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Fastener Design Manual

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NASA
Reference
Pu bl ication
1228

1990

Fastener Design Manual

Richard T. Barrett
Lewis Research Center
Cleveland, Ohio

NI\SI\
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
Office of Management
Scientific and Technical
Information Division
 ERRATA

NASA Reference Publication 1228

Fastener Design Manual

Richard T. Barrett

March 1990

The manual describes various platings that may be used for corrosion control including cadmium
and zinc plating. It does not mention outgassing problems caused by the relatively high vapor
pressure of these metals. The fastener manual was intended primarily for aeronautical applica-
tions, where outgassing is typically not a concern.

Issued June 17, 2008

Contents

Page
Summary ............................................................................................................ 1
Introduction ........................................................................................................ .

General Design Information

Fastener Materials .............................................................................................. .
Platings and Coatings . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. 1
Thread Lubricants ................................................................................................ 4
Corrosion .......................................................................................................... 5
Locking Methods ................................................................................................. 6
Washers ............................................................................................................ 9
Inserts ............................. ..................... ................................................. ........... 10
Threads ............................................................................................................. 12
Fatigue-Resistant Bolts .......................................................................................... 13
Fastener Torque .................................... .............................. ................................ 15
Design Criteria ................................................................................................... 17

Rivets and Lockbolts

Rivets ............................................................................................................... 26
Lockbolts . . . . ... ... . ... . .. . . . .. .. . .. . . ... . . .. . ... .. .. . .. .. . . . . ... ... . .. ... . . ... . ... .. . . . .. . .. . . . . . ...... ... . . .... . . 30
General Guidelines for Selecting Rivets and Lockbolts .................................................. 34

References ........................................................................................................... 35

Appendixes
A-Bolthead Marking and Design Data ......................................... ............................ 36
B-Bolt Ultimate Shear and Tensile Strengths ............................................................. 90
C-Blind Rivet Requirements ...................................................... ............................ 94

iii
Summary
This manual was written for design engineers to enable them
to choose appropriate fasteners for their designs. Subject matter
includes fastener material selection, platings, lubricants,
corrosion, locking methods, washers, inserts, thread types and
classes, fatigue loading, and fastener torque. A section on
design criteria covers the derivation of torque formulas, loads
on a fastener group, combining simultaneous shear and tension
loads, pullout load for tapped holes, grip length, head styles,
and fastener strengths. The second half of this manual presents
general guidelines and selection criteria for rivets and
lockbolts.
Introduction
To the casual observer the selection of bolts, nuts, and rivets
for a design should be a simple task. In reality it is a difficult
task, requiring careful consideration of temperature, corrosion,
vibration, fatigue, initial preload, and many other factors.
The intent of this manual is to present enough data on bolt
and rivet materials, finishes, torques, and thread lubricants
to enable a designer to make a sensible selection for a particular
design. Locknuts, washers, locking methods, inserts, rivets,
and tapped holes are also covered.
General Design Information
Fastener Materials
Bolts can be made from many materials, but most bolts are
made of carbon steel, alloy steel, or stainless steel. Stainless
steels include both iron- and nickel-based chromium alloys.
Titanium and aluminum bolts have limited usage, primarily
in the aerospace industry.
Carbon steel is the cheapest and most common bolt material.
Most hardware stores sell carbon steel bolts, which are usually
zinc plated to resist corrosion. The typical ultimate strength
of this bolt material is 55 ksi.
An alloy steel is a high-strength carbon steel that can be heat
treated up to 300 ksi. However, it is not corrosion resistant
and must therefore have some type of coating to protect it from
corrosion. Aerospace alloy steel fasteners are usually cadmium
plated for corrosion protection.
Bolts of stainless steel (CRES) are available in a variety of
alloys with ultimate strengths from 70 to 220 ksi. The major
advantage of using CRES is that it normally requires no
protective coating and has a wider service temperature range
than plain carbon or alloy steels.
A partial listing of bolt materials is given in table I. The
following precautions are to be noted:
(1) The bolt plating material is usually the limiting factor
on maximum service temperature.
(2) Carbon steel and alloy steel are unsatisfactory (become
brittle) at temperatures below -65 OF.
(3) Hydrogen embrittlement is a problem with most
common methods of plating, unless special procedures are
used. (This subject is covered more fully in the corrosion
section.)
(4) Series 400 CRES contains only 12 percent chromium and
thus will corrode in some environments.
(5) The contact of dissimilar materials can create galvanic
corrosion, which can become a major problem. (Galvanic
corrosion is covered in a subsequent section of this manual.)
Platings and Coatings
Most plating processes are electrolytic and generate hydro-
gen. Thus, most plating processes require baking after plating
at a temperature well below the decomposition temperature
of the plating material to prevent hydrogen embrittlement.
However, heating the plating to its decomposition temperature
can generate free hydrogen again. Thus, exceeding the safe
operating temperature of the plating can cause premature
fastener failure due to hydrogen embrittlement as well as loss
of corrosion protection. (A summary of platings and coatings
is given in table II.)
Cadmium Plating
The most common aerospace fastener plating material is
cadmium. Plating is done by electrodeposition and is easy to
accomplish. However, cadmium-plated parts must be baked
at 375 OF for 23 hours, within 2 hours after plating, to prevent
hydrogen embrittlement. Since cadmium melts at 600 OF, its
useful service temperature limit is 450 OF.
 TABLE I.-SUMMARY OF FASTENER MATERIALS

Material Surface Useful design Ultimate tensile Comments

treatment temperature strength at room
limit, temperature,
'F ksi

Carbon steel Zinc plate -65 to 250 55 and up ----------------

Alloy steels Cadmium plate, -65 to Up to 300 Some can Ix:
nickel plate, limiting used at 900 'F
zinc plate, or temperature
chromium plate of plating
A- 286 stainless Passivated per -423 to 1200 Up to 220 ----------------
MIL-S-5002
17-4PH None -300 to 600 Up to 220 ----------------
stainless

17-7PH Passivated -200 to 600 Up to 220 ----------------

stainless
300 series Furnace oxidized -423 to 800 70 to 140 Oxidation reduces
stainless galling
410, 416, and Passivated -250 to 1200 Up to 180 47 ksi at 1200 OF;
430 stainless will corrode
slightly
U-212 stainless Cleaned and 1200 185 140 ksi at 1200 OF
passivated per
MIL-S-5002
Inconel 718 Passivated per -423 to 900 Up to 220 ----------------
stainless QQ-P-35 or or cadmium
cadmium plated plate limit
Inconel X-750 None -320 to 1200 Up to 180 136 ksi at 1200 OF
stainless
Waspalloy None -423 to 1600 ISO ----------------
stainless

Titanium None -350 to 500 Up to 160 ----------------

Zinc Plating zinc, iron, and manganese. Phosphate-coated parts can be

Zinc is also a common type of plating. The hot-dip method
of zinc plating is known commercially as galvanizing. Zinc
can also be electrodeposited. Because zinc plating has a dull
finish, it is less pleasing in appearance than cadmium.
However, zinc is a sacrificial material. It will migrate to
uncoated areas that have had their plating scratched off, thus
continuing to provide corrosion resistance. Zinc may also be
applied cold as a zinc-rich paint. Zinc melts at 785 OF but has
a useful service temperature limit of 250 of. (Its corrosion-
inhibiting qualities degrade above 140 ° F.)
Phosphate Coatings
Steel or iron is phosphate coated by treating the material
surface with a diluted solution of phosphoric acid, usually by
submerging the part in a proprietary bath. The chemical
reaction forms a mildly protective layer of crystalline
phosphate. The three principal types of phosphate coatings are
readily painted, or they can be dipped in oil or wax to improve
their corrosion resistance. Fasteners are usually phosphated
with either zinc or manganese. Hydrogen embrittlement
seldom is present in phosphated parts. Phosphate coatings start
deteriorating at 225 OF (for heavy zinc) to 400 OF (for iron
phosphate).
Nickel Plating
Nickel plating, with or without a copper strike (thin plating),
is one of the oldest methods of preventing corrosion and
improving the appearance of steel and brass. Nickel plating
will tarnish unless it is followed by chromium plating. Nickel
plating is a more expensive process than cadmium or zinc
plating and also must be baked the same as cadmium after
plating to prevent hydrogen embrittlement. Nickel plating is
good to an operating temperature of 1100 OF, but is still not
frequently used for plating fasteners because of its cost.

2
 TABLE H.-SUMMARY OF PLATINGS AND COATINGS Chromium Plating

Type of coating Useful design Remarks Chromium plating is commonly used for automotive and
temperature limit, appliance decorative applications, but it is not common for
of fasteners. Chromium-plated fasteners cost approximately as
much as stainless steel fasteners. Good chromium plating
Cadmium 450 Most common for aerospace
fasteners
requires both copper and nickel plating prior to chromium
plating. Chromium plating also has hydrogen embrittlement
Zinc 140 to 250 Self-healing and cheaper
problems. However, it is acceptable for maximum operating
than cadmium
temperatures of 800 to 1200 OF.
Phosphates:
Manganese 225 Mildly corrosion resistant
Zinc 225 to 375 but main use is for surface Sermatel Wand SermaGard
Iron 400 treatment prior to painting.
Another use is with oil or
Sermatel Wand SermaGard are proprietary coatings I
wax for deterring corrosion. consisting of aluminum particles in an inorganic binder with
chromates added to inhibit corrosion. The coating material is
Chromium 800 to 1200 Too expensive for most
applications other than
covered by AMS3126A, and the procedure for applying it by
decorative AMS2506. The coating is sprayed or dipped on the part and
cured at 650 OF. (sps Technologies 2 has tested Sermatel W-
Silver 1600 Most expensive coating
coated fasteners at 900 OF without degradation.) This coating
Black oxide 3300 Ineffective in corrosion process prevents both hydrogen embrittlement and stress
(and oil) prevention
corrosion, since the fastener is completely coated. Sermatel
Preoxidation 1200 Prevents freeze-up of CRES is about as effective as cadmium plating in resisting corrosion
(CRES) fasteners threads due to oxidation but costs about 15 percent more than cadmium. Fasteners are
only after installation
not presently available "off the shelf' with Sermatel Wor
Nickel 1100 More expensive than cadmium SermaGard coating, but the company will do small orders for
or zinc fasteners or mechanical parts. These coatings will take up to
SermaGard and 450 to 1000 Dispersed aluminum particles 15 disassemblies in a threaded area without serious coating
Sermatel W with chromates in a water- degradation.
based ceramic base coat

Stalgard 475 Proprietary organic and/or Stalgard

organic-inorganic compound
used for corrosion resistance
and lubrication (in some cases)
Diffused nickel- 900 Expensive and requires close
cadmium control to avoid hydrogen
damage
"Oil boiling point.
Stalgard is a proprietary coating 3 process consisting of
organic coatings, inorganic-organic coatings, or both for
corrosion resistance. According to Stalgard test data their
coatings are superior to either cadmium or zinc plating in salt-
spray and weathering tests. Stalgard coatings also provide
galvanic corrosion protection. However, the maximum
operating temperature of these organic coatings is 475 OF.

lon-Vapor-Deposited Aluminum Plating Diffused Nickel-Cadmium Plating

Ion-vapor-deposited aluminum plating was developed by
McDonnell-Douglas for coating aircraft parts. It has some
advantages over cadmium plating:
(1) It creates no hydrogen embrittlement.
(2) It insulates against galvanic corrosion of dissimilar
materials.
(3) The coating is acceptable up to 925 OF.
(4) It can also be used for coating titanium and aluminums.
(5) No toxic byproducts are formed by the process.
It also has some disadvantages:
(1) Because the process must be done in a specially designed
vacuum chamber, it is quite expensive.
(2) Cadmium will outperform ion-vapor-deposited aluminum
in a salt-spray test.
This process was developed by the aerospace companies for
a higher temperature cadmium coating. A O.OOO4-in.-thick
nickel coating is plated on the substrate, followed by a
0.OOO2-in.-thick. cadmium plate (per AMS2416). The part is
then baked for 1 hour at 645 OF. The resulting coating can
withstand 1000 °F. However, the nickel plate must completely
cover the part at all times to avoid cadmium damage to the
part. This process is expensive and requires close control.
ISermatech International, Inc., Limerick, Pennsylvania.
2Jenkintown, Pennsylvania.
3Elco Industries, Rockford, Illinois.

