Answers
Answers to summary
questions A1–6
1 a A = melting, B = freezing,
C = boiling/evaporation/
vaporisation, D = condensing.
b A and C. Energy is required to
break bonds between particles / to
overcome intermolecular forces.
2 Solid: particles regularly arranged,
close together / touching, only
vibrate / do not move.
Liquid: particles irregularly arranged,
close together / touching, move
slowly / slide over each other.
Gas: particles irregularly arranged, far
apart, move rapidly.
3 a substance containing only one type
of atom / substance that cannot
be broken down to any other
substance by chemical means
b substance containing two or more
atoms chemically combined
c substance which dissolves another
substance
4 a C, b B
5 Colloid: particles are between 1 and
1000 nm / are smaller than particles of
suspension but larger than dissolved
particles; particles scatter light.
Suspension: particles are larger than
1000 nm / can easily be seen with a
microscope; particles can be filtered
off; particles scatter light.
Solution: particles are smaller than
1 nm / are smaller than those of a
colloid; particles do not scatter light /
transparent.
6 The crystal dissolves. Forces between
particles in the crystal weaken.
Particles from the crystal are
surrounded by water molecules.
Diffusion/random movement of
molecules of solvent and solute
causes particles to spread out. The
(bulk) movement of solute particles
is from where they are more
concentrated to where they are less
concentrated.
7 protons + neutrons + electrons
protons are positively charged;
1
17 protons
electrons are negatively charged;
17 electrons
neutrons have no charge; 18 neutrons
8 a C = 2,4, Na = 2,8,1
9 a atoms of the same element
containing different numbers of
neutrons
b number of protons + neutrons in
an atom
c the mass of an atom on a scale in
which an atom of carbon-12 has a
mass of 12 units exactly
d different forms of the same
element
10 a KCl has a high melting (or boiling)
point but water has a low melting
(or boiling) point, KCl conducts
electricity when molten but water
does not (to any significant extent),
KCl is solid at r.t.p. but water is a
liquid at r.t.p.
b K ion is 2,8,8, Cl ion is 2,8,8, single
+ charge on K ion, single – charge
on Cl ion
c Bonding pair of electrons between
each H and O, 2 lone pairs of
electrons on O atom
11 a Differences: diamond has
tetrahedral (pyramid-like) structure
and graphite has layered structure;
in diamond each C atom is
connected to 4 others but in
graphite each C atom is only
connected to 3 others.
Similarities: both covalently
bonded, both giant structures /
both macromolecules.
b There are many strong bonds /
there is strong bonding in three
dimensions; a lot of energy is
needed to break the bonds.
c Diamond used for drill tips because
it has a high melting point and
has strong bonding throughout.
Graphite is a lubricant because the
layers can slide over each other
easily.
12 a Any 4 of:
Zn conducts electricity (or heat) but
S does not; Zn has high melting
(or boiling) point but S has low
melting (or boiling) point; Zn is
malleable but S is not (is brittle);
Zn is ductile but S is not; Zn has
metallic lustre but S is dull; Zn is
sonorous but S is not; Zn has high
density but S has low density.
b Positive ions, arranged regularly
and close to each other, electrons
between ions
13 a AlCl3(s) + 3H2O(l) →
Al(OH)3(s) + 3HCl(g)
b CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) →
CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
c Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) →
PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
14 a Cl2(aq) + 2Br–(aq) →
Br2(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)
b Cu2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) →
Cu(OH)2(s)
c Ba2+(aq) + SO42–(aq) →
BaSO4(s)
15 Molar mass of butane = 56
moles butane = 5.6/56 = 0.1 mol
1 mol butane → 4 mol CO2
So 0.1 mol butane → 0.4 mol CO2
volume of CO2 = 0.4 × 24 = 9.6 dm3
16 a 0.50 × 36.5 = 18.25 g
b 0.20 × 164 = 32.8 g
c 0.015 × 142 = 2.13 g
17 a 1.2/160 = 0.0075 mol
b 19.2/160 = 0.12
0.12 × 2 = 0.24 mol
c 79.17/95.3 = 0.831
0.831 × 2 = 1.66 mol
18 The amount of substance that
contains 6.0 × 1023 specified particles
of that substance.
