HELMINTHS -- 1.

Nematode

Name Disease Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Transmission Adult habitat

Intestinal Nematode
Ascaris Ascariasis Pneumonitis, Exam. of stool Albendazole, Contaminated Small Intestine
Lumbricoides Loeffler's for egg mebendazole food, soil
Syndrome
Trichuris Trichuriasis Light whipworm Exam. of stool Albendazole, Contaminated Large Intestine
trichiura infection for egg (bipolar Mebendazole food, soil
shaped)
Hookworms Hookworm Intestinal phase, Exam. of stool Albendazole, Skin penetration Small Intestine
- Necator Infection anemia for egg Mebendazole,iron
americanus, replacement
Ancylostoma therapy
duodenale
Strongyloides Strongyloidiasis Loeffler's Exam. of stool Albendazole, Skin Penetration Small Intestine
Stercoralis syndrome, for egg, ELISA Thiabendazole
intestinal phase test
Enterobius Enterobiasis Pruritus ani Scotch tape Albendazole , Ingestion Large intestine
vermicularis (itchy bottom) technique - Mebendazole
detect egg
Blood Nematode
Brugia Malayai Lymphatic Lymphoedema, Blood test - for Albendazole Mosquito bite Lymphatic
filariasis Elephantiasis microfilariae (single dose) with system
Wucherenia DEC or Ivermectin
bancrofti
Tissue Nematode
Trichinella Trichinosis Myalgia, Muscle biopsy, Mebendazole Contaminated Muscle tissue
spiralis tenderness, autopsy, food, soil
palpebral serology
oedema,
eosinophilia
2. Cestode

Name Disease(s) Clinical signs Diagnosis Treatment Transmission Adult

habitat/habitat
Taenia Saginata Taeniasis No symptoms / Exam. of stool for Praziquantel Under-cooked Small Intestine
abdominal egg segments and beef
discomfort scolex(head)
Taenia Solium Taeniasis (Human No symptoms or Exam. of stool for Praziquantel Consumption of Small Intestine
(pork tapeworm) is the definitive some abdomnal egg segments and under-cooked
host) discomfort scolex(head) pork
Cysyticercosis Neurocysticercosis Serology, Praziquantel , Ingestion of Various organs,
Ocular MRI, Surgical infective eggs bladder
cysticercosis, CT Scan , Therapy
subcutaneous X-ray
cysticercosis
Diphyllobothrium Diphyllobothriasis Mild clinical Exam. of stool for Praziquantel, Consumption of Small intestine
latum (Broad fish features, -operculated Vitamin B12 under-cooked
tapeworm) Megaloblastic eggs, uterus should be fish
anemia coiled in rosette given
appearance
segments or
spatulated scolex
Echinococcus Unilocular Brain-focal Radiology, Syrgical Ingestion of Liver, lung,
granulosus hydatid disease epilepsy serology Therapy Infective eggs kidney and brain
(Dog tapeworm) Lung - chestpain,
cough, dyspnea
3. Trematode

Blood Trematode
Name Disease Clinical signs Diagnosis Treatment Transmission Habitat
Schistosoma Schistosomiasis Intestinal - bloody Identification of Praziquantel Skin penetration S. haematobium
-S. diarrhea, abdominal eggs visible in -Veins of urinary
haematobium pain and lethargy feaces or urine bladder plexus
-S. mansoni Pain on urination -rectal, liver ,
-S. japonicum and blood in urine bladder biopsies, S.mansoni
ultrasonography, Veins draining
serology large intestine
Liver Trematode
Clonorchis Clonorchis Bile duct -Exam. of the Praziquantel Consumption of Bile duct
sinensis, obstruction stool under-cooked
Opithorcis ,Jaundice -Serology fresh water fish
viverrini obstruction
-Pancreatitis
-Recurrent
cholangitis
-
Cholangiocarcinoma
Intestinal Trematode
Fasciolopsis Fasiolopsis Abdomnal pain, Exam. of the Praziquantel Consumption of Intestine
buski diarrhea stool under-cooked
water plants
Lung Trematode
Paragonimus Paragonimiasis Pulmonary disease -Exam. of the Praziquantel Cinsumption of Lung
westermani stool under-cooked
-Serology crad/crayfish
-Radiology

Prepared by : Chong Yueng Kent (Reference: Lecture note by Prof Dr. Yvonne Lim Ai Lian)