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BOLTED CON N ECTIONS

{rrru Hrlflsl siru'ctures are to be formed by connecting available standard


sections there is need for designing
illlllllilrrrl ii"t i.,.:!r*tng connections:

'u: 'nferent sections to form the required composite section of a member (e.g. connecting plates,
uq.les. channels, I-sections etc.)
: tLierent members at their ends (e.g. secondary beams to main beams, beams to
columns,
:,;iumns to footing or members of trusser etc.).

l"lll:rttrrlt turs;iEn of connections is very important because the failure ofjoint is sudden
and catastrophic.
lllinur i:i'-';w'ing three types of connections may be made
in steel structures:

,,1 fur'eted
) Eernted
1r; '6'elded.

lm th$ chapter brief introduction is given


to riveted connection and detailed design procedure is ex-
tor bolted connections. The design of welded connections is explained
pl-tttiur':nre;
in chapter 4.
3, 1 RIVETED CONNECTION

Mrr"mng is a method ofjoining together pieces of metal


by inserting ductile metal pins called rivets into
lmmuri -f pieces to be connected and
forrning a head at the end of the rivet to prevent i"""r"pi#
ffiirn ;oming out. Figure 3.1 shows connecting two plates by """t
riveting.
lfrlinreholes are made in the structural members to be connected by punching
or by drilling. The size of
mlri"ffbole is kept slightly more (1.5 to 2 mm) than the size of rivei. After
the rivet holes in the members
mrc rnatched, a red hot rivet is inserted which
has a shop made head on one side and the length of which
um ilr4fttly more than the
combined thicknesses of the members to be connected. Then holding red
hot
mm,rtr ar shop head end, hammering is made. It results
into expansion of the rivet to compteteiy flll up
the
mrux hole and also into fonnation at driven head. Desired shapes
can be given to the driven head. The
m:rn,mlg may be in the workshops or in the field.
36 Design of Steel Strucrures

ffi
..;i:.,'EE€l{l

trfiid. 15*49

Riveting has the following disadvantages:


(a) It is associated with high level of noise pollution.
(b) It needs hedting the rivet to red hot.
(c) Inspection of connection is a skilled work.
(d) Removing poorly installed rivets is costly.
(e) Labour cost is high.
Production of weldable qualrty steel and introduction of high strength friction grip bolts (HSFG)
replaced use of rivets. Design procedure for riveted connections is same as that for bolted
except that the effective diameter of rivets may be takelSs rivet hole diarleter instead of nominal
eter of rivet. Hence riveted connection iq not discussed further in this chapter. :

3.2 BOLTED CONNECTIONS

bolt is a metal oin ivith a head formed shank threaded at the other in order to Fi.trd
3|E.[Atr *" rsed for joining together pieces of metals by inserting them through holes in the
ttrt&rc-l
E-a tigtrteningttre nut at the threaded ends. Figure 3.2 shows a typical bolt. cd ' 'btai
Bolts are classified as: tilrdFqtl
,f (a'l Unfinished (Black) Bolts
5*',righ#
) @) Finished (Turned) Bolts
dtubof L{
bc'nGilti
\ (c) High Strength Friction Grip (HSFG) Bolts.
bofrrcshd *
L cirrrrlrclrJf
Bolted Connections 37

-Bolt Head

ominal Diameter

H,,,
Figure 3.2 Bolt and nul.
u
llu-rrrr rs.lrled/B la ck Bo lts
mturuuur
tm&ts are made from mild steel rods with square
orhexagonal head. The shank is left unfinished i.e.
rumugururolled.Thoughtheblackboltsofnominaldiameter(diameterofshank)ofsizes
12,16,20,22,24,
r" l*n mr.''l 36 mm are available, commonly used bolt diameters me 16, 20,24,30 and
36 mm. These bolts
,ilmm mrugnated as M16, lfao,M24,etc. IS 1364 (r,afi l) gives
specifications for such bolts. In structural
to be connected holes are made larger than nominal diameter
nilllllllrllllwmnrq'
of bolts. As shanks of black bolts
rnmn nrmfinnished, the bolt
may not establish contact with structural member at entire zone of contact
surface.
".trlfill,mq; ;E63i1quite loose resulting into large deflections.
The yietd strength of commonly used black bolts
N
"'rufli
N mm2 and ultimate sttength +oo N7m-2. These u"ro *.,r"Jior light structures under static loads
1|||1tumr-t ss trusses,
bracings and also for temporary connections required during erections.

/Turned Bolts
thnsE bolts are also made from
mild steel, but they are formed from hexagonal rods, which are finished
n muning to
a circular shape. Actual dimension oithese bolts are kept l 2
mm to 1.3 mm larger than the
Mmmmal diameter. As usual the bolt hole is
kept 1.5 mm larger thanihe nominal diameter. Hence toler-
;WIr available for fiuing is quite small. It needs special
methods to align bolt holes before bolting. As
more tight, it results into much better bearing
lY*io'is
are used in special jobs
lnnums
contact between the bolts and holes. These

r-! specifications for such bolts.


like connecting machine parts subjected to dynami; ;;;rg.. iS :o+o .or-

mer *'gh Strength Friction Grip


{HSFG) Bolts
liE HSFG bolts are made from high strength steel rods. The surface of the shank is kept unfinished
as
im fre case of black bolts. These bolts are tightened to a proof load using
calibrated r,vrenches. Hence
mq' gnp the members tightly. In addition nuts are provided by using clamping
devices. If the joint is
srubjected to shearing load it is primarily resisted by
frictional flrce between the members and washers.
The shank of the bolt is not subjected to any shearing.
This results into no-slippage in the joint.
Hence
zuT"hbolts can be used to connect members subjected to dynamic loads also.
The successful introduction
*:r HSFG bolt resulted into replacement of rivets
. rs 3747 specifies various dimensions for such bolts
amd for their washers and nuts. Commonly
available nominaf diameter of HSFG bolts are 16,20,24,30
aed 36 mm.
38 Design of Steel Structures

3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF BOLTS BASED ON TYPE OF LOAD TRANSFER d{


dibaq!
On the basis of load transfer in the connection bolts may be classified as
@rLi
(a) Bearing Type naof&eficl
(b) Friction Grip Type. ffryofjniriXt
revibraiosrf
Unfinished (black) bolts and finished (turned) bolts belong to bearing type since they transfer
force from one member to other member by bearing, whereas HSFG bolts belong to friction grip
since they transfer shear by friction.
t€rcudi
Advantages of HSFG Bolts Over Bearing Type Bolts
tuh of the tuls *1
HSFG bolts have the following advantages over unfinished or finished bolts: ,&ction oflmd l--
Distonce (t.lpl
1. Joints are rigid i.e., no slip takes place in the joint' fomeasuredatrigk
2. As load transfer is mainly by friction, the bolts are not subjected to shearing and bearing
stresses.
3. High static strength due to high frictional resistance.
4. High fatigue strength since nuts are prevented from loosening and stress concentrations avoided
due to friction grip.
5. Smaller number of bolts result into smaller sizes of gusset plates.

Disadvantages of HSFG Bolts

The following are the disadvantages of HSFG bolts over bearing type bolts: [I
1. Material cost is high.
Edge Distancek):11
2. The special attention is to be given to workmarrship especially to give them right amount Fig.3.3). - i

End Distance k't: li


of tension.
Fig.3.3).
3.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS Staggered Distance:l
the memberas shori
The following are the advantages of bolted connections over riveted or welded connections:

1. Making joints is noiseless.


2. Do not need skilled labour.
3. Needs less labour.
4. Connections can be made quickly.
5. Structure can be put to use immediately.
6. Accornmodates minor discrepancies in dimensions'
7. Alterations, if any, can be done easily.
8. Working area required in the field is less.
Bolted Connections
39

xmsiie strength is reduced considerably


due to stress concentrations and reduction ofarea at
Lr,i r_|Jt of the threads.
" t-g it]- ofjoints is reduced due to loose fit, resulting into excessive deflections.
Irre :o Yibrations nuts are likely to loosen, endangering
the safety ofthe structures.

:..: -E,ulNoLOGY
*flr*
iirlL: &lng terms used in the bolted connections
are deflned below:
:' . ': ''tf the bolts (p); It is the
centre to centre spacing of the bolts in a row, measured along the
r:rdon of load. It is shown as op, inFig. 3.3.
': : " te Di'vtance (g . It is the distance between the two consecutive bolts
) of adjacent rows and
:! :reaSUred at right angles to the direction
of load. (Ref. Fig. 3.3)

EF-
-H

Figure 3.3 pitch, gauge distance and edge


distance.
i'lge Distance (e); I.J-is the distance of centre of bolt hole from
the adjacent edge ofplate (Ref.
Fig. 3.3).
(e'): It is the distance of the nearest bolt hole from
the end of the plate (Ref.
;:! ?X**e
Sraggered Distqnce; It is the centre to centre distance
of staggered bolts measured obliquely on
the member as shown in Fig. 3.4.

