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WATER COOLING
HUMIDIFICATION AND DEHUMIDIFICATION
𝑃𝐴
•ℋ𝑅 = 100 ′ (3)
𝑃𝐴
PERCENTAGE HUMIDITY, ℋ𝐴
• ℋ𝐴 is the ratio of the actual humidity, ℋ to the
saturation humidity, ℋ𝑆 at the gas temperature,
also on percentage basis.
𝑃𝐴
ℋ 𝑃−𝑃𝐴 𝑃𝐴 𝑃−𝑃𝐴′
• ℋ𝐴 = 100 = 100 𝑃′𝐴
= 100 ′
ℋ𝑆 𝑃𝐴 𝑃−𝑃𝐴
𝑃−𝑃′𝐴
𝑃−𝑃𝐴′
• ∴ ℋ𝐴 = ℋ𝑅 (4)
𝑃−𝑃𝐴
• At all humidities other than 0 or 100 percent, the
percentage humidity is less than the relative
humidity.
HUMID HEAT, 𝑐𝑠
• 𝑐𝑠 is the heat required to raise unit mass of dry
gas and its associated vapour through unit
temperature difference at constant pressure.
Thus:
• 𝑐𝑠 = 𝑐𝑝𝐵 + 𝑐𝑝𝐴 ℋ (5)
• Where 𝑐𝑝𝐵 and 𝑐𝑝𝐴 are the specific heats of gas
and vapour, respectively.
HUMID VOLUME, 𝜈𝐻
20 𝑃𝐴′ 𝑀𝐴
• ℋ283 𝐾 = ℋ297 𝐾 = ℋ𝑠 (283 𝐾) =
100 𝑃−𝑃𝐴′ 𝑀𝐵
283 𝐾
𝑃𝐴′ 𝑀𝐴 ′
• 𝑃(283𝐾) = + 𝑃𝐴
ℋ283 𝐾 𝑀𝐵
20
• ℋ283 𝐾 = ℋ297 𝐾
100
𝑃𝐴 𝑀𝐴
• = 0.2 𝑥
𝑃−𝑃𝐴 𝑀𝐵 297 𝐾
𝑃𝐴
• From ℋ𝑅 = 100 ′
𝑃𝐴
ℋ𝑅 .𝑃𝐴′
• ∴ 𝑃𝐴(297𝐾) =
100 297
60 𝑥 1.22 𝑥 104 2
•= = 7320 𝑁 𝑚
100
7320 78
• ℋ283 𝐾 = 0.2 𝑥
101325−7320 28
• = 0.0434 𝑘𝑔/𝑘𝑔
6 𝑥 103 78
• ∴ 𝑃(283𝐾) = + 6 𝑥 103
0.0434 28
5 2
• = 3.91 𝑥 10 𝑁 𝑚
ASSIGNMENT
2
• In a vessel at 101.3 𝐾𝑁/𝑚 and 300 𝐾, the
percentage relative humidity of the water
vapour in the air is 25. If the partial pressure
of water vapour when air is saturated with
vapour at 300 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 3.6 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2
• calculate:
• a) the partial pressure of the water vapour in
the vessel.
• b) the specific volume of the air and water
vapour.
• c) the humidity of the air and humid volume
• d) the relative humidity
TOTAL ENTHALPY, 𝐻𝑦
• 𝐻𝑦 is the enthalpy of a unit mass of dry gas plus
whatever vapour it may contain.
• To calculate 𝐻𝑦 , two reference states must be
chosen, one for gas and one for vapour.
• Let 𝑇0 be the datum temperature chosen for both
components.
• Base the enthalpy of component A on liquid A at 𝑇0
• (Temperature 𝑇0 = 32℉ = 0℃ = 273 𝐾 for most
air-water problems).
• Let the temperature of the gas be T and the
humidity ℋ.
• The total enthalpy is the sum of three items:
1. The sensible heat of the vapour,
2. The latent heat of the liquid at 𝑇0 , and
3. The sensible heat of vapour-free gas.
• Then
• 𝐻𝑦 = 𝑐𝑝𝐵 𝑇 − 𝑇0 + ℋ𝜆0 + 𝑐𝑝𝐴 ℋ 𝑇 − 𝑇0 (7)
• Where 𝜆0 is the latent heat of the liquid at 𝑇0 .
• From equation (5)
• 𝐻𝑦 = 𝑐𝑠 𝑇 − 𝑇0 + ℋ𝜆0 (8)
WET-BULB TEMPERATURE
• When a stream of unsaturated gas is passed over
the surface of a liquid, the humidity of the gas is
increased due to evaporation of the liquid.
• The temperature of the liquid falls below that of
the gas and heat is transferred from the gas to
the liquid.
