Kingdom Monera

Kingdom Monera includes bacteria and blue-green algae. These are the simplest of all living
organisms (assuming Viruses are not considered alive). They are single-celled organisms with little
organization to their cell structure. Unlike members of the other four kingdoms, they have no
membrane-bound structure protecting their genetic material.

Phylum Schizophyta:

Bacteria; about 2,000 species including eubacteria, rickettsias, mycoplasmas, and spirochetes mostly
heterotrophs; some photosynthetic and chemosynthetic autotrophs. Reproduction is usually asexual by
binary fission or fragmentation.

Phylum Cyanophyta:

Blue-green algae or cyanobacteria; about 200 species of photosynthetic autotrophs with chlorophyll a
and accessory pigments;no chloroplasts; mostly filamentous; some unicellular. Reproduction is asexual
by binary fission or fragmentation.

Phylum Prochlorophyta
Protosynthetic autotrophs; contain chlorophyll a and b, xanthophylls, and carotenes.

Kingdom Protista

The Protista encompass the group of organisms that are harder to classify. These (usually) single celled
organisms are hard to fit into the typical plant or animal types. As a result, there are three main
subkingdoms of the Protista kingdom, protophyta, protozoa, and gymnomycota. The protophyta are
more plant like, while the protozoa are more animal like.

Phylum Chrysophyta

This biological division contains the diatoms, golden-brown algae, and yellow-green algae. Scientists
estimate that there are about 12,000 species in this division.

These organisms are all single-celled and are mainly found in marine environments. They conduct
photosynthesis and contain chlorophylls a and c. Diatoms and golden-brown algae also contain the
acessory pigment fucoxanthin. They store their food as large droplets of oil or in the form of the
carbohydrate leucosin. Members of Chrysophyta usually reproduce by cell division.

There are about 10,000 living species of diatoms, 1500 species of golden-brown algae, and 600 species
of yellow-green algae.

Phylum Pyrrophyta

Pyrrophyta is a botanical division which is composed of marine organisms known as "fire algae".
These algae get their common name because most of them are red in color. Fire algae are an important
component of ocean plankton. The major class within this division is Class Dinophyceae, the
dinoflagellates.

Members of the dinoflagellate genus Gonyaulax produce a neurotoxin. An overabundance of these

organisms may cause an algal bloom that is poisonous to fish and other organisms, including humans
who eat shellfish that have accumulated the algal toxins in their flesh. The fabled red tides are caused
by Gonyaulax blooms.
Other dinoflagellate species are bioluminescent. If you've ever seen nighttime waves that seem to glow
as they hit the rocks, you're seeing the action of fire algae.

There are over 1100 species in this division. Members of Pyrrophyta are single-celled, photosynthetic
organisms that move via two flagella

Phylum xanthophyta

Xanthophyta is a phylum of kingdom Protista that contains yellow-green algae. While there are more
than 600 species of Xanthophyta, representative organisms are rare. Although Xantophytes are similar
to the green algae in kingdom Plantae, the two divisions belong to completely different evolutionary
lines. Like the other Chromists, Xanthophytes have chlorophyll c and two flagella (at some point in
their life cycles), and they store energy in oils and polysaccharides. Xanthophytes are the only
Chromists to lack the pigment fucoxanthin, which results in their yellow-green hue.

Phylum protozoa

Protozoa literally means "first animals." Existing as microscopic, one-celled heterotrophs, these tiny
life forms exist just as much (if not more) diversity than Kingdom Animalia itself; species live in fresh
water, salt water, dry sand, and moist soil... as parasites, as commensalists, or as mutualists. While
scientists originally believed that protozoans only propagated their species by asexual means, new
research shows that some species may augment a sexual cycle as well as normal mitotic divsion. Even
though they are diverse in many ways, protozoa are classified into four phyla based upon their means
of locomotion:

