SOFTWARE NEWS
A computer system for analysis and design: CANDICE
C. S. D E S A I
Department of'Civil Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg,
Virginia, USA
A computer system consisting of a series of codes for
analysis and design in (civil) engineering is described.
Salient details of the system are followed by lists of
available codes and codes under development.
INTRODUCTION
CANDICE is a series of computer codes for analysis and
design for a wide range of problems in (civil) engineering
such as structures (frames, piles, retaining walls, under-
ground tunnels), foundations, seepage and consolidation.
It translates theory into practice, and in a unique way,
makes a number of codes relevant for both practice and
research. It covers a number of topics that the engineer
encounters in day-to-day practice.
Over the period of the last decade, a number of
computer codes (programs) have been developed by and
under the direction of the author. A number of users have
acquired and applied one or more of these codes. Under
CANDICE it is intended to put these codes together and
make the series available to the user. The codes cover a
wide range of topics such as structures and foundations,
axially and laterally loaded structures, other soil-
structure interaction problems, steady and transient
seepage, consolidation and settlement analysis, bearing
capacities, heat flow and diffusion-convection. The for-
mulations are based on material and/or geometric non-
linear behaviour.
DETAILS AND N O V E L FEATURES
At this time each code has been or is being developed as a
module. At a later stage, it is planned to combine these
codes in a series. A master routine will allow calling and
execution of one (or more) codes in a run. Although the
codes under CANDICE will be combined together as a
Advances in Engineering Software, 1979, Vol. 1, No. 2 87
series, they are not combined like the so-called general
purpose systems. The combination is in a modular form,
and hence allows the user the flexibility of separating and
using the code(sj as individual program(s).
The codes have been prepared and documented so as to
be suitable for actual design applications. For instance,
the user can obtain output and plots for design quantities
such as bearing capacities, wall friction and point loads,
distribution of normal and shear stresses: fluid velocities,
quantities of flow and hydraulic gradients in selected
locations; deflections, bending moments and shear forces;
and timewise settlements and porewater pressures.
Comprehensive user's manuals are prepared for each
code. Each manual contains: (a) brief theory, (b) detailed
user's guide, and (c) a number of sample problems, each
involving situations of practical interest.
In addition to the user orientation, the codes are also
suitable for research and academic purposes. In view of
the modular form, the teacher, researcher and student can
utilize the individual codes for their specific needs.
CANDICE is planned to be a dynamic series which will
be kept up-to-date, and new programs will be added as
they become available. It is proposed to form a User
G r o u p for this purpose. A list of codes to be included in
the initial series is given in Table 1 together with brief
descriptions of the code and its relevance. A partial list of
codes that may be added at later stages is given in Table 2.
AVAILABILITY
In the past, one or more codes have been released to the
user as a service to the profession, at the cost of
reproduction, mailing and a small maintenance charge. It
is proposed to make the codes and the series available to
bonafide users now on the same basis. It may be noted
that the codes are not sold; they are made available to the
user for individual use. At this time, available codes can be
released to the user. The cost depends upon the specific
code; average cost is about US $450 per code.
Table 1. Atailable code,,
STRESS-DEFORMATION ANALYSIS, SOIL STRUCTURE
INTERACTION AND ('ONSTRUCTI()N SEQUENCES
1. PLANE 2DFE*: I'wo-dime~tsiomH analysis ol plane bodie~
Uses quadrilateral isoparametric element and provides for linear
material behaviour.
Capabilities: Two-dimensional plane strain, stress, and axi-
symmetric idealizations: approximate analysis of beams and
plates, dams, slopes, footings, piles, underground pipes, tunnels
and cavities.
2. SSTIN I DFE/pile: One-dimensional soil structure interaction
analysis of single axially and laterally loaded structures (piles)
Uses line elements with cubic displacement approximation. Non-
linear analysis for soil is performed by using the p y curve
concept based on the Ramberg Osgood model.
Capabilities: Axially and laterally loaded (pile) structures.
Loading can be arbitrary and in the two horizontal (x, y) and the
vertical (z) direction. Soil resistance can be input in the x, y and z
directions.
3. S S T I N tDFE/wall: One-dimensional soil structure interaction
anal)sis O! laterally loaded structures (retaining and anchored
walls)
Uses line elements with cubic approximation. Non-linear ana-
lysis for soil is done by using the p y curve concept based on the
Ramberg Osgood model.
Capabilities: Axially and laterally loaded retaining and an-
chored or tie-back walls. Approximate simulation of excavation
and installation of anchors. Can provide a useful tool for
(preliminary) designs at low cost, compared to a two-dimensional
analysis:
4. S S T I N 2DFE: Two-dimensional soil structure interaction
analysis
Uses a 4-node quadrilateral. Non-linear analysis is performed by
assuming Piecewise linear behaviour.
Capabilities: Problems idealized as plane and axisymmetric.
Provision for interaction by using a special interface element.
Can solve problems such as axially loaded piles and footings,
plane footings, retaining walls, slopes and dams, underground
pipes and tunnels, and tank foundations.
