Experiment # 1

1.1 Objective:

To determine the mechanical power produced by Francis Turbine.

1.2 Apparatus:

 Francis Turbine

 Tachometer

 Volume/Flow tank

Fig 1

1.3 Theory
1.3.1 Hydraulic Machine:

Hydraulic machines are machinery and tools that use fluid power to do simple work.

Heavy equipment is a common example. In this type of machine, hydraulic fluid is transmitted

throughout the machine to various hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders and becomes

pressurized according to the resistance present.

1.3.2 Turbine:

A turbine is a machine that transforms rotational energy from a fluid that is picked up by a rotor

system into usable work or energy.

1.3.3 Types of Turbine:

There are two major types of turbine

 Impulse turbine

 Reaction turbine

1.3.4 Impulse Turbine:

Impulse turbine a turbine that is driven by jets direct against the blades turbine rotary engine in

which the kinetic energy of a moving fluid is converted into mechanical energy by causing a bladed

rotor to rotate.

1.3.5 Reaction Turbine:

A reaction turbine is a type of turbine that develops torque by reacting to the pressure or weight of

a fluid; the operation of reaction turbines is described by Newton's third law of motion (action

and reaction are equal and opposite). ... The pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the

rotor blades.

1.3.6 Francis Turbine:

The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by James B. Francis in Lowell,

Massachusetts. It is an inward-flow reaction turbine that combines radial and axial flow

concepts. Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today.
1.4 Procedure:

First of all set the apparatus.

Then applied load F1 and F2.

Note the rpm of Francis turbine by the use of tachometer.

Then find the combined force Fb.

Then at the end find out the torque and power of Francis turbine at given condition.

1.5 Observation and Calculations:

Serial N Force Force Resultant Torque Power

# ( RPM) F1(N) F2(N) Fb(N) Nm Watt

1 1469 0.196 0.147 0.049 1.225×10−3 0.1883

2 1218 0.49 0.245 0.245 6.125×10−3 0.780

3 709 1.226 0.294 0.9317 0.023 1.728

1.6 Results:
Torque produced in the turbine directly proportional to the power of Francis turbine.

1.7 Comments:
By using this apparatus we can calculate the power and efficiency or Francis turbine.
 Experiment # 2

2.1 Objective:
To determine the mechanical power produced by Pelton Turbine.

2.2 Apparatus:

 Pelton wheel Turbine

 Techometer

 Volume/Flow tank

Fig 2

2.3 Theory
2.3.1 Hydraulic Machine:

Hydraulic machines are machinery and tools that use liquid fluid power to do simple work.

Heavy equipment is a common example. In this type of machine, hydraulic fluid is transmitted

throughout the machine to various hydraulic motors and hydraulic cylinders and becomes

pressurized according to the resistance present.

2.3.2 Turbine:

A turbine is a machine that transforms rotational energy from a fluid that is picked up by a rotor

system into usable work or energy.

2.3.3 Types of Turbine:

There are two major types of turbine

 Impulse turbine

 Reaction turbine

2.3.4 Impulse Turbine:

Impulse turbine a turbine that is driven by jets direct against the blades turbine rotary engine in

which the kinetic energy of a moving fluid is converted into mechanical energy by causing a bladed

rotor to rotate.

2.3.5 Reaction Turbine:

A reaction turbine is a type of turbine that develops torque by reacting to the pressure or weight of

a fluid; the operation of reaction turbines is described by Newton's third law of motion (action

and reaction are equal and opposite) the pressure of the fluid changes as it passes through the rotor

blades.

2.3.6 Pelton Turbine:

The Pelton wheel is an impulse type water turbine. It was invented by Lester Allan Pelton in the

1870s. The Pelton wheel extracts energy from the impulse of moving water, as opposed to water's

dead weight like the traditional overshot water wheel.

2.4 Procedure:
First of all set the apparatus.

Then applied load F1 and F2.

