RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ESTIMATING THE RESISTANCE OF SOIL BELOW THE MAXIMUM SCOUR LEVEL IN THE DESIGN OF WELL FOUNDATIONS OF BRIDGES THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS 1996tre: 4197 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ESTIMATING ‘THE RESISTANCE OF SOIL BELOW i THE MAXIMUM SCOUR LEVEL IN THE DESIGN OF WELL FOUNDATIONS OF BRIDGES Pablihed by THE INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS anager Hows, Shaaban Res i New Debit 1996ire: S19 Fist Pblbed + Ostaber, 1972 Reprinted: Marc, i984 Reprinted Jly 987 Reprned + March, 1992 Rewined Avent 196 Repind November, 2002 (Aighs of Polcaton and of Trenain are reserve) ‘Pred at Dee Kay Prints New Dei ($00 copies) mc: 45-1971 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ESTIMATING THE RESISTANCE ‘OF SOIL BELOW THE MAXIMUM SCOUR LEVEL ‘THE DESIGN OF WELL FOUNDATIONS OF BRID 1.4, The draft recommendations for etimaag the reataace toi Slow the masamum scour lv! a the design of wel founds tions of bridges were flied by a Subcommitescousting of Oe following perounel at heir meting held onthe Int Meech 197 2. Shi 8. Seharaman Mamie Seomary dente 6 De RK Dr KS. Sankara fast 3 Sui Shae Sree & Bop may cowtuny 8. Sui Nese ‘his dean was approved by the Brides Comite in thir settings eld ca the 1h November, 1971 ond 14th Apel 1972. It ten ltr approve by the Exe Commits inthe esting eld (the 26h an 270 Api, 1972 and by the Cosel In iit 7h ‘Desting hel in Nunta onthe 108 Fly, 1972 12, ‘The recommendations sven in this Staniard lave Been focmised onthe bas of the bsered behaviour of moses cf wel founations and alo the work done by many works ia Gis ed ‘The bade sumptions are given in Appendices 1. ‘These se hve niente that (0 shasing of the moment been sides und bse i coat uovnly changing wih th increase in veormaton ofthe foil and (i the masini a sing the moment betwen theses tnd the base entity erent forth inital sages of outing of a well as compored to its oltinute Cae14, Blane theory method gives the soll pretres at the oe ‘and te base onder dexiga load, Dut fo determine the ara actor of| fatty again fre it wil be mecnary Co cau the Wimate fell eivance.Thtelore, th design of well Touncations Shall be shecked by both these methods, 2 score 21, The procedure siven is applicable Lo the dais of foundations of beige testing on non-cobsiv soils sand ‘rounded Oy the tame soll Seow matimem scour vel rovsion of thu recommendations wil act apply ifthe depth ‘mbednent i nes than OS times the width of fosedtion 1a “rection of ltr foro aeee & 2. PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATING THE SOM RESISTANCE ‘Te reintance of the soil stroung the well foundation shall be checked (For calelaton of tae pressutes by the ete hry with the we of subgrade modu; and (ip by compatig te liste si restnce with appvprine faetor of ety. 4. martin oF catcutaTion 1 Blatic Tory (vide Annes 1) Slep 1: Determine the value of W, H and M under eombion- Vion of normal lads without win and gear loads aouming the ‘minimum grip eg below maximum scour level as required under Tre: s=5m W otal downward load acting atthe bee of well nssing the sl weight well. ire: 197 = external horinatl foe acting onthe wel st sour M_ = total applied exteral moment about the hase of ‘ell inclding tote duet ls and shits ‘Step 2: Compute lyand iy and 1: where Don teav ae fa — moment of ineria of bas abou th: axis normal io ‘Testi