3
Silver Plating TABLE IlL-SUMMARY OF THREAD LUBRICANTS

Silver plating is cost prohibitive for most fastener applica- Type of lubricant Useful design Remarks
tions. The big exception is in the aerospace industry, where temperature
silver-plated nuts are used on stainless steel bolts. The silver limit,
OF
serves both as a corrosion deterrent and a dry lubricant. Silver
plating can be used to 1600 OF, and thus it is a good high- Oil or grease 250 Most common; cannot be used in
temperature lubricant. Since silver tarnishes from normal vacuum
atmospheric exposure, the silver-plated nuts are commonly
Graphite a212 to 250 Cannot be used in vacuum
coated with clear wax to prevent tarnishing. Wax is a good
room-temperature lubricant. Therefore, the normal "dry Molybdenum 750 Can be used in vacuum
disulfide
torque" values of the torque tables should be reduced by
50 percent to allow for this lubricant. Synergistic 500 Can be used in vacuum
Coatings

Passivation and Preoxidation Neverseez 2200 Because oil boils off, must be
applied after each high-
Stainless steel fasteners will create galvanic corrosion or temperature application
oxidation in a joint unless they are passivated or preoxidized Silver Goop 1500 Do not use on aluminum or
prior to assembly (ref. 1). Passivation is the formation of a magnesium parts; extremely
protective oxide coating on the steel by treating it briefly with expensive
an acid. The oxide coating is almost inert. Preoxidization is Thread-locking 275 "Removable fastener" compounds
the formation of an oxide coating by exposing the fasteners compounds only
to approximately 1300 OF temperature in an air furnace. The aCarrier boiloff temperature.
surface formed is inert enough to prevent galling due to
galvanic corrosion.
Graphite
"Dry" graphite is really not dry. It is fine carbon powder
Black Oxide Coating
that needs moisture (usually oil or water) to become a
Black oxide coating, combined with an oil film, does little lubricant. Therefore, its maximum operating temperature is
more than enhance the appearance of carbon steel fasteners. limited to the boiling point of the oil or water. It also cannot
The oil film is the only part of the coating that prevents be used in a vacuum environment without losing its moisture.
corrosIOn. Because dry graphite is an abrasive, its use is detrimental to
the bolted joint if the preceding limitations are exceeded.

Thread Lubricants
Although there are many thread lubricants from which to
choose, only a few common ones are covered here. The most
common are oil, grease or wax, graphite, and molybdenum
disulfide. There are also several proprietary lubricants such
as Never-Seez and Synergistic Coatings. Some thread-locking
compounds such as Loctite can also be used as lubricants for
a bolted assembly, particularly the compounds that allow the
bolts to be removed. A summary of thread lubricants is given
in table III.
Oil and Grease
Although oil and grease are the most common types of thread
lubricants, they are limited to an operating temperature not
much greater than 250 OF. (Above this temperature the oil
or grease will melt or boil off.) In addition, oil cannot be used
in a vacuum environment. However, oil and grease are good
for both lubrication and corrosion prevention as long as these
precautions are observed.
Molybdenum Disulfide
Molybdenum disulfide is one of the most popular dry
lubricants. It can be used in a vacuum environment but
turns to molybdenum trisulfide at approximately 750 OF.
Molybdenum trisulfide is an abrasive rather than a lubricant.
Synergistic Coatings
These proprietary coatings 4 are a type of fluorocarbon
injected and baked into a porous metal-matrix coating to give
both corrosion prevention and lubrication. However, the
maximum operating temperature given in their sales literature
is 500 OF. Synergistic Coatings will also operate in a vacuum
environment.
Neverseez
This proprietary compound 5 is a petroleum-base lubricant
and anticorrodent that is satisfactory as a one-time lubricant
4General Magnaplate Corporation, Ventura, California.
5Bostic Emhart, Broadview, Illinois.

4
up to 2200 of, according to the manufacturer. The oil boils (20) Inconel (active)
off, but the compound leaves nongalling oxides of nickel, (21 ) Yellow brass
copper, and zinc between the threads. This allows the fastener (22) Admiralty brass
to be removed, but a new application is required each time (23) Aluminum brass
the fastener is installed. NASA Lewis personnel tested this (24) Red brass
compound and found it to be satisfactory. (25) Copper
(26) Silicon bronze
Silver Goop (27) 70-30 Copper-nickel
(28) Nickel (passive)
Silver Goop is a proprietary compound 6 containing 20 to (29) Inconel (passive)
30 percent silver. Silver Goop can be used to 1500 OF, but (30) Titanium
it is not to be used on aluminum or magnesium. It is extremely (31) Monel
expensive because of its silver content. (32) Type 304 stainless (passive)
(33) Type 316 stainless (passive)
Thread-Locking Compounds (34) Silver
Some of the removable thread-locking compounds (such as (35) Graphite
Loctite) also serve as antigalling and lubricating substances. (36) Gold (least active)
However, they are epoxies, which have a maximum operating Note the difference between active and passive 304 and 316
temperature of approximately 275 OF. stainless steels. The difference here is that passivation of
stainless steels is done either by oxidizing in an air furnace
or treating the surface with an acid to cause an oxide to form.
Corrosion This oxide surface is quite inert in both cases and deters
galvanic activity.
Galvanic Corrosion Because the anode is eroded in a galvanic cell, it should be
Galvanic corrosion is set up when two dissimilar metals are the larger mass in the cell. Therefore, it is poor design practice
in the presence of an electrolyte, such as moisture. A galvanic to use carbon steel fasteners in a stainless steel or copper
cell is created and the most acti ve (anode) of the two materials assembly. Stainless steel fasteners can be used in carbon steel
is eroded and deposited on the least active (cathode). Note that assemblies, since the carbon steel mass is the anode.
the farther apart two materials are in the following list, the Magnesium is frequently used in lightweight designs because
greater the galvanic action between them. of its high strength to weight ratio. However, it must be totally
According to reference 2 the galvanic ranking of some insulated from fasteners by an inert coating such as zinc
common engineering materials is as follows: chromate primer to prevent extreme galvanic corrosion.
Cadmium- or zinc-plated fasteners are closest to magnesium
(1) Magnesium (most active) in the galvanic series and would be the most compatible if the
(2) Magnesium alloys insulation coating were damaged.
(3) Zinc
(4) Aluminum 5056
(5) Aluminum 5052 Stress Corrosion
(6) Aluminum 1100 Stress corrosion occurs when a tensile-stressed part is placed
(7) Cadmium in a corrosive environment. An otherwise ductile part will fail
(8) Aluminum 2024 at a stress much lower than its yield strength because of surface
(9) Aluminum 7075 imperfections (usually pits or cracks) created by the corrosive
(10) Mild steel environment. In general, the higher the heat-treating temper-
(11) Cast iron ature of the material (and the lower the ductility), the more
(12) Ni-Resist susceptible it is to stress corrosion cracking.
(13) Type 410 stainless (active) The fastener material manufacturers have been forced to
(14) Type 304 stainless (active) develop alloys that are less sensitive to stress corrosion. Of
(15) Type 316 stainless (active) the stainless steels, A286 is the best fastener material for
(16) Lead aerospace usage. It is not susceptible to stress corrosion but
(17) Tin usually is produced only up to 160-ksi strength (220-ksi A286
(18) Muntz Metal fasteners are available on special order). The higher strength
(19) Nickel (active) stainless steel fasteners (180 to 220 ksi) are usually made of
17-7PH or 17-4PH, which are stress corrosion susceptible.
Fasteners made of superalloys such as Inconel 718 or MP35N
6Swagelok Company, Solon, Ohio. are available if cost and schedule are not restricted.

5
 An alternative is to use a high-strength carbon steel (such Locking Methods
as H-II tool steel with an ultimate tensile strength of 300 ksi)
and provide corrosion protection. However, it is preferable Tapped Holes
to use more fasteners of the ordinary variety and strength, if In a tapped hole the locking technique is normally on the
possible, than to use a few high-strength fasteners. High- fastener. One notable exception is the Spiralock 7 tap shown
strength fasteners (greater than 180 ksi) bring on problems in figure 1. The Spiralock thread form has a 30° wedge ramp
such as brittleness, critical flaws, forged heads, cold rolling at its root. Under clamp load the crests of the male threads
of threads, and the necessity for stringent quality control are wedged tightly against the ramp. This makes lateral
procedures. Quality control procedures such as x-ray, dye movement, which causes loosening under vibration, nearly
penetrant, magnetic particle, thread radius, and head radius impossible. Independent tests by some of the aerospace
inspections are commonly used for high-strength fasteners. companies have indicated that this type of thread is satisfactory
for moderate resistance to vibration. The bolt can have a
Hydrogen Embrittlement standard thread, since the tapped hole does all the locking.
Hydrogen embrittlement occurs whenever there is free
hydrogen in close association with the metal. Since most Locknuts
plating processes are the electrolytic bath type, free hydrogen There are various types of locking elements, with the
is present. There are three types of hydrogen-metal problems: common principle being to bind (or wedge) the nut thread to
(1) Hydrogen chemical reaction: Hydrogen reacts with the the bolt threads. Some of the more common locknuts are
carbon in steel to form methane gas, which can lead to crack covered here.
development and strength reduction. Hydrogen can also react Split beam.- The split-beam locknut (fig. 2) has slots in the
with alloying elements such as titanium, niobium, or tantalum top, and the thread diameter is undersized in the slotted
to form hydrides. Because the hydrides are not as strong as portion. The nut spins freely until the bolt threads get to the
the parent alloy, they reduce the overall strength of the part. slotted area. The split "beam" segments are deflected outward
(2) Internal hydrogen embrittlement: Hydrogen can remain by the bolt, and a friction load results from binding of the
in solution interstitially (between lattices in the grain structure) mating threads.
and can cause delayed failures after proof testing. There is
no external indication that the hydrogen is present. Wedge ramps resist
(3) Hydrogen environment embrittlement: This problem is transverse movement
only present in a high-pressure hydrogen environment such
as a hydrogen storage tank. Unless a fastener was under stress
inside such a pressure vessel, this condition would not be
present.
Most plating specifications now state that a plated carbon
steel fastener "shall be baked for not less than 23 hours at
375 ± 25 OF within 2 hours after plating to provide hydrogen
embrittlement relief" (per MIL-N-25027D). In the past the
plating specifications required baking at 375 ± 25 OF for only Figure 1. -Spiralock thread.
3 hours within 4 hours after plating. This treatment was found
to be inadequate, and most plating specifications were revised
in 1981-82 to reflect the longer baking time. Hydrogen
embrittlement problems also increase as the fastener strength
increases.
Full-height,
heavy-duty hex
Cadmium Embrittlement
Although hydrogen embrittlement failure of materials is well
documented (ref. 3), the effects of cadmium embrittIement are
Figure 2.-Split-beam locknut.
not. In general, hydrogen embrittlement failure of cadmium-
plated parts can start as low as 325 OF, but cadmium
embrittlement can start around 400 OF. Since both elements
are normally present in elevated-temperature failure of
cadmium-plated parts, the combined effect of the two can be
disastrous. However, the individual effect of each is 7Distributed by Detroit Tap & Tool Company, Detroit, Michigan, through
indeterminate. license from H.D. Holmes.

