɥɭɛɨɤɢɣ
definitely - ɹɜɧɨ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨ
different - ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɣ, ɪɚɡɧɵɣ
dirty - ɝɪɹɡɧɵɣ
dishonest - ɧɟɱɟɫɬɧɵɣ
dry - ɫɭɯɨɣ
each other - ɞɪɭɝ ɞɪɭɝɚ
early - ɪɚɧɧɢɣ, ɪɚɧɨ
east(ern) - ɜɨɫɬɨɤ(ɜɨɫɬɨɱɧɵɣ)
easy - ɥɟɝɤɢɣ (ɩɨ ɬɪɭɞɧɨɫɬɢ)
empty - ɩɭɫɬɨɣ
enough - ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ
especially - ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ
eternal - ɜɟɱɧɵɣ
evil - ɡɥɨɣ
exact - ɬɨɱɧɵɣ
excellent - ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɣ, ɜɟɥɢɤɨɥɟɩɧɵɣ
expensive - ɞɨɪɨɝɨɣ (ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ)
fair - ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɣ
far - ɞɚɥɟɤɢɣ, ɞɚɥɟɤɨ
fat - ɬɨɥɫɬɵɣ (ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ)
favorite - ɥɸɛɢɦɵɣ (ɜɟɳɶ)
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finally - ɜ ɤɨɧɰɟ ɤɨɧɰɨɜ
fine - ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɣ, ɩɪɟɜɨɫɯɨɞɧɵɣ, ɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ
for example - ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ
foreign - ɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɣ
fortunately - ɤ ɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ
free - ɛɟɫɩɥɚɬɧɵɣ, ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ
fresh - ɫɜɟɠɢɣ
friendly - ɞɪɭɠɟɥɸɛɧɵɣ
from time to time - ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
full - ɩɨɥɧɵɣ (ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ)
funny - ɡɚɛɚɜɧɵɣ, ɫɦɟɲɧɨɣ
future - ɛɭɞɭɳɢɣ
generous - ɳɟɞɪɵɣ
glad - ɪɚɞɨɫɬɧɵɣ
gloomy - ɦɪɚɱɧɵɣ
good - ɯɨɪɨɲɢɣ
good-looking - ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɧɵɣ
grateful - ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɧɵɣ
gray - ɫɟɪɵɣ
great - ɜɟɥɢɤɨɥɟɩɧɵɣ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɣ
greedy - ɠɚɞɧɵɣ
green - ɡɟɥɟɧɵɣ
guilty - ɜɢɧɨɜɚɬɵɣ, ɜɢɧɨɜɧɵɣ
happy - ɫɱɚɫɬɥɢɜɵɣ
hard - ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ, ɬɪɭɞɧɵɣ
hard working - ɬɪɭɞɨɥɸɛɢɜɵɣ
hardly - ɟɞɜɚ ɥɢ
heavy - ɬɹɠɟɥɵɣ (ɩɨ ɜɟɫɭ)
helpful - ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɣ
high - ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ EG: ɝɨɪɚ, ɞɨɦ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ
honest - ɱɟɫɬɧɵɣ
hopefully - ɯɨɬɟɥɨɫɶ ɛɵ ɧɚɞɟɹɬɶɫɹ
hospitable - ɝɨɫɬɟɩɪɢɢɦɧɵɣ
hostile - ɜɪɚɠɞɟɛɧɵɣ
hot - ɠɚɪɤɢɣ, ɝɨɪɹɱɢɣ
hungry - ɝɨɥɨɞɧɵɣ
idle - ɛɟɡɞɟɥɶɧɢɱɚɸɳɢɣ, ɧɟɡɚɧɹɬɵɣ
important - ɜɚɠɧɵɣ
impossible - ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ
in fact - ɮɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ
incredible - ɧɟɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɵɣ
industrious - ɬɪɭɞɨɥɸɛɢɜɵɣ
instead of - ɜɦɟɫɬɨ
jealous - ɪɟɜɧɢɜɵɣ
just - ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɱɬɨ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨ, ɫɩɪɚɜɟɞɥɢɜɵɣ
kind - ɞɨɛɪɵɣ