Note the rpm of Pelton turbine by the use of tachometer.

Then find the combined force Fb.

Then at the end find out the torque and power of Pelton wheel turbine at given condition.

2.5 Observations and Calculations:

Serial N Force Force Resultant Torque Power

# ( RPM) F1(N) F2(N) Fb(N) Nm Watt

1 1469 0.7848 0.1962 0.5886 0.01471 2.2264

2 1218 1.4715 0.2943 1.777 0.0294 4.2464

3 709 1.8639 0.4905 1.337 0.034 4.4675

2.6 Results:
Torque produced in the turbine directly proportional to the power of Pelton turbine

2.7 Comments:
The efficiency of Pelton wheel turbine is less than Francis turbine.
 Experiment # 3

3.1 Objective:
To draw the characteristics curve of centrifugal pump.

3.2 Apparatus:
 Centrifugal pump
 Pressure measuring gauge
 Flow meter
 Water head tank

Fig 3

3.3 Theory
3.3.1 Centrifugal pump:

It is the mechanical device which rises water from low level to high level by the action of
centrifugal pump.

3.3.2 Types of impeller:

There are two types of impeller

 open impeller
 closed impeller

Open impeller:

The open impeller works individually. It has low efficiency than closed impeller.
Closed impeller:

These works as a team work. The efficiency of closed impeller is higher than open impeller.

3.4 Procedure
First of all I set the apparatus.

Then I switched on the pump.

Then I noted the value N from rota meter.

Similarly note all required values from pressure meter and other one.

At last I calculated the all efficiencies.

3.5 Table

Serial # P1 P2 Q N eta Efficiency

1 -0.2 4.45 70 1904 6.63 21.1

2 -0.3 0.7 90 2383 10.31 25

3 -0.4 0.95 100 2661 13.76 30

3.6 Results:
By doing this experiment, I calculated the mechanical efficiency is 21%, 25%, 30%.

Experiment # 04
4.1 Objective:
To calculate the mechanical and overall efficiency of centrifugal pump at different speed of
impeller.

4.2 Apparatus:
 Water head tank
 Flow meter
 Centrifugal pump
 Pressure measuring gauges

Fig 4

4.3 Theory
Pump:

It is the mechanical device which converts the mechanical energy into pressure energy.

4.3.1 Types of pump:

There are two basics types of pumps

 positive displacement pump

 centrifugal pump

4.3.2 Centrifugal pump:

It is the mechanical device which rises water from low level to high level by the action of
centrifugal pump.

4.3.3 Types of impeller:

 There are two types of impeller

 open impeller
 closed impeller

Open impeller:

The open impeller works individually. It has low efficiency than closed impeller.

Closed impeller:

These works as a team work. The efficiency of closed impeller is higher than open impeller.

4.3.4 Types of casing:

There are three types of casings

 volute casing
 vortex casing
 volute casing with guide blades.

Volute casing:

It is designed in such way it provides decreasing area around the impeller and provide greater
pressure so have high efficiency.

Vortex casing:

It designed as the area around the impeller remains same.

Volute casing with guide blades:

In such type of guide blades provides the different flow way to water.

4.4 Procedure:
First of all I set the apparatus.

Then I switched on the pump.

Then I noted the value N from rota meter.

Similarly note all required values from pressure meter and other one.

At last I calculated the all efficiencies.

4.5 Observation and calculations:

 Serial W Q Fluid Pressure 𝑬𝒑 h Mechanical Overall
# 𝒓𝒂𝒅 power 𝒑𝟏 𝒑𝟐 efficiency efficiency
𝒔 𝒑𝒇 (N)
1 182.69 0.001083 64.98 -0.15 0.45 240 6.1162 32.158% 27%

2 200 0.001160 81.5 -0.2 0.50 296 7.14 37% 27%

3 233.93 0.001366 129.77 -0.25 0.7 435 9.68 58% 30%

4.5 Result:
By doing this experiment, I calculated the mechanical efficiency is 32%, 37%, 58% and overall
efficiency is 27%, 27% and 30%.

