Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Economy
Anomali Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia
Tesis:
Di tengah kondisi perekonomian global yang dilanda krisis, catatan pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia
memperlihatkan hasil positif. Pada triwulan kedua tahun ini dibandingkan dengan periode yang sama
tahun lalu, ekonomi Indonesia tumbuh sekitar 6,4 persen. Pertumbuhan ini tetap masih terpust di Pulau
Jawa dengan pertumbuhan sebesar 57,5 persen. Jika diakumulasikan, pertumbuhan ekonomi
Indonesia semester I tahun 2012 lebih baik dibandingkan dengan semester I tahun 2011 yang tumbuh
sekitar 6,3 persen.
Argumentasi:
Namun, pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia dianggap mengalami anomali. Hal ini diungkapkan oleh
Salamuddin Daeng, pengamat ekonomi Indonesia for Global Justice. Beliau beralasan, pertumbuhan
ekonomi ini tidak diikuti dengan peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Lebih lanjut daeng
menjelaskan, sekurang-kurangnya ada empat faktor yang membuat ekonomi Indonesia mengalami
anomali. Pertama, perekonomian Indonesia banyak digerakkan oleh utang asing yang nilainya terus
naik. “Utang Indonesia mencapai Rp. 2.865 triliun. Utang asing pemerintah meningkat setiap tahunnya.
Utang ini menjadi sumber penghasilan utama pemerintah dan menjadi pendorong tumbuhnya ekonomi
Indonesia,” papar Daeng.
Kedua, peningkatan konsumsi masyarakat disinyalir ikut mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia.
Konsumsi masyarakat yang meningkat bersumber dari harga sandang dan pangan yang mengalami
kenaikan, serta ditopang oleh pertumbuhan kredit terutama kredit konsumsi. Ketiga, ekonomi Indonesia
pertumbuhannya didorong oleh ekspor bahan mentah, misalnya hasil perkebunan, hutan, migas dan
bahan tambang, sehingga kurang menciptakan nilai tambah dan lapangan pekerjaan. Faktor terakhir,
ekonomi Indonesia pertumbuhannya didorong oleh investasi asing yang membuat sumber daya alam
Indonesia makin dikuasai asing.
Sementara itu, A Tony Prasetiantono, Pengamat Ekonomi dari Universitas Gadjah Mada, berpendapat,
pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia didukung oleh sektor domestik. Menurut beliau, efek krisis global
melalui defisit neraca perdangan dan penurunan ekspor baru akan terasa pada kuartal ketiga dan
keempat tahun ini. Beliau menganggap kontribusi ekspor terhadap PDB tidak besar.
Senada dengan itu, ekonom Mirza Adityaswara menyampaikan, bahwa sejumlah sector ekonomi dalam
negeri tumbuh karena didukung oleh suku bunga rendah. Hal ini tampak dari pertumbuhan kredit yang
mencapai 26-28 persen sekaligus didorong oleh harga BBM yang rendah karena masih disubsidi oleh
pemerintah. Lebih lanjut diungkap Mirza, sektor yang berorientasi dalam negeri mengalami
pertumbuhan tinggi, seperti otomotif, manufaktur, transportasi, komunikasi, dan perdagangan.
Akibatnya, pertumbuhan sektor yang berorientasi dalam negeri mengakibatkan kecenderungan defisit
neraca perdagangan yang semakin besar.
Penegasan Ulang:
Menurut Tony, belanja pemerintah yang lebih besar dan cepat juga sangat membantu pertumbuhan.
Seiring hal itu, tingkat inflasi yang berada di bawah 5 persen cukup membantu, meskipun hal tersebut
ada efeknya, yaitu nilai subsidi energi yang terus membengkak yang sebetulnya cenderung tidak sehat.
THESIS :
I am sure that you know that smoking harms your body. Then why do you continue
smoking? Maybe you do it because you haven’t really become conscious about all the
effects that smoking has. There are a lot of reasons why you shouldn’t smoke. Some of them
are that smoking affects your health, that you spend a lot of money on cigarettes, and that when
you smoke you are not respecting people around you.
ARGUMENT 1 : The first reason why you shouldn’t smoke is that smoking affects your
health. If
you smoke, your physical condition will be negatively affected, so it will be very
difficult for you to succeed in sports. Also, smoking produces lethal diseases like cancer and
reduces the length and quality of your life. Maybe you don’t notice all the physical effects of
smoking immediately, but you surely will be sorry one day.