19 a mol Fe = 28/56 = 0.5 mol
mass of FeCl2 = 0.5 × 127
= 63.5 g
b mol H2 = 10/2 = 5 mol
mass Fe = 5 × 56 = 280 g
20 Halogen higher in group reacts with
halides lower in the group, halogens
are better oxidising agents further up
the group, because they more easily
capture electrons
Answers
21 a Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq)
+ H2(g)
b Mg atom is smaller than Ca atom,
Mg loses electrons less readily
than Ca / Mg forms ion less
readily than Ca.
22 Metals are on the left and non-metals
on the right (and metalloids between
these); melting points increase from
Groups I to IV, and Groups V to 0 have
much lower melting points; elements
are solids on the left and gases on
the right; metals form positive ions,
middle elements do not form ions
readily and non-metals on right form
negative ions; oxides are basic on the
left and acidic on the right.
23 a Add water and stir (to dissolve the
salt), filter. Filtrate is salt (sodium
chloride) solution and sand remains
on filter paper.
b Fractional distillation. This
depends on differences in boiling
points: vapour from the liquid
with lower boiling point travels
further up the column and gets
into the condenser first; vapour
from the liquid with higher boiling
point remains in the flask or
condenses later.
24 Any 3 of:
A mixture has variable composition
but a compound has a fixed
composition.
A mixture has the appearance of both
Fe and S / mixture appears grey with
yellow speckles, but the compound
appears the same colour throughout.
Components of a mixture can be
separated by physical means but
components of a compound cannot.
There is a heat change when a
compound is made but no (or little)
heat change when a mixture is formed.
The chemical reactions of the
mixture are those of the individual
components, but a compound
undergoes different reactions.
25 a Two bonding pairs of electrons
between two O atoms, 8 electrons
around each O atom (IGNORE:
inner electron shells)
2
b Ca2+ and F− ion, 1 Ca2+ ion and 2
F− ions, electronic structure of Ca
ion with either no electrons shown
in outer shell or 8 electrons and F
ion with 8 electrons in outer shell
(IGNORE: inner shell electrons).
26 a Al2(SO4)3, b Mg3N2,
c Fe2O3, d Mg(NO3)2
27 covalent, both C and S are non-metals
Answers to summary
questions A7–11
1 mol = mass/molar mass
= 2/40 = 0.05 mol
concentration = moles/volume in dm3
0.05/ 0.05 = 1 mol dm–3
2 moles = concentration × volume
in dm3
0.40 × 0.02 = 0.008 mol
mass = moles × molar mass
0.008 × 101 = 0.808 g
3 a moles of H2SO4 = 0.10 × 15/1000
= 1.5 × 10–3 mol
b moles KOH = 2 × mol H2SO4
= 3.0 × 10–3 mol
concentration of KOH
= 3.0 × 10–3 × 1000/25
= 0.12 mol dm–3
c mass = moles × molar mass
3.0 × 10 × 56 = 0.168 g
–3
4 a Acid has pH below 7; base has pH
above 7.
b Acid is a proton donor; base is a
proton acceptor.
5 Weak acid: acid that is not completely
ionised in water, e.g. ethanoic acid:
CH3CO2H CH3CO2− + H+
Strong base: base that is completely
ionised in water, e.g. hydrochloric
acid:
HCl → H+ + Cl–
6 Titrate with HCl using indicator in
the flask. Stop when the indicator
changes colour. Repeat, adding the
same amount of HCl as in the original
titration, but without indicator.
Evaporate the mixture in the flask to
crystallisation point / concentrate the
solution. Leave to crystallise and filter
off the crystals. Wash the crystals with
a suitable solvent. Dry the crystals on
filter paper.