"F
Figure 3.4 Bolt distance in staggered bolts.
4A Design of Steel *rucfures

3.6 IS 8OO.2OO7 SPECIFICATIONS FOR SPACING AND EDGE.DISTANCES OF ,


BOLT HOLES

1. Pitch 'p'shall not be less than 2.5d,where 'd?'is thehominal rliameter of bolt.
2. Pitch 'p'shall not be more than
(a) 16r or 200 mm, whictrever is lesi; in case of,tonsion members [Fig. 3.SJ,.,

P. = l6t or 200 mm, whichever is less

r Figqrq3.5 ,- ;.r,
(b) I2r ar 20Ornm,r&ichever is less,'in case ofcunpressioa rnembers where I is the
of thinnest member (Fig. 3.6).

- "" : l
F = l2t or 200 rnm, whichever is less
i milx
D.-iAnn
rl'-- ,

D
t

Figure 3.6

(c) In oase of staggeredpitotLpilch uray be increased by 50 percmt-of values specffied


provided gauge distance is less than 75 mm.

3 In case of butt joints maximum pitch is to be restrlctedto 4.5d for a distance of 1.5 times

!?,J -aP,^*l* . e
*l p.* l+
aaaaa
I Tb
:-
o o,

L-
t-
a a

l.s,
a aaaaa I
e
t
plmu &s -J
per clause 31 and p2 max as per cfause 2 a y 2b.

Figure 3,.7 p
-*for butt joints.
Bolted Connections 4l
-iru gru--ge length 'g' should not be more than 100 + 4t or 200 mm whichever
is less.
,{ i:rlr *.r edge
distance shall not be
r 'iss than 1.7 x hole diameter in case of sheared or hand flame cut edges
t fian 1.5 x hole diameter in case of rolled, machine flame cut, sawn and planed
-::
_ €s:-

, ,,-=-,,* edge distance (e) should not exceed

r -l; =.
rvhere e - and I is the thickness of thinner outer plate

: l'-i -'l/, where I is the thickness ofthinner connected plate, if exposed to corrosive influences
1.;rEilt ftom the required bolt from the consideration of design forces, additional
bolts called
:l,urun_e fasteners should be provided as specified below.
I Il r-alue of gauge length exceeds after providing design fasteners at maximum edge dis-
:rnces tacking rivets should be provided
ri) At 32 r or 300 mm, whichever is less, if plates are not exposed to weather
riit At 16 t or 200 mm, whichever is ress, if plates ur, .*por.d to weather.
"r- ;3se of a member made up of two flats, or angles or tees or channels,
tacking rivets are to be
:r;"'ided along the trength to connect its components as specified below:
I \ot exceeding 1000 mm, if it is tension member
i Not exceeding 600 mm, if it is compression member
:::s situation is shown in Fig. 3.8

x)YC

ithe

Tacking fastener

I
Figure 3.8 Tacking fasteners required in a truss.
42 D es ign of St e eL Struc tures

3.7 TYPES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS

Types ofjoints may be grouped into tl3e folloping two;

(a) Lapjoint
(b) Buttjoint

(a) Lap Joint


It is the simplest type ofjoints. In this the plates to be cormected overlap one another. Figure 3.9
a typical lap joints.

(b) Butt Joint


In this type of connections, the two main plates abut against each other and the connection is
by providing,a single cover plate connected to main plate or by double cover plates, one on either
connected to the main plates (Ref. Fig. 3.10).

@
d
oo rd
oo
refuxr
oo
(b) Double line bolting

fiiction
shear is
distributim
m agroup
stresse$

I is not
assumption
(c) Chain (d) Zig-zag bolted
stress distributim
Figure 3.9 Types of lap joints. Butwithi
Ml
Bolted Connections
43

rll olo
ill
loloi
jolol

(a) Single. uuvqr uurr.lolnr


cover buttjoint (b) Double cover Lrutt joinl
Figure 3.10 Bufi joints.

*,'IES
OF ACTIONS ON FASTEITERS

upon the types of connections and loads,


bolts are subjected to the following types
of

, .u-i one plane subjected to shear (single shear)


, planes subjected to shear (double shear)
r l*
}ire tension
rir, &,.t moment
r ii3ssrand moments in the plane of connection
!:,err and tension.

:rulllrNiili: Jltes are shown in Fig. 3.11.

i J SSUMPTIONS IN DESIGN OF BEARING


BOLTS
rid"uu'ing assumptions are made
in the design of bearing (finished or unfinished)
bolted connections:
lhe friction between the plates is negligible
- lie shear is uniform over the cross_section of the bolt
' Ite distribution of stress on the plates between the bort holes is uniform
- 3olts in a group subjected to direct loads
i 3,mding stresses developed in the bolts is share the load equally
neglected.

IErptlon I is not correct because friction exists between the plates as they are held
lt:s assumption results on safer side in tightly by bolts.
the design.
stress distribution in the plate is not
'ii,,ii'r'ir* uniform in working conditions. Stresses are very
r':r :Lr'les' But with increase in load the fibres near the high near
hole start-yielding and hence stresses at
other parts
*4 Desi,gn of Steel Struaures

stait increasing. At failure, the stress distribution is uniform and the ultimate load carrying
given by the net area times the yield stress.

The fourth assumption is questionable. The bolts far away from centre of gravity of bolt
gro
of load
subject to rnore loads. In the ultimate stage all rivets have to fail,^till then redistri-bution
wrong. IS 800-2007 permits this as$un'
tukihg place. Horce the assumption is not completely
short joints (distance between ii.rt *a the last 6olt in the direotion of load
being less than (5 x
long a reduction factor has been recoulmende( for finding the strength of.joint.

a
v
P--S
*W,
ll -o

(a) Sheai plane on thread

"-fl-"
*L,
P.-E
w-'
(b) Two planes subject to shear

(c) Biilts'in dkeci tension (a) eotts resrsting p*" *9d"n


,,:
Actions on fasteners.
Bolted Connections 45

]olps
dwill
q$ion
,(d)).

(e) Bolts subject to shear and tension (f Joint subject to shear and rnoment in its plane

Figure 3.11 (continued)

i O PRINCIPLES OBSERVED IN THE DESIGN

following principles are observed in the design of connections:

" The centre of gravity of bolts should coincide with the centre of gravity of the connected
members
l" The length of connection should be kept as small as possible.

.I DESTGN TENSILE STRENGTH OF PLATES IN A JOTNT


I

I in a joint made with bearing bolts may fail under tensile force due to any one of the following:

n. Bursting or Shearing of the edge @ig. 3.12).


i. Crushing of Plates (Fig. 3.13).
3. Rupture of Plates (Figs. 3.14 and 3.15).
I
hent
The bursting or shearing and crushing failures are avoided if the minimum edge/end distances as per
[5 800-2007 recommendations are provided.
46 D esign.of Steel Struclures

Figure 3.12 Bursting or shearing of plates.

Figure 3.13 Crushing of plates.

Figure 3..14 Rupture,of plate.

--1 4 F-.

-.- ,1,
..:-

Figure 3.15 Joint with staggered pitch.


v* nmiorl
Bolted Connections
47

mmrnr di5aases are ensured in a joint, the design tensile shength of prate in
i the joint is the
fur rhinns5l member against ruptureJ This strength is given
b/
7_ _0.9 An fu
'dn -
Iml

-
: portial safety factor for
til[ failure at ultimate stress = 1.25
' milttimete stress of the material
= ret effective area of the plate at critical section, which is givenby

[ ,z I
,1, =lb-ndo+>+1,
L "Ei)

. 'mddh ofplate

= &ickness of thinner plate in joint


" = rliameter of the bolt hole (2 mm in addition to the diarneter of the hole,
in case of directly
punched holes)

= sauge lengths between the bolt holes (Ref. Fig.


3.14)
= staggered pitch length between lines of bolt holes
' = number of bolt holes in the
critical section
= subscript for summation of all inclined legs
:m rmmv be noted that, if there is no staggeriLE,psi= 0 and hence,
=:- nds)t, which is the critical section shown
in Fig. 3.14.

] 12 DESIGN STRENGTH OF BEARING BOLTS

lhc design strength of bearing bolts under shear is


the least of the following:
a) Shear capacity (strength)
rb) Bearing capacity (strength)
r Shear Capacify (Strength) of Bearing Bolts in
a Joint
loig, strength of the bolt, V4r6isgiven by

V
Vdrb =@
/mb

where l/nr6, nominal shear capacity


of bolt and y^6- partial safety factor of material of bolt.
48 Design of Steel Structures

t/ -fo
= (" A'6 + n' A'6)
ff
where,

.f*= ultimate tensile strength of the bolt


n, = number of shear planes with threads intercepting the shear plane
n" = number of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear plane
116 = nominal shank area of the bolt, and
A16 = rtltshear area of the bolt at threads, may be taken as the area corresponding to root
ofthe thread.

nu =L(d -0.9382p)2,' wherep


A,n -----r is pitch of thread
"
4a

= 0.78 L d' fo, ISo threads.