ARGUMENT 2 : The second reason why you shouldn’t smoke is because of all the
money that you spend on it. Maybe you start smoking only when someone offers you a
cigarette, but there will be a day when you will feel the need of a cigarette. By this time, you
will pay whatever to smoke, and each time you will smoke more, so you will spend more
money. All the money you would spend on cigars could have be spent in something
better, don’t you think?
ARGUMENT 3 : The last reason why you shouldn’t smoke is out of respect for the people
around you. When you smoke, you not only harm yourself, but you also harm all the
people around you. So you mustn’t be selfish; you should at least avoid smoking in front of
people who don’t smoke. Also, many people don’t like the cigarette’s smell, so they
won’t enjoy your company. Would you like that?
RECOMMENDATION : I have said just some reasons of why you shouldn’t smoke, so I hope
that now those of you who smoke are able to think a little and try to make a smart decision.
In addition to all the reasons I’ve said, I would like you to think about how much you love
yourself and then whether you want to continue harming yourself. Think also about all
the people who love you, like your family who doesn’t want to see you suffering or
sick. If you decide to continue smoking, what a pity. But if you decide to stop smoking,
congratulations! Remember that "If you can dream it, you can do it.
Sumber : http://www.englishindo.com/2011/10/contoh-hortatory-exposition-why-you-
should-not-smoke.html#ixzz4rmBFQg22
Exposition text has two forms namely Hortatory and Analytical. Beside both
have different name, there is also a difference on how the genres consist of.
In the Analytical exposition text, the generic structures will be Thesis,
Arguments, and Reiteration, but on Hortatory Exposition text, the generic
structures are Thesis, Arguments, and Recommendation.
EXAMPLE 1: ANALYTICAL
The majority of us claim that we do not have time for exercise. We feel too
busy to do that. However, many expert said that exercise has great role in
making our body healthy.
Being physically active offers many advantages. In physical reword,
exercise can reduce weight then our body will become fitter. Exercise is
also believed to reduce stress levels, improve sleep patterns, and reduce
the risk of heart disease, diabetes and some forms of cancer. Beside
physical advantage, exercise also brings good effects mentally. Due to the
fitter body, exercise can make us feel refreshed and happy then we can
increase our life quality and expectancy.
EXAMPLE 2: HORTATORY
Why Exercise is Important
The majority of us claim that we do not have time for exercise. We feel too
busy to do that. However, many expert said that exercise has great role in
making our body healthy
Based on arguments above, it is very clear that exercise is vital for our life.
Even for busy people, exercise can be done in many ways and I’m sure it
will even be possible for non busy people. So, we should exercise.
ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
Social function: To persuade the readers or the listeners that something in the
case, to analyze or to explain.
Generic Structure:
1. Thesis (usually includes a preview argument. It introduces topics and
indicates the writer’s position.)
2. Arguments (consists of a point and elaboration sequence. The number of
points may vary, but each must be supported by discussion and evidence).
3. Reiteration (restates the position more forcefully in the light of the arguments
presented).
Jenis teks ini di awali dengan
THESIS, yaitu pendapat kalian tentang suatu masalah. Biasanya di awali
dengan kalimat I personally think, In my opinion, I believe, etc. Setelah kalian
menuliskan thesis atau pendapat,
kalian harus menuliskan ARGUMENTS, yaitu argumen-argumen atau alasan-
alasan yang disertai dengan fakta dan bukti-bukti yang relevan sehingga
pendengar atau pembaca terpengaruh dengan argumen yang kalian kemukakan.
Biasanya dimulai dengan Firstly, Nest, Third, The last, etc.
Untuk mengakhiri teks, kalian harus menuliskan REITERATION, yaitu
simpulan dari thesis dan arguments yang telah kalian bicarakan sebelumnya.
Kalian bisa mengungkapkannya melalui kalimat In my conclusion, To conclude,
From the facts above, we can conclude that, etc.
Language features:
Emotive words such as : alarmed, worried.
Words that qualify statements such as: usual probably
Words that link arguments such as: firstly, however, on the other hand,
therefore.
Usually present tense
Compound and complex sentences
Example
Before we are going to smoke, it is better to look at the fact. About 50 thousands
people die every year in Britain as direct result of smoking. This is seven times
as many as die in road accidents. Nearly a quarter of smokers die because of
diseases caused by smoking.
Ninety percent of lung cancers are caused by smoking. If we smoke five cigarettes
a day, we are six times more likely to die of lung cancer than a non smoker. If we
smoke twenty cigarettes a day, the risk is nineteen greater. Ninety five percent of
people who suffer of bronchitis are people who are smoking. Smokers are two
and half times more likely to die of heart disease than non smokers.