6
 r Nylok pellet

-0- ,/

I
Out-of-round

... creates ~
self-locking I
Barrel returns
upper barrel. ..~ elliptical shape
t~ (~,'
I
LNut
IfJ
Figure 4.-Nylok pellet locknut.
action

!
on bolt

!
Collar

I I

(a) (b) (c)

(a) Before assembly.

(b) Assembled.
(c) After withdrawal.
Figure 3.-Deformed-thread locknut.
Figure 5.-Locking collar.

Deformed thread.- The deformed-thread locknut (fig. 3) , Cotter

/ pin
is a common locknut, particularly in the aerospace industry. ~~;R\

Its advantages are as follows:

(1) The nut can be formed in one operation.
(2) The temperature range is limited only by the parent
metal, its plating, or both.
(3) The nut can be reused approximately 10 times before
it has to be discarded for loss of locking capability.
Nylok pellet.- The Nylok 8 pellet (of nylon) is usually
installed in the nut threads as shown in figure 4. A pellet or
patch projects from the threads. When mating threads engage,
compression creates a counterforce that results in locking
contact. The main drawback of this pellet is that its maximum
operating temperature is approximately 250 OF. The nylon
pellet will also be damaged quickly by reassembly.
Locking collar and seal.-A fiber or nylon washer is
mounted in the top of the nut as shown in figure 5. The collar
has an interference fit such that it binds on the bolt threads.
It also provides some sealing action from gas and moisture
leakage. Once again the limiting feature of this nut is the
approximate 250 OF temperature limit of the locking collar.
A cost-saving method sometimes used instead of a collar
or nylon pellet is to bond a nylon patch on the threads of either
the nut or the bolt to get some locking action. This method
is also used on short thread lengths, where a drilled hole for
a locking pellet could cause severe stress concentration.
Castellated nut.- The castellated nut normally has six slots
as shown in figure 6(a). The bolt has a single hole through
its threaded end. The nut is torqued to its desired torque value.
It is then rotated forward or backward (depending on the user's
8Nylok Fastener Corporation, Rochester, Michigan.
(a) (b)
(a) Slots.
(b) Cotter pin locking.
Figure 6.-Castellated nut.
preference) to the nearest slot that aligns with the drilled hole
in the bolt. A cotter pin is then installed to lock the nut in
place as shown in figure 6(b). This nut works extremely well
for low-torque applications such as holding a wheel bearing
in place.
Jam nuts.- These nuts are normally "jammed" together
as shown in figure 7, although the "experts" cannot agree
on which nut should be on the bottom. However, this type
of assembly is too unpredictable to be reliable. If the inner
nut is torqued tighter than the outer nut, the inner nut will yield
before the outer nut can pick up its full load. On the other
hand, if the outer nut is tightened more than the inner nut,
the inner nut unloads. Then the outer nut will yield before the
inner nut can pick up its full load. It would be rare to get the
correct amount of torque on each nut. A locknut is a much
more practical choice than a regular nut and a jam nut.
However, a jam nut can be used on a turnbuckle, where it
does not carry any of the tension load.

7
 ~Jam
>--~_9-</ nut
Figure 7.-Jam nut.
Figure 8.-Durlock nut.
Serrated-face nut (or bolthead).- The serrated face of this
nut (shown in fig. 8) digs into the bearing surface during final
tightening. This means that it cannot be used with a washer
or on surfaces where scratches or corrosion could be a
problem.
According to sps Technologies, their serrated-face bolts
(Durlock 180) require 110 percent of tightening torque to
loosen them. Their tests on these bolts have shown them to
have excellent vibration resistance.
Lockwiring.-Although lockwiring is a laborious method
of preventing bolt or nut rotation, it is still used in critical
applications, particularly in the aerospace field. The nuts
usually have drilled corners, and the bolts either have
throughholes in the head or drilled corners to thread the
lockwire through. A typical bolthead lockwiring assembly is
shown in figure 9(a), and a typical nut lockwiring assembly
is shown in figure 9(b).
Easy 4~:::ii
start
Figure 10.-Tapered thread.
8
(a)
(b)
(a) Multiple fastener application (double-twist method, single hole).
(b) Castellated nuts on undrilled studs (double-twist method).
Figure 9.-Lockwiring.
Direct interfering thread.-A direct interfering thread has
an oversized root diameter that gives a slight interference fit
between the mating threads. It is commonly used on threaded
studs for semipermanent installations, rather than on bolts and
nuts, since the interference fit does damage the threads.
Tapered thread. - The tapered thread is a variation of the
direct interfering thread, but the difference is that the minor
diameter is tapered to interfere on the last three or four threads
of a nut or bolt as shown in figure 10.
Nutplates.-A nutplate (fig. 11) is normally used as a blind
nut. They can be fixed or floating. In addition, they can have
Locking
action Total
starts seal
and
locking
action
 (a) (b)
(a) Fixed.
(b) Floating.
Figure l1.-Nutplate.

most of the locking and sealing features of a regular nut.
Nutplates are usually used on materials too thin to tap. They
are used primarily by the aerospace companies, since their
installation is expensive. At least three drilled holes and two
rivets are required for each nutplate installation.
Locking Adhesives
Many manufacturers make locking adhesives (or epoxies)
for locking threads. Most major manufacturers make several
grades of locking adhesive, so that the frequency of
disassembly can be matched to the locking capability of the
adhesive. For example, Loctite 242 is for removable fasteners,
and Loctite 271 9 is for tamperproof fasteners. Other
manufacturers such as Bostik, NO Industries, Nylock, 3M, and
Permaloc make similar products.
Most of these adhesives work in one of two ways. They are
either a single mixture that hardens when it becomes a thin
layer in the absence of air or an epoxy in two layers that does
not harden until it is mixed and compressed between the mating
threads. Note that the two-layer adhesives are usually put on
the fastener as a "ribbon" or ring by the manufacturer. These
ribbons or rings do have some shelf life, as long as they are
not inadvertently mixed or damaged.
These adhesives are usually effective as thread sealers as
well. However, none o/them will take high temperatures. The
best adhesives will function at 450 OF; the worst ones will
function at only 200 of.
combinations as shown in figure 13 to either increase the total
spring length (figs. 13(a) and (c» or increase the spring
constant (fig. 13(b».
Lockwashers
The typical helical spring washer shown in figure 14 is made
of slightly trapezoidal wire formed into a helix of one coil so
that the free height is approximately twice the thickness of the
washer cross section. They are usually made of hardened
carbon steel, but they are also available in aluminum, silicon,
bronze, phosphor-bronze, stainless steel, and K-Monel.
The lockwasher serves as a spring while the bolt is being
tightened. However, the washer is normally flat by the time
the bolt is fully torqued. At this time it is equivalent to a solid
flat washer, and its locking ability is nonexistent. In summary,
a lockwasher of this type is useless for locking.
o.d. T
hi

Washers
Belleville Washers
Belleville washers (fig. 12) are conical washers used more
for maintaining a uniform tension load on a bolt than for
locking. If they are not completely flattened out, they serve
as a spring in the bolt joint. However, unless they have
serrations on their surfaces, they have no significant locking
capability. Of course, the serrations will damage the mating
surfaces under them. These washers can be stacked in (a) Smooth.
(b) Serrated.
9Loctite Corporation, Newington, Connecticut. Figure 12.-Types of Belleville washers.

9
 (a)
(a) In series.
(b) In paralleL
(c) In-parallel series.
Figure I3.-Combinations of Belleville washers.
Figure 14.-Helical spring washers.
Tooth (or Star) Lockwashers
Tooth lockwashers (fig. 15) are used with screws and nuts
for some spring action but mostly for locking action. The teeth
are formed in a twisted configuration with sharp edges. One
edge bites into the bolthead (or nut) while the other edge bites
into the mating surface. Although this washer does provide
some locking action, it damages the mating surfaces. These
scratches can cause crack formation in highly stressed
fasteners, in mating parts, or both, as well as increased
corrosion susceptibility.
Self-Aligning Washers
A self-aligning washer is used with a mating nut that has
conical faces as shown in figure 16. Because there is both a
weight penalty and a severe cost penalty for using this nut,
it should be used only as a last resort. Maintaining parallel
0
mating surfaces within acceptable limits (2 per SAE Handbook
(ref. 4» is normally the better alternative.
10
(a) (b)
(a) Flat.
(b) Countersunk.
Figure 15.-Tooth lockwashers.
L
So maximum misalignment of nut and
bearing surface at assembly
Figure 16.-Self-aligning nut.
Inserts
An insert is a special type of device that is threaded on its
inside diameter and locked with threads or protrusions on its
outside diameter in a drilled, molded, or tapped hole. It is used
to provide a strong, wear-resistant tapped hole in a soft material
such as plastic and nonferrous materials, as well as to repair
stripped threads in a tapped hole.
The aerospace industry uses inserts in tapped holes in soft
materials in order to utilize small high-strength fasteners to
save weight. The bigger external thread of the insert (nominally
1/8 in. bigger in diameter than the internal thread) gives, for
example, a 10-32 bolt in an equivalent 5/16-18 nut.
In general, there are two types of inserts: those that are
threaded externally, and those that are locked by some method
other than threads (knurls, serrations, grooves, or interference
fit). Within the threaded inserts there are three types: the wire
thread, the self-tapping, and the solid bushing.
Threaded Inserts
Wire thread.- The wire thread type of insert (Heli-coil lO)
IOEmhart Fastening Systems Group, Heli-Coil Division, Danbury,
Connecticut.
 (a) (b)

(a) Slotted.
(b) NyJok.
Figure 19.-Self-tapping inserts.

Figure l7.-Wire thread insert installation.
locking combinations, such as the Nylok plug (fig. 19(b)) or
the thread-forming Speedsertll deformed thread (fig. 20). An
additional advantage of the thread-forming insert is that it
generates no cutting chips, since it does not cut the threads.
However, it can only be used in softer materials.

-t
D

1
T± D
L

~
(a) (b)

(a) Free running.

J
(b) Locking.
Figure IS.-Wire thread insert types.

is a precision coil of diamond-shaped CRES wire that forms

both external and internal threads as shown in figure 17. The
coil is made slightly oversize so that it will have an interference
fit in the tapped hole. In addition, this insert is available with
a deformed coil (fig. 18) for additional locking. The tang is
1
o.d.
broken off at the notch after installation.
The wire thread insert is the most popular type for repair
of a tapped hole with stripped threads, since it requires the )
least amount of hole enlargement. However, the solid bushing
insert is preferred if space permits.
Self-tapping.-Most of the self-tapping inserts are the solid Figure 20.-Speedsert.
bushing type made with a tapered external thread similar to
a self-tapping screw (fig. 19). There are several different lIRexnord Specialty Fasteners Division, Torrance, California.