4

Note: lnFig. 3.11(a), per bolt, nn= | andus = 0 and in Fig. 3;11(b), per bolt, ni= l and,ns='1,
'
Reduction Factors for Shear Capacity of Bolts '",

The code sugge$ts the use of reduction factors for shear capacity in the fol,lorving,situations:

(i) If the joint is too long


(ii) If the grip length is large
(iii) If the packing plates of thickness more than 6 mm are used'

(i) Reduction Factor for Long Joints (pi1)

If the distance between the first and the last bolt in the joint (/r) measured in the direction of load
lid,theshear capacity Va6shallbe reduced by the factot By givenby
t,
[4=1.07s-o.oosi :rddil"".&i
subjected to the limits 0.75 3pg< 1.0, where disnominal diameter of bolt.

(ii) Reduction Factor tf Grip Length is Large (86)


.1I
If the total thickness of the connected plates exceed 5 times the diameter d of bolts, the design frder{3
capacity Y66, sballbe reduced bY
-omlr(i
Bolted Connections 49

.8d
Fts =
lill
mditions maximum vafue = py,where /r= gip length = total thickness of the connected plates.
I, be greater than'&d.

fitd*ction Factor if Packing Plates are Used (Bop)


ingplates of thickness more thal 6 mm are used in the joint, then shear capacity is to'be reduced
otctor

fpp=l-0.0125tp*
t*= ttrickness of the thicker packing in mm.

bearing capacity of the bolts in shear . A,u * n, A,6)fy lk !p*


*(nn
Bearing Capacity of Bolts (Vapi
suggests,the follow.ing procedure to find bearing strength of bolts:

voou
' =fu
lmb

Va, u = designbearing strength


Vrou =nottinal bearing strength
y^u =partial safety factor of material = 1.25 (Table2.2).

shearing strength may be found from the following relation:

Vnpb= 2.5 Kt dt fu

K6 is smaller of =|, != - o.zs,4,t.o


' f,,
3do 3do
which e, p = end and pitch distances.

= diameter tif hole.

i, = ultimate tensile stress of the bolt and plate.


= nominal diameter of the bolt.

= summation of the thickness of the connected plates experiencing bearing stress in the same direction.
bolts are counter sunk, it is to be reduced by the half depth of counter sinking.
50 Design of Steet Structures

3.13 DESIGN PROCEDURE WITH BEARING TYPE BOLTS SUBJECT TO


SHEARING FORCES

Determine the design (factored) acfion acting on the joint. Then select connection with suitable
of the bolts. Determine the strength of connection and ensure that desigp.ttrength is not less than
design action. The following information is useful in the design ofjoint:

(1) Diameter of bolt hole

Nominal size of bolts (d) inmm 12 14 t6 20 22 24 30

Diameter ofbolt hole (ds) in mm 13 15 18 22 24 26 JJ

30'37 44 56
.!,
Q) Areaof bolt atroot(An6):
4'6 = 0'78 A :

'6
wherel"6 =ateaofbolt atsha:lu.= Ldz
4

(3) properties of materials of bolts: Cornmonly used bolts have the'followini! rnaterial properties:
1367):
l

Ctrade4.6 frn=2fi}lvlPa fuu= O}MPa


Grade 4.8 fro=32}lvlPa .fuu= 420MPa ; - ', .1'" :,' '',;
1'1 r

"i
Grade 5.6 fy6=300MPa .4.,r = 500 MPa ' : ' '
Grade 5'8 fv6= 400MPa f*= 520lvlPa

(4) Properties of rolled steel sections: These values have been shown in Appendix'

3.14 EFFICIENCY OF A JOINT

It'ii usually expressed


+j
It is defined as the ratio ofstrength ofjoint and strength ofsolid plate intension.
in percentage. Thus,
to[Bof Er*{{,
Strength ofjoint ofbofr, d:2Ofl
effrciency ry = x100
Strength of solid Plate ofbofrhoh,+r*,
of solid sE€ogihJfJ:
Strength of solid plate is less in yielding compared to tearing
Fe 415 plates. safttyfr@ 11la|
I 'Jy=250N/mm2
fu=410N/mrn2 "". FE 410 (E 25O) Pftrr
T^o=l'l Y6=l'25
Bolted Connections

of solid plate per unit area

- zso
ls xl=227.27 N/r.o"'
tl
- 0.9x410
is "'-.'_
i'" xl=295.2N/mm2
1.25

of solid plate is governed by its strength in yielding.

lfnt is the smaller of skength in shear and strength in bediing,

of the lap joint shown in Fig..3.16. GiveB: M20 bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe 410 (E
'
250)

m'cM20 bolts of grade 4.6,


darneter of bolt, d = 20 mm
*-et$ of bolt hole, ds=22mm
Uhimate strengthfu6= 400 MPa
hrtial safety factor, Tr*= 1.25

For Fe 410 (E 250) plates,


5"2 Design of Steel Strugtqres

Ultimate stress,lf, = 410 MPa . ; .i,r :

Partial safetY factor, Tnt= 1.25

Strength ofPlates in the joint:


Thickness of thinner Plate, t = 20 mm

Width of Plate b = 180 mm

There is no staggeringPsi= 0 :.

Number of bolt holes in the weakest section = 3

.'. Net area at weakest section

Au= lb - nd6+ 0f t

= [180 - 3 x221x20 =2280 mm


DeSign strength of plates in the joint

,.dn=0.9 f, An -
-
0.9x410x2280
lmt 1.25

= 673056 N = 673.056 kN.

Strength of Bolts:
Total number of bolts = 6

Number of shear planes at thread nn : I per bolt'

Number of shear planes at shank n" = 0 per bolt'

Totalnn= L x 6= 6 andtotal rs= 0' iI

A ,. =O.78*Ld'
'-nb = 0.78 x4x202 =245 mmz
4 4

i.". - f,r= frp*= |


'
There are no reduction factors fU of.loLc
Nominal shear str_ength, flF
ntb = --E \rtn A'6
vn'b a n'
nnb +
l"' s nsb ) A'6) '
ft
Y tt
)

ffJ: 16*2a5+ o)= 339432 N = 339'482


kN
Bolted Connections 53

reth in shear,

,,,t"h = vnrh= 339.492 = 271.586 kN


y
1, .
--
/mh --l)5
fu:ength in Bearing:

frry6
il'*6=2.5 K6dtfu
= least of the following:

3o
ilil ,t" - 3x22.
-o.4s4s
.. . :

6P ; 60
-0.25=3x22 -0.25=0.6591
M,-,

4oo
n4 J'a -
f,, 4lo =0.9756
ffil t.o.

Edge distance provided is less. Hence it is critical in this case.

i.. = 0.4545
t .,,.=2.5x0.4545x2A x20x4l0= 1863;15 N perbolt
t/
v
Mign strengtlc .
npb
=L8jlli = 149076 N
rymb 1..25
,: Desien sfiength ofjointr 6 x 149A76= 894456.8 N

= 894.456 kN
.: Design strength of bolts in jointr 27l.5g6kN < fd,.

Efficiencv of Joint:
Area of solid plate 180 x 20 = 3600 mm2.

= lL x A- -2i0 x3600 = 818181.8 N = 818.182


lmb " I.l
54 Design of Steel Stntctures

Strength ofjoint
Efficiency of the joint = x 100 percent
Strength ofsolid plate
271 '586
- 818.182
xloo = 33. 1 9%

Example 3.2
Find the efficiency of the joint, if in the above example instead of lap, butt joi4t i5 mnds using two
plates each of size 12 mm and 6 numbers ofbolts on each side.

Solution:
ln this case strength of plates and stength of bolts in bearing are same as in example 3.1.
shear is different, since in each bolt a section in root and another section at shank resist shear.
this case total number of section resisting shear at shank n" = S

A^, =Ld2
ru44 =Lx202 =314.16 mm2 A.,:0.78 L *:z4s 2
-
4 ^
Nominal shear strength = fr, A,6 + n, A,6)
k
=ao!
tr 6*z+5+6x314.16)
\
VJ
= 174795 N
= 774.795ld\
774'795
Design shear strength - = 619.836 kN
&prr
1.25
Design strength in bearing = 894.456 kN (see example 3.1)
&=F=fl
Design strength of bolt = 619.835 kN L*t
Design strength of plates T6n = 673.096 kN . ,

Note; Since total thickness of cover plates = 2


plates, strength of plates is the strength of main plates only.
x 12 = 24 mmwhich is more than thickness of
*"r4%
Design strength ofjoint = 619.836 kN
'fi
?E,
{*
Design strength of solid plate = 1 39 * 20 = 818I 82 N = 8 1 8. 1 82 kN
of bslrr pcr iryil

Efficiency ofjoint = 912


J35
r 1gg
riBhpi**ry
818.182

= 75.76Yo Answer
Bolted Connections, 55

rp of 14 mm thick Fe:415 plates. If the joint is double bolted lap joint with Ml6
tdi,stances of 50 mm, detennine the design stength of the joint per pitch width. Is it
eiuternal diameter of bolt is I m and steam pressure is 1.2 Mpa?

is subjected to hoop tension, the pitch ofjoint is as shown is_Eig. 3.l7.lnsuch cases
out per gauge width ofjoint and checked for safety and efficiency.

ofplateper 50 mm width:
ofbolts d=I6mm.
Ifmeter of bolt hole d6 = 18 mm.
of plate per 50 mm width:
ri-t nrnn, b = p = 50 mm, -fu= 4l}MPa
dbolts in double bolted joint per 50 mm width z =I
- Ix 18) x 14= 448 mm2
"=(50
Designstrength,ofplpte per 50 mm width.
' :':

0.9x410x448 . :.r r,.