Additionally, children of smoker are more likely to develop bronchitis and
pneumonia. In one hour in smoky room, non smoker breathes as much as
substance causing cancer as if he had smoked fifteen cigarettes.
Smoking is really good for tobacco companies because they do make much
money from smoking habit. Smoking however is not good for every body else.
Thesis: This pre-conclusive paragraph states the writer’s point of view about the
topic discussed. Writer has show himself in clear position of the discussed topic.
Paragraph 1 is the thesis of this analytical exposition text. It states the fact of the
very fatal impact of the smoking habit. Clearly the writer wants to say that
smoking is not a good habit.
Arguments: Presenting arguments in analytical exposition text is as important as
giving conflict plot in narrative text. The series of argument will strengthen the
thesis stated before. In this example of analytical exposition text, paragraph 2 and
3 are the detail arguments presented in a reporting fact to support that smoking is
not good even for smokers themselves. Furthermore, people who do not smoke
but they are in smoky area have the bad effect too from the smoking habit.
Reiteration: This end paragraph actually is restating the thesis. It is something
like conclusive paragraph from the previous arguments. The last paragraph of this
example of analytical exposition points again that smoking is not good for
smokers and people around smokers. However smoking is very good for
Cigarette Companies
Notes on the generic structure of this example of analytical exposition
As we know that both analytical exposition and hortatory exposition are classified
as argumentative essay. Both present argument to support the thesis state in the
orientation. This thesis places the writer’s position on the essay. From the generic
structure, what make big different is that analytical exposition ends with
paragraph to strengthen the thesis while hortatory makes a recommendation for
readers.
Dalam mengungkapkan pendapat, kalian pasti berusaha untuk meyakinkan
lawan bicara agar mau mengikuti apa yang kalian inginkan. Makanya kalian
juga akan memberikan argumen-argumen yang kuat untuk mendukung opini
kalian sehingga lawan bicara bisa terpengaruh dan mengiyakan pendapat kalian.
Jadi, untuk membedakan teks Analytical Exposition dengan teks lainnya adalah
di lihat dari isi dan tujuannya. The social function is to persuade by presenting
arguments. Tujuannya adalah untuk membujuk pendengar atau pembaca
sehingga mereka mau mengikuti keinginan kalian. Teks ini berisi tentang
argumen atau alasan.
Contoh:
I personally think learning English through music and songs can be very
enjoyable. You can mix pleasure with learning when you listen to a song and
exploit the song as a means to your English progress. Some underlying reason
can be drawn to support the idea why we use songs in language learning.
Firstly, “the song stuck in my head” Phenomenon (the echoing in our minds of
the last song we heard after leaving a restaurant, shopping malls, etc) can be both
enjoyable and sometimes unnerving. This phenomenon also seems to reinforce
the idea that songs work on our short-and-long term memory.
Secondly, songs in general also use simple conversational language, with a lot of
repetition, which is just what many learners look for sample text. The fact that
they are effective makes them many times more motivating than other text.
Although usually simple, some songs can be quite complex syntactically,
lexically and poetically, and can be analyzed in the same way as any other literary
sample.
Furthermore, song can be appropriated by listener for their own purpose. Most
pop songs and probably many other types don’t have precise people, place or time
reference.
In addition, songs are relaxing. They provide variety and fun, and encourage
harmony within oneself and within one group. Little wonder they are important
tools in sustaining culture, religion, patriotism and yeas, even revolution.
Last but not least, there are many learning activities we can do with songs such
as studying grammar, practicing selective listening comprehension, translating
songs, learning vocabulary, spelling and culture.
From the elaboration above, it can be concluded that learning through music and
songs, learning English can be enjoyable and fun.
Coba perhatikan teks di atas. Kalian pasti sudah tau kan yang mana thesis,
argument dan reiteration.
I personally think (thesis)
Firstly, Secondly, Furthermore, In addition, Last but not least (arguments)
From the elaboration above (reiteration)
HORTATORY EXPOSITION
Hortatory Exposition
I. Teks ini hampir sama dengan Analytical Exposition, dapat ditemukan pada
berbagai macam surat maupun artikel yang bersifat membujuk, mempengaruhi
misalnya surat pembaca, promosi, surat terbuka dan lain-lain.
* Arguments *
Serangkaian alasan yang mendukung ide penulis.
* Recommendation *
Berisi anjuran, nasihat atau apa yang seharusnya atau tidak seharusnya
dilakukan menanggapi persoalan yang diangkat.
The generic structure is as follow:
Thesis; thesis is similar to tentative conclusion which needs to be proven by
certain fact and argument. In the end, it can be true or false
Arguments; this is the phase which try to examine and support that the thesis
stated above is true.