11
 Solid bushing.-Solid bushing inserts have conventional
threads both internally and externally. A popular type is the
Keensert ll shown in figure 21. The locking keys are driven
in after the insert is in place. Another manufacturer uses a
two-prong ring for locking. These inserts are also available
with distorted external thread or Nylok plugs for locking.
Nonthreaded Inserts
Plastic expandable. - The most familiar of the nonthreaded
inserts is the plastic expandable type shown in figure 22. This
insert has barbs on the outside and longitudinal slits that allow
it to expand outward as the threaded fastener is installed,
pushing the barbs into the wall of the drilled hole. (See ref. 5.)
Molded in place.- This type of insert (fig. 23) is knurled
or serrated to resist both pullout and rotation. It is commonly
used with ceramics, rubber, and plastics, since it can develop
higher resistance to both pullout and rotation in these materials
than self-tapping or conventionally threaded inserts. (See
ref. 5.)
Ultrasonic.-Ultrasonic inserts (fig. 24) have grooves in
various directions to give them locking strength. They are
installed in a prepared hole by pushing them in while they are
being ultrasonically vibrated. The ultrasonic vibration melts
the wall of the hole locally so that the insert grooves are
"welded" in place. Since the area melted is small, these inserts
do not have the holding power of those that are molded in
place. Ultrasonic inserts are limited to use in thermoplastics.
(See ref. 5.)
Figure 21.-Keensert.
Figure 22.-Plastic expandable insert.
12
Figure 23.-Molded-in-place insert.
Figure 24.-Ultrasonic inserts.
Threads
Types of Threads
Since complete information on most threads can be found
in the ANSI standards (ref. 6), the SAE Handbook (ref. 4), and
the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly
the National Bureau of Standards) Handbook H-28 (ref. 7)
no thread standards will be included in this handbook. The
goal here is to explain the common thread types, along with
their advantages and disadvantages. The common thread types
are unified national coarse (UNC), unified national fine (UNF),
unified national extra fine (UNEF), UNJC, UNJF, UNR, UNK,
and constant-pitch threads.
Unified national coarse.-UNC is the most commonly used
thread on general-purpose fasteners. Coarse threads are deeper
than fine threads and are easier to assemble without cross
threading. The manufacturing tolerances can be larger than
for finer threads, allowing for higher plating tolerances. UNC
threads are normaIly easier to remove when corroded, owing
to their sloppy fit. However, a UNC fastener can be procured
with a class 3 (tighter) fit if needed (classes to be covered later).
Unified national fine.-uNF thread has a larger minor
diameter than UNC thread, which gives UNF fasteners slightly
higher load-carrying and better torque-locking capabilities than
UNC fasteners of the same identical material and outside
diameter. The fine threads have tighter manufacturing
tolerances than UNC threads, and the smaller lead angle allows
for finer tension adjustment. UNF threads are the most widely
used threads in the aerospace industry.
Unified national extra fine.-uNEF is a still finer type of
thread than UNF and is common to the aerospace field. This
thread is particularly advantageous for tapped holes in hard
materials and for thin threaded walls, as well as for tapped
holes in thin materials.
 UNJC and UNJF threads.-"J" threads are made in both
external and internal forms. The external thread has a much
larger root radius than the corresponding UNC, UNR, UNK, or
UNF threads. This radius is mandatory and its inspection is
required, whereas no root radius is required on UNC, UNF,
or UNEF threads. Since the larger root radius increases the
minor diameter, a UNJF or UNJC fastener has a larger net tensile
area than a corresponding UNF or UNC fastener. This root
radius also gives a smaller stress concentration factor in the
threaded section. Therefore, high-strength (~ 180 ksi) bolts
usually have "J" threads.
UNR threads.- The UNR external thread is a rolled UN
thread in all respects except that the root radius must be
rounded. However, the root radius and the minor diameter
are not checked or toleranced. There is no internal UNR thread.
UNK threads.- The UNK external threads are similar to UNR
threads, except that the root radius and the minor diameter
are toleranced and inspected. There is no internal UNK thread.
According to a survey of manufacturers conducted by the
Industrial Fasteners Institute, nearly all manufacturers of
externally threaded fasteners make UNR rolled threads rather
than plain UN. The only exception is for ground or cut threads.
Constant-pitch threads.- These threads offer a selection of
pitches that can be matched with various diameters to fit a
particular design. This is a common practice for bolts of I-in.
diameter and above, with the pitches of 8, 12, or 16 threads
per inch being the most common.
A graphical and tabular explanation of UN, UNR, UNK, and
UNJ threads is given on page M-6 of reference 8. A copy
(fig. 25) is enclosed here for reference.
Classes of Threads
Thread classes are distinguished from each other by the
amounts of tolerance and allowance. The designations run from
lA to 3A and IB to 3B for external and internal threads,
respectively. A class 1 is a looser fitting, general-purpose
thread; a class 3 is the closer-toleranced aerospace standard
thread. (The individual tolerances and sizes for the various
classes are given in the SAE Handbook (ref 4).)
Forming of Threads
Threads may be cut, hot rolled, or cold rolled. The most
common manufacturing method is to cold form both the head
and the threads for bolts up to 1 in. in diameter. For bolts
above I-in. diameter and high-strength smaller bolts, the heads
are hot forged. The threads are still cold rolled until the bolt
size prohibits the material displacement necessary to form the
threads (up to a constant pitch of eight threads per inch).
Threads are cut only at assembly with taps and dies or by lathe
cutting.
Cold rolling has the additional advantage of increasing the
strength of the bolt threads through the high compressive
surface stresses, similar to the effects of shot peening. This
process makes the threads more resistant to fatigue cracking.
Fatigue-Resistant Bolts
If a bolt is cycled in tension, it will normally break near
the end of the threaded portion because this is the area of
maximum stress concentration. In order to lessen the stress
concentration factor, the bolt shank can be machined down
to the root diameter of the threads. Then it will survive tensile
cyclic loading much longer than a standard bolt with the shank
diameter equal to the thread outside diameter.
Fatigue (Cyclic) Loading of Bolts
The bolted joint in figure 26 (from ref. 9) is preloaded with
an initial load Fi , which equals the clamping load Fe> before
the external load Fe is applied. The equation (from ref. 11)
for this assembly is
where Fb is the total bolt load. In this equation Kb is the
spring constant of the bolt and Ke is the spring constant of the
clamped faces. To see the effects of the relative spring
constants, let R = Kef Kb. Then (from ref. 10)
Fb = Fi + (_1_)
}+R
Fe
In a normal clamped joint Ke is much larger than Kb
(R "'" 5.0 for steel bolt and flanges), so that the bolt load does
not increase much as the initial external load Fe is applied.
(Note that the bolt load does not increase significantly until
Fe exceeds F;.)
In order to further clarify the effect of externally applied
loads, a series of triangular diagrams (fig. 27, from ref. 11)
can be used to illustrate loading conditions.
Triangle OAB is identical in all four diagrams. The slope
of OA represents the bolt stiffness; the slope of AB represents
the joint stiffness Goint is stiffer than bolt by ratio OC/CB.)
In figure 27(a) the externally applied load Fe(a) does not
load the bolt to its yield point. In figure 27(b) the bolt is loaded
by Fe (b) to its yield point, with the corresponding decrease
in clamping load to FeL . In figure 27(c) external load Fe(c)
has caused the bolt to take a permanent elongation such that
the clamping force will be less than Fi when Fe (c) is
removed. In figure 27(d) the joint has completely separated
on its way to bolt failure.
Note that the flatter the slope of OA (or the larger the ratio
OC/OB becomes), the smaller the effect Fe has on bolt load.
Therefore, using more smaller-diameter fasteners rather than
a few large-diameter fasteners will give a more fatigue-resistant
joint.
Referring to figure 27(a), note that the cyclic (alternating)
load is that portion above Fi . This is the alternating load
13
 This I>-oe is not a IOC'_ <h.eed standard, .nould not ba used _ a wort.ine .neet, and Ihould oniV • ., •• <he • ..0-
ar lID the 1>101>- ANSI Standard. document wherein Ihe lull 1h.1OIId detail. on wort.in9 deta a.e contained.

60· SCREW THREAD NOMINAL FORMS (SEE ANSI STANDARDS FOR FURTHER DETAILS)

THREAD
IDENTIFICATION UN lliREADS UNR lliREADS UNK THREADS UNJ THREADS

Internal and Ccternol Exlernol Only Externo~ Only Internol and E;dernol

Unified Screw Threads

BI.I-1960 SeePage
UnIfied Screw Threads
M--71 Metric Translation
BI.I-1960'Se"Pagc
ANSI' BI.lo-1968 ,Draft! 'Droit: Bl 15 lor Form
M-7! Metric Translatton
STANDARDS 81 10-1968 UNR Addendum '0 iDra/.1 61.1J lor Form and Conformance :No
DOCUMENTS 61.1-1960 'See Page and Contocmance Radius Requlfed on
M-191 Internal Thread.
Gages and Gaging for
Unified Screw Threads
Gages ar,d Gaging for
81.2-1966
Unifie-d Sc·re ...... Threads
61.2-1966

External Thread Root External Thread Root Ede'no! Thread Roof

EXTERNAL Edernai Th.read Root
may be Flat or RadiUS Mandalory Radiu5 Mando!ory
ROOT Radius ReqUired
Rounded Check ReqUired Ched ReqUired

EXTERNAL External Th read Minor E:derno/ Thread Minor External Thread Minor External Th r eoa .'VII 1"0 (
MINOR Diameter !5 not Diameter IS not DiaMeter is Diameter 15
DIAMETER to\e~anc.ed Tolefanced Toieranced To!efonced

UNJ Class 3A Moles

EXTERNAL UN Clc"., I A 2A UNR Clo»., 1 A, 2A UNK Clo"., 2A
only ..... lth UNJ Internol
lliREADS and JA and JA and JA
Threads

No Internal Tnreads No Internol Threads

UN! Cia"., 38 and
INTERNAL UN ClaH.' 18, 28
DeSignated UNR o."gna.ed U NK JBG No RadiUS
lliREADS and JB ReqUired on Internal
UNR Motes With UN Moles _ith UN or UNJ
Thread'
Inrerno! Thread In lerna! Thread

IndiVidually Eq.Jjvoienl Indi""dually Equlyalent IndiVidually Equlyalent IndiVidually Equlyolent

ANGLE AND to 50t, 01 P 0 Tolerance 10 50'~ 01 P 0 Tolerance to JO% of P.O. Toleronce 10 AO:; of P 0 Tolerance

lEAD
TOLERANCE Cned,ed only when Ched.. ed only ..... hen Mandatory Checla. Mandatory Check
SpeCified Specilled ReqUired ReqUired

NOTES: 1 Refer to the aooroonate Standards. as listed, for com for complete derail s and datJ. and tal.: es precedence
plete thread details and cor.lormance datd The ao over thiS sheet
p'oona~e currel'1t Standard IS (he authoflratlve docume'n( 2 These Standard5 rna\' be oblaln~ \t"\rol..)qr. ASME.

Figure 25.-Explanation of UN, UNR, UNK, and UN] threads. (From ref. 8.) Reprinted with permission of Industrial Fasteners Institute.

14
 F.
(a) (b) (e)
(a) Bolted flanges with external load.
(b) Free body with no external load.
(e) Free body with external load.
Figure 26.-Fatigue loading of bolts.

Ultimate bolt load line

Fu
-a
«I

-
..2 Fy
"0
III I
F,
I
-Fs(d)_1
I
I
I
I
c c c c
Elongation

(a) (b) (e) (d)

separation
Figure 27.-Bolt external loading.

