1.

A cylindrical shell is subjected to internal pressure such that Hoop’s and axial stresses in the
wall reach 150 and 75 MPa respectively. Two small circular holes are punctured into the shell
wall such that the line joining the centres of the two circles is parallel to the axis of the
cylinder. The centres of the two circles are separated by distance 8x. One circular hole is of
diameter 2x and the other of 4x. Estimate the Hoope’s stress value in the wall at the midpoint
of the line joining the centres of the two holes.

Solution:

σH = 150 MPa
σL = 75 MPa
θ = 90°
Since the point of calculating the stress is midpoint of the line joining the centers of the two
holes, r = 4x for both the holes.
For radius (a) = x,

150 x2 150 x4
σt (x, 90°) = 1+ − 1+3× Cos180°
2 (4x)2 2 (4x)4

= 155.56 MPa

For radius (a) = 2x,

150 4x 2 150 16x 4

σt (2x, 90°) = 2
1+ (4x)2
− 2
1+3× (4x)4
Cos180°

= 75 × 39/16 = 182.8 MPa

Stress intensification at that point along circumference due to axial stress :

75 x2 75 x4
σt (x, 0°) = 1+ − 1+3× Cos0°
2 (4x)2 2 (4x)4

= 1.9 MPa

75 4x 2 75 16x 4
σt (2x, 90°) = 2
1+ (4x)2
− 2
1+3× (4x)4
Cos0°

= 2.34 MPa

St at the midpoint Hoops stress will be = 150 + 55.56 + 82.8 + 1.9 + 2.34 = 292.6 MPa

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2. A 1200 mm (48 inch) NB XS pipe has the following dimensional standards.
Nominal Bore Schedule Average wall thickness
48” XS 0.500”
For this pipe, recommend the maximum internal working pressure that can be used safely. If
such a pressure is applied, what would be the values of Hoop’s stress and axial stress in the
pipe and what would be their nature?

If the pipe is to withstand net external pressure with same magnitude as the above design
pressure without provision of stiffening rings, what would be the maximum length of the pipe
that you would allow? What would be the values of Hoop’s and axial stresses and their nature
in this case?

The design temperature is 500 C and the allowable stress of material at design temperature is
140 MPa. For external pressure service, use applicable material chart for SA-l06-B supplied
to you. Recommended corrosion allowance is nil and 12.5% negative mill tolerance is
recommended.

Solution:

Do = 48 in. = 1219 mm = 1.219 m

t = 0.5 in. = 0.0127 m
m = 12.5%
Sa = 140 MPa = 140000000 Pa
E = 0.9 (assumed)

Removing mill tolerance,

t = (1 - 12.5/100) × 0.0127 = 0.011 m
PDo
t=
2Sa E  0.4P
P 1.219
or, = 0.011
2140000000  0.9  0.4P

or, P = 2290530 Pa = 22.9 bar = 332.2 psi

PD i P(D o −2t) 2290530 × (1.219− 0.022)

Hoop's stress = = =
2t 2t 0.022

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 = 124625655 Pa = 124.6 MPa

Axial stress = 124.6/2 = 62312827.5 Pa = 62.3 MPa

Part II
Do / t = 1.219/0.011 = 110.8 =111
4B
Pa =
3Do /t

3P a (D o /t) 3×332.2×111
or, B= = = 27656
4 4

From chart, L/Do = 5.5

or, L = 5.5 × 48 = 264 in. = 22 ft

3. An ellipsoidal head with a = 1.2 m and b = 0.6 m and with thickness of 6 mm is subjected to
an internal pressure. Determine the MAWP if the MoC allowable is 100 MPa.

Solution:

Given, Sa = 100 MPa = 100000000 Pa

t = 6 mm = 0.006 m
This is an ellipsoidal closure (2:1) with radius = 1.2 m
Therefore, Do = 2.4 m
E = 0.9 (assumed)

PD o
t=
2 S a E+0.9P

2S a Et 2 ×100000000 × 0.9 × 0.006

or, P = = = 452034 Pa = 4.5 bar
D o − 1.8t 2.4 − 1.8 × 0.006

4. Find:
a. The largest size of a self compensating, non-protruding 40 SCH nozzle that can be
provided on a 24” SCH 40 pipe of the same material. Design pressure is 7.5 bar.
b. The lightest 16” NB pipe that can withstand internal vacuum over its 10 m
unstiffened run without the possibility of buckling failure. Design temperature is 400
C. Assume the MoC to be SA-106-B.