Kingdom Plantae

Phylum chlorophyta

Unicellular, colonial, multiuncleate, or multicellular, characterized by chlorophylls a and b and various

carotenoids. The carbohydrate food reserve is starch. The cell walls consist of polysaccharides,
including cellulose in some forms. Motile cells have two lateral or apical flagella. True multicellular
genera do not exhibit complex patterns of differentiation. Multicellularity has arisen at least three
times, and quite possibly more often. There are about 9,000 known species and possibly many more.
Example of this is green algae

Phylum Rhodophyta

The Rhodophyta are the lineage of so-called red algae or red seaweed, that is eukaryotic organisms
living in the sea, and characterized by red pigments, including phycoerythrin, phycocyanin and
allophycocyanins. These pigments serve for photosynthesis.

Though they may loosely be described as 'algae' and even 'plants', these terms do not reflect their
genetic relationships. They are considered a branch of Eucarya (the eukaryotes) distinct from the green
plants. This would make them a separate kingdom. Individual members are called rhodophytes.

Formerly the Rhodophyta (literally 'rose-coloured plants') were divided into two classes, the
Bangiophyceae and Florideophyceae, but the former is no longer used, and is recognized as different
classes Porphyridiales, Compsopogonales, and Bangiales. There is also a fifth class called Cyanidium.

Phylum phaeophyta
Phaeophyta are the brown seaweeds. They are not plants, and genetic analysis shows they should be
treated as a separate kingdom within the domain Eucarya. Nor are they closely related to red seaweeds,
which are the kingdom of Rhodophyta. Green seaweeds are plants.

Several thousand* species are known, including kelp and wrack and other familiar large tough
seaweeds washed up on beaches. Some are edible. Some are giants, and can reach 100 m long and form
huge forests under the sea. The Sargasso Sea in the North Atlantic is dominated by a giant floating
forest of Sargassum. But most species are anchored.Their brown pigment is a xanthophyll called
fucoxanthin. The characteristic long blade of the familiar species is called the thallus, and the fist-like
lump that anchors them is called the holdfast. The trunk from which the thalli radiate is the stipe. The
large bladders enable them to float but there may also be sexual sacs.

Phylum tracheophyta

Tracheophytes are distinguished from bryophytes by their highly developed vascular systems, which
facilitate the transport of water and nutrients to all parts of the plant. This vascularization adaptation
has allowed tracheophytes to become more fully terrestrial than bryophytes, which are still dependent
upon moist environments for many reproductive and nutritive functions, as discussed in Bryophytes.
Tracheophytes can be broken down into three classes: ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms. Ferns are
the least evolved of the tracheophytes; they have vascular systems, and specialized leaf and root
structures, but are still dependent on moist environments for reproduction. Gymnosperms (coniferous
plants) and angiosperms (flowering plants), known together as the seed plants, have evolved
reproductive processes that are independent of water. In addition, tracheophyte seed plants all produce
embryos that are encased in tough coats. These seed coats prevent desiccation in a terrestrial
environment and protect the seed until conditions are favorable for growth. Angiosperms can be further
classified as monocots and dicots, depending on their embryonic development and other factors.

hlyum Byrophytes

Bryophyte  -  A lower terrestrial plant (often a moss or liverwort) that lacks a vascular system and is
dependent on environmental moisture for reproductive and nutritive functions.

Sub phylum pteropsidia

The Sub phylum Pterophyta is a group of non-seed plants with a fossil record dating back to
the lower Devonian. The phylum consists of about 11,000 living species.

Vegetatatively,the Pterophyta are a diverse group of plants with true leaves, roots and stems.
Leaves are macrophylls and, in many families, demonstrate circinate vernation (a pattern of uncoiling
of a crozier-like structure due to uneven growth). While arborescent species exist, no living fern
demonstrates true secondary growth. Roots are adventitious.

Reproductively, the Pterophyta also vary; they may be either homosporous and exosporic or
heterosporous and endosporic. Homospory with the production of photosythetic free-living
gametophytes is the most common pattern. The structure of the spore, sporangium and sorus are all
important taxonomic features.