of Roraoail Tres pasing throug i. ce. ly = moment of iets ofthe projected ares in elevation LD» of the sil mas ofring resistance = EB where = projected with of the soil mass oflring reitance alii by appropeate vale of shope fir. of shape tor for circular wells shall be Nowe: The val taken as 09. For square or resanguae well wher The ress Dorgontal free acts parallel to principal ant the shape (ctor Aha be unity and whee the oes ate acne 10 the pris ms ie itiable ape factor sal be Goto 99 eiperinental rut D_ = depth of wll below scour vel mm = Kw: Ratio of horonial 1 verieal event Gtovbarade teaton at base. Im ts absence of Sues for Ky and K veterminel by Sok tts ‘Mall ecnerally be assumed 8 uni. 1A = confit of fiction between sides and the sil = tan, where isthe angle of wal tion bec wetland sottre: 45-190. > Boreas for eieaar wet Step 3: Ensure the flowing: He Mat ae aW sat Md were FDI timiv 1% euefcent of htion tetwen the Boks and the sol sal be take 4 angle ofits Kad find out the grip required by puting the Tasting value BMI = y Ke — Ka vehere 17 = deasiy ofthe sit Gubmerged censy to be taken when underwater or Below wate ab) Ky @ ka = pasive nd ste presto cificiet oe, cle Ind wsing Covk mb's theory, assuming "2 he angle ‘of wall tion between weil aad all egal fo #4 but lite to ale of 22 Step 5: Caewace Sy. Woe? ape Set ae ire: 4197 where ‘f,and#, = maximum and minimum base prewar reapetiely. Am men of the bse of wl = width ofthe bse of well the dielion of fres td moments Pom Step 6: Check 052.0 tension 4, > allowable beating capacity of si ‘Step 7: ICany ofthe conditions in Steps 3,4 and 6 oral do ot aly, espn the wel acer Stop 8: Repeat the same steps or combination with wind and svn een eas paral 1 ULTIMATE RESISTANCE METHOD (de Anse 2) Bley 1: Check tha WIA 2 out W = tot! downward toad acting at tbe base of wel Incading the self weight of well enhanced by 2 ‘sable od factor Ben vide Step 6 Ao aes of theta of wel 4. -= timate tering capa ofthe sil el ihe bse ot well. Step 2: Caevate the base resting moment Mi atthe planeme: 197 Qa constant a stem in Table 1 alow fo square or ‘ctangular bate. A shape fasion of 06 i 12 be atid for wells with cca bse, andl of mera ction fs Tams 1 2 on ous oe 0s ote: The values of Q for intermediate D/B vale in the ove range may be liner interpolate. Ma = 010 yD*(Ke — KL where 7 = density of sil abmrged density to be then for soils under ster or below water abl) prope wid of the sll masa offering resietance,_ In ‘ae of clas wells, shall be 09 dametr fo scount Torte ape 1D = depth of pip below maximum sour lee Ky. K4 = pasive and active presure eofiieat fo be okt Sing Coulomb's teary asuming "8 angle of wall ‘ction between wll ae el equal to 4 butted | toavahe of)". ‘step 3 Catala the eiting momeat duo fttion at rot ne Sk en (0) tothe pe of roan y foomig (© For rectunguas wel My = 018 (Ky ~ Ke LBD nd ‘ mae 45-197 {i for caer wall, My = 0.11 (Ke Ka) DY sind Step 4: Tie ota resitnce moment M, about the plane of rotation sal be My= 07 (iy + Ms + MO Step 5: Cheek M, We aw [eerie tn ty Ba : Fem (Ke = Ka) y oF o> Mt aay x m BE.y(D--9) > Yi Ke ~Kady <0 ew © ‘The verte sol reaction is sven by om BP 0= > v0 ke) er Rome 2% Gty =o LHS.ismsximem) a , . cont > 904 =) wo Kaftctn sxe fxan = KOKA (@ The marion si presire at bac "sll not exceed tows reser on sa simi te minint sll entre "ey not be es han. no tenn sence XK 6 = (= PA ae tye KOK KO. X i —_ Wott ane.x \ : °. ULTIMATE