Percentages

1. If the commodity price increases by x% then the consumption has to be

reduced by x/(100+x) to maintain the amount spent
2. If the commodity price decreases by x% then the consumption has to be
increased by x/(100-x) to maintain the amount spent
3. if a’s income is x% more than b on b’s income then b’s income is x/(100+x)%
less than a on a’s income
4. if a’s income is x% less than b on b’s income then b’s income is x/(100-x)%
more than a on a’s income
5. When it is stated that a is x% more than b then it means on the base of b.
thus
a = b+x%b

Simple & compound interest

1. Simple interest = PNR/100 where p = principal; N=period (years) and R =

rate
Amount = P+I
2. compound interest = A = P (1+R/100)^N
This in compound interest the formula will give the final amount. Principal will
have to be deducted from it to get the interest portion. In case the interest is
half yearly then rate should be halfed and period should be doubled. Similarly
for quarterly. Then the interest rate for different years is different then P
(1+R1/100) (1+R2/100) (1+R3/100)
3. population. The formula for compound interest can also be used for
populations. But where the populations is decreasing then the sign will change
to ‘-‘ instead of ‘+’

Averages

1. Mode is the number that occurs most no of times in given sample

2. Median is the middle number of the given sample. Where the number of items
in given sample is odd then (n+1)/2th number and if the number is even it is
simple average between n/2 and n+2/2th numbers
3. Arithmetic mean : it is sum of all numbers / no of numbers
4. weighted average mean: it is sum of product of numbers and their respective
weights / sum of weights
5. Geometric mean: between two numbers it is x = Sqrt (ab). If geometric mean
of one group of numbers (a) is X and that of group (b) is Y then geometric
mean of both the groups will be (X+Y)/ (a+b)
6. Harmonic mean : between two numbers = number of numbers / (sum of
reciprocal of numbers) ie. 2ab/(a+b). This also gives the average speed when
same length distances are covered in different speeds
7. GM^2 = AM*HM

Ratio proportion and variation

1. comparing two quantities as ratios:

a. both the quantities should be of same kind
b. both should have the same measurement per unit
 c. ratio is a pure number i.e. it does not have any measurement. It just
denotes how many times one quantity is of one of other
2. compounding : if two different ratios (say a:b and c:d) are expressed in
different units then if we require to combine these two ratios then it will be
AC:BD
3. if a/b=c/d=e/f then the ratio is equal to a+c+e / b+d+f

Mixtures and allegation

1. Alligation rule
Quantity of cheap = Price of dear – average price
Quantity of dear Average price – price of cheap
2. if a vessel contains ‘a’ litres of liquid A and if ‘b’ litres are withdrawn and
replaced by liquid B then if ‘b’ litres of the mixture is again withdrawn and
replaced by liquid B. the operation is repeated ‘n’ number of times then
Liquid a left in vessel = ((a-b)/a)^n
Initial liquid in vessel

Profit or loss

If the a and b are two successive discounts that have been given then effective
discount rate will (a+b-(ab/100))

Time speed and distance

Km/hr * (5/18) = m/s

Km = 5/8 mile
1. while traveling if a person changes his speed in m:n ratio then the time
taken will also change in n:m ratio
2. if the A to B is traveled in T1 time and a speed and B to A if T2 time and b
speed then the average speed is give by
(2ab) / (a+b) ………. Harmonic mean
Distance is given by (T1+T2) (2ab/(a+b))
Or (T1-T2) (2ab/(a-b))
Or (a-b) (T1T2 / (T1+T2))
3. if two persons start towards each other from different points and arrive at
two points in a hrs and b hrs respectively after having met then ratio of
their speed is given by SQRT (b) / SQRT (a) = a’s speed / b’s speed