(stress) to be used on a stress-versus-Ioad-cycles diagram of Fastener Torque

the bolt material to predict the fatigue life of the bolts. Note
that an initial preload F; near the bolt yields minimizes cyclic
loading.
Thermal Cyclic Loading of Bolts
If the bolt and joint are of different materials, an operating
temperature higher or lower than the installation temperature
can cause problems. Differential contraction can cause the joint
to unload (or separate); differential expansion can cause
overloading of the fasteners. In these cases it is common
practice to use conical washers (see washer section of this
manual) to give additional adjustments in fastener and joint
loading.
Determining the proper torque for a fastener is the biggest
problem in fastener installation. Some of the many variables
causing problems are
(1) The coefficient of friction between mating threads
(2) The coefficient of friction between the bolthead (or nut)
and its mating surface
(3) The effect of bolt coatings and lubricants on the friction
coefficients
(4) The percentage of bolt tensile strength to be used for
preload
(5) Once agreement is reached on item 4, how to accurately
determine this value
(6) Relative spring rates of the structure and the bolts

15
0-.. TABLE IV.-COEFFICIENTS Of' STATIC AND SLIDING FRICTION
(From reI'. 12.J

Static Sliding Static

Materials Materials
Dry Greasy Dry Greasy Dry Greasy Greasy

Hard steel on hard steel. ....... 1 O.7H( I) 0.11 (I ,a) 0.42(2) (J.()29(5,k) Tungstcn c~rbide on tungstcn carbide .... 0.2(22) O.12(22,a)
O.23(I,b) 0.081(5,c) Tungsten carbide on steel ......... 0.5(22) 0.08 (22,a)
0.15(I,c) 0.080(S,i) Tungsten carbide on wppcr ................ 0.35(23)
O.II(I,d) 0.05R(5.j) Tungsten carbide on iron ................... 0.8(23) I ••••••••••••••••

0.0075( 18,1') 0.084(5,d) Bonded "arbide on copper ........ 0.35(23)

0.OO52( 18,h) 0.105(5,k) Bonded carbide on iron ..................... 0.8(23)
0.096(5,\) Cadmium 011 mild steel ..................... O.46(3)
................. 0.108(5,m) Copper on mild steel ........................ 0.53(8) ................. 0.36(3) 10.1807,a)
O.12(5,a) Nickel on nickel .............................. 1.10(16) . , ............. 0.53(3) 0.120,w)
Mild steel on mild steel ......... 10.74(19) .1 0 .57(3) IO.09(3,a) Brass on mild steel .......................... 0.51(8) ................. 0.44(6)
0.19(3,u) Brass un cast iron , ............. " ............ 0.30(6)
Hard steel on graPhite ...................... 1 0.21 (I) 1 O.09( I ,a) .............. Zinc on cast iron ............................. 0.8S(16) 0.21(7) I •••••••• • • • • • •

Hard steel on babbitt (ASTM No. I) .... 0.70(11) O.23(I,b) 0.33(6) 0.16(1,b) Magnesium on cast iron ......... 0.25(7)
0.15(I,c) 0.06(1,c) Copper on cast iron ........................ I.OS( 16) 0.29(7)
0.08( I.d) O.II(I,d) Tin on cast iron. .............. . .............. 0.32(7)
O.085(I,e) Lead on cast iron. 0.43(7)
Hard steel on babbitt (ASTM No.8) ... 1 0.42(\ I) 1 0.17(1 ,b) 0.3S(II) O. \4(1 ,b) Aluminum on aluminum .......... I.OS(l6) 1.4(3)
0.11 (I ,c) O.06S(I,c) Glass on glass ............................... 0.94(8) O.OI( IO,p) 0.40(3) 10.o9(3,a)
009(I,d) 0.07(1,d) 0.005(10,'1) 0.116(3.v)
O.08( I ,e) 0.08(II,h) Carbon on glass . ..... " ... " .... " .. " ... 0.18(3)
Hard steel on babbitt (ASTM No. 10) ... 1 .. 1 025( I ,h) O.13(1,b) Garnet on mild steel . ... " ............ "" .......... 0.39(3)
0.12(I,c) 0.06(1,c) Glass on nickel ................... O.7R(R) 0.56(3)
O. IO( I.d) O.OSS( I,d) Copper on glass ................... 0.68(8) .............. O.S3(3)
O.II(I,c) .............. Cast iron on cast iron 1.10(16) 0.IS(9) (J.070(9.d)
Mild steel un cadmium silver .............. 0.097(2,f) 0.064(9,n)
Mild steel on phosphor bronze 0.34(3) O.173(2,f) Bronze on cast iron .......................... 0.22(9) O.77(9.n)
Mild steel on copper lead ....... .. ............ O.145(2,f) Oak on oak (parallel to grain) ............. 0.62(9) 0.48(9) 0.164(9,1')
Mild steel on cast iron ............. 0.183( IS,c) 0.23(6) 0.133(2,f) 0.067(9,s)
Mild steel on lead ..... 0.95(11) O.5( I, f) 0.95(11) 0.3(11,1) Oak on oak (perpendicular) ................ 0.54(9) ................. 0.32(9) 0.072(9,s)
Nickel on mild steel ........................ 0.64(3) 0.178(3,x) Leather on oak (parallel) ................... 0.61(9) ................. 0.52(9) .. ............
Aluminum on mild steel .................... 0.61(8) 0.47(3) .............. Cast iron on oak ............................. 0.49(9) 0.075(9,n)
Magnesium on mild steel ................... ................. 0.42(3) .. ............ Leather on cast iron ......................... 0.S6(9) 0.36(9,1)
Magnesium on magnesium ................ 0.6(22) 0.08(22,y) .............. 0.13(9,n)
Tellon on Tellon .................... 0.04(22) 0.04(22,1) Laminated plastic on steel .................. ................. 0.35(12) 0.05(12,1)
Tellon on steel ................. 0.04(22) 0.04(22,1) Fluted rubber bearing on steel ............ O.05(I3,t)

(I) Campbell. TrailS. ASMI':, 1939; (2) Clarke, Lincoln, and Sterrett, Pmc. API, 1935; (3) Beare
and Bowden, Phil. TrailS. Roy. Soc,. 1985; (4) Dokos, TrailS. ASME, 1946; (5) Boyd and Robertson,
TrailS. ASME, 1945; (6) Sachs, zeit f allgell'. Math. alld Medr.. 1924; (7) Honda and Yamada,
JOllr. I of M, 1925; (8) Tomlinson, Phil. Mag., 1929; (9) Morin, Amd. Roy. des Sciellces, 1838;
(10) Claypoole, TraIlS. ASME, 1943; (11) Tabor, JOllr. Applied Phys., 1945; (12) Eyssen, General
Discussion on Lubrication, ASME, 1937; (13) Brazier and Holland-Bowyer, General Discussion
on Lubrication, ASME, 1937; (14) Burwell; Jour. SAl':, 1942; (15) Stanton, "Friction", Longmans;
(16) Ernst and Merchant, Conference on Friction and Surface f'inish, M.I.T., 1940; (17) Gongwer.
Conference on Friction and Surface Finish, M.I.T., 1940; (18) Hardy and Bircllmshaw, Proc. Ro)'.
Soc., I92S; (19) Hardy and Hardy, Phil. Mag., 1919; (20) Bowden and Young. Proc. Roy. Soc.,
1951; (21) Hardy and Doubleday, Pmc. Roy. Soc .. 1923; (22) Bowden and Tabor. "The Friction
and Lubrication of Solids." Oxford; (23) Shooter, Research. 4. 1951.
(a) Oleic acid; (b) Atlantic spindle oil (light mineral); (c) castor oil; (d) lard oil; (e) Atlantic spindle
oil plus 2 percent oleic acid; (f) medium mineral oil; (g) medium mineral oil plus ,/, percent oleic
acid; (h) stearic acid; (i) grease (zinc oxide base); (j) graphite; (k) turbine oil plus I percent graphite;
(I) turbine oil plus I percent stearic acid; (m) turbine oil (medium mineral); (n) olive oil; (p) palmitic
acid; ('1) ricinoleic acid; (r) dry soap; (5) lard; (t) water; (u) rape oil; (v) 3-in-1 oil; (w) octyl alcohol;
(X) triolein; (y) I percent lauric acid in paraflin oil.

Reprinted from Baumeister, et al. "Mark's Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers," 8th ed., 1978, with permission of McGraw-Hili Book Co., Inc.
 (7) Interaction formulas to be used for combining simul-
taneous shear and tension loads on a bolt (Should
friction loads due to bolt clamping action be included
in the interaction calculations?)
(8) Whether "running torque" for a locking device should
be added to the normal torque
Development of Torque Tables
The coefficient of friction can vary from 0.04 to 1.10,
depending on the materials and the lubricants being used
between mating materials. (Table IV from ref. 12 gives a
variety of friction coefficients.) Since calculated torque values
are a function of the friction coefficients between mating
threads and between the bolthead or nut and its mating surface,
it is vitally important that the torque table values used are
adjusted to reflect any differences in friction coefficients
between those used to calculate the table and the user's values.
Running torque should be included in the values listed in the
tables because any torque puts shear load on the bolt.
oThe torque values in table V have been calculated as noted
in the footnotes, by using formulas from reference 13. (A
similar table was published in Product Engineering by Arthur
Korn around 1944.)
Higher torques (up to theoretical yield) are sometimes used
for bolts that cannot be locked to resist vibration. The higher
load will increase the vibration resistance of the bolt, but the
bolt will yield and unload if its yield point is inadvertently
exceeded. Since the exact yield torque cannot be determined
without extensive instrumentation, it is not advisable to torque
close to the bolt yield point.
Fastener proofload is sometimes listed in the literature. This
value is usually 75 percent of theoretical yield, to prevent
inadvertent yielding of the fastener through torque
measurement inaccuracies.
Alternative Torque Formula
A popular formula for quick bolt torque calculations is
T = KFd, where T denotes torque, F denotes axial load, d
denotes bolt diameter, and K(torque coefficient) is a calculated
value from the formula:
K = (dm) tan if; + JJ. sec a + 0.625JJ.c
2d 1 - JJ. tan if; sec a
as given in reference 14 (p. 378) where
dm thread mean diameter
thread helix angle
friction coefficient between threads
thread angle
JJ.c friction coefficient between bolthead (or nut) and
clamping surface
The commonly assumed value for K is 0.2, but this value
should not be used blindly. Table VI gives some calculated
values of K for various friction coefficients. A more realistic
"typical" value for K would be 0.15 for steel on steel. Note
that JJ. and JJ.c are not necessarily equal, although equal values
were used for the calculated values in table VI.
Torque-Measuring Methods
A number of torque-measuring methods exist, starting with
the mechanic's "feel" and ending with installing strain gages
on the bolt. The accuracy in determining the applied torque
values is cost dependent. Tables VII and VIII are by two
different" experts," and their numbers vary. However, they
both show the same trends of cost versus torque accuracy.
Design Criteria
Finding Shear Loads on Fastener Group
When the load on a fastener group is eccentric, the first task
is to find the centroid of the group. In many cases the pattern
will be symmetrical, as shown in figure 28. The next step is
to divide the load R by the number of fasteners n to get the
rlirect shear load Pc (fig. 29(a)). Next, find Er; for the group
of fasteners, where rn is the radial distance of each fastener
from the centroid of the group. Now calculate the moment
about the centroid (M = Re from fig. 28). The contributing
shear load for a particular fastener due to the moment can be
found by the formula
where r is the distance (in inches) from the centroid to the
fastener in question (usually the outermost one). Note that this
is analogous to the torsion formula,j = Trl], except that Pe
is in pounds instead of stress. The two loads (Pc and Pe ) can
now be added vectorally as shown in figure 29(c) to get the
resultant shear load P (in pounds) on each fastener. Note that
the fastener areas are all the same here. If they are unequal,
the areas must be weighted for determining the centroid of
the pattern.
Further information on this subject may be found in
references 16 and 17.
Finding Tension Loads on Fastener Group
This procedure is similar to the shear load determination,
except that the centroid of the fastener group may not be the
geometric centroid. This method is illustrated by the bolted
bracket shown in figure 30.
The pattern of eight fasteners is symmetrical, so that the
tension load per fastener from PI will be P I/8. The additional
17
 TABLE V.-BOLT TORQUE TABLE VII.-INDUSTRlAL FASTENERS
INSTITUTE'S TORQUE-MEASURING METHOD
[No lubrication on threads. Torque values are
based on friction coefficients of 0.12 between [From ref. 8.]
threads and 0.14 between nut and washer or
head and washer, as manufactured (no special Preload measuring method Accuracy, Relative cost
cleaning) .1 percent