Tdn = =132250N=132.250kN
t.25

' r -r : : :
_. : i.
of bolts per 50 mm width:

i lap joint, shear planes at shanks = 0. As there arctrrsbolts'per pitih'width tonsidered,


r
56 Design of Steel Structures

Area of bolt at roots = o"r* o { 1to)2


4'
= 155.83 mm2
Afifi
Ultimate strength Vn,,b =; (0 + 2 x i56.83)
vi
:72436N

Design strength, Vr,, =?L =:# = 57949 N = 5?.949 kN


) nhL"LJ ff,:rntru
Design strength in bearing: b*
Ultimate strength in bearing per bolt:
K6 is least of the following:

e
(a)
-
5do
, since 'e'is not given, assume that sufficient edge distance is provided and ht,t
it will not decide K6. l

50
@) -!-
3do-0.25=3x18 -
o.25=0.6759
_*
----i
t"l b- 4oo =0.9756
f, 410
(d) 1.0.

Kn= 0'6759'
Ultimate bearing strength of each bolt

=2.s Kbdtfu
=2.5xA.6759 x 16 x 14 x 410 = i55187 N = 155.187 kN

As there are two bolts, design strength of bolts in bearing = 2 x 155.18 7 =310-374kN > Z716 tu sErefrofjra
Design strength of bolts = 57.949 kN.

Strength of joint per 50 mm width is lesser of design strength of bolts (57.949 kN) and stre ofbohspr50m
plate (132.5 kN).
; DEsign slrEnglh ofPU
Design strength ofjoint = 57.949 kN per 50 mm width.
be checkad dqr
To check the safety ofjoint:
Mflrlsms sEctiooal arEl tEr
Action of applied force is a hoop strers =P'D I
2t ,|rru Scction(l) - II -{r1'
Bolted Connpctions 57

pilessure and D is diameter of boiler.

I.2 x 1000
=ffi:42'857 N/mm2

rrm length = 42.857 x 14 x 50


:30,000 N
:30 kN

designaction = 1.5 x 30 = 45 kN

= 57.949 kN > Design action


dEsign is safe. Answer

of the joint, if in the example 3.3,zig-zagbolting is used as shown in Fig. 3.18.

-l so *.n F- -*l 50 mm l*

Figure 3.18

blstion:
Omider the strength ofjoint per 50 mm width as shown in the figure..
, l

ilihber of bolts per 50 mm width = 2

ft should be checked along section (l) - (l) and (2) - (2) as shown in Fig. 3.18.
Net cross sectional area resisting tearing along

(a) Section(l)-(l) A4=(b-nds)t=(50- I x 18)x t4=448mm2


S Desigi of SteelS*nctures

I ^21
(b) Section (2)-(2). An2=lu-nao+)& lr
| '4si l
[ "'
{-lxt+
=lro-2x18+ 2*
L ax2s )

= 644mrr?
Section (1) - (1) is weaker'

Hence plate strength

Tan =0.9x443" {i'=i32250 N

= 132.250 kN

Strength of bolt per 50 mm width ofjoint:


a) In shear 7 57.949 kN

b) Inbearing = 155.187 kN (As inprevious example)


.:. Strength ofjoint. = 57.949 kN
Design action = 45 kN

Design strength (57.g4g k}'t) > Design action (45 k)0


Design is safe.

Example 3.5
joint shown
Find the maximum force which qaq bq transferred through the double covered butt
3.19. Find the efficiency of the joint also. Given M20 bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe 410 steel
usdd.

solution: : rr.;j*i,:.r-,,i, :,: :i r.;r i'


ForM20 bolts of Grade 4.16,
d= 20mm do=2}mm f*=400N/mm2.
For grade Fe 410 plates,fr= 4I0 N/rrmr2;
Bolted Cotnections

I r r 'I 140 t
I i 6 o l- I
r' r
O r r a 130
I- i

.i ri "i II o .llj130
I

2qo

, I i t o l- I

r r or rr o I3o I

r r rtt lr40 I

O @@ All dimensions in mm
401
| 401 60 | 60 | .

Figure 3.19

strength of one bolt in shear (double shear) --i t\

=4(trlaz
J:( 4
+o.tzxLa2\
4 )
=# l'tt)xLzo2
:i
= 129143 N -,7::r

Ihsign sfrength of one bolt in double shear

-129143 =103314N''
1.25

qtre4gth.afjqi4tin double shear .


:: :, ,. i
,.i,. :..,
=6 x 103314 = 619886 N = 619.886 kN

mmgth of bolts inbearing:

e P "'-''
-o.2s.Lt-.t.0
3do' 3do .f, '-'"

40 60 o.zs. 4oo t.o


3x22
. 3x22
- '410 .
60 Design of Steel Strercatres

i.e., K6= 0.6061


oe'is large. Hence
.': For bolts on section (2)-(2) and (1)-(l),
Kil= Kn= 0.6591, which is governed o, _ 0.25
*
Nominal strength of six bolts in bearing
= 3 (2.5x 0-606fx 20 x l6x 410) + 3 (2.5 x 0.6591 x 20 x 16 x 410)

1244957 N
t244g5l
Design strength in bearing = L25

= 995965 N
nt+,'!6
=995.965 kN > 619.886 kN

Strength of bolts in the joint = 619.886 lcl.[ and strength of each bolt = 103314 N

Strength ofplate:

It is to be checked along all the three sections.


Now, / = 16 mm (least of the thicknesses of cover plates and main plate)

.fu= 4L0N/mm2

(a) At section (1) - (1)

_ oPlr4r_ 0.9 x 4 l0 (200 - 22) x 16


Tdn, =- 1.25 ' l'.25

= 840730 N
lgrrmple
(b) Atsection Q)-@ l

When this section fails, bolt in section (1) (l) also has tb fail. Heripe'Strerigiih'6f datBdtr
-
(2) - (2)
0.9 x 410 (zoo - 2x22)xt6
T
, dr, + 103314
1.25

= 840133 N
At section (3) - (3)
T4r.=Plate strength + strength of 3 bolts

_ 0.9x410 (200- 3x 12)x l6 + 3 x 1033 l4


l.2s

= 942851 N
Botted Cotrheettons 6*

inthe joint= 840133 N

= 619.886 kN

force that can be fiansferred safely = 619.886 kN.

6l?'!86 : :':',
force at working condition - 1.5
413.25r'kN Ansiitr ir .,'"1

250x200x16
ofsolidplate = =727272N
1.1

:727.272t<N

619'886
of the ioint
' - 727.272
x Ioo = g5.23% Answer

3.6 :.,rrri ;l]J.{t{.":i..i:... .. ,,;11,.t., ,, ,.r . , 1.r r: :rr.r

plates,l0mmand 18 mm thick are connectCd by a double cover butt joint ushg 6 mm cover
chown in Fig. 3.20. Find the strength of the joint. Given M20 bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe 415
used.

6 mm cover plate " 'i'l


l8 mm plate
10 mm plate

Tacking rivet
mm cover plate

40
oo:oo I

I TO
I
60
ooloo Ii
I
60
Oo1o,6'
I

ril
I

40

l40l 60 l40l All dimensions in mm

Figure 3.20
6.2 Desiglt'.of.Steel Etruswres

Solwtion: , :., : ,: .r'

Norej Stren4q of tacking rivets are not to be considered in the design.


In this connection packing plate of 8 mm thickness is to be used. Hence there shall be
shear strehgth ofbolt. The reduction factor is givenby :: :: r

' fr4= (l - 0'0125 rg)


='r-o.oiiixs=o.q
Nominal shear strength of one bolts in double shear

B-'- {"!('*Z a2
= ,,^J3\ +o'lgxL a2\
4 4 )
4oi
= o.sx ( t.t8\xlx.2o2
J3t ' 4

: = l 16228 N
Design shear strength of one bolt in shear
:

: ll62?"
"' = 92982.6 N
- I 1.
t.-)

Design shear strength of 6 bolts tn the joint

=6X?29826=557896N,
r ,i.: .,' .- 1'-r
= 557.896 kN

Strength of bolts in bearing: trIr.


K6 is the minimum of
e p -,0.2s.{t.r.o
3do'3do f,
*,G.-
4:
;

40 60 _o )5 400
l.e.
jx22 ' 3x22 410'
1.0
drtft
hei-
K. = 0.6061.