Recommendation; this is what should or should not be done in the hortatory
text. This recommendation is differentiating from analytical exposition.
To persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case.
V. CONTOH TEKS.
Higher Education for Woman
In this modern era, there are still some parents who are reluctant about
sending their daughter to college. Such narrow attitude shown to woman higher
education is largely due to the traditional role of woman in society. A woman is
expected just to be a wife and a mother most parents believe that if their daughter
gets married and chooses to be a housewife, then the higher education will be a
waste. However an educated woman does not only make a better wife abut also
contributer better thing to the large society.
Nowadays more women are successfully combining their career and
marriage. Educated women are richer both emotionally and financially. They are
able to find an outlet for monotonous drudgery of their housekeeping. They bring
more satisfaction and contentment to their lives.
Depriving girl of higher education is crash discrimination. Time has
changed. Modern society need the talents of its people regardless of gender.
Today women work alongside men. In fact, in the last few decades women have
made outstanding contributions to society.
Woman should be given the freedom to be educated whether they get
married or go to work after finishing their education because it is only through
education that a woman will find herself useful and discover what she wants in
life. A woman who work is not an insult to her husband. Conversely, her husband
should feel proud of her achievement since marriage is actually an equal
partnership. Therefore, parents should not think that girls should receive less
education just because they will get marriage one day.
Example II
How can we see the generic structure of the hortatory example above?
Thesis: the importance of wearing helmet which is stated in the first paragraph
Argumentative: Wearing helmet gives a total protection and giving a chance in
imaging self which presented in the second paragraph.
Recommendation: Bikers should wear helmet properly to get the benefits.
Discussion
Definition of Discussion
Discussion is a text which present a problematic discourse. This problem will be
discussed from different viewpoints. Discussion is commonly found in
philosophical, historic, and social text.
Generic Structure of Discussion
1. Statement of issue; stating the issue which is to discussed
2. List of supporting points; presenting the point in in supporting the presented
issue
3. List of contrastive point; presenting other points which disagree to the
supporting point
4. Recommendation; stating the writer' recommendation of the discourse
Language Feature of Discussion
1. Introducing category or generic participant
2. Using thinking verb; feel, hope, believe, etc
3. Using additive, contrastive, and causal connection; similarly, on the hand,
however, etc
4. Using modalities; must, should, could, may, etc
5. Using adverbial of manner; deliberately, hopefully, etc
Example
The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power
Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various
part of the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at
Calder Hall in Cumbria, England in 1956.
Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine.
Nuclear power produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and
produces huge amounts of energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when
burning fossil fuels. The advantages of nuclear plant are as follow:
It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.
It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to
the greenhouse effect.
It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.
It produces small amount of waste.
It is reliable.
On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up
and buried for many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore,
although it is reliable, a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does
go wrong, a nuclear accident ca be a major accident.
People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power
was the fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.
The negative impact of social networks for teens and children are the
social networking sites they have. They will feel addicted and do not care
about time, do not care about the surroundings, lack of socialization with
the environment, waste of money and credit, prone to dispute or
misunderstanding, often social media can be a place that the fraud can
be occured, and social media can damage the health of the eye of
children or people who use them.
The conclusion that can be drawn is that social networking does have
many benefits, but it can not be denied that social networks also have a
wide range of hazards and other consequences like many boys and girls
open social networking sites during school hours.
Therefore, the teens and the children should use social networks wisely
and be able to sort the time between learning and opening the social
networking sites so they will not regret the impacts later. At school, the
students should have a training or socialization from adolescents, such
as the teachers, so that later they are able to understand how the
devastating impact of social networks on an ongoing basis so that it
might be expected that the teens can be aware of and understand their
obligations or duties as the students.
Artinya:
Oleh karena itu, situs jejaring sosial telah memberikan dampak positif
maupun negatif bagi orang – orang yang memilikinya. Dampak positif
dari jejaring sosial yaitu kita dapat memiliki banyak teman, dapat
menyatukan kekerabatan yang belum terlihat atau telah putus, dapat
berbagi informasi, dapat menjadi tempat curhat, dapat menjadi tempat
untuk menyalurkan hobi kita seperti menulis, dapat membuat promosi,
dan dapat menghindari stres.
Dampak negatif dari jejaring sosial untuk para remaja dan anak-anak
adalah situs jejaring sosial yang mereka miliki itu sendiri. Mereka akan
merasa ketagihan dan tidak peduli tentang waktu, tidak peduli dengan
lingkungan di sekitar mereka, kurangnya sosialisasi dengan lingkungan,
jejaring sosial hanya membuang-buang uang dan kredit, jejaring sosial
dapat menjadi tempat yang rawan sengketa atau kesalahpahaman,
sering terjadinya penipuan di jejaring sosial, dan dapat merusak
kesehatan mata anak – anak atau siapa pun yang menggunakannya.