Size Root area, Torque range Feel (operator's judgment) ±35 1

in 2 (class 8, 150 ksi, Torque wrench ±25 1.5
bolts a) Turn of the nut ±15 3
Load-indicating washers ±IO 7
10-24 0.0145 23 to 34 in.-lb Fastener elongation ±3 to 5 15
10-32 .0175 29 to 43 in.-lb Strain gages ±1 20
1.4-20 .0269 54 to 81 in.-lb
1.4-4-28 .0326 68 to 102 in.-lb
'/16- 18 .0454 117 to 176 in.-lb
moment P2h will also produce a tensile load on some
'/16-24 .0524 139 to 208 in.-Ib fasteners, but the problem is to determine the "neutral axis"
3/8-16 .0678 205 to 308 in.-lb line where the bracket will go from tension to compression.
%-24 .0809 230 to 345 in.-lb If the plate is thick enough to take the entire moment P2h in
7/,6- 14 .0903 28 to 42 ft-lb
bending at the edge AB, that line could be used as the heeling
7/,6- 20 .1090 33 to 50 ft-Ib
'/2-13 .1257 42 to 64 ft-lb
point, or neutral axis. However, in this case, I have taken the
'1z-20 .1486 52 to 77 ft-lb conservative approach that the plate will not take the bending
9/,6- 12 .1620 61 to 91 ft-lb and will heel at the line CD. Now the Er~ will only include
9/,6- 18 .1888 73 to 109 ft-lb bolts 3 to 8, and the rn's (in inches) will be measured from
'Is-II .2018 84 to 126 ft-lb
line CD. Bolts 7 and 8 will have the highest tensile loads (in
'Is-18 .2400 104 to 156 ft-lb
%-10 .3020 bl17 to 176 ft-lb pounds), which will be P = P T + PM, where P T = P 1 /8 and
%-16 .3513 b139 to 208 ft -lb
Ys-9 .4193 b184 to 276 ft-lb
>"8-14 .4805 b213 to 320 ft-Ib
1-8 .5510 b276 to 414 ft-lb
1-14 .6464 b323 to 485 ft-lb
1 Y8-7 .6931 b390 to 585 ft-lb
lY,-12 .8118 b465 to 698 ft-lb An alternative way of stating this relationship is that the bolt
1'.4-7 .8898 h559 to 838 ft-lb load is proportional to its distance from the pivot axis and the
1'.4-12 1.0238 b655 to 982 ft-Ib moment reacted is proportional to the sum of the squares of
aThe values given arc 50 and 75 percent of theoretical yield the respective fastener distances from the pivot axis.
strength of a bolt material with a yield of 120 ksi. Corre- At this point the applied total tensile load should be compared
sponding values for materials with different yield strength:-.
can be obtained by multiplymg these table values by the ratio with the total tensile load due to fastener torque. The torque
of the respective material yield :-.trengths. should be high enough to exceed the maximum applied tensile
bSohs of O. 75-in. diameter and larger have reduced allow-
abies (75 percent of normal strength) owing to inability load in order to avoid joint loosening or leaking. If the bracket
to heal treat this large a cross section to an even hardne~s. geometry is such that its bending capability cannot be readily
determined, a finite element analysis of the bracket itself may
Reprinted from Machine Design, Nov. 19. 1987. Copyright, 1987 by Penton Publishing, Inc .. be required.
Cleveland. OH.

Combining Shear and Tensile Fastener Loads

TABLE VI.-TORQUE COEFFICIENTS
When a fastener is subjected to both tensile and shear loading
Friction coefficient Torque simultaneously, the combined load must be compared with the
coefficient, total strength of the fastener. Load ratios and interaction curves
Between Between K are used to make this comparison. The load ratios are
threads, bolthead
I-' (or nut)
and clamping
Actual shear load
surface, Rs(or R,) =--------
I-'c Allowable shear load
0.05 0.05 0.074
.10 .10 .133
.15 .15 .189 Actual tensile load
Rr(or R 2 ) = - - - - - - - -
.20 .20 .250 Allowable tensile load

18
 TABLE YIII.-MACHINE DESIGN'S TORQUE-MEASURING METHOD

[From ref. 15.]

(a) Typical tool accuracies

Type of Element Typical

tool controlled accuracy range,
percent of
full scale

Slug wrench Turn I Flat

Bar torque wrench Torque ±3 to 15
Turn 1/4 Flat
Impact wrench Torque ±1O to 30
Turn ±10 to 20°
Hydraulic wrench Torque ±3 to ±1O
Turn ±5 to 10°
Gearhead air- Torque ±1O to ±20
powered wrench Turn ±5 to 10°
Mechanical Torque :t5 to 20
multiplier Turn ±2 to 10°
Worm-gear torque Torque ±0.25 to 5
wrench Turn ± 1 to 5°
Digital torque Torque ±1/4tol
wrench Turn 114 Flat
Ultrasonically Bolt elongation ±1 to 10
controlled wrench
Hydraulic tensioner Initial bolt ±1 to 5
stretch
Computer-controlled Simultaneous ±0.5 to 2
tensioning torque and turn

(b) Control accuracies

Element Preload accuracy, To maximize accuracy

controlled percent

Torque ±15to±30 Control bolt, nut, and washer hardness,

dimensions, and finish. Have consistent
lubricant conditions, quantities, applica-
tion, and types.
Turn ±15to±30 Use consistent snug torque. Control part
geometry and finish. Use new sockets
and fresh lubes.
Torque and turn ±1Oto±25 Plot torque vs turn and compare to pre-
viously derived set of curves. Control
bolt hardness, finish, and geometry.
Torque past yield ±3 to ±1O Use "soft" bolts and tighten well past
yield point. Use consistent snugging
torque. Control bolt hardness and
dimensons.
Bolt stretch ±I to ±8 Use bolts with flat, parallel ends. Leave
transducer engaged during tightening
operation. Mount transducer on bolt
centerline.

19
 The interaction curves of figure 31 are a series of curves with
their corresponding empirical equations. The most
conservative is R I + R2 = 1 and the least conservative is
Rr Ri
+ = 1. This series of curves is from an old edition of
MIL-HDBK-S. It has been replaced by a single formula,
R'§ + R} = 1, in the latest edition (ref. 18). However, it is
better to use RT + Rs = 1 if the design can be conservative
with respect to weight and stress.
Note that the interaction curves do not take into consideration
R the friction loads from the clamped surfaces in arriving at bolt
shear loads. In some cases the friction load could reduce the
Figure 28.-Symmetrical load pattern.
bolt shear load substantially.

_ Mr
Pe-
E~
.9

~
+
.S
~ReO .7
'"
ct
.2- .6
...
ct .5
(a) (b) C
0
'iii .4
c
OJ
P I-
r"III~-- ___ .3

.2

.1

0
(e)
R Shear, Rs (or R,)

Figure 29.-Combining of shear and moment loading. Figure 3 I.-Interaction curves.

B
o

0+ 0+ P, 0+ 0+
P2 ~

8+ 0+ 0+ 0+
r
A C r

P, PM
P2 ..

T h
tPr
I

Figure 30.-Bolted bracket.

20
 The margin of safety 12 for a fastener from figure 31 is
1 Diameter = 0.060
MS= -1
Rs + Rj
depending on which curve is used. However, note that
Rs + Rj < 1 is a requirement for a positive margin of safety.
This formula also illustrates why high torque should not be
applied to a bolt when the dominant load is shear.
The margin of safety is calculated for both yield and ultimate
material allowables, with the most critical value controlling
the design. A material with a low yield will be critical for yield
stress, and a material with a high yield will normally be critical
for ultimate stress.
Calculating Pullout Load for Threaded Hole
In many cases a bolt of one material may be installed in a
tapped hole in a different (and frequently lower strength)
material. If the full strength of the bolt is required, the depth
of the tapped hole must be determined for the weaker material
by using the formula
p = 7fdm F,L
3
where
P pullout load, lb
dm mean diameter of threaded hole, in. ("'" pitch diameter
of threads)
Fs material ultimate or yield shear stress
L length of thread engagement, in.
The V3 factor is empirical. If the threads were perfectly
mated, this factor would be 1/2 , since the total cylindrical shell
area of the hole would be split equally between the bolt threads
and the tapped hole threads. The V3 is used to allow for
mismatch between threads.
Further information on required tapped hole lengths is given
in reference 19.
Calculating Shank Diameter for "Number" Fastener
The shank diameter for a "number" fastener is calculated
from
Diameter = 0.060 + 0.013 N
12Margin of safety is defined as
Allowable load (Stress)
---------..:.---- - I
Actual load (Stress) x Safety factor
where N is the number (4, 6, 8, 10, 12) of the fastener. For
example, the shank diameter of a no. 8 fastener is
+ 0.013(8) = 0.164 in.
Fastener Groups in Bearing (Shear Loading)
Whenever possible, bolts in shear should have a higher shear
strength than the bearing yield strength of the materials they
go through. Since the bolts have some clearance and position
tolerances in their respective holes, the sheet material must
yield in bearing to allow the bolt pattern to load all of the bolts
equally at a given location in the pattern. Note that the sloppier
the hole locations, the more an individual bolt must carry
before the load is distributed over the pattern.
Bolts and rivets should not be used together to carry a load,
since the rivets are usually installed with an interference fit.
Thus, the rivets will carry all of the load until the sheet or
the rivets yield enough for the bolts to pick up some load. This
policy also applies to bolts and dowel pins (or roll pins) in
a pattern, since these pins also have interference fits.
Fastener Edge Distance and Spacing
Common design practice is to use a nominal edge distance
~f 2D from the fastener hole centerline, where D is the fastener
diameter. The minimum edge distance should not be less than
l.5D. The nominal distance between fasteners is 4D, but the
thickness of the materials being joined can be a significant
factor. For thin materials, buckling between fasteners can be
a problem. A wider spacing can be used on thicker sheets,
as long as sealing of surfaces between fasteners is not a
problem.
Approximate Bearing and Shear Allowables
In the absence of specific shear and bearing allow abies for
materials, the following approximations may be used:
Alloy and carbon steels: Fsu = 0.6 Ftu
Stainless steels: Fsu = 0.55 Ftu
where Fsu is ultimate shear stress and Ftu is ultimate tensile
stress. Since bearing stress allowables are empirical to begin
with, the bearing allowable for any given metallic alloy may
be approximated as follows:
where Fbu is ultimate bearing stress, F by is yield bearing
stress, and Fty is tensile yield stress.
21
Proper Fastener Geometry
Most military standard (MS) and national aerospace standard
(NAS) fasteners have coded call outs that tell the diameter, grip
length, drilling of the head or shank, and the material (where
the fastener is available in more than one material). Rather
than listing a group of definitions, it is easier to use the
NAS 1003 to NAS 1020 (fig. 32) as an example to point out
the following:
(1) The last two digits give the fastener diameter in
sixteenths of an inch.
(2) The first dash number is the grip length in sixteenths
of an inch.
(3) The letters given with the dash number indicate the head
and/or shank drilling.
In addition, an identifying letter or dash number is added to
indicate the fastener material. However, this systematic
practice is not rigidly followed in all MS and NAS fastener
standards.
Shear Heads and Nuts
In the aerospace industry the general ground rule is to design
such that fasteners are primarily in shear rather than tension.
As a result, many boltheads and nuts are made about one-half
as thick as normal to save weight. These bolts and nuts are
referred to as shear bolts and shear nuts, and care must be
used in never specifying them for tension applications. The
torque table values must also be reduced to one-half for these
bolts and nuts.
Use of Proper Grip Length
Standard design practice is to choose a grip length such that
the threads are never in bearing (shear). Where an exact grip
length is not available, the thickness of the washers used under
the nut or bolthead can be varied enough to allow proper grip.
BoIthead and Screw head Styles
Although the difference between bolts and screws is not
clearly defined by industry, at least the head styles are fairly
well defined. The only discrepancy found in figure 33 is that
the plain head, with a square shoulder, is more commonly
called a carriage bolthead. The angle of countersunk heads
(flat) can vary from 60° to 120°, but the common values are
8ZO and 100°.
22
Counterfeit Fasteners
In the past two years a great deal of concern and publicity
about counterfeit fasteners has surfaced. The counterfeit case
with the most documentation is the deliberate marking of
grade 8.2 boron bolts as grade 8 bolts.
Grade 8.2 bolts are a low-carbon (0.22 percent C) boron
alloy steel that can be heat treated to the same room-
temperature hardness as grade 8 medium-carbon (0.37 per-
cent C) steel. However, the room- and elevated-temperature
strengths of the grade 8.2 bolts drop drastically if they are
exposed to temperatures above 500 OF. Grade 8 bolts can be
used to 800 OF with little loss of room-temperature strength.
Other fasteners marked as MS and NAS but not up to the
respective MS or NAS specification have shown up; however,
documentation is not readily available. Since these fasteners
are imported and have no manufacturer's identification mark
on them, it is not possible to trace them back to the guilty
manufacturer. U.S. Customs inspections have not been
effective in intercepting counterfeit fasteners.
Another problem with fasteners has been the substitution
of zinc coating for cadmium coating. If a dye is used with the
zinc, the only way to detect the difference in coatings is by
chemical testing.
Federal legislation to establish control of fastener materials
from the material producer to the consumer is being
formulated.
BoIthead Identification
Identifying an existing non-MS, non-NAS, or non-Air Force-
Navy bolt is usually a problem. Each manufacturer seems to
have a different system. Frank Akstens of Fastener Technology
International magazine (ref. 20) has compiled a good listing
of several hundred "common" bolts. His entire compilation
is enclosed as appendix A of this report. An international guide
to bolt manufacturer's identification symbols has also been
published by Fastener Technology International magazine.
Fastener Strength
Allowable strengths for many types of fasteners are given
in MIL-HDBK-5 (ref. 18). Ultimate shear and tensile
strengths of various threaded fasteners are given in
appendix B of this report.
 NATIONAL AEROSPACE STANDARD
.1Il105""" INOUSTRII:S ASSOCIATION 0' ... MERIC'" INC. 17Z~ OE SALES STRE[T .. W W ...... ,NGTON 0 C 20036