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 Take the allowable stress for the MoC as 120 MPa. Corrosion allowance as 1.5 mm, all
welds fully radiographed, zero mill tolerance.

Solution:
P = 7.5 bar
T = 400 °C
Sa = 120 MPa = 12000000 Pa
L = 10 m
C = 1.5 mm
E=1

5. A vessel with the following design specifications is available. Recommend a safe operating
pressure for the same.

Cylindrical body : OD - 3 m, Wall Thickness - 12 mm, Tangent to Tangent length - 10

m
Top Closure : 2:1 ellipsoidal, 12 mm wall thickness, flanged connection with
shell
Bottom Closure : Conical with 30 degrees half cone angle, 12 mm wall thickness,
welded to shell

Nozzles:
1. Nozzle on cylindrical body with its axis at 30 cm above bottom tangent, 4” NB,
40 SCH, seamless, protruding 3 cm inside the vessel, not reinforced
2. Nozzle on top closure at its crown, 6” NB, 40 SCH, non-protruding, seamless, not
reinforced
3. Nozzle on conical bottom, at half depth of the cone, oriented normal to cone wall,
4” OD, 40 SCH, non-protruding, seamless, not reinforced

Solution:

For top 2:1 ellipsoidal closure:

ltop = 1/4 of Do = 3/4 = 0.75 m

For bottom conical closure:

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lbottom = (Do/2)/tan30° = (3/2)/0.5773 = 2.598 m

For cylindrical body:

Do = 3 m
t = 12 mm = 0.012 m
L = 10 m
1/3rd length of conical closure = 0.866 m

1/3rd length of ellipsoidal closure = 0.25 m

Effective Length (Le) of shell along with 1/3rd length of two different closures =

10 + 0.25 + 0.86 = 11.11 m

Le/Do = 11.11/3 = 3.7

Do/t = 3/0.012 = 250

The value of Factor A = 0.000085

E = 23800000 psi (assumed)

Since, value of Factor A is falling to the left of the temperature line Pa can be calculated using
the formula below:

Pa = 2 AE / 3(Do / t) = 2 × 0.000085 × 23800000 / (3 × 250) = 5.39 psi

Internal Pressure Design:

For cylindrical body:

Do = 3 m = 118 in.
t = 12 mm = 0.012 m =0.47 in.
L = 10 m
PDo
tc =
2Sa E  0.4P 

P 118
0.47 
223800000  0.9  0.4P

or, P =

Nozzles:

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6. Find the adequacy of the pressure vessel with design as in Question 5 for vacuum service.
Assume that the nozzles and the conical closure are unlikely to fail because of buckling. If
you find the cylindrical body to be inadequate, suggest suitable number of stiffeners. If top
closure is inadequate to withstand vacuum, suggest a suitable wall thickness for it.

7. A 150 mm (6”) NB pipe needs to be designed for an external design pressure of 400 psi and a
design temperature of 400 C. The MoC of the seamless pipe is austenitic stainless to ASTM A
312 TP 304 L. The corrosion allowance is nil. Negative mill tolerance of 12.5 % should be
used on nominal thickness. Select a proper pipe schedule for a pipe segment of 7.5 m with
flanged connections at both the ends.
Recommend maximum operating pressure if the pipe designed by you is also to be used for
internal pressure service occasionally. Allowable stress of the MoC at design temperature is
40000 psi.

Solution:

P = 400 psi (external design pressure)

T = 400°C
L = 7.5 m
Sa = 40000 psi
Do = 168.3 mm = 6.62 in.

Let us assume a thickness of 0.2 in. or 5.08 mm

L/Do = 7.5/0.168 = 44.64

Do/t = 0.168/0.005 = 33.6

Factor A = 0.022

Factor B = 11000
4B 4 × 11000
P= Do = 3 × 33.6
= 436.5 psi
3( )
t

Since this pressure is more than design pressure assumed thickness is ok.

Mill tolerance = 0.125 × 5.08 = 0.635 mm

After adding mill tolerance, t = 5.08 + 0.635 = 5.715 mm

Based on available pipe schedule, 40 SCH can be recommended.

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8. Design a spherical vessel for storage of a chemical for the following data.