SOM. RESISTANCE METIIOD (Amur 2) ae Mt Kop |. anrmopuction The sie theory decribed in Ammesere 1 aprotnate a= WP kee determine he sires so os nde he ey ‘i Sinn imate nro the Tountsion akon or his wil be ase ‘yt tnow the mode ot fre uf wel funn 6inc: i972 1) ORSERYED FAILURE OF THE WELL, FOUNDATION UNDER ULTIMATE CONDITIONS “Te pater of fitte of the sil mast wader the application of amen Tver to huge sn sl depbs of embednent spite ing 2 “The si aound he bse in sith cave ides over a tel efingrel Tenet cme of rotation somewhere above the Base, The iste ane the nde flows the sual concept a8 I the case of rigid AeAchal Ne altreFlire his been obsersed to oer a sout 3° Toxaion ofthe wel i ese of norecoesive SH 3. QUAXTUM OF RESISTANCE “The observed variation of the otal timate estan f the sil as te lth bse un the sides under vrying diet loud > Benin Fig 3 “This stad indicts that the ol esting moment iran with he FD tne rato ofthe direct fond othe imate bearing apaity Utne soup to 01007. Afr thai reduces. 1 i, therfore, SRE os Cour bat the bearing pressure adopted hs facto of SEE see or move. om imate. Bearing capacity of the ol ‘ened by ny atonal formu 6 rec; em 4 POWVT OF ROTATION A FAILAME (©) Movemeat ofthe pia of rtaton on the yreal as (4) Met of geometry an brisnta lends "rhe geometry ofthe fonéation, viz the rato of the width of foundation tothe depih of cebedmen Tate satan the magn fof te horizon! leds have no fl in sing the poi of rotation Song tbe versa ania coud be seen rom Fi 4 eal . Pe Pat fe rf ain a ono chan eth ”tc: 6197 (6) Etest of The point of tolvion fs a relation to the ratio ofthe sper impoved Perea uss tothe imate Beary capa f the 0 os toads en rom Fi 5, seul vera pmanre sting que Cesrig capes om “The aca Yviation is conned to @aattw range been 0.75 and 0 time the depth of embeloeat below be out fel. Takis io azcount normaly exposed vertal fads oa well fosndatons ‘eed vali of 02 tines depth above tbe bute ofthe foundation tor ben adopted for working ut the sea, (a Shit the plata rotation long the Roonaan “The point of rolston vndergpes a change in the horizon icecon Sepeading upon tbe geometry of the fowséaion and the SNeStateetoreution othe foundation. Under uimate conditions Tagine of orzosal shift ofthe point a function of DB (oie gbes i Fip 6 “this siti position ofthe pola of rotation in the orion etiam il uve vation the sare of the Momests betwees the ee ab te base w ire: 45. a2 Ys Furtation of dicen widths ar a Paton of he cv atin at # non of el eth Fee ote: Forth pps of his sats th if he pint sf oon slong th bron sar es irre, ihr red nga tor. = 5. MerHoD oF CALCULATION 5... Dase Resisting Moment (Ms) “The base reiting moment isthe moment ofthe Hina force imobled along the suru of rupure which is assumed 10 be ‘lade! posing troueh the cores of the base fora quae il 2ibown la Pig. 7, For sslr wl, the sure of opie core ponds to tha of & part of sphere wih Us centre atthe point of Poation and posing though he periphery ofthe bse CW isthe total vertial loud augmented by appropri load factor Ben in suppers 33 below, the lad per unit with wil ‘be ts wich will ao be equal to the upward presure 4 show rie (0 oe «rectangles base ‘Consider the small af of length Raat at an ange of oom the vertical aieic: 6197 (6) Eesti The point of rotation fas a relton to the ratio ofthe sere impoved Peres! acs tothe uate Besg capa of the 20H 0s ‘sen om Fz 5, By ps eatul verte peace esting 4h tree Bering