IDENTIFY PER LENGTH .. 015

1-
(QlTT
NASI 341
GRIP, I«)M. J, NOM) % .01~ HDIA
TYJ'E 11

.....--GRIP
.020 % .OOS

(;1 R
DETAIL A

POINT TO BE FL AT
AND CHAMFERED.
LENGTH OF POINT
TO FIRST COMPLETE
THREAD - U MAX

L -_ _ ROLLED THREAD MIL-S- 8879 rOLLOwl!"C

DRILL It WHEN SPECIFIED.
BREAK SHARP EDGES
~1F;~Jlu;~~ G
W"~~~PtV~/?~.
8

.. ,.
IASIC
PART
TM_UD
UNJF-lA OIA
• c
,:..016
0
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)
NO ..
•
0 ..
h4(b)
0 ..
It (KIlD) T
.II t,;
X
(d) (d)
Z
",
N'l, .... u. lOA' WIN MIN ".010 ·OIG ItAX N!);

NA51OO1 1900-32
.1195

'"
,., .115 ., m .266
-000 -.000

"'. .010 .020 010 .., 0' 00' 0"" .00<0

HA.SIOO4
I
1.70

2495
.1.56 ~I
,.. 112
."" 076 .020 ., .. , .006
.""" .0030

.
llOO-2' 2470
')9 .'30 0'0 .0'
I
I
MA.SIOW 11lS-24 I li20
.501 ,.,92 . 181
, ." .'6<J
" 070 I .071'J .020 010 .632 O. I 008 00" 00)0

. .
.)09, I I I I

.1150-24
.11"~ ., ." .2J9 .,
. .010 .OH 015 66' I~
I
009 10060 002>
NAS I 006
.)120
'" ')8 '06

"I ...
1

NA.SIOO7 4)H-1O i 4370

.414$
... . 619 250 ."8" .010
'''' .DB 015 14' 1 011 f 010 1 00• 0 .OOB
I
NASlt'Il. .$000-20 \ .:~~
'" 7.1 21' ." lIO 60' II 010 "). 1. 010 .Olv
, .. , 1·08 i 011
I
i· OO6O
I
0020

HASlOO9 ~62' - II i·"".!!Sal .m I .1'5 3U]1.01 m .6Sb I

I
010 1.1 lOJS I 02{) !94, 109 1011 0060 002•

HASIDIO '250-1'
.&l.O
.'lID
.9)9
'" ,.. i 10' I ..
". 010
'"
.... 1
025 .Il" I O• .15 0060 0020

,
NASIOll .1500-16
.1490
1.064 I 1053 406 'll I.. ol) .''75 010
i '" "" .010 I.IM
i
.'0 1011 0090 00'0 e
NASI014 1150-1<1
'460
.1'<10 a.2jl
.1710
1.2l9 ... 9 , .. 1.210 n. 01.
'" 0.0 .035 1.3S6
"
0,0 .0090 .0020

JlriASIOI, 1.0000-ll ....,

.
.)'
I
,.,
~)d"w M/~
.9960
I .... 1.411
"66jU" , 09< 010 I 060
."" 1.411 IJ 0:2
I
00'10 00'0

i i :
NA.5IDII 1.Il~O-ll
1.1::140
1.627 1614 .n. 1 .. : 1.515 1.1"1 010, \41 I 010 0" 1 .. 65. I IJ 025 ! .0090 00'0
8
...
1.1200
z
NAS Ifl 10 1.1500-12
1.2<190
12<150
.115 1.801 '56 1.10 1.712 1.375 010
'" 015 060 , Il 021 0120 0020 o
~
.~JIY (!) NASI01t.A. INACTlVE fOil DESIGN AFT£.R JUlY 1,191'9 ...>
a:
LIST OF CUR REiliT SHF FTS

I SO. I REV I
c.
<
....-
«
CUSTODIAN NATIONAL AEROSPACE STANDARDS COMMITTEE a
..J
0(
TITl.[ >
PROCUREo.\ENT
STANDARD PARr o
SPECIFIC ... TION II
BOLT - MACHINE II.
II.
NON!: HEXAGON HEAD, NON MAGNETIC. & HEAT RESISTANT NAS 1003 THRl' 1020 «
SHEET 1 OF 3
Pubt.ahei Ind Chttr.taut.d b~. ... .. ~ SI ......dI APOC.atlon Inc
_711...,"•..
_ _ .D.C._"
AI.-oIQJKII Indultrlft Auoc.atlon 01 Amef"lca. Inc. 1979
All ughh rewrved

Figure 32. - National aerospace standard for proper fastener geometry.

23
 NATIONAL AEROSPACE ST.~j~DARD
AEROSPACE INOU~T~I~S ASSOCIA,IO~ OF AWoH:Ii:" ,,,: zoo::.
"I I
I
CODE BASIC PART Nt!~9[:R DESIGNATES .. OM I.. ;";" DIMiaETEk. I
DASH :';UA(Il£R D£SIGN.... nS GRIP AND Lf,;':G1H (SEE SEET J:.
,UJ') .. ,\" TI) DASH NiJMBER FOr. UNDRli..;'ED ?l,)',~'
ADD "H" TO DASH NuMBER "'OR DRiLLED ~£p_i) -::>N' ,;,
NO CODE LEITER DESIGNATES DRILLED SHANK Ci-IL Y,

EXAMPLE. NAS1003-8 ,1900 DIA.',!ETEP. BOLT .. 500 C!W', DRILLED SHANK ONLY.
NAS1003 -8A ,1900 fltAMETER Flon. ,50:} CRI?, UNDkILLEO,
NASIO('3- Sri ,190" 1)IAME1';:1( bOLT .. SOo GRIP, DRILLED HEAD ONLY,
MATERiAL CRES, A-286 SPEC AMS5735 OR AMSSn:.n::..()iJtV../<;Yf,A~Y;MJ£y(y.EXCEPT
ULTIMATE 0)
TENSILE STRENGTIl 140,000 f'SI M1NIMt:M .... T ROO\! TEMPERATURE, FABRICATED TO AMS7478,

rtNISH' CLEAN AND PASSIVATE!N ACCOROANCf \'dTH,.Mk/;/~,pi/ Q<)-P-.1S {Jj

'--'
REFERENCE LJ!~lL!\,~IOSS ARE FOR DESIG" rURPOSES UNL Y AI'D N01 AN INSP!:crION REQuiREMENT,
2. "tAGNETIC PERMEAlllLITY SHALL BE Lt.SS n:.'.N 2.0 lAIR" l.,'I. FOR A FIELD STRENGTH H ; 200 OERSTEDS
(MAGNETIC PERMEABILITY INulCATOK ";':' :,ii~ ,! -! 7~14 OR EQU/VALi N'il
3 BOLTS SHALL Sf I REE F!>.O~; llCI<RS A;cD ~l.'\'l:RS,
4. THF~t: ROLTS ARE Ii':TE1\'C)!:rJ "OF. 1:':.;-.:." T; ',;,'1 ~,t,T~:RLS UP TO J 2C'j F.

(0' 5. GRlf' :.F'IGT H rKO~1 'j\(n.R ~Jlit. 0~ H[hL fO E:.c," or r un CYLINDRICAL POR':10:--' or: Sf!."NK.
Il>l ~ COTTI·~. :'!N HOLE c: STLRLl:o.! "'dTr!I~ JII '.: .:.rm ~;oR~IA;. WITHIN 1 OF BOLT CENTlRLlNF,
0

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10: 8.
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Figure 32.-Continued.

24
 NA TIONAL AEROSPACE STANDARD
AEROSPACE INOUSTRIES ASSOCI"T10N Of' "MERIC .... INC.. 172" OE SALES STREET N W W"SH'NGTON. 0 C 20036

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Figure 32.-Concluded.

25
 ..........
Flat Round
1f Oval Fillister Washer Hex

Also
undercut,
trim, and
100° heads.
Pan Binding Truss Plain Hex washer
(carriage)
Figure 33.-Bolthead and screwhead styles.

Rivets and Lockbolts TABLE IX.-ALUMINUM AND OTHER RIVET MATERIALS

[From ref. 21.]

Rivets
Material Rivet Rivet heads Applications
designation available
Rivets are relatively low-cost, permanently installed
fasteners that are lighter weight than bolts. As a result, they 21 17-T4 AD Universal (MS20470) General use for
are the most widely used fasteners in the aircraft manufacturing 100° Flush (MS20426) most applications
industry. They are faster to install than bolts and nuts, since
2024-T4 DO Universal (MS20470) Use only as an
they adapt well to automatic, high-speed installation tools. 100° Flush (MS20426) alternative to
However, rivets should not be used in thick materials or in 7050-T73 where
tensile applications, as their tensile strengths are quite low higher strength
relative to their shear strengths. The longer the total grip length is required
(the total thickness of sheets being joined), the more difficult 1100 A Universal (MS20470) Nonstructural
it becomes to lock the rivet. 100° Flush (MS20426)

5056-H32 B Universal (MS20470) Joints containing

Riveted joints are neither airtight nor watertight unless 100° Flush (MS20426) magnesium
special seals or coatings are used. Since rivets are permanently
Monel M Universal (MS206l5) Joining stainless
installed, they have to be removed by drilling them out, a (annealed) 100° Flush (MS20427) steels, titanium,
laborious task. and Inconel

Copper --- 100° Flush (MS20427) Nonstructural

General Rivet Types
The general types of rivets are solid, blind, tubular, and
metal piercing (including split rivets). From a structural design
aspect the most important rivets are the solid and blind rivets.
Solid rivets.-Most solid rivets are made of aluminum so
that the shop head can be cold formed by bucking it with a
pneumatic hammer. Thus, solid rivets must have cold-forming
capability without cracking. A representative listing of solid
rivets is given in table IX (ref. 21). Some other solid rivet
materials are brass, SAE 1006 to SAE 1035, 1108 and 1109
steels, A286 stainless steel, and titanium.
Note that the rivets in table IX are covered by military
standard specifications, which are readily available. Although
most of the solid rivets listed in table IX have universal heads,
there are other common head types, as shown in figure 34.
However, because the "experts" do not necessarily agree on
the names, other names have been added to the figure. Note
0 0
also that the countersunk head angle can vary from 60 to 120
0 0
although 82 and 100 are the common angles.
(annealed)
7050-T73 E Universal (MS20470) Use only where
100° Flush (MS20426) higher strength
is required
The sharp edge of the countersunk head is also removed in
some cases, as in the Briles 13 BRFZ "fast" rivet (fig. 35), to
increase the shear and fatigue strength while still maintaining
a t1ush fit.
Blind rivets.-Blind rivets get their name from the fact that
they can be completely installed from one side. They have the
following significant advantages over solid rivets:
(1) Only one operator is required for installation.
(2) The installation tool is portable (comparable to an
electric drill in size).
DBriles Rivet Corporation, Oceanside, California.