Work

1. if A can do a work in x days then 1/xth work is done in one day

2. if A is X times better workman than B then A will take 1/xth time of that
taken by B
3. if A and B do work in X and Y days then they will complete the same work
in XY / (X+Y) days and in one day (X+Y)/ XY days work will be done
4. if A and B can do a piece of work in X days and if A alone will be able to
complete the work in a days more than X and b can in b days more than X
then X2 = ab
5. if a pipe can fill a vessel in x hrs then 1/xth part of the vessel is filled in
one hour
 6. if A pipe is X times bigger than B then A will take 1/X times lesser time
than B
7. if A and B fill the pipe in m and n hours respectively then both will fill the
pipe in MN / (m+n) hours and (m+n) / mn th part of vessel will be filled in
one hour
8. if one inlet pipe fills the vessels in M hrs and other pipe empties the vessel
in N hrs then the vessel will be filled in MN / (N-M) hrs. and (N-M)/MN the
part will be filled
9. if an inlet pipes taken X minutes to fill the cistern and has taken a minutes
longer then the leak will empty the cistern in a*(1+a/x) minutes
10. A and B can fill the cistern in X hrs and A alone will fill the same in a
minutes more than X and b can fill it in b minuted more than X then X=
sqrt (ab)

Clocks and Calendars

a) A dial of the clock is divided into 60 parts each called minute spaces
b) The hour hand goes 5 minute spaces in one hour and minutes hand goes 60
minute spaces in one hour. Thus the minute hand gains 55 minute spaces
over the hour hand in one hour
c) When two hands are in 90 degree they are 15 minute spaces apart. This
occurs twice in an hour.
d) When the two hands are in opposite directions they are 30 minute hands
apart this occurs once in an hour
e) Two hands are in straight line when they coincide or are in opposite directions
f) The angle between the two hands = 6(x-11/12m)
X= hour hand convert into minute spaces i.e.* 5 of the earlier clock
M = the later part of the time i.e. minutes
g) The years that are divisible by 400 are the only ones that are leap year.

When mentioned RST then S will be the top vertices

Numbers
a) ODD +/- ODD = EVEN
b) ODD +/- EVEN = ODD
c) EVEN +/- EVEN = EVEN
d) ODD * ODD = ODD
e) ODD * EVEN = EVEN
f) EVEN * EVEN = EVEN
g) HCF of two numbers is the number that divides both the numbers exactly
h) LCM of two numbers is the number that is divided by both the numbers
exactly
i) HCF*LCM= product of both the numbers
j) HCF of fraction is HCF of the numerators / LCM of denominators
k) LCF of fractions is LCM of numerators and HCF of denominators
l) if three numbers a,b,c are divided by N in such manner that r is the
remainder each time then smallest value of N is LCM of (a,b,c)+r
m) if three numbers a,b,c divide N is such manner that remainders are p,q,r then
if (a-p) = (b-q) = (c-r) then the smallest value of N is LCM of (a,b,c) – (a-p)

Indices
 a) Am * An=A(m+n)
b) Am / An=A(m-n)
c) (Am)n=A(m*n)
d) Nth root of A = A1/n
e) 1/A = A-n
f) AnBn=(AB)n
g) (A+B)2=A2+B2+2ab
h) (A-B)2=A2+B2—2ab
i) (A+B)2-(A-B)2=4AB
j) (A+B)2+ (A-B)2=2(A+B)2

Inequalities

a) If a>b then a+m>b+m

b) If a>b then am>bm for m>0 and am<bm for m<0. whenever inequality is
multiplied by a negative quantity then the sign reverses
c) If a>b then 1/a<1/b

Logarithms

a) Log n A = logm A/logmn

Progressions
a) Arithematic progressions
Sum = (n/2)*[2A+(n-1)d]
= (n/2) * (a+l)
Nth Term = A+(N-1)D
N = number of terms
D is the common differences
A is the first term
L is the last term
b) Geometric progression
Arn-1=Nth Term
Sum = A(1-rn)/(1-r)
Geometric mean = (ab)1/2
c) Harmonic mean = it is the arithmetic mean of reciprocals of numbers
Sum and nth number of harmonic mean is reciprocal of arithmetic mean
Harmonic mean of two numbers is 2ab/(a+b)