Design Pressure (Internal) : 100 psig

Design Temperature : 300°C
Yield Stress at room temperature : 60000 psi
Weld Joint Efficiency : 0.85
Outer Diameter :2m
Corrosion Allowance : 3 mm

Negative mill tolerance on nominal thickness of 5% is acceptable.

Two nozzles (one protruding, another non-protruding) are to be provided on this vessel. Both
nozzles are made out of 6” NB 40 SCH welded pipe with weld joint efficiency of 0.85. Check
the nozzles for reinforcement requirement and suggest reinforcement pad thickness if the pad
is required. For suitable support design, the Civil department needs to be provided with the
weight of the tank if filled with water. Calculate the same.

Solution:

Design Pressure (Internal) : 100 psig = 114.7 psi

Design Temperature : 300 C
Yield Stress at room temperature : 60000 psi
Weld Joint Efficiency : 0.85
Outer Diameter : 2 m = 78.7 in.
Corrosion Allowance : 3 mm = 0.118 in.

PDo
t=
4Sa E  0.4P
114.7  78.7
=  0.044 in.  1.12 mm
460000  0.85  0.4  114.7

Negative mill tolerance = 5/100 × 1.12 = 0.056

Adding corrosion allowance and negative mill tolerance we get,

t = 1.12 + 3 + 0.056 = 4.18 mm

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 Nozzle:

9. A pressure vessel has a diameter of 1500 mm. It is to be provided with a flanged closure at its
top. The design pressure in the vessel is 35 bar (internal). Allowable stress for the MoC is 100
MPa. Determine the wall thickness of:

1. Formed hemispherical cover

2. 2:1 ellipsoidal closure with weld joint efficiency of 0.85
3. Formed Dished closure with crown radius same as vessel OD and knuckle radius 10% of
the crown radius.
4. Conical head with cone angle of 45 degrees, fully radiographed.

Solution:

Diameter = 1500 mm = 1.5 m

Internal Design Pressure = 35 bar = 3500000 Pa
Allowable stress = 100 MPa

1. For hemispherical closure:

PDo
t=
4Sa E  0.4P
3500000  1.5
=  0.015 m  15 mm
4100000000  0.85  0.4  3500000

2. For 2:1 ellipsoidal closure:

PDo
t=
2Sa E  0.9P
3500000  1.5
  0.03 m  30 mm
2100000000  0.85  0.9  3500000

3. For dished closure:

PDcrown
o M
t=
2Sa E  0.5P(M - 0.2)

Crown radius (L) = 1.5 m

8
 Knuckle radius (r) = (10/100) × 1.5 = 0.15 m

Therefore, L/r = 10

M (from chart) = 1.54

PDcrown
o M
t=
2Sa E  0.5P(M - 0.2)

3500000  1.5  1.54

=  0.046 m  46 mm
2100000000  0.85  0.5  3500000  (1.54 - 0.2)

4. For conical closure:

Half cone angle = 45°

E=1
PDo
t=
2cosαSa E  0.4P
3500000  1.5
=  0.036 m  36 mm
2  0.707  100000000  1  0.4  3500000

10. Design the lightest cylinder with welded hemispherical closures to store 15 kg air at 100 bar
pressure. Take allowable stress of MoC as 40000 psi, weld joint efficiency as 1 for all welds.
Make suitable assumptions if necessary. Corrosion allowance and negative mill tolerance are
zero. Fabrication is done using sheet material. Consider two cases: (A) When all parts must be
fabricated using sheet of same thickness. (B) When different parts could be fabricated using
sheets of different thicknesses.

Solution:

Internal design pressure(P) = 100 bar

Allowable stress (Sa) = 40000 psi = 2758 bar
Weld joint efficiency (E) = 1
Diameter (Do) = 1.5 m ( assumed)

Case A - When all parts could be fabricated using same sheet thickness:

9
Spherical shape always experiences less stress compared to cylindrical shape.
Therefore,

Case B - When all parts could be fabricated using sheet of different thickness:
For hemispherical closure:
PDo
t=
4Sa E  0.4P
100 1.5
=  0.0148 m  14.8 mm
42758  0.85  0.4  100

For cylindrical vessel:

PDo
t=
4Sa E  0.4P
100 1.5
=  0.0297 m  29.7 mm
22758  0.9  0.4  100

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