Nominal strength of one bolt in bearing = 2-5 Kt dt.fu


5rd
=2.5 x 0.6061 x2Ax l0 x 410

, = 124250.5 N

-. -ri
: Bolted Coa"iectlqry 63

ofthirnerplate t= l0 mm ':
D42sA.s
ofabolt= LZ5:99400N
of 6 bolts in bearing = 6 x 99400 ,

= 596400 N.

= 596.4 kN > 557.8q6kN

dbolts in connection= 557.896 kN.

plates in the joint = Strength ofthi-nagr plate at weakest section.

rtrength ofplate

__0.9 A,i fu _ 0.9 x [200 -3x22]x l0x 410

Vm 1.25

= 395568 N
r: -!'i r:_r i', ii;i.:r'li:

= 395.568 kN < 597.896 kN

stnength of the joint= 395.568 kN. Answer ' I :::r ; i I i.

3.7

a lapjoint between the two plates each of width 120 mm, if the thickness of one plate is l6 mm
o(her is 12 mm. The joint has to transfer a desigrr load of 160 kI.I. The plates are of Fe 410 grade.
type bolts.

Mt6 bolts of grade 4.6,


'J=
I6 mm do = i8 ** and f*= 400 N/mm2

ft€ngth of abolt:
Since it is lap joint bolt is in single shear, the critical section being at the root of bolt.
t'/\

J:[ 4 )
4oo
= x 0.78 xLxl62
J:4
= 36218.N.
64 Design of Steel Structures

36218
Design shearstrength = N.
G=28974
Minimum edge distance to be provided = 1.5 x 18 = 27 mm

Minimum pitch to be provided = 2.5 x 16 = 40 mm'

Providihg e ='30 mm, p = 40 rnm,

K^ is least
" of 30 . 40 -o.zs. 400 uod 1.0.
3xlE' 3x[8 410

i.e., K6= 0.4907

Npminal bearing strength = 2.5 4 dt fu

=2.5 x0.49A7 x 16 x 12x 400

=94222N
g4222
Design bearing strength = = 75378 N
G
Desisn strength is lessor of shearing strength and bearig

Design strength of a M16 bolt = 28974 N

. , ,. : ::
I{e.nqe to tralsfer a design force of 160 kN,
160
No. ofbolts required = S.S
Z*r^=
.

.'. Provide 6 bolts'.'They may be provided in two rows with a pitch of 40 mm as shown in Fig. 3

d
ffiGt
;iuf*flr*
jd
--, l*{
ff
1301401401601
(db(b)rilrtd
Figure 3.21 ""Cl
Bolted Connections 55

f,FumSfr ofplate:

. , _ 0.9 A,1 .fu _0.9x02a -2x i 8)x l2 x 410


/m 1.25

=297562N =297.562 kN > 160 kN safe.

holted double cover buttjoint to connect boiler plates ofthickness 12 mm for maximum
I-$E \tl6 bolts of grade 4.6. Boiler plates are of Fe 410 grade. Find the efficiency of the

"in(mr d0 = 18 mm .fuo= 4A0 N/mm2


lnn mm2 t=72mm
Lr u double cover buttjoint, the bolts are in double shear one section at shank and another at

I stength of a bolt in shear

=oo!(r*"4 * 162+lx0.78x1rtO')
J:\ 4)
= 82651 N

82551
strength in shear - = 66121 N (a)
1.25

bearing strength is more than it. To get maximum efficiency, strength of olate per pitch width
be equated to strength ofa bolt.

rvoid failure of cover plates, the total thickness of cover plates should be more than the thickness
n,nin plates. Provide cover plates of 8 mm thicknesses.

[_En strength of,plate per pitch width

0.exa10(p -18)xl2
1.2s

= 3542"4 (p - I 8) (b)
(a) to (b) to get maximum efficiency, we get,

3542.5 (p - l8) = 66121


66 D es ign'of 'Ste el Strucfire s

P=36.67 mm'
Minimum pity!=?.s x
16
= 40 *t:

Check for strength of bolt in bearing:

K6 is the minimum o, J- -0.25,


h, *, ''o
'
oe'will be provided
Assuming sufficient

Kt=0'4907

Design strength of bolt in bearing

2.5x0.4907 xl6x12x400
=753'72 N > 66121N

Hence, the assumption thatbearing strength is more t$l desrgn shear is- correct. ,:. l

Since pitch provided is slightly more than required from strength consideration
of the
strength of piate is more than the strength of the bolt'

.'. ' Desigu strength ofjoint per 40 mm width = 66121 N'

Design strength of solid plate per 40 mm width

250x40x12
= 109091 N
1.1
.:..'::r'
j9J2!
Maximum efficiency ofjoint = * 169

= 60-61oh Answer

Ltb
ECCENTRIC CONNECTION WITH BEARING BOLTS WHEN LOAD
IS IN
3.15
THE PLANE OF GROUP OF BOLTS

If the line of action of the load does not pass through the centre of gravity of
group of bolts, the
tion is known as eccentric connection. There are two types of eccentric connections. L-"-rJ
Pxc. tr
(a)Lineofactionofeccentricloadisinthep1aleofgroupofbo1ts[Fig'3'22].
iti l,ir," of action of the eccentric load is in the plane perpendicular to the plane of
group of I bdad*
[Fig.3.23].
Bo:lted Connections 67

mtric load P may be replaced by load Pacting through centre of gravity of bolts plus moment
c rtingon the joint. In the connection shown in Fig. 3.22 bolts are subjected to direct shear fofce
sbear force developed to resist moment p x e.

& eccentric connection shown in Fig. 3.23 bolts are subjected to direct shear and tension in bolts
to resist bending moment.

(a) is discussed in this article whereas case (b) is discussed after presenting codal provisions
for
xr capacity ofbolts and codal specifications for the dssign ofbolts subjected to shear and tension.
the eccentric connection shown in Fig. 3.22 whichis subjected to factored (design) load p at

(a) An axial load P and


o) amomentPxe.
z be the number of bolts in the bracket connection.
f8 Destgn of Steel Strrytc.tures

Figure 3.23

p
I
c Direct shear force ia a bolt Fr = | and it acts in vertical direction.
i n
t
T

It is assumed that the bracket is rigid and therefore the force in the bolt due to moment will
I
its radial distance from the centre of gravity of the bolts and will act at right angles to the radial
shown in the figure.

F^ n r, or FZ= Kr

K can be found by equating resisting moment to applied moment. Thus

LPr, = P.e
\512 = P.e d
P''=
=
K
Z,' reds*"S
gaooairq.[,*
.
l.^=Kf=-
P'e'r
L,' drEbdlSldsi
Boltpd Connections 69.

F2act on the bolt. If :0'is tle,angle betweenFl and,F2;t\enthe.resultantFis

F=I Ft2 + Fr2 + 2F1 F2 cos}

ffiest bolt is subjected to maximum force.

to vertical column is loaded as shown in Fig. 3.24.1fM20 bolts of grade 4.6 are
a
maxffirm va-lueof factored load P whicfr can be calried safely.

(Load per trracket plate)

T
80
l,' I

I
AI
T ll 10 mm plate

I
80
ll
o I ol

Figure 3.94

M20 bolts of grade 4.6, d=20 do=22'nrtm 1., = 400N/mm2

rolled steel sections, .fr= 4l}N/mm2


of web of ISMC 300, is

= 7.6 mm [Refer steel table].


70 Design of Steel Struetures

Since this is a lap joint between bracket plate and web of ISMC 300, the bolts,are in

Design strength of bolts in shear


I 92-( n.rr*Lx zo2
=t.2s
')

" J:[ 4 )
= 452'l2N :

Strength in bearing against 7.6mmweb of ISMC 300:

K6 is the least of
e P -a.zs- Jub - r.a
!

3dn' 3dn .fu


' :, .

i.e.reastor +#,#r-0.2s, f#, ,.


i.e. Kt = 0.96212
Design strength of a bolt in bearing
I
====x2.5k6dtf,,
1.25
I

--'1.25 x2.5x}.96212x20x1.6x410

=119919N>45272N
Design strength of a bolt is = 45272N

Force in extreme bolt:


D
Direct shear force f, = = 0.2P
i
Centre of gravity of bolted connection is at the centre of central bolt.