Experiment#5
5.1 Objective:
To calculate the power of reciprocating pump.

5.2 Apparatus:
 Water storage tank
 Reciprocating pump
 Rotameter
 Pressure gauges

Fig 5

5.3 Theory
5.3.1 Reciprocating pump:
The pump which deliver a fixed amount of flow through mechanical contraction called
reciprocating pump.
5.3.2Types of reciprocating pump:
1. Single acting pump
2. Double operating deep well pump
3. Double acting pump
4. Simple head operating pumps
Single acting pump:
Pump have only one delivers valve and one suction valve.
Double acting pump:
Such pump have two inlet and two outlet valves.

5.4Construction:
The reciprocating pump having following parts:
 1. Wheel
2. Connecting rod
3. Piston ring
4. External seal
5. Cylinder
6. Suction valve
7. Relief valve
8. Delivery valve
5.5Working principle:
External power motor produces the rotary motion which converts into reciprocating motors.
During this motion when piston move backward the inlet suction valve is open and fluid store
into the cylinder when piston moves forward the pressure of fluid increases and this pressurized
fluid delivered by delivery valve at this section it is open.

5.6 Procedure:
First of all I set the apparatus.
Then I switched on the pump motor.
Then I saw its working and noted all required values from rotameters, pressure gauges and also
digital-motors.
Then using formula I calculated it’s requires power.

5.7Table:
Serial No N P1 P2 Q W H Power

1 311 0 10000 0.00033 9810 1 3.23

2 407 -10000 15000 0.000566 9810 2.54 14.11

3 430 -20000 15000 0.00058 9810 3.57 20.42

5.8Result:
By using this experiment I calculated the power of reciprocating power at different speeds are
3.23W, 14.11W AND 20.42W.

Experiment # 6
6.1 Objective:
To analysed the characteristics of pump in series operations with variable flow rate.

6.2 Apparatus:
 Centrifugal pump
 Circular tank
 Flow rate indicator
 Pump head indicator
 Pipe process

Fig 6

6.3 Theory
6.3.1 Pump:
It is mechanical device using suction or pressure to raise or more the liquids compressed gasses
or forced air into inflatable object.
6.3.2 Centrifugal pump:
It is mechanical device which series water from low to high level by the action of centrifugal
force.

6.4 Purpose of pump:

In this experiment, these pumps are used to increase:
Pressure.
Flow rate.
Head.
But when we arranged the pumps into series then these pumps increases the head of water at
same flow rate. And when we arranged these into parallel then flow rate is increase.

6.5 Procedure:
First of all I set the apparatus.
Then I switched on the pumps.
Then I have already set the valves according the flow chart of the pump which are set into the
series.
I noted the valves from the rota meters and pressure gauge.
Then using formulas I found the flow rate and head.

6.6 Table:
Serial # P(PA) P2 P3 Q(LPM) 𝒎𝟑 H
Q( )
𝒔

1 55000 0.45 1 47 0.00078 5.6

2 100000 1 2 45 0.00075 10.19
3 150000 1.5 3 40 0.00066 15.29
4 200000 1.9 4 35 0.00058 20.28
5 200000 2.5 5 28 0.00046 25.48

6.7Graph:
6.8 Result:
By doing this experiment, I draw graph between head and flow rate, which it shown at front of
you.
 Experiment # 7
7.1 Objective:
To analysed the characteristics of pump in parallel operations with variable flow rate.