Baca Juga: 40 Contoh Soal Bahasa Inggris Kelas 4 SD Semester 1
Oleh karena itu, para remaja atau anak – anak harus menggunakan situs
jejaring sosial secara bijaksana dan mampu memilah waktu antara
belajar dan membuka situs jejaring sosial yang mereka miliki sehingga
mereka tidak akan menyesali dampaknya di kemudian hari. Di sekolah,
para siswa harus mendapatkan pelatihan atau sosialisasi dari orang yang
lebih dewasa seperti para guru sehingga nantinya mereka dapat
memahami bagaimana dampak buruk dari jejaring sosial secara
berkelanjutan sehingga mungkin diharapkan bahwa para remaja dapat
menyadari dan memahami kewajiban atau tugas-tugas mereka sebagai
siswa.
Nowadays, social networking is used by most people in the world. They use social
networking to connect and communicate with their friends, their relative, and even
their teacher or lecturer.
Students who are using social networking will get many advantages because social
networking is not only used for communication purpose only but also knowledge
that is shared in the internet every its hour. And there are some advantages from
using social networking. First, social networking users share among themselves day
in and day out, giving and receiving information at rapid speeds. This information is
more than funny cat videos. They share views and opinions; tips and tricks and
among students, helpful information for classes. Their ability to access, analyze,
retain and share information is skyrocketing and they often don’t even realize
they’re developing these skills. Second, social networking anyway helps students in
interacting with one another and share ideas. This helps in improving student’s
creativity because they can share their creative original work like poetry and film to
their friends or other people. The last, students are developing a positive attitude
towards using technology systems, editing and customizing content, and thinking
about online design and layout.
On the other hand, social networking has bad impact for students. Social networking
is like drugs that are makes students addicted. Students will always access their
account in the internet such as facebook, twitter, and even instagram almost every
day. That will make students lazier and less focus on their lesson in school. Social
networking also brings harm than good for students becausestudents who use social
networking sites are prone to social isolation. Social networking can exacerbate
feelings of disconnect especially for youth with disabilities and put children at
higher risk for depression, low self-esteem, and eating disorders. The "passive
consumption" of social media like scanning posts without commenting is related to
loneliness.
From all of the fact about advantages and disadvantages of using social networking,
students must choose appropriate sites that will helps their study and try not to
addicted to the internet. Just keep on students mind that as a younger generation
they have to smarter to choose what the best for them and what positive knowledge
that they can get from using social networking
CRITICAL READING
What Is Critical Reading?
Note: These remarks are primarily directed at non-fictional texts.
Facts v. Interpretation
To non -critical readers, texts provide facts. Readers gain knowledge by
memorizing the statements within a text.
To the critical reader, any single text provides but one portrayal of the facts, one
individual’s “take” on the subject matter. Critical readers thus recognize not
onlywhat a text says, but also how that text portrays the subject matter. They
recognize the various ways in which each and every text is the unique creation of
a unique author.
A non-critical reader might read a history book to learn the facts of the situation or
to discover an accepted interpretation of those events. A critical reader might read
the same work to appreciate how a particular perspective on the events and a
particular selection of facts can lead to particular understanding.
Critical reading goes two steps further. Having recognized what a text says , it
reflects on what the text does by making such remarks. Is it offering
examples? Arguing? Appealing for sympathy? Making a contrast to clarify a
point? Finally, critical readers then infer what the text, as a whole, means , based
on the earlier analysis.
These three steps or modes of analysis are reflected in three types of reading and
discussion:
You can distinguish each mode of analysis by the subject matter of the discussion:
What a text says – restatement – talks about the same topic as the
original text
What a text does – description – discusses aspects of the discussion itself
What a text means – interpretation — analyzes the text and asserts a
meaning for the text as a whole
Notice that none of these goals actually refers to something on the page. Each
requires inferences from evidence within the text:
Critical reading is not simply close and careful reading. To read critically, one must
actively recognize and analyze evidence upon the page.
The first part —what to look for— involves recognizing those aspects of a
discussion that control the meaning.
The second part —how to think about what you find— involves the processes of
inference, the interpretation of data from within the text.
Recall that critical reading assumes that each author offers a portrayal of the topic.
Critical reading thus relies on an examination of those choices that any and all
authors must make when framing a presentation: choices of content, language,
and structure. Readers examine each of the three areas of choice, and consider
their effect on the meaning.