For four bolts. r = J802 + 602 = 100 mm'


For central bolt r = 0
cdnlhll
Lr' =4x1002 + 0 = 4xl00xl00

Pxexr Px250X100
Force due to bending moment in extreme bolt = n =;l4xl00xl00 =0.625p :: ::

Lr'
ts'oltdd,Cc)nnections 1t

60
fu two forces is given by, 0 where cos0 = = 0.6
100
frrce on extreme bolt

= r/1o.zr,)2 + (0.62s p)2 + 2 x 0.2p x0.625p x 0.6


r--:.--
= er/10.2;2 + (tt.62s)2 + 2xa.2x0 -(t25 xa -5

= A.76199 P
5 strength of bolt we get

0.76199 P = 45272
P = 59413 N

P = 59.413 kN Answer
Ectored load on bracket :2 P :2 x 59.413: I I 8.426 kN
DESIGN OF BEARING tsO'.TS SUBJECTED TO E(CENTRIC LOAD!NG IN
rHE PLANE OF EOLTS

to the number of bolts, uniformly spaced at a distance p.T\e


force in a bolt is proportional to
from the neutral axis. This maximum force in the extreme bolt should not exceed the bolt
Y.

force per unit depth at extreme end


V
I --p

ilfuimum force ^-,nvn


,-, n*l pn.l
Ibtal forco above the neutral axis
u_!Y n np
2pn-|2
hl force below neutral axis is also equal to F and acts in the opposite direction. These two forcbs form
reonple and resist the applied moment. Let Mbe the factored applied momerrt. Then

M=Force x Lever arm


lV n no2
2 p n-l 2 3 '

Vp,l_ n
= 6{n-1)-vpn2
6 n-l
72 Desigtt of Steel Struetures

.v

np

(n'1)p

p
p/2

Figure 3.25

6M n-l
.'. n' =__
Ypn
6M

This approximation is on safer side.


If thereare two vertical lines of bolts, a value of 2V isused and 'n' obtained is the number of
guired in qach row. After manging the bolts, the connection is.checked for its safety.

Example 3.10
A bracket is bolted to the flange of a column as shown in Fig. 3.26, using 8 mm thick bracket rhm
Using Ir4!,0 bolts of grade4.6 {esign the connection. : ,tt
*.1
jfr-t;
Solution:
Flange thickness of ISHB 3OO @ 577 N/m is 10.6 mm. Thickness of bracket plate is 8 mm.
thickness of thinner member in the connection is 8 mm. For M20 bolts of grade 4.6,

d=20 mn do=22mn J)o=400 N/mrn2


--_ il
73

8 mm bracket plate

ll

il
il

il
l<_
' 250 mm

Figure 3.26 Load on each plate ofbracket

rolled section fr= 4lO N/mm2


in single shear.

,E- Ibign strength of a bolt = -1-r1P (o*o.rr*Lxzo2 l


t.2s J:[ 4 )
n:. Ya=45272N
fugh of bolt in bearing:

f5 is the least of e . p - 0.25. fib and l.o


3do 3do fu

Adopting two rows of bolting, with edge distance of 55 mm and pitch of 50 mm (>2.5 di,K6 is the
hast of
55 . 50 4oo
- 0.25. and r.o
3x22 3x22 410

Kr= 0'5076

I
Vdob = x 2.5 x0.5076x 20x 8x 410 = 64972 N
' t.li
-
74 Design of Steel Stntctures

Design strength of bolt, V = Vat= 45272N

M=300 x 350 kN-mm = 300 x 1000 x 350 N-mm.


Number of bolts required per row

,,-ltv-
_
,
r.l: xv.p

I rlC,)l r: ii
-= !l;i!"rfj i ; ;r)
_ "".
Zy.ts,5Z"iZ><50

Provide 12 bolts in each row as shown nFig.3.27.

Distance of exkeme bolt from centre of gravity of bolts

f 1 ^::;5'-
r -"1 70' +?--l -:'ii 77 ni''r
hcrah
1
.t,^L*.1t
lo
l'r-/ ) .\
i
I
\i_..r,,-!!
ic\ ' -' )l -
L,=l l l'l

=+[ox ]i +2i2 + 7-il +i2il,l7:r --:l-;2 v';l571I _;


-tu
t- I

=..3-1250[i nun2 _ .!ldl

i$ s&.
-,.1:,,,
--r O
24liD0tt
I
I

,!
(,
SION CAPACTN
o
i
i
lo 1t
tl b tS tm2m7-cb
I
I

!c;
I

ll
I
I

.?
,',

a
(,
I
cryacity Iaisgiu
o I

o l

lo
I i...,._

Figur e3. 27
Bolted.Connectio,nq 75

bolt due to bending

=t=Per 300x1000x 350x283.77


832600

Fz = 35786'5 N

)7\
''"
tan0:
70
.'.0 - 75.719" Hence cos 0:4.24668

roe o-3ooxlooo=t25ooN
' 2xl2
force on extreme bolt

=lF?+r]+2fiF2cos0
t-t
= V12500' + 35786.5' + 2x12500x35786.5x0.24668

=40714N<Vat

Dllrgn is safe.
provide 24lvl20 bolts as shown inFig:.3.27.

TENSION CAPACITY OF BOLTS

to IS 800-2007, clause 10.3.5, nominal tension,capacity,of b,olt 7; is give*by,

v,
T16 =0.9 .fut An < -fp A* l2
/mo

capacity Q6 is given by

q1 Tnb
tdb ---'
/mb

-db
0.9 f,t An - -fyt Arn
Vmb /,nu
76 Design oJSteel Stntctures

where

fu6 --.ultimate tensile stress of bolt


,fyt = yield stress of the bolt
An =netarea ofthe rest ofbolt and
,416 = shank area of the bolt.
For ordinary @earing-bolt) bolt of grade 4.6,

.futr= 4ooN/mm2 .fyt=240 N/mm2

=0.78Ldz A"^
A-,,44 =Ldz

y*6=1.25 T-r=l.l
Hence,

o.ex4oox o.i8(a\d2 z+0"([)a,


Tdh =
r25 -
= t76.432 {. tlt.zao a2
Tan: 17l360 &
"'
Thus yield stress criteria governs the tension capacity i.e.

' T4
24oxLd2
,db __l)

If Z6 is factored tensile force, the design criteria is T6 S Ta6.

3.18 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BOLT SUBJECTED TO COMBINED SHEAR


AND TENSIOTI

According to IS 800-2007, clause 10.3.6, a bolt required to resist both design shear force Vr6 anLd

tensile force T6at the same time shall satisff


rE

(*)'.(#I.,, :F

where V6- design shear strength and 766 - design tensile capacity of bolts.
Boked Connections v7

SEARING BOLTS SUBJECTED TO ECCENTRIC LOADING


IN THE PLANE PERPENDICULAR TO THE PLANE
OF BOLTS

kn is shown in Fig. 3.23. Referring to Fig. 328,let p be factored load at an eccen-


sction is subjected to a direct shear force P and moment M = p x e.

of bolts in the connection, direct design shear force on each bolt is given by

Vru=!
n

tension intop side and compression in the bottom side. on teosion side, only bolts

ofthe force is as shown in Fig. 3,28(c).

fuce in a bolt Ts; is proportional to its distance y; from the line of rotation.

V
o o T

o o

o o t l'/
o

o
o

o
h
I

t/
tt

o
o

o
_A I V
o o
L)t /
(b) (c)

Figure 3.28
Desigrt o'f Steel Structwes
18

T6i& li
k is constant'
= kY,' wherc
.r
t L.'
k=-
,li
::
tensron'
M'provided by bolts in
Total moment of resistance
M'=Lro'Yi =2k Y?

r) =loi\fi
= H-'yi
li

M, Y,
Tt i = <--,
or Lli

bolts
Total te-nsile force in

r=Lroi=W
For equilibrium, .
compressive-force
total tensile force = total
M,\,yi
r=C=tr
neutral axis'
Taking momeilt about 2h
M=M'*C17

=M'['.*#)
.'=v.*) M

or

bolt canbe found'


Tensile fotce T76in extreme
Bolted Connections 79

,( 6mres the moment resisted by the bolts in tension from which the maximum tensile force
ho& f, can be calculated. Then the design requirement is
:

(*)'.(+)' < i.0

frdloe'ed in the design:

ffihsnominal diameter'af of bolts.


Stdryt a pitch Q) of 2.5dto 3dfor bolts.
Fuft* ae to be provided in two vertical rows. Number of bolts
necessary in each row is com-
fu expression,

f6M
n= l.-- .