7.2Apparatus:
 Centrifugal pump
 Circular tank
 Flow rate indicator
 Pump head indicator
 Pipe process

Fig 7

7.3 Theory
7.3.1 Pump:
It is mechanical device using suction or pressure to raise or more the liquids compressed gasses
or forced air into inflatable object.
7.3.2 Centrifugal pump:
It is mechanical device which series water from low to high level by the action of centrifugal
force.
7.4 Purpose of pump:
In this experiment, these pumps are used to increase:
Pressure.
Flow rate.
Head.
But when we arranged the pumps into series then these pumps increases the head of water at
same flow rate. And when we arranged these into parallel then flow rate is increase.
7.5 Procedure:
First of all I set the apparatus.
Then I switched on the pumps.
Then I have already set the valves according the flow chart of the pump which are set into the
parallel.
I noted the values from the rota meters and pressure gauge.
Then using formulas I found the flow rate and head.
7.6 Table:
Sr. # 𝐏𝟏 𝐏𝟐 𝐏𝟑 Q H

(Pa) (Pa) (Pa) (m3 /s) (m)

1 0 1 1 1.58× 10−3 10.20

2 0 2 2 1.16× 10−3 20.40

3 0 3 3 8.33× 10−3 30.60

7.7 Graph:

7.8Result:
By doing this experiment, I draw graph between head and flow rate, which it shown at front of
you.

Experiment # 8
8.1 Objective:
To calculate the efficiency of axial flow turbine.

8.2Apparatus:
Axial Flow Turbine

Fig 8

8.3 Theory
8.3.1 Axial flow turbine:

An axial turbine is a turbine in which the flow of the working fluid is parallel to the shaft.

8.4 Procedure:
First of all, we set apparatus.

Then, I switch on the apparatus.

Then I set the flow regulator and note the values from digital meter.

Then, I calculate the efficiency of axial flow fan.

8.5 Observation & calculation:

Serial # 𝐝𝐏𝟎 𝐝𝐏𝐟 V I RPM Q n
(Pa) (Pa) (v) (A)

1 0 0.45 12.8 1.44 4932 0.056 0.68

2 0 1 13.2 2.06 5634 0.065 0.70
3 0 1.5 14.9 4.36 7683 0.088 0.79
8.6 Graph:

0.8
GRAPH B/W Efficiency & Flowrate
0.78

0.76

0.74

0.72

0.7

0.68

0.66
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1

8.7 Result:
By performing this experiment,we can easily find the efficiency of axial flow turbine and draw
curve between flow rate and efficiency.
 Experiment # 9

9.1 Objective:
To demonstrate the wind tunnel turbine.

9.2 Apparatus:
Wind tunnel Turbine

Fig 9

9.3 Theory
9.3.1 Wind tunnel:

The majority of wind turbines consist of three blades mounted to a tower made from tubular
steel. There are less common varieties with two blades, or with concrete or steel lattice
towers. At 100 feet or more above the ground, the tower allows the turbine to take advantage
of faster wind speeds found at higher altitudes. Turbines catch the wind's energy with their
propeller-like blades, which act much like an airplane wing. When the wind blows, a pocket
of low-pressure air forms on one side of the blade. The low-pressure air pocket then pulls the
blade toward it, causing the rotor to turn. This is called lift. The force of the lift is much
stronger than the wind's force against the front side of the blade, which is called drag. The
combination of lift and drag causes the rotor to spin like a propeller. A series of gears
increase the rotation of the rotor from about 18 revolutions a minute to roughly 1,800
revolutions per minute -- a speed that allows the turbine’s generator to produce AC
electricity. A streamlined enclosure called a nacelle houses key turbine components --
usually including the gears, rotor and generator -- are found within a housing called the
nacelle. Sitting atop the turbine tower, some nacelles are large enough for a helicopter to land
on.

Types:

Open wind tunnel

Closed wind tunnel

Open Wind tunnel:

In an Open Circuit Wind Tunnel, fresh air is drawn into the machine. The air that passes through
the test section is discharged from the machine.

Closed Wind tunnel:

In a closed wind tunnel, the air that passes through the test section is drawn back into the fan and
sent through the test section again and again.

9.4 Construction:
Pre Chamber

Jet

Diffuser

Flow straighter