7 Add lead nitrate to a soluble iodide,
e.g. sodium iodide. Filter off the
precipitate. Wash the precipitate and
dry it in a warm oven or leave it to dry
in a warm place.
8 Acidic oxides react with bases/alkalis,
e.g. sulfur dioxide; basic oxides
react with acids, e.g. calcium oxide;
amphoteric oxides react with both
acids and bases/alkalis, e.g. zinc
oxide; neutral oxides do not react
with acids or bases, e.g. nitrogen(I)
oxide or carbon monoxide.
9 (NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH →
2NH3 + Na2SO4 + 2H2O
10 Lime is calcium oxide, which is a
base. Moist calcium oxide reacts with
compounds containing ammonium
salts, such as fertilisers, to release
ammonia. Ammonia is a gas and it
escapes into the air, resulting in loss
of nitrogen from the fertiliser.
11 a making lime / mortar / cement /
building stone
b food preservation
c plaster of Paris / for making medical
casts
d food preservation
12 Put a known volume of alkali (or
acid) of known concentration in an
insulated beaker. Put a thermometer
in the beaker and measure the
temperature. Add acid (or alkali)
slowly to the beaker in known
amounts. Record the temperature
after each addition. Continue to
add acid (or alkali) to obtain several
more readings after the temperature
begins to fall. Plot a graph of the
temperature change/rise against
the volume of acid/alkali added.
The break in the curve of the graph
indicates the neutralisation point.
13 a Oxidation is increase in oxidation
number (of a particular atom);
reduction is decrease in oxidation
number.
b Oxidation is loss of electrons;
reduction is gain of electrons.
Answers
14 a +3 b +5 c +4 d +5 e –2
15 a Oxidising agent is Cl2; reducing
agent is I–/NaI.
b Oxidising agent is ZnO/Zn2+;
reducing agent is CO.
c Oxidising agent is H2O2; reducing
agent is I–.
16 a I– ; it loses electrons / OxNo of NaI/I–
increases.
b ZnO; it loses oxygen / Zn decreases
in oxidation number / Zn2+ gains
electrons.
c H /H in H2O2 stays the same / stays
+
at +1.
17 a The solid does not conduct because
the ions cannot move. Molten LiCl
conducts because the ions can
move.
bi Anode: oxygen
4OH → O2 + 2H2O + 4e
– –
ii Cathode: hydrogen
2H+ + 2e– → H2
c Anode. Oxidation is loss of electrons.
18 a Hydrogen is below sodium in the
electrochemical series, so H+ ions
gain electrons more readily than
Na+ ions.
b Cl– ions are present in higher
concentration than OH– ions, so are
more likely to be discharged, even
though OH– ions lose electrons
more easily if the concentrations
are equal.
19 Inert electrodes: oxygen is produced
at the anode, because OH– ions
release electrons better than SO42–
ions. The electrolyte becomes lighter
in colour / lighter blue, because Cu2+
ions are deposited at the cathode but
not replaced at the anode.
Active/copper electrodes: copper
is removed at the anode / anode
decreases in size.
Cu(s) → Cu (aq) + 2e
2+ –
/ Cu releases electrons since it is low
in the electrochemical series. The
electrolyte stays the same colour
/ remains same intensity of blue,
because the Cu2+ ions that are
deposited at the cathode are replaced
by those going into solution at the
anode.
3
20 time = 85 × 60 s
charge = 0.2 × 85 × 60 = 1020 C
2 mol electrons required per mol of
copper deposited = 2 × 96 500 =
193 000 C
mol Cu deposited = 1020 / 193 000
= 0.00528 mol
mass = moles × atomic mass =
0.00528 × 63.5 = 0.34 g
21 time = 40 × 60 s
charge = 2.5 × 40 × 60 = 6000 C
4 mol electrons required per mol of
oxygen formed = 4 × 96 500 =
386 000 C
mol Cu deposited = 6000 / 386 000
= 0.0155 mol
volume (dm3) = moles × 24 =
0.0155 × 24 = 0.373 dm3
22 a the change in concentration of
reactant, or product, with time (at
a stated temperature).