Sub Phylum lycopsida

Phylum including three living families. This is an ancient lineage with fossil members dating
from the Devonian.Vegetative Characters: Plants with true leaves, roots and stems -link to an
illustration- . Leaves are, without exception, microphylls and this is a defining feature of the group
(hence, the alternate name for the phylum - the Microphyllophyta). Microphylls have only one vein and
are not associated with a leaf gap. They are thought not to be homologous to macrophylls found in
ferns and all the groups of seed plants Living members are all herbaceous although Isoetes has
secondary growth. Extinct members include tree-like plants which were a prominent part of the
Carboniferous swamp-forests and are well represented in the fossil record.
 Sub Phylum sphenopsidia
Group consisting of one extant family, Eqisetaceae, and one genus with fifteen species.
Morphologically the shoot consists of distinct nodes and internodes. The leaves are whorled and scale-
like. In some species whorls of stems develop at each node. The strobilus consists of a central axis on
which spore-bearing structures (sporangiophores) are arranged. These are umbrella-like with sporangia
attached on the underside around the central stalk. While Equisetum is homosporous, fossil members of
the phylum were heterosporous, and Equisetum itself has a tendency to produce unisexual
gametophytes. Spores are associated with elators. The gametophytes are photosynthetic and fairly easy
to grow on a simple autotrophic medium.
The Spenophyta is represented in the fossil record from the Devonian; the order Equisitales from the
upper Devonian. Fossil members constitute a diverse group of both herbaceous and tree-like forms.
There are amazing similarities in stem anatomy between Equisetum and arboreal forms from the
Carboniferous

Class angiospermae

Phylum consisting of nearly a quarter of a million species of angiosperms. This largest

radiation of land plants dates back only to the early Cretaceous in the fossil record and has become the
dominant plant group in most biomes because of specialized vegetative and reproductive features. The
phylum is traditionally divided into two classes, the dicots and monocots; however, this division is now
being challenged.

Vegetative Characteristics: Plants range in habit and form from minute, aquatic duckweeds to
giant, buttressed forest trees. The early radiation of angiosperms includes woody plants, small
herbaceous "paleoherbs," and emergent or floating aquatics. Subsequent radiations have produced
annuals, vines, stem succulents, epiphytes, carnivores, parasites, and saprophytes.

Reproductive Characteristics: Plants are typified by a true flower which has been interpreted
to be either a highly modified shoot or a condensed and reduced compound strobilus or inflorescence.
Floral parts generally include sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels. Ovules are contained within the
megasporophylls that is sealed in all but several putatively primitive angiosperm families. Pollination is
mediated by wind, water, or a wide variety of animal vectors. Self pollination, as well as
parthenogenesis, are common.

Class Gymnospermae

Seed plants all of which produce woody stems. Like the Cycads and Ginkgoes are well
represented in the fossil record with members dating from the upper Carboniferous. Unlike these other
"gymnosperm" phyla, however, the conifers are important today economically and ecologically. The
group consists of around 550 species arranged in seven families. All seven families can be dated back
to the Mesozoic.

Vegetative Characteristics: All members produce abundant secondary xylem and grow as
either trees or shrubs. Trachiary elements in the xylem include only tracheids, and the sieve elements of
the phloem include only sieve cells. Leaves are macrophylls but take the form of needles or scales for
most species.

Reproductive Characteristics: Dioecious or monoecious plants. Pollen is produced in

microsporangiate stobili made up of sporophylls where the pollen sacs are borne on the lower surface.
All species are wind-pollinated. Sperm are not flagellated and are carried directly to the egg by means
of a pollen tube. With the exception of the Taxaceae, ovules are borne in complex or secondarily
reduced megasporangiate stobili consisting of seed scales bearing ovules. These are subtended by a
sterile bract. Together the seed-scale with its sterile bract is termed a seed-scale complex. These are
arranged around the central axis of the ovulate cone.
 Project
In
Biology
(The five kingdom classification system)

SUBMITTED

BY: Bryan L. Marquez

To: Mrs. Elisa Tabucol

On: March 28 2008