cept, > “The aca Variation is conned to aatow range been 0.75 and 0 time the depth of emledment below he sour Fel Ting io azcount normaly expeted vertical fads on well foundations, ‘ed value of 02 tines depth above tbe base f the foundation tas ben adopted for working ut the seine, (a Skt he pot af rotation long the Horizontal exis “The poist of rolston vndergpes a change in the horzonat iceton Sepeading upon tbe geometry of the fownéation and the SNeStatectoreution o rhe foundation. Under uimate conditions 1 GeMagnitae of horzosal sit of the point a function of DB | fata given it Fig 6. “This siti position ofthe pola of rotation in the exigontal ietton wil euve vation 1 the sare of the Moms Between the ier a6 te bse ire: 4s. a7 Ys Foundations of dieent widths Bee EB Pan of be sf ot a 8 fannie eh Fee ‘Note: Forth pups ofthis sats the shi of he point rts along the ronal ais hs bem ignore, in view of ‘ee aed indeterminate aor. 5. Meno oF CALCULATION S,, Dase Resting Moment (Mi) “The baer resting moment isthe moment ofthe Rina force mobilised along the surface of rupure which is assumed 10 be ‘lade posing trough Ihe corer of te base fora agar Dibown aig. 7 For scsler well, the sure o opie core ‘ponds to tha of & prt of sphere wik ls centre atthe point of ation and posing though he periphery ofthe bse. CW isthe total verti! lad sugmented by approprite load factor given in supra $3 below, the lad per unit with wil ‘be WB, wich will lo be equal to the upward presure 4 show ia Fig (0 oe « rectamgsar base Consider the small afe of length Raat at an ange of oom, vertime: 4-197 F L q i edgy Lp |scour vever PomtoF ROTATION. Apia! oad W RU fg runt wan SEP eats Sees wae «92 _ igen penn wee eM Ral one one = Bw os fur rena Bee SL dak ’ awn s+ 24) = WR fb naa) 4 BM a tsine con ot Bun teghy in = a/ BE PE [= 2,,] 3 abt Peo Moment of resistance of he base about she pin of ation Moon Fete oR o (i) For secular base [A malipleton fir of 06 i 0 be appisd for she abune capcom of Ma in ore 10 sent for she surface. of rte tetng pot of «sphere For both cases subsiting the valve” east 0 020 foe ‘he pint of roatien in formats (1) above, the Wd resionee com be simpied and exprened in eas of 8, My = Q WBian §me: 45-197 we ig in the ase of gure and estanele Sc puriYothe. decton of Trees am! Shame for cle wel qe camot whch depends upon the spe of sei ath Bia oa a (Bienin Ye 2 below for square or restanysar eA hae fat of 8 ito be med aah above Fe Tae values oF for iermediie ngs miy be incr interposed 6 me: 4-1 ‘The point of rostion ie levied 41 02D stow the bow. The side resstance moment wl then bo elelted es folows Lat yD lh — Ka) X= BC; BP=Y From ADEF D930, 02D xa Py D_ 3, xe 0 From ABC at CEP DO Bn gMy PD ® “ P= 1D o Moment of sie existance about ‘Oi ‘AY ABC and DEC slgebeste moments of 24D xD mix eB ax XD 4X py is * 13s DF 1315 xDe = capeDex Se = apex Subsitaing or X Ma = 01 9D* Ky ~ Ku) per unit width of well; Foca widh of Ly Ma = 01 yD" (Ky — KL 2inc: 8-197 ppm via eat gama sacha tet eS cid aed watt a pe each a reece tega ta oe repaint Ta ne cmnmintnts inn ponemcrrenes nagerDaaa at imeem we prema at B= 2 yD(Ke-Ka) 5 oD, ‘Avent QAOE "3 yDike Kas SE mee pret 4300= 922.90 Kr—KD m1 pre-K ‘a tion oi wih ; = LL yo he Ky nt Moment bout ceie of ration (incase of ectangular wel or wth . IP yor deka) bueeet Me 2 Spo he Ko. Banta 0th y ky KO LBD! et ey 01807 Ke KBD sad x» (6 trove of cir Levee sem = Toeton or 1Y GD ye, Bnd Sie 09 Binet fer