OCEAN CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change in the world can be caused by various activities. When climate change occurs;
temperatures can increase a dramatically. When temperature rises, many different changes can
occur on Earth. For example, it can result in more floods, droughts, or intense rain, as well as
more frequent and severe heat waves. Oceans and glaciers have also experienced some changes:
oceans are warming and becoming more acidic, glaciers are melting, and sea levels are rising. As
these changes frequently occur in future decades, they will likely present challenges to our
society and environment.

For example in my country The average daily temperature change is the most common indicator.
In the future, the UK Met Office projects a general rise in temperatures in Indonesia to be in the
range of 20C - 2.50C in 2100 based on the IPCC A1B emission scenario, ie the balanced energy
use between non-fossil and fossil energy (UK Met Office , 2011). Historical data confirm these
scenarios, for example a linear temperature increase of about 2.60 C per hundredth of a year for
Malang (East Java) based on a recent 25-year data analysis (KLH, 2012).
Global warming has really taken effect in the world over the last century. It is the unusually rapid
increase in the Earth's average surface temperature over the past century primarily due to the
greenhouse gases released as people burn fossil fuels.
The increase in daily mean temperature is very significant against the growing rainfall patterns of
Asian and Australian monsoons. With the monsoon circulation, Indonesia has two major seasons
that change every half year (rainy and dry season). Daily average temperature changes can also
affect extreme rainfall patterns.
Global warming is due to the enhancing greenhouse gases emission and build-up in the Earth's
environment. The gases that have an influence on the atmosphere are water vapor, carbon
dioxide, dinitrogen-oxide, and methane. Almost 30 percent of incoming sunlight is reflected
back into space by bright surfaces like clouds and ice.
In the other 70 percent, most is absorbed by the land and ocean, and the rest is absorbed by the
atmosphere. The absorbed solar energy heats our planet. This absorption and radiation of heat by
the atmosphere is beneficial for life on Earth. Today, the atmosphere contains more greenhouse
gas molecules, so more of the infrared energy emitted by the surface ends up being absorbed by
the atmosphere.
The rise in mean sea level in the 20th century was weighted by 1.7 mm annually globally, but the
increase did not occur uniformly. For Indonesia, flanked by the Indian and Pacific Oceans, sea
level rise can no longer be on the pattern of ocean currents. In addition to changes in current
patterns, sea level rise that can not be strengthened by erosion potential, shoreline changes,
reduces wetlands along the coast, and increases in sea water intrusion rates against coastal
aquifers.
Climate has cooled and warmed throughout the Earth history for various reasons. Rapid warming
like we see today is unusual in the history of our planet. Some of the factors that have an effect
on climate, like volcanic eruptions and changes in the amount of solar energy, are natural.
Climate can change if there is a change in the amount of solar energy that gets to the Earth.
Volcano eruptions can really affect climate, because when it erupts it spews out more than just
lava and ash. Volcanoes release tiny particles made of sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere.
These particles get into the stratosphere and reflect solar radiation back out to space. Snow and
ice also have a great effect on climate. When snow and ice melts Earth's climate warms, less
energy is reflected and this causes even more warming.
However, if a forest of similar size grows again, about the same amount of carbon that was
added to the atmosphere during the fire will be removed. Some effects that scientists have
predicted in the past would result when global change was occurring: loss of sea ice, accelerated
sea level rise, and more intense heat waves. Scientists have confidence that global temperatures
will continue to rise for decades to come, largely due to greenhouse gases produced by human
activities. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated that the extent climate
change effects on individual regions will vary over time and with ability of different societal and
environmental systems mitigate or adapt to change (The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change).
This has been the warmest decade since 1880. According to the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration, 2010 and 2005 has been the warmest years on record. The earth
could warm by an additional 7.2 degrees Fahrenheit during the 21st century if we fail to reduce
emissions from burning fossil fuels (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration).

In conclusion, we need to take part and try to stop global warming and other effects on climate
change. If the earth's temperatures continue to rise in the future, living things on earth would
become extinct due to the high temperatures. If humans contribute to control global warming,
this world would be cooler and the high temperatures we currently have would decrease. If
everybody as one take stand and try to end most of the climate changes that are occurring, this
world would be a safer place to live on.

I think that improvements should be continued to address the limitations of available data and the
methodology that has been used in climate change studies in Indonesia, to meet the national need
for more accurate information on climate change. For the foreseeable future, a program that is
structured for a more coordinated scientific basis for climate change.

This program needs to be developed through the empowerment of various institutions that are
relevant optimally, especially research and development institutions and universities. Thus, the
roadmap can be used not only to provide guidance for the adaptation and mitigation actions of
each sector, but also to strengthen the scientific basis of future climate change.