• At equilibrium the rate of heat transfer from the
gas just balances that required to vapourize the
liquid and the liquid is said to be at wet-bulb
temperature.
• The rate at which this temperature is reached
depends on the initial temperatures and the rate
of flow of gas past the liquid surface.
• With a small area of contact between the gas
and the liquid and a high gas flowrate, the
temperature and humidity of the gas stream
remain virtually unchanged.
• The rate of transfer of heat from the gas to the
liquid can be written as:
• 𝑄 = ℎ𝐴 𝑇 − 𝑇𝐴 (9)
• Where 𝑄 is the heat flow,
• ℎ the coefficient of heat transfer,
• 𝐴 the area for transfer and
• 𝑇 and 𝑇𝐴 are the temperatures of the gas and
liquid phases respectively.
• The liquid evaporating into the gas is transferred
by diffusion from the interface to the gas stream
as a result of a concentration difference
𝑐0 − 𝑐 .
• Where 𝑐𝑜 is the concentration of the vapour at
the surface (mass per unit volume) and
• 𝑐 is the concentration in the gas stream.
• The rate of evaporation is then given by:
𝑀𝐴 ′
• 𝑊 = ℎ𝐷 𝐴 𝑐0 − 𝑐 = ℎ𝐷 𝐴 𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐴 (10)
𝑅𝑇
• Where ℎ𝐷 is the coefficient of mass transfer.
′
• The partial pressures of the vapour, 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐴 ,
may be expressed in terms of the corresponding
humidities ℋ and ℋ𝑤 by equation (1) and (2).
• where ℋ𝑤 is the saturation humidity at the wet
bulb temperature, i.e ℋ𝑠 = ℋ𝑤 at wet-bulb
temperature.
′
• If 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃𝐴 are small compared with 𝑃 ,
′
𝑃 − 𝑃𝐴 and 𝑃 − 𝑃𝐴 may be replaced by a
mean partial pressure of the gas 𝑃𝐵 .
𝑀 𝐵 𝑃𝐵
• ⇒ 𝑊 = ℎ𝐷 𝐴 ℋ𝑤 − ℋ (11)
𝑅𝑇
• But from ideal gas law:
𝑃𝐵 .𝑀𝐵
• 𝜌𝐵 =
𝑅𝑇
• 𝑊 = ℎ𝐷 𝐴 𝜌𝐵 ℋ𝑤 − ℋ (12)
• Where 𝜌𝐵 is the density of the gas at the partial
pressure 𝑃𝐵 .
• The heat required to maintain this rate of
evaporation is:
• 𝑄 = ℎ𝐷 𝐴 𝜌𝐵 ℋ𝑤 − ℋ 𝜆 (13)
• Where 𝜆 is the latent heat of vaporisation of the
liquid.
• Thus equating equation (9) and (13), let 𝑇𝐴 = 𝑇𝑤
at wet bulb temperature.
ℎ
• ⟹ ℋ − ℋ𝑤 = − 𝑇 − 𝑇𝑤 (14)
ℎ𝐷 𝜌𝐵 𝜆
• Both ℎ and ℎ𝐷 are dependent on the equivalent
gas film thickness, and thus any decrease in the
thickness, as a result of increasing the gas
velocity, for example, increase both ℎ and ℎ𝐷
ℎ
• At normal temperature, is virtually
ℎ𝐷
independent of the gas velocity, provided this is
greater than about 5 𝑚 𝑠.
• The wet bulb temperature, 𝑇𝑤 depends only on
the temperature and humidity of the gas and its
value are determined for comparatively high gas
velocities.
• At the high gas velocities, the condition of the
gas does not change appreciably as a result of
being brought into contact with the liquid and
ℎ
the ratio has reached a constant value.
ℎ𝐷
ℎ
• For the air-water system, the ratio is
ℎ𝐷 𝜌𝐵
about 1.0 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 and varies from 1.5 to 2.0
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔. 𝐾 for organic liquids.
EXAMPLE:
• Moist air at 310 K has a wet-bulb temperature of
300 𝐾. If the latent heat of vapourisation of
water at 300 𝐾 is 2440 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝑔, estimate the
humidity of the air and the percentage relative
2
humidity. The total pressure is 105 𝐾𝑁 𝑚 and
the vapour pressure of water vapour at 300 𝐾 is
2 2
3.60 𝐾𝑁 𝑚 and 6.33 𝐾𝑁 𝑚 at 310 𝐾.
ASSIGNMENT
1
𝐻𝑦 , can be plotted against 𝐻𝑦 and the
𝐻𝑖 −𝐻𝑦
𝐻𝑦 −𝐻𝑖 𝑑𝐻𝑦
• = (33)
𝑇𝑦 −𝑇𝑖 𝑑𝑇𝑦