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large - ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
late - ɩɨɡɞɧɢɣ, ɩɨɡɞɧɨ
lately - ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ, ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ
lazy - ɥɟɧɢɜɵɣ
light - ɥɟɝɤɢɣ (ɩɨ ɜɟɫɭ)
little - ɦɚɥɟɧɶɤɢɣ, ɦɚɥɨ
long - ɞɥɢɧɧɵɣ, ɞɨɥɝɨ
long ago - ɞɚɜɧɨ
loud - ɝɪɨɦɤɢɣ
lovely - ɱɭɞɟɫɧɵɣ
low - ɧɢɡɤɢɣ EG: ɞɨɦ, ɝɨɪɚ, ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬ
maroon - ɛɨɪɞɨɜɵɣ, ɦɚɥɢɧɨɜɵɣ
marvelous - ɜɟɥɢɤɨɥɟɩɧɵɣ
maybe - ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ, ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
mean - ɜɪɟɞɧɵɣ (ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ)
mild - ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɣ, ɦɹɝɤɢɣ EG: ɤɥɢɦɚɬ
modest - ɫɤɪɨɦɧɵɣ
more or less - ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ
most likely - ɫɤɨɪɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ
muddy - ɝɪɹɡɧɵɣ (ɩɨ ɤɨɥɟɧɨ), ɜɟɫɶ ɜ ɩɟɫɤɟ
narrow - ɭɡɤɢɣ
necessarily - ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ
necessary - ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ
never - ɧɢɤɨɝɞɚ
next - ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɣ
nice - ɧɟɩɥɨɯɨɣ, µɧɨɪɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ¶, ɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ
noble - ɛɥɚɝɨɪɨɞɧɵɣ
normally - ɨɛɵɱɧɨ
north(ern) - ɫɟɜɟɪ(ɧɵɣ)
now - ɫɟɣɱɚɫ
obvious - ɨɱɟɜɢɞɧɵɣ
often - ɱɚɫɬɨ
old - ɫɬɚɪɵɣ
on the contrary - ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ
once - ɨɞɧɚɠɞɵ
once in a while - ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ
own - ɫɨɛɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
past - ɩɪɨɲɥɵɣ
patient - ɬɟɪɩɟɥɢɜɵɣ
perhaps - ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ
pink - ɪɨɡɨɜɵɣ
pleasant - ɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɣ
polite - ɜɟɠɥɢɜɵɣ
poor - ɛɟɞɧɵɣ, ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ
possible - ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɣ
predictable - ɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɣ
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present - ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ (ɜɪɟɦɹ)
pretty - ɜɟɫɶɦɚ, ɫɢɦɩɚɬɢɱɧɵɣ EG: ɞɟɜɭɲɤɚ
previous - ɩɪɟɞɵɞɭɳɢɣ
probably - ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨ
proud - ɝɨɪɞɵɣ
pure - ɱɢɫɬɵɣ (ɛɟɡ ɩɪɢɦɟɫɟɣ)
purple - ɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɣ, ɥɢɥɨɜɵɣ
quick - ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ
quiet - ɬɢɯɢɣ
quite - ɜɟɫɶɦɚ, ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ-ɬɚɤɢ
rarely - ɪɟɞɤɨ
ready - ɝɨɬɨɜɵɣ
real - ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ EG: ɞɪɭɝ
reasonable - ɪɚɡɭɦɧɵɣ
red - ɤɪɚɫɧɵɣ
relatively - ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ
reliable - ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɣ
rich - ɛɨɝɚɬɵɣ
right - ɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ, ɜɟɪɧɵɣ, ɩɪɚɜɵɣ
rotten - ɝɧɢɥɨɣ, ɬɭɯɥɵɣ
rude - ɝɪɭɛɵɣ, ɧɟɜɟɠɥɢɜɵɣ
sad - ɩɟɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ
safe - ɛɟɡɨɩɚɫɧɵɣ
savage - ɞɢɤɢɣ (ɧɟɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɣ) EG: ɢɧɞɟɟɰ
seldom - ɪɟɞɤɨ
separate - ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ
serious - ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɣ
shallow - ɦɟɥɤɢɣ
sharp - ɨɫɬɪɵɣ (ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ)
short - ɦɟɥɟɧɶɤɢɣ, ɤɨɪɨɬɤɢɣ (ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ)
shy - ɪɨɛɤɢɣ, ɡɚɫɬɟɧɱɢɜɵɣ
silly - ɧɟɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɣ, ɝɥɭɩɵɣ
simple - ɥɟɝɤɢɣ, ɩɪɨɫɬɨɣ
skinny - ɯɭɞɨɣ (ɨ ɥɸɞɹɯ)
slow - ɦɟɞɥɟɧɧɵɣ
sly - ɯɢɬɪɵɣ
small - ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ
smart - ɭɦɧɵɣ
sociable - ɨɛɳɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
soft - ɦɹɝɤɢɣ
sometime - ɤɨɝɞɚ-ɧɢɛɭɞɶ
sometimes - ɢɧɨɝɞɚ
soon - ɫɤɨɪɨ
south(ern) - ɸɝ(ɸɠɧɵɣ)
special - ɨɫɨɛɵɣ, ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɵɣ
stale - ɱɟɪɫɬɜɵɣ, ɧɟɫɜɟɠɢɣ
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sticky - ɥɢɩɤɢɣ
still - ɩɨ-ɩɪɟɠɧɟɦɭ, ɜɫɟ ɟɳɟ
stingy - ɫɤɭɩɨɣ (ɚɦ)
straight - ɩɪɹɦɨɣ
strange - ɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɣ
strict - ɫɬɪɨɝɢɣ
strong - ɫɢɥɶɧɵɣ
stubborn - ɭɩɪɹɦɵɣ
stupid - ɝɥɭɩɵɣ
stylish - ɦɨɞɧɵɣ
sudden - ɜɧɟɡɚɩɧɵɣ, ɧɟɨɠɢɞɚɧɧɵɣ
sufficient - ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɣ
sure - ɭɜɟɪɟɧɧɵɣ
tall - ɜɵɫɨɤɢɣ EG: ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɞɟɪɟɜɨ
tame - ɪɭɱɧɨɣ EG: ɡɜɟɪɶ
terrific - ɩɨɬɪɹɫɚɸɳɢɣ, ɨɬɥɢɱɧɵɣ
then - ɬɨɝɞɚ, ɩɨɬɨɦ
thick - ɬɨɥɫɬɵɣ (ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ)
thin - ɬɨɧɤɢɣ (ɜɟɳɶ)
thirsty - ɠɚɠɞɭɳɢɣ, ɯɨɬɹɳɢɣ ɩɢɬɶ
tight - ɫɤɭɩɨɣ, ɩɪɢɠɢɦɢɫɬɵɣ (ɛɪ)
timid - ɪɨɛɤɢɣ
too - ɬɚɤɠɟ, ɫɥɢɲɤɨɦ
tough - ɬɪɭɞɧɵɣ (ɡɚɞɚɧɢɟ, ɞɟɧɶ), µɤɪɭɬɨɣ¶
ugly - ɧɟɤɪɚɫɢɜɵɣ, ɭɪɨɞɥɢɜɵɣ
unfortunately - ɤ ɧɟɫɱɚɫɬɶɸ, ɤ ɫɨɠɚɥɟɧɢɸ
unique - ɭɧɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɟɩɨɜɬɨɪɢɦɵɣ
unlike (you) - ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ (ɨɬ ɬɟɛɹ)
unpredictable - ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɤɚɡɭɟɦɵɣ
useful - ɩɨɥɟɡɧɵɣ
usual - ɨɛɵɱɧɵɣ
various - ɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɣ
warm - ɬɟɩɥɵɣ
weak - ɫɥɚɛɵɣ
weird - ɧɟɨɛɴɹɫɧɢɦɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɧɵɣ
well - ɯɨɪɨɲɨ
west(ern) - ɡɚɩɚɞ(ɧɵɣ)
wet - ɜɥɚɠɧɵɣ, ɦɨɤɪɵɣ, ɫɵɪɨɣ
white - ɛɟɥɵɣ
whole - ɰɟɥɵɣ
wide - ɲɢɪɨɤɢɣ
wild - ɞɢɤɢɣ
wonderful - ɡɚɦɟɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ
wrong - ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɵɣ, ɧɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ
yellow - ɠɟɥɬɵɣ
young - ɦɨɥɨɞɨɣ
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1 - Russian Alphabet