b a substance that speeds up a
chemical reaction but remains
unchanged at the end of the
reaction
23 a labelled diagram of a gas syringe or
upturned measuring cylinder over
water, apparatus airtight with no
gaps, calcium carbonate and acid
in a suitable reaction vessel.
b measuring loss of mass of reaction
mixture at various time intervals
c i decreases rate
ii increases rate
iii decreases rate
d volume of gas on vertical axis and
time on horizontal; curve eventually
levelling out, rate of reaction rapid
at first because the slope of the
graph is greater / rise over run
fastest at start, slope of graph
decreases with time as rate of
reaction decreases
24 a Exothermic because ΔH is negative.
b The energy required for bond
breaking is less than the energy
given out in making new bonds.
c energy on vertical axis and reaction
progress on horizontal, reactants
on left and products on right,
reactant level above product
level, ΔH correctly labelled with
downward pointing arrow, energy
‘hump’ with activation energy
labelled
25 a A known volume of water is placed
in an insulated cup/beaker. Record
the temperature of the water, then
add a known mass of potassium
nitrate and stir. Record the lowest
(or highest) temperature reached.
b density of solution = density of
water, specific heat capacity of
solution = specific heat capacity
of water, no heat losses from
apparatus
26 Add a solution of iron(II) sulfate to a
solution of potassium manganate(VII)
and record the colour change.
Potassium manganate(VII) changes
from purple to colourless.
27 a substance that leads electricity into
or out of an electrolyte
b positive ion / ion which travels to
the cathode in electrolysis
c breakdown / decomposition of a
substance when an electric current
is passed through it
28 a Diagram showing two electrodes
dipping into a liquid, circuit
complete with power source,
pure silver anode, nickel spoon
is cathode, electrolyte labelled as
soluble silver salt / Ag+
bi Ag → Ag+ + e–
ii Ag+ + e– → Ag
c prevents/reduces corrosion, makes
article look better/makes surface
shinier
29 a CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O
b Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl →
CaCl2 + 2H2O
c NaHCO3 + HCl →
NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Answers

SECTION A ii An atom is a particle which has e Calcium carbonate is used to make

Practice exam questions no charge (i.e. neutral); an ion is cement.
an electrically charged particle.
11 a Reactions in which both reduction
Multiple-choice questions iii A cation is an ion that has a and oxidation occur simultaneously.
1 b positive charge; an anion is an
bi Cu is the reducing agent as it
ion that has a negative charge.
2 c caused silver’s oxidation number
iv K atom: 2,8,8,1; K ion: 2,8,8
+
to decrease from +1 to 0.
3 a
10 a CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) +CO2(g) ii 16.88 g
4 c b Water and carbon dioxide gas 12 a 1.06 mol dm–3
5 a c X is hydrochloric acid bi –57 kJ mol–1
6 c di Calcium sulfate ii This value is very close to the
ii Vigorous effervescence at first, expected value of –57.1 kJ mol–1.
7 d which soon stops, leaving the iii There is no heat lost to or
8 b solid CaSO4 in the solution of gained from the external
acid. environment; the density of
Short answer questions iii Calcium sulfate is only slightly the solution is the same as the
9 a i Condensation soluble and cannot be prepared density of water; the specific
using the solid + acid method heat capacity of the solution is
ii Diffusion
as the salt coats the surface the same as that of water.
iii Sublimation of the solid and prevents any
bi Fractional distillation further reaction between the
ii Simple distillation acid and the solid. Calcium
chloride on the other hand is
iii Filtration
a soluble salt which dissolves
c i An element is a pure substance away from the surface of the
composed of one kind of atom solid, allowing for further
whereas a compound is formed reaction to occur. This reaction
when two or more different continues until the maximum
elements combine chemically. amount of salt possible is
produced.