et Min Oye Ka) BD 010 ye Ka BOs yan pike ky MDP a SA, Toll reiting momento sit ‘otal reciting moment of se M, i given by My =O + Me MO SS. ctor of safety A suliabl sae fator hat be ena king into accu the robible vristion of eiferent Ide and the cmabiannas. The fasion ‘of strength characerisie of the wil sould ao. be ‘counted for fn eaenting the reiting momen given bythe above ‘xpresion. Pulling it materially BY (ppied load or moment) 2 aol esiing momen o hee Yi tod factor fora pari esd A = suength factor forthe eostance of ei “Te passive resistance ofthe al depends om the angle of ines Action for vation of whieh a reéoetion cor of 125 my be olied, Farther to take into account the pei mie of 15k of re of foundation, which is most important par of the tie, another reduction factor af 13 may be applied Hence the total ‘veficen applicable fo the Right Hand Sige of the above expres: Sion) wil ome t00.7. ‘As repirds the Let Hand Side of the exprensicn, the lead a decided below ition of 2sRe: 45-1972 (i Dead lad The dea ion fing more oss permanent ond, afncor Tt woul! be sient for the variations in ens of Inaterals and computational errs, (i) Live ond: Considering se eet of variation in TRC toad ing mith in nei adequate to adopt a fcir of 16 for ‘ee untsoverioding withthe combination of dead load only 4d Pep ut orice combinations except with. wind or seismic. With ‘ithr wind sesmic de to reduced probability of occurence of ‘naam ive load, 2 actor of 1.2 is comedered adequate (i) raking force, ee: These Tongiedina fonds ill eo respon tothe cofiient adopted fr Tivo Nove: (0) The forces due to. characteristic imponed deformations shoald be sddeds eb the oviontl Tend due to fetonl resistance ‘rahe tening ay inele he ineeae in ded and ive Lond (2) For normal structures inoved temperature deformations of climate engin and deformations due to creep and shrinkage ca Seeiy oe epee. for the timate amass. However for ‘Siucally indeterminate stracors, the forces due 10 above seus Sea he someceredsSimilry, tbe forces due Yo setement of ‘pport hae sls to be akan into considera (Gv, Water arta forse: Duet possible eco of 29 per eat in eniaing the vee, facor of 14 maybe adopted ( Bansancy: The effect of buoyancy in reducing the deity ‘ot sublorged muses is moe oles @ consent and cane ake (vp Wed ost foren: When the brid i not covered yi lpn tsor oft in comsidered adequate for wind or sme cen Du to les prababity of combination with maxima Iie [na yedyndfetorof 125 adequate, (op Rach pomare ca sbatmwats: To acount fr incre any Semare routing from ether the deny of wl Beis higher F 1% inc: 45197 the age of ital ton eng loner hn eerie tern yt for ‘rs reco for of 14 ck . ‘thon of earth pressure, eee Accortingy, the flowing combinations of lad factor soul load tetors ace 1D , vse LID 4 B+ 14 (We + Ep + Wor) ® 1D +16 ° LID 434144 We + Er) we HID $B $1264 We $Ep FWOS) voor where D = dead toad Live lad incuding baking, te Bm beoyancy We — water current fore ‘ Ep earth pressare W = wind force Siam ore (cy TH and si Inthe computation of ppd nen tes ot moments defo tH anda ot wel ap ot th bite of ation shal sa be conse. iPeny, abut the & Te oder to eure the hte of fy for aint esate accndingt abo son the tl sae momen (raced by strengih factor should be not less than the total applied men (Mf) about the point of rotution for the appropriate combinst io ‘or ‘applied loads enhanced by the factors given above, i, 10 say ae 07 (M6 + Mah MDM