Permutation and combination

a) Fundamental principal of addition: if one thing can be done m number of ways
and other thing can be done in n number of ways independent of other. Then
either of them can be done in (m+n) ways
b) Fundamental principal of multiplication: if one thing can be done m number of
ways and other thing can be done in n number of ways independent of other.
Then either of them can be done in (m*n) ways
c) Permutation : permutation of n objects taken r at a time is the arrangement
in a straight line of r objects taken at a time denoted by N!/(N-R)!
d) The number of permutation of n objects taken all at a time = n!
e) The number of permutations of n objects taken all at a time when p of them
are like, q are like = n!/p!q!
 f) Combination is the selection of r objects in n objects. Denoted as N!/(n-r)!r!
g) Number of permutations of n objects taken all at a time in circle (n-1)!
h) When the repetition of allowed then permutation nr

Volumes
a) Triangle :
Area = ½ base * height - universal
Area of equilateral triangle = sqrt(3)/4 side2
b) Rectangle : length * breadth
c) Square : side 2
Diagonal = side * sqrt(2)
Area = ½ product of diagonal
d) Parallelogram : base * height
e) Rhombus: ½ product of diagonals
f) Circle : Area PiR2 Circumference 2PiR
g) Cuboid : is the rectangular solid having 6 faces with all the faces as
rectangles
Volumes : l*b*h
Area for 4 walls : 2 (i+b)* h
Total surface area of cuboid : 2 (lb + bh + lh)
Body diagonals of cuboid : sqrt(l2+b2+h2)
h) Cube
Volume = a3
Total surface area of Cube 6 * a2
i) Cylinder
Volume Pi R2H
Curved surface= 2PiRH
Total surface = 2PiR(R+H)
j) Cone
Volume = 1/3 PiR2h
Curved surface area = PiRL where L=Sqrt (R2+H2)
Total surface area : PiR(R+L)
k) Sphere
Volume : 4/3 PiR3
Surface : 4 Pi R2

Triangle
a) Sum of angles is 180
b) Exterior angle is equal to sum of interior angle non adjacent to it i.e. angles
other than the complementary angle of the exterior angle
c) Sum of any two sides is more than the third side
d) Equilateral triangle is the triangle with all the sides as same
Area = √3/4side2 Height √3/2side
Perimeter = 3Side
e) Right angle triangle
45 -90-45 triangle Hypotenuse = √2 * Side
30-60-90 triangle 30 side = ½ hypotenuse
60 side = (√3/2) hypotenuse
f) If the angles of two triangles are same then they are similar then all the
attributes that they have will have same proportion – heights, sides etc.
Rectangle
a) Diagonals are equal and bisect each other
b) Diagonal = √(a2+b2)
c) Of all the given rectangles of same area or perimeter square will have the
maximum area
Parallelogram
a) Diagonals bisect each other
b) Opposite angles are same
c) Each diagonal divides the parallelogram in triangles of same area
Trapezium
a) Only one pair of opposite side are parallel to each other
b) Area = ½ * (sum of parallel sides) * height
c) Isosceles trapezium is the one that is inscribed in a circle. The oblique sides
are equal. The opposite angles made by oblique sides with the parallel side
are equal.

Circle
a) Tangents drawn from an external side are equal

Some points that can be helpful

1. 2N-1 or 2m+1 is always odd
2. If √N is an integer then N is always an integer
3. N^3-n = N(n-1)(n+1)
4. Think negative also as the maximum traps are account of positive to
negative changes – best input nos 2-,2,3,-2,0.5,-0.5
5. Distance between two points on coordinate is given by the formula
√((A-x)^2+(B-Y)^2)) where x.y and a,b are the pair of coordinates
6.