5. CONSEQ 2DFE: Same as in 4 above.
Capabilities: With provision for simulation of sequences of
construction: in situ conditions, dewatering, excavation, em-
bankment, installation of anchors, rockbolts, etc., for plane and
axisymmetric problems such as walls, piles, and tunnels.
6. SLOPE 2DFE: Slope stability analy,sis
Uses a quadrilateral element. Nonlinear analysis is perlormed by
assuming piecewise linear behaviour.
Capabilities: Stresses, deformations and factor of safety in
slopes and banks including provision for simulation of em-
bankment and excavation.
7. S T F N FE: Analysis o/structure and /bundation combinations
Uses cubic approximation for bending and linear for axial
deformation with line elements for beam-columns, bitinear
approximation (4-node quadrilateral) for membrane effects in
plates, and spring elements for foundation.
Capabilities: Beams, beam-columns, plates (slabs) and foun-
dation combinations: frame building and foundation, raft foun-
dations, and shear walls. Non-linear analysis is done by using a
Ramberg Osgood model.
FLOW T H R O U G H P O R O U S MEDIA
8. FIELD 2DFE: Two-dimensional analysis of problems gorerned
by common field equations
Seepage, torsion, heat flow and potential flow. Uses 4-node
isoparametric quadrilateral.
Capabilities: For steady state seepage, heat and potential flow
and torsion.
9. SEEP I DFE: One-dimensional seepa(4e
Uses line elements with linear approximation.
Capabilities: Problems idealized as one-dimensional such as
transient free surface seepage through vertical banks, towards
sheet pile walls and cofferdams.
A d v a n c e s in E n g i n e e r i n g S o l t w a r e , 1979, Vol. 1, N o . 2
10. SEEP IDFD+: One-dimen~iomd seepagc
Uses finite difference approximation for non-linear BotlssincsqX
equation.
Capabilities: Similar to SEEP I DFE.
11. SEEP 2DEE: Two-dimensional seepage
Uses 4-node isoparametric quadrilateral.
Capabilities: Steady and transient, confined and unconfined
(free surface) seepage through earth banks, dams and cofferdams.
12. SEEP 2DFD: Two-dimensiomd seepage
Uses finite difference approximation for non-linear governing
equations.
Capabilities: Similar to SEEP 2DFE.
13. SEEP 3DFE: Three-dimensional seepage
Uses 8-node hexahedron clement.
Capabilities: Steady confined and free surface seepage in dams,
banks, and near junctions of abutments and dams and other
discontinuities.
C O N S O L I D A T I O N AND SETTLEMENT
14. CONS tDFE: One-dimensional consolidation
Uses line elements with linear approximation for pore water
pressure with linear material behaviour.
Capabilities: Consolidation and settlement analysis of homo-
geneous and layered foundations and embankments idealized as
one-dimensional.
15. CONS 1DFD: One-dimensional consolidation
Uses finite difference, explicit and/or implicit schemes lot the one-
dimensional consolidation equation.
('apahilitie,s: Same as in CONS I DFE.
16. CONS IDFE/NL
Same as CONS 1DFE with additional provision for non-linear
material behaviour with time dependent loading history.
17. CONS 2DFE: Two-dimensional consolidation
Uses triangular element with quadratic approximation for
displacement and linear for porewater pressure.
Capabilities: For problems idealized as plane or axisymmetric:
foundations, embankments, drains. Homogeneous, layered and
anisotropic material properties. Time dependent loading history.
Non-linear analysis using a plasticity model based on the critical
state concept is included in one version.
HEAT FLOW
18. HEA T 2DFE: Stead), and transient heat flow
Uses a 4-node quadrilateral element.
Capabilities: Plane and axisymmetric idealizations. Non-linear
material properties can be included.
* FE denotes finite element method.
t FD denotes finite difference method.
Table 2. Codes under development
1. S S T I N 2DEE: Same as before with additional provision for plas-
ticity (critical state) models for soil behaviour.
2. CONSEQ 2DFE: Same as before with additional provision for: (i)
higher order elements for soil, structure and interfaces; elements of
different order can be included in a given mesh, and (ii) plasticity
model(s).
3. S S T I N 3DFE: Three-dimensional soil structure interaction with
interface element and non-linear behaviour.
4. S S T I N 3DFE/laroe: Three-dimensional soil structure interaction
with (i) large strains, (ii) cap, critical state and viscoplastic material
models, and (iii) different orders of elements.
5. D I F C O N V 2DFE: Transient diffusion and convection of con-
centration (salt water) in aquifers.
6. STA T A X FE: Static analysis of axially and laterally loaded struc-
tures using separation of variables: linear and non-linear.
7. D Y N A X FE: Dynamic analysis of axially and laterally loaded
structures using separation of variables.
8. C O M P O S I T E FE: Two- and three-dimensional analysis of com-
posite media such as rail-track beds including non-linear behaviour
and special interface elements.