Russian letters that are (almost) the same.

O o - When stressed, it is pronounced like the "o" in "bore". When un-stressed it

ȿ ɟ - Pronounced like the "ye" in "yes".

ɍ ɭ - Pronounced like the "oo" in "boot" or "root".

Russian letters that look unusual, but have familiar sounds

ɗ ɷ - Pronounced like the "e" in "fed".

New Russian letters and sounds

ə ɹ - Pronounced like the "ya" in "yard".

Ȭ ɺ - Pronounced like "yo" in "yonder".

ɑ ɱ - Pronounced like the "ch" in "chips" or "church" .

ɒ ɲ - Pronounced like the "sh" in shut.

A note about vowels

ɇȿɌ (No) - Pronounced "nyet". This is one syllable.

A note about stress.

Take notice of the following examples:

Ⱦɨ ɫɜɢɞɚɧɢɹ (good-bye) - Pronounced "da-svee-da-nee-ye". (The ɞɨ is

Some Listening Ëractice

Ɇɨɹ ɦɚɦɚ ɥɸɛɢɬ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ - (My mother loves music)

1. Ëlaces spelt in Russian

Russian numbers: 20 and onwards

20 in Russian is "ɞɜɚɞɰɚɬɶ". The numbers 21-29 are formed in a similar

For example: 131 - ɫɬɨ ɬɪɢɞɰɚɬɶ ɨɞɢɧ

1. Count backwards in Russian from 20 to 1.

Ëlease and Thank-You.

ɋɩɚɫɢɛɨ (â â) - Thank-You

Yes and No.

In order to introduce yourself, you may need the following phrases.

Ɇɟɧɹ ɡɨɜɭɬ ... (â  â) - My name is ...

How are you?

Ʉɚɤ ɞɟɥɚ? - How are things?

There are also two words for saying good-bye.

Asking about languages

When you are asking a yes/no question in Russian, there is no difference

ȼɵ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɟ ɩɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ? - Do you (formal) speak English?

1. Read out-loud then translate the following Russian phrases:

ɋɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ.... - Tell me please....

ɋɤɚɠɢɬɟ, ɩɨɠɚɥɭɣɫɬɚ, ɝɞɟ ɛɥɢɠɚɣɲɟɟ ɤɚɮɟ? - Tell me please, where is the

ɍ ɜɚɫ ɟɫɬɶ ....? - Do you have ....? (formal)

ɑɬɨ? ("  ") - What?

ɑɬɨ ɷɬɨ? - What is it?

ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ? - How much? / How many?

ɋɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɨɢɬɶ? - How much does it cost?

here is the toilet...?

The mens toilets are normally labeled with an "M".

Imagine you are in a Russian cafe,

1. Try ordering a coffee with milk.

2. Ask the waitress if they have any beer.

3. Ask where the toilet is.

Here is a list of the new Russian words from lesson 4.

ɑɬɨ? ("  ") - What?

ɫ ɦɨɥɨɤɨɦ - with milk

ɑɬɨ ɟɬɨ? - What is it?

The first conjugation

ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ - To work. (infinitive, dictionary form)

ɩɨɧɢɦɚɬɶ - To understand. (infinitive, dictionary form)

ə ɧɟ ɡɧɚɸ - I don't know.

You can also form questions:

Ɍɵ ɡɧɚɟɲɶ? - Do you know?

The second conjugation

Note 1: The second conjugation is affected by the spelling rules.

ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɶ - To speak. (infinitive, dictionary form)

ə ɝɨɜɨɪɸ ɩɨ-ɚɧɝɥɢɣɫɤɢ - I speak English

ɋɩɚɫɢɛɨ (â â) - Thank-You

Ɇɟɧɹ ɡɨɜɭɬ ... (â â) - My name is ...

ɑɬɨ? (" ") - What?

here is the toilet...?

ɑɬɨ? (" ") - What?

¥ !

ə ɡɧɚɸ, ɱɬɨ ɬɵ ɥɸɛɢɲɶ ɦɭɡɵɤɭ. - I know you love music.

orming the prepositional case

Ä

Russian amily ords