The four main categories of SQL statements are as follows:

1. DML (Data Manipulation Language)

2. DDL (Data Definition Language)
3. DCL (Data Control Language)
4. TCL (Transaction Control Language)

DML (Data Manipulation Language)

DML statements affect records in a table. These are basic operations we perform on data such
as selecting a few records from a table, inserting new records, deleting unnecessary records, and
updating/modifying existing records.

DML statements include the following:

SELECT – select records from a table

INSERT – insert new records
UPDATE – update/Modify existing records
DELETE – delete existing records
SELECT – select records from a table

Select * from salesman where city=’paris’ and commission=’0.13’;

INSERT – insert new records

Insert into salesman values (‘’1’,santu’,’mbl’,’28’);

UPDATE – update/Modify existing records

Update salesman set age=’32’ where name =’aunty’;

DELETE – delete existing records

Delete from salesman where name =’aunty’;

DDL (Data Definition Language)

DDL statements are used to alter/modify a database or table structure and schema. These
statements handle the design and storage of database objects.

CREATE – create a new Table, database, schema

ALTER – alter existing table, column description
DROP – delete existing objects from database

CREATE – create a new Table, database, schema

Create table salesman (slno number(10), name varchar(10),place varchar(10),age number(3));

ALTER – alter existing table, column description

Alter table salesman add mobile number number(10);

DROP – delete existing objects from database

Drop table salesman;

DCL (Data Control Language)
DCL statements control the level of access that users have on database objects.

GRANT – allows users to read/write on certain database objects

REVOKE – keeps users from read/write permission on database objects

TCL (Transaction Control Language)

TCL statements allow you to control and manage transactions to maintain the integrity of data
within SQL statements.

BEGIN Transaction – opens a transaction

COMMIT Transaction – commits a transaction
ROLLBACK Transaction – ROLLBACK a transaction in case of any error
 The SQL CREATE TABLE Statement

The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a new table in a database.

Syntax
CREATE TABLE table_name (
column1 datatype,
column2 datatype,
column3 datatype,
....
);

The column parameters specify the names of the columns of the table.

The datatype parameter specifies the type of data the column can hold (e.g.
varchar, integer, date, etc.).

Tip: For an overview of the available data types, go to our complete Data
Types Reference.

SQL CREATE TABLE Example

The following example creates a table called "Persons" that contains five
columns: PersonID, LastName, FirstName, Address, and City:

Example
CREATE TABLE Persons (
PersonID int,
LastName varchar(255),
FirstName varchar(255),
Address varchar(255),
City varchar(255)
);
SQL ALTER TABLE Statement
The ALTER TABLE statement is used to add, delete, or modify columns in an
existing table.

The ALTER TABLE statement is also used to add and drop various constraints
on an existing table.

ALTER TABLE - ADD Column

To add a column in a table, use the following syntax:

ALTER TABLE table_name

ADD column_name datatype;

ALTER TABLE - DROP COLUMN

To delete a column in a table, use the following syntax (notice that some
database systems don't allow deleting a column):

ALTER TABLE table_name

DROP COLUMN column_name;

ALTER TABLE - ALTER/MODIFY COLUMN

To change the data type of a column in a table, use the following syntax:
SQL Server / MS Access:

ALTER TABLE table_name

ALTER COLUMN column_name datatype;

My SQL / Oracle (prior version 10G):

ALTER TABLE table_name

MODIFY COLUMN column_name datatype;

Oracle 10G and later:

ALTER TABLE table_name

MODIFY column_name datatype;

The SQL DROP TABLE Statement

The DROP TABLE statement is used to drop an existing table in a database.

Syntax
DROP TABLE table_name;

Note: Be careful before dropping a table. Deleting a table will result in loss
of complete information stored in the table!

SQL DROP TABLE Example

The following SQL statement drops the existing table "Shippers":

Example
DROP TABLE Shippers;

Try it Yourself »
SQL TRUNCATE TABLE
The TRUNCATE TABLE statement is used to delete the data inside a table, but
not the table itself.

Syntax
TRUNCATE TABLE table_name;

❮ Previous Next ❯

SELECT – select records from a table

Select * from salesman where city=’paris’ and commission=’0.13’;

INSERT – insert new records

Insert into salesman values (‘’1’,santu’,’mbl’,’28’);

UPDATE – update/Modify existing records

Update salesman set age=’32’ where name =’aunty’;

DELETE – delete existing records

Delete from salesman where name =’aunty’;

CREATE – create a new Table, database, schema

Create table salesman (slno number(10), name varchar(10),place varchar(10),age number(3));

ALTER – alter existing table, column description

Alter table salesman add mobile number number(10);

DROP – delete existing objects from database

Drop table salesman;