\(zrt ) n
,fir fte moment on the joint and Zis the design strength of bolt.
* Fmd the direct shear and tensile forces acting on the extreme bolt. If it is HSFG bolted con-
lU prying force (Ref. Fig. 3.23) to direct tension. Check whether the interaction formula
is
I

3.11

r sritablebolted bracket connection of a ISHT-75 section attached to the flange of a ISHB 300
N*h to carry a vertical factored load of 600 kN at an eccentricity of 60 mm. Use
M24 bolts of
{6. [Ref. Fig.3.28]

!,iurion:
frmM24 bolts of grade 4.6,
d=24mm do=26mn f,n= 40ON/mm2 .f*:2a1N/mm2
Srm rolled steel section, .fu= 4lO N/mm2
Th:ickness of flange of ISHT 75 (from steel table)
= 9 mm.
SwISHB 300 @ 577 N/m, thickness of flange = 10.6 mm

Desig, strength of bolts in single shear =


* P( o+ 0.78 x Lxzq2\
4
''/3\ )
= 6-5192 N
80 Design of Steel Smtetures

x d' = 1'5 x 26 = 39 mm
Minimum edge distanc e e = l'5
MinimumPitch P =2'5 d=2'5
x24= 6o mm

60 mm'
Providing e = 40mm andP =

K^is minimu mof +, ! -o'zs, $Ju and t'o


3do' 3do

ot"
40 60 u'o', *61.6
i.e., minimum -0.25.100
3;16, 3"%- 4lO

Kt=0'519
against 9 mm thick web of Tee section
.'. Oesign strength of bolts in bearing
: =+ x 2.5 x kodtfu
1.25
i
!
:' x2.5x0.519x 24x9x410
, t.25 :
:'
:r
'
" '
= 91925 N > 65192 N'
N
Desigu strength of bolts Y = Ym= 55192

Design tension caPacitY of bolts


. .r
tdb- -
O'gO fub A,
. fYt Aoa

/m /^o
240xLx242
Lox242
=q#qxo'78x 1.1

101624 N< 98703 N

:.766 -SSJS3 N "'


number of bolts required in each row
Using two rows of bolting, approximate
e x7oo xtooo i60' *g
2x65192x70 . ,*r
"
u&

Provide 6 bolts in each row as shown


inFig' 3'29'
fruciffil
h=40+60x5=340mm' t8
sN
h 340 :48.57 mm
Bolted Connections 81

600 kN
i

mm ?

40
---r -
T I

I l

5x60 3,10

t
I

l
I

T
40
_1
la

Ai[ climensions in n-,m

Figure 3.29 (Example 3.1i)

aris lies between 1st and 2nd bolts.


,-.i second 6slt = (40 + 50) - 48.57 = 5 1.43 mnr

Bolt No. 2 3 45 o

7 in mm 51"43 1,11.43 171.43 231.4i 291.43

' .: .rire are two rows of bolts y:2 x 857"i5 rnm


X,

Zr' :2 x 182941 mmz


'Snnl
moment resisted by bolts in tension

600x1000x50
i,4'-
t *L\?14,* 218.YJ5
21 T,,l
Z-,1 f, !
21 2x182941

= j i.l-q77 v l0'; \..mm


T:nsile force in extreme bolt due to bending moment

.,b _.Vlr,
- n _3i.2577x105
- ^-- x2ql."tr.l= 2;3q,, *
)'; lxlse-ti
82 Design of Steel Structures

6oox looo
Direct shear force ,,-
''{/r = 5oooo N
2x6

Check by interaction formula=


(r,^l'-( ,nf
\uon ) \r,o )
ffi---
hliarH
IM
-l-
/ 5ooo )2
I +!
( 248e7 \)
| Smbh
I os toz.J I oazo; / ftuhr
- sd hltJ
= 0.652 < 1.0 $CIdnctI
Hence the bolts are safe. Provide bolts as shown inFig.3'29' wueu
iuc'rrarb
[],-jd]@ir
3.2S SF,IEAR CAPACITY OF hISFG BOI-T5
iu-t..: i{ll;
I : l::lEdt
As stated in Art. 3.2, these are the bolts made of high tensile steel which are pretensioned and
i

":;i: 'l'tilf q
vided with nuts. The nuts are clamped also. Hence resistance to shear force is mainly by frictim- . i' , ..liil,::tr
I . -r.
There are two types of HSFG bolts. They are parallel shank and waisted shanktype. Parallel shank
HSFG bolts are designed for no-slip at serviceability loads. Hence they slip at higher loads anil
into bearing at ultimate load. Such bolts should be checked for their bearing strength at ultimate I sLddh
Waisted shank HSFG bolts are designed for no slip even at ultimate load and hence there is no
check for their bearing strength.

IS 800-2007 (clause 10.4) recommends use of the following expression for finding nominal
pacity of HSFG (parallel shank or waisted shank) bolts: : l-l{L iffrc Q
L'nf= [LinuKhFg li5. iffrcCi
=
where, lmd frd fre r*
Ff= coefficient of friction (called slip factor) as specified in Table 3.1 .

to the slip.
ze = rurnber of effective interfaces offering frictional resistance

lNote: nn= I for lap joints and2 fot double cover butt jointsl

Kt = l.O for fasteners in clearance holes


holes loaded
= 0.85 for fasteners in oversized and short slotted holes and for long slotted
dicular to the slot. rffi Sfry resiffiffi is dc{
= 0.70 for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded
parallel to the slot. 'ffiil Sh resismtcs is @
Fo = Minimum bolt tension at installation and may be talien as An6fn

t' (i.ZU a' I HSFG bolts of gre&


Anb=netarea of the bolt at threads I = i flX
|'4)
1

fl3| Fasteners ae in clct:


/, = proof stress = 0.70 fut rJt Coefficient of trictil
Bolted Coniections 83

&pil:al average value for coefficient of friction (/r) [Table 20 in IS 800-2007]


Treatment of Surface
ut
Surface not treated 0.20
Surface blalted with shot or grit with any loose rust removed, no pitting 0.50
Surface blasted with shot or grit and hot-dip galvanized 0.7
Surface blasted with shot or grit and spray-metallized with zinc 0.25
(tbickness 5G-70 /.m)
Surlaces blasted with shot or grit and painted with ethylzinc silicate coat 0.30
(thickness 3G{0 trim)
Sand blasted surface, after light rusting 0.52
Surface blasted with shot or grit and painted with ethylzinc silicate coat 0.30
(thickness 60,80 pm)
Surt-ace blasted with shot or grit and painted with alkalizinc silicate coat 0.30
(thickness 60-80 gm)
Surface blasted with shot or grit and spray metalled with aluminium 0.50
(thickrress -' 50 Tirrn)
Clean miil scalc 0.33
Sand blasted srirlace 0.4 8
Red lead painted surface 0.1

should be taken as

vr, -v"'f
/.[
lq = 1.10, if the slip resistance is designed at service load (parallel shank HSFG)
= 1.25, if the slip resistance is designed at ultimate load (waisted shank HSFG).
be noted that the reduction factors specified (fut. 3.11) for bearing bolts hold good for HSFG
also.

rcommonly used HSFG bolts (grade 8.8), yield stress = 640 N/mm2 and ultimate stress
$a
=t00N/mm2.

3.12

the shear capacity of bolts used in connecting two plates as shown in Fig. 3.30, if
(, Slip resistance is designated at service load
(ii) Slip resistance is designated at ultimate load

(1) HSFG bolts of grade 8.8 are used.


(2) Fasteners are in clearance holes.
(3) Coefficient of friction = 0.3.
84 Design of Steel Structures

*qfr
,r+i;li ffl,iiii-,; tiiis'i,;I,fl,i,j
:tiEffi r,'-*:i$$$'.tl,:ti'::.l;;:;i:ii

rEs|lslrr
S'olattion:
fr6'rondt
For HSFG bolts of grade 8"8,

/u,a = 800 N/rnm:

For fasteners in clearance holes Kn= 1.0

Coefficient of friction ltf= 0.3 (given)

Nominal shear caPacitY of a bolt

Vn{ = }t1n"KhF{) rrglc rcrl


where F g =' 0 ''1 .1t,t r, 0--t
,i
=
^
1x : -4
=, 0.7 x 800 x 0.78 x 202 i:lzzs N Cur,=fuh uee-
4

il;= I j5-
n"=2, since it is double cover butt joint I
Jr* =
L' nr.f = a3 x 2' x 1'A x L31225
frs hrhotts of grr&
'= 82335 lrl

(i) Design capacity of one bolt, if slip resistance is designated at service load il{TERACTION FO
8li3 s
= rcrlndercombinodt
ilt=74850N
Design capacity of joint = 6 x 7 4850, since 6 bolts are used

= 449099 N

= 449.099 kN
Bolred Connections 85

lIrunrmp capacity of one bolt, if the slip resistance is designated at ultimate load

8233s
1.25

Design capacity ofjoint = 6 x 65868

= 395208 N

= 395.208 kN
: i. bearing strength at ultimate load should be checked. If it is low that will be the governing

..EMSION
RESISTANCE OF HSFG BOUTS

ion for nominal tension strength of HSFG bolts is also same as that for bearing bolts. i.e,

T,y = 0.9 f,,6 A n a.fyn A,6 l,t


T.o

o.g .f* A,, .fro A,u


l uJ
tt: -
t, 1,
) nh [m"

{q = tret tensile area as specified in various parts -of IS 1367 , it may be taken as the area at the
-:
:r:e thread =0.78+
'{sb = Shank area'

l^6= 1.25, T*o= l.l


fu6for bolts of grade 8.8 is 800 MPa afldfyb= 640 MPa.

INTERACTION FORMULA FOR COMBINED SHEAR AND TENSION

are under combined action of shear and axial tension, the interaction formula to be satisfled

l*I.(+i ='o
86 Design of Steel Structures

3.23 PRYING FORCES

In the design of HSFG bolts subjected to tensile forces, an additional force, called as pryirv
to be considered. These additional forces are mainly due to flexibility of connected plates.
connection of a T-section to a plate as shown in Fig. 3.31, subject to tensile force 27".

T^+ o

0rr"
&d
il
T
lv
I q
T"+ Q _1_
Blc
TI
(

Figure 3.31

As tensile force acts; the flange of T-section bends in the middle portion and presses
near bolts. It gives rise to additional contact forces known as prying forces. During late 80s
90s lot of research works were published regarding assessing prying forces. IS 800-2007 has
the following expression

,=+(, -frt fob,/\ nr-l

where,
"iT) h f!g- i33.1
I6rrn, The holrr
Q = prying force

27"--total applied tensile force I rrnr sreldd


/, = distance from the bolt centre line to the toe of the fillet weld or to half the root radius for a

section.

/, = distance between prying forces and bolt centre line and is the minimum of either the end
tance or the value given bY:
Bolted Connections 87

,-=r.r,
" W-
\1,
bolts and I forpretensionedbolts

width of flange per pair of bolts.

in consistent units

of end plate.

forces do not develope in case ofordinary bolts, since when bolt failure takes place
the two c"onnecting plates is lost (Ref. Fig. 3.32).

Figure 3.32

3.13
int shown in Fig. 3.33, has to carry a factored load of 180 kN. End plate used is of size 160 mm x
x 16 mm. The bolts used are M2OHSFG of grade 8.8. Check whether the design is safe.

,firlttion:
8 mm weld and edge distance 40 mm,

,,=ry-8-8 -40=24mm
88 Desigtr of Steel Stru'ctures

160 x 140 x 16 mm

l- T +O
I

60 mm 27 = 180kN

l-
t,
t'
i
7oo*,,
+

Figure 3.33

Forplates,fi =0.7 fu, fu=4lgNIPa and fy=25Olv1Pa,fu6:800 MPa

1x 0.7 x 800
/' =1'1x16 =26.34 < edge distance
250

l"=26'34mm
Pryrng force is given by,

Bnfob{'l
' =J-lr-
o
2l"l' - 271"1: l
Now, B= 1.0, for pretensioned bolts.

\= l'5
fo=0.7 x 800 = 560 MPa
b" = 140 mm, / = 16 mm.

f
1x 1.5 x 560 x 140 x 16 1l
o=#.34[eoooo- 27 x26.34x242

= 32430.9 N
Tension to be resisted by the bolt

T=T+ g=90000 +32430.9 = 122430.9N


Bolted Connections 89

ofthe bort = 92*3


0.9x800x0.78 xLx20'
1.25

= I4Il45 N > 122430.9 N


is safe.

by welding a 20 rnm thick, 150 mm wide plate to a 12 nn thick plate as shown in


&ickness of fillet weld being 8 mm. This is to be connected to the flange of the column
577 N/m. Using M24 HSFG bolts of grade 8.8 design the bolted connection, assuming
Il = 0.48.

l2 mm plate

I
M24 355 - 40 -35
:280
281

40+70x9+40=710 I

8 mm weld

150 mm wide 12 mm plate

Figure 3.34
90 Design of Steel Structures

Solution:
For M24, HSFG bolts of grade 8'8, d= 24mm,fu6= 800 MPa,.fr= 640lldPa

Design shear strength of bolts

,0, =*pf ttekn Fo

F f =0'48, fte =1, kn =l'0 for fasteners in clearance

242 x 0'7 x 800


"'rrdfii
Fo = Anufo= 0'78 "1"
:197604N
I
urr-'
V,-,
1.25
x0.48x1x1.0x197604=75880N Dlt" ;[=
Since there are two rows of bolts in the connection, number of bolts
i
required per . k-
,-
p=T}mmandtaking V=V67,weget
6M " lr=
----
\2v )x p br'h
6x600x1000x250 .tJ-
-o') -t
2x75880x70

Provide l0 bolts in each row with edge distance 40 mm as shown in Fig. 3.34. hi4 filucOto
Tensile capacrty of bolts: 0.9 x.fubx Anb: x 800 x 0'78 *
*" * "0.9 I "O'
:203250
Q=

When there is no load, the bracket is held on to the column by compression developed due
bolt tension. This phenomenon continues even after the load is applied. Hence the interface
I 50 x 7 10 mm may be considered as a plane in the monolithic beam. The stress diagram is as
Fig 3.34. =
Maximum bending stress- :':H#- -: Toalt€osibfuG
#
:11.9N/mm2

Bending stress at +o + l9: 75 mm from top fibre


2-
ryity T6 :
1

: (35s - 7s) : g.3gN/mm2


11.9 x I:-<
355
11.9+9.39 - - Nr'mm-
-., 1 :0i:{9
Avemge stress: :::' -:--:-: 10.6'1
DirG
This average bending stress could be considered as tension in the bolt.
Bolted Connections 9t

m" extreme two bolt = 10.64 x 150 x 75


: li9744N
119744
r" :59872 N
2

irim and thickness = 12 mm

i,,=l5o-6-B
"2 -40=2rmm

g plate, /u = 410lVIPa, fy=250MPa

l" = Llx,r*r@
! zso
=14.t4< edge distance

l" =14.74mm

for pretensioned bolts

', :irn. fo= 0.7, .f*= 0.7 x 800 = 560 MPa

llu

Prying force Q is given by

'=*1"#T)
/^l _

pd due
tsrface of
2t lrrrrr_ lxl.5x56oxl5oxl2al
=2xta.ta
[s z]s | 27 xt4.t4x2t2
|

= 44354 N.
Total tensile force in the bolt

Tf = 59872 + 44354 N

= 104226 N

capacity fat: fXIlft x0.9fu6An6= x 0.9 x 800 x 0.78


lh " Z "rO,
=203249N

600 x 1000
Direct shear in the bolt - 2x10
= 30000 N
92 Design of Steel Stntctures

=[#ffiI .(m)'
= 0.419 S 1.0 ffir
The design is safe. Hi"FO
dIr

Questions
l. Write short notes on
(a) Riveted connection.
(b) HSFG bolts.
2. Distinguish between
(a) Black bolts and turned bolts.
(b) Bearing bolts and friction grip bolts. -, r**
3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of I
(a) Riveted connection and bolted connection.
(b) Bearing bolts and HSFG bolts.
(c) Black bolts and turned (finished) bolts.
4. Explain the following terms:
(a) Pitch of Bolts
(b) Gauge Distance
(c) Edge Distance
(d) Staggered Distance
(e) Tacking Bolts.
5. List the assumptions made in the design of bearing bolts.
6. Two plates 16 mm axe to be joined using M20 bolts of grade 4.6 in
(a) Lapjoint. ofe;l
The dimensims
(b) Butt joint using 10 mm cover plates'
kminetheresul.orld
Determine the bolt value. ad Tbcl
direct shear-
7. If thejoint specified in Question 6 is made with M20 HSFG of grade 8.8, find the bolt value.
[Iinr.'Moment= 50o
coefficient of friction = 0.48. shear while vertical rr
8. An angle section 8 mm thick carrying 120 kN factored load is to be connected to a gusset to be found.l
(lap joint) using M20 bolts of grade 4.6. Find the number of bolts required and sketch
ilA- Design the bolted ca
nection details.
of grade 4.6.
9. The plates of a boiler are 10 mm thick, connected by M16 bolts of grade 4.6 at a
Designtheboltdcu
15.
50 mm. If it is lap joint, determine the efficiency of,the connection.
Bolted Connections 93

mmaximum force which can be transferred through the double covered butt joint shown in
lm9. Find the efficiency of the joint also. M24 bolts of grade 4.6 andFe 410 plates are used.
plates, l0 mm and 20 mm thick are to be connected by double cover butt joint using
plates (similar to refer Fig.3.20). Find the strength of the joint, if M16 bolts of grade
Fe 415 plates are used.

ffic safe load P carried by the joint shown in Fig. 3.35. M20 bolts of grade 4.6 are pro-
ac a pitch of 80 mm. The thickness of the flange is 6. I mm and that of the bracket plate is

Factored load
Safe load =
1.5

C o
,4
,/- +' o 6)
8i).nm 61----l
,.----l-
G)
\. -\j
\i
\1 o r*)
\
-f o ra
{--:_
40 mm

Figure 3.35

The dimensions of a plate, bracket bolted to the face of the stanchion are shown in Fig. 3.36. De-
termine the resultant stress in the most heavily loaded bolt of the group, allowing both tensional
and direct shear. The bolts used are M20 of grade 4.6.
oltvalue.
lHint: Moment = 50 cos45 x 250 kN/mm; Horizontal component 50 cos45o kN causes horizontal
shear while vertical component 50cos45o causes vertical shear. Finally resultant of 3 forces a{e
I a gusset to be found.l
tetch the
Design the bolted connection shown in Fig. 3.28,if P = 400 Lan and e = 250 mm. Use M20 bolts
of grade 4.6.
Design the bolted connection specified in Q,No. 14 using M20 HSFG bolts of grade 8.8.

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