26
 Button Truss
(brazier)
Flat
ITCountersunk
(flush)
Pan
(universal)
Figure 34.-United States standard rivet heads.

Rivet inserted

Shear-bearing area
Figure 35.-BRFZ 'fast' rivet.

(3) They can be used where only one side of the workpiece
is accessible.
(4) A given-length rivet can be used for a range of material
thicknesses.
(5) Installation time is faster than with solid rivets.
(6) Clamping force is more uniform than with solid rivets.
(7) Less training is required for the operator.
Blind rivets are classified according to the methods used to
install them:
(1) Pull mandrel
(2) Threaded stem
(3) Drive pin
Specific types (brands) of blind rivets are covered in
subsequent sections of this manual.
Pull-mandrel rivets: This rivet is installed with a tool that
applies force to the rivet head while pulling a prenotched
serrated mandrel through to expand the far side of the tubular
rivet. When the proper load is reached, the mandrel breaks
at the notch. A generic pull-mandrel rivet is shown in
figure 36.
Threaded-stem rivets: The threaded-stem rivet (fig. 37(a))
has a threaded internal mandrel (stem) with the external portion
machined flat on two sides for the tool to grip and rotate. The
head is normally hexagonal to prevent rotation of the tubular
body while the mandrel in being torqued and broken off.
Drive-pin rivets: This rivet has a drive pin that spreads the
far side of the rivet to form a head, as shown in figure 38.
Although drive-pin rivets can be installed quickly, they are
Start setting
Figure 36.-Pull-mandrel rivet. (From ref. 5.)
usually not used in aerospace applications. They are used
primarily for commercial sheet metal applications.
Tubular rivets.- Tubular rivets are partially hollow and
come in a variety of configurations. The generic form has a
manufactured head on one side and a hollow end that sticks
through the pieces being joined. The hollow end is cold formed
to a field head.
Since extensive cold forming is required on these rivets, they
must be extremely ductile and are consequently made of low-
strength materials. They are normally used for commercial
applications rather than in the aerospace industry.
Some specific types of tubular rivets are
(1) Compression
(2) Semitubular
(3) Full tubular

27
 Hexagonal head

Inserted Installed

Inserted Installed

(a) (b)

(a) One-piece body. (From ref. 5.)

(b) Two-piece body. (From ref. 22.)
Figure 37.-Threaded-stem rivets.

Figure 38.-Drive-pin rivet. (From ref. 5.)

Figure 39.-Compression tubular rivet. (From ref. 5.)

Compression tubular rivets: A compression tubular rivet

(fig. 39) consists of two parts that have an interference fit when
driven together. These rivets are used commercially in soft
materials and where a good appearance is required on both
sides of the part.
Semitubular rivets: The semitubular rivet (fig. 40) has a hole
in the field end (hole depth to 1.12 of shank diameter) such Figure 40.-Semitubular rivet. (From ref. 5.)
that the rivet approaches a solid rivet when the field head is
formed.
Full tubular rivets: The full tubular rivet (fig. 41) has a
deeper hole than the semitubular rivet. It is a weaker rivet than
the semitubular rivet, but it can pierce softer materials such
as plastic or fabric.
Metal-piercing rivets.-Metal piercing rivets (fig. 42) are
similar to semitubular rivets, except that they have greater
column strength. Part of the sandwich material is not drilled,
and the rivet pierces all the way or most of the way through
while mushrooming out to a locked position. Figure 41.-Full tubular rivet. (From ref. 5.)

28
 r,
f-~
I I

Figure 42.-Metal-piercing rivet. (From ref. 5.)

(a) Minimum grip.

(b) Maximum grip.
Figure 43.-Split (bifurcated) rivet. (From ref. 5.) Figure 44.-Cherry Buck rivet.

Split rivets.-Split (bifurcated) rivets (fig. 43) are the copper) rivets are used for joining stainless steels, titanium,
standard "home repair" rivets. They have sawed or split and Inconel. Monel is ductile enough to form a head without
bodies with sharp ends to make their own holes through cracking but has higher strength (Fsu = 49 ksi) and
leather, fiber, plastic, or soft metals. They are not used in ._'mperature capabilities than aluminum.
critical applications. Titanium/niobium rivets.- These titanium alloy rivets (per
MIL-R-5674 and AMS4982) have a shear strength of 50 ksi
Specific Rivet Types but are still formable at room temperature. They generally do
not need a coating for corrosion protection. The Cherry E-Z
AD & DD solid rivets.- The most common solid rivets are
Buck is a titanium/niobium rivet.
the AD and DD aluminum rivets, as listed in table IX. These
Cherry rivets.- The generic Cherry rivet is a blind structural
are the preferred rivets for joining aluminums and combina-
rivet with a locking collar for the stem installed as shown in
tions of aluminum and steel. The "icebox" (DD) rivets can
figure 45. (Different head types are available.) Cherry rivets
be used in higher-strength applications, but they must be kept
are available in both nominal and oversize diameters in the
around 0 F until they are installed. The 7050-T73 aluminum
0
common (VB through % in.) sizes. The oversize rivets are used
rivets are an alternative to "icebox" rivets.
for repairs where a nominal-size rivet (solid or blind) has been
Since solid rivets are expanded to an interference fit, they
drilled out or where the initial drilled hole is oversize. These
should not be used in composites or fiber materials. They can
rivets have shear strengths comparable to AD solid aluminum
cause delamination of the hole surfaces, leading to material
rivets. However, their usage is restricted in aircraft manufac-
failure.
turing by the guidelines of MS33522, which is included as
Cherry Buck rivets.- The Cherry Buck rivet 14 is a hybrid
appendix C. A typical list of available Cherry rivet materials
consisting of a factory head and shank of 95-ksi-shear-strength
is shown in table X.
titanium, with a shop end shank of ductile titanium/niobium
joined together by inertia welding (fig. 44). This combinatio~
Huck blind rivets.-Huck blind rivets 15 are similar to
Cherry rivets, except that they are available in higher strength
allows a shop head to be formed by bucking, but the overall
material. These rivets are made with and without locking
shear strength of the rivet approaches 95 ksi. The Cherry Buck
rivet can be used to 600 OF. collars and with countersunk or protruding heads. Note also
(in fig. 46) that the sleeve on the blind side is deformed
Monel rivets.-Monel (67 percent nickel and 30 percent
differently on the Huck rivet than on the Cherry rivet.

14Townsend Company. Cherry River Division, Santa Ana, California. 15Huck Manufacturing Company, Long Beach, California.

29
 (a) Insert CherryMAx rivet into prepared hole. Place pulling head over rivet stem and apply firm, steady pressure to seat head. Actuate tool.
(b) Stem pulls into rivet sleeve and forms large bulbed blind head; seats rivet head and clamps sheets tightly together. Shank expansion
begins.
(c) "Safe-lock" locking collar moves into rivet sleeve recess. Formation of blind head is completed. Shear-ring has sheared from
cone, thereby accommodating a minimum of X6 in. in structure thickness variation.
(d) Driving anvil forms "safe-lock" collar into head recess, locking stem and sleeve securely together. Continued pulling fractures
stem, providing flush, burr-free, inspectable installation.
Figure 45.-Cherry rivet installation.

TABLE X.-CHERRY RIVET MATERIALS

Lockbolts
Materials Ultimate Maximum
shear strength, temperature, In general, a lockbolt is a nonexpanding, high-strength
Sleeve Stem psi OF
fastener that has either a swaged collar or a type of threaded
collar to lock it in place. It is installed in a standard drilled
5055 Aluminum Alloy steel 50000 250
5056 Aluminum CRES 50000 250
hole with a snug fit but normally not an interference fit. A
Monel CRES 55000 900 lockbolt is similar to an ordinary rivet in that the locking collar
Inco 600 Inco X750 75000 1400 or nut is weak in tension loading and is difficult to remove
once installed.
Some of the lockbolts are similar to blind rivets and can
Pop rivets.-Pop rivets 16 are familiar to most of the public be completely installed from one side. Others are fed into the
for home repairs. However, they are not recommended for workpiece with the manufactured head on the far side. The
critical structural applications. The stem sometimes falls out installation is then completed from the near side with a gun
of the sleeve after the rivet is installed, and the symmetry of similar to blind rivet guns. Lockbolts are available with either
the blind (formed) head leaves much to be desired. Although countersunk or protruding heads.
the pop rivet shown in figure 47 is the most common type, Since it is difficult to determine whether a lockbolt is
USM makes a closed-end rivet and three different head styles.
installed properly, they should be used only where it is not
possible to install a bolt and nut of comparable strength.
However, they are much faster to install than standard bolts
16 USM Corporation, Pop Rivet Division, Shelton, Connecticut. and nuts.

30
 (a) (b)

(a) Protruding head, BP-T (MS90354) or BP-EV (MS21141).

(b) Installed fastener.
Figure 46.-Huck blind rivets.

Hi-Lok
The Hi-Lok 17 lockbolt has a countersunk or protruding
manufactured head and threads like a bolt. It is fed through
the hole from the far side. The installation gun prevents shank
rotation with a hexagonal key while the nut is installed (as
shown in fig. 49). The nut (collar) hexagonal end is notched
to break off at the desired torque. Hi-Lok lockbolts are
available in high-strength carbon steel (to 156-ksi shear),
stainless steel (to 132-ksi shear), and titanium (to 95-ksi shear).

Huckbolts
Huckbolts 15 are similar to Hi-Loks except that the stem is
usually serrated rather than threaded. The collar is swaged
on the stem. Then the stem is broken at the notch as shown
in figure 50. Huckbolts and their collars are available in carbon
Figure 47.-Pop rivet installation.
steel, aluminum, and stainless steel with various strengths, as
listed in the Huck catalog.

Jo-Bolts Taper-Lok
lo-bolts are similar to blind rivets in appearance and Taper-Lok 18 IS a high-strength threaded fastener that is
installation. The locking collar (sleeve) is expanded to form
a shop head by rotating the threaded stem with a gun. The
threaded stem is notched and breaks off when the proper torque 17Hi-Shear Corporation, Torrance, California.
is reached. A typical lo-bolt installation is shown in figure 48. ISSPS Technologies, Jenkintown, Pennsylvania.

Typical installation
Figure 48.-Jo-bolt. (From ref. 21.)

31
 Remaining portion of
Hi-Lok collar after assembly

Collar wrenching
device automatically
shears off

(a)

(a) Hi-Lok pin.

(b) Hi-Lok pin and collar after as,embly.
Figure 49.-Hi-Lok installation.

1 F1 c G p
n + D = M.,lm"m l e n g t h ,

1]:"
1__ -mI ~razier head

Figure SO.-Installed Huckboit fastener.

~
oo P
30·

R
Forged head

Nominal grip
length in 16ths

Typical installation
Figure 51.-Taper-Lok installation.

installed with an interference fit. Most of the shank is tapered Rivnuts

0
on a 1.19 angle. The lubricated lockbolt is driven into a
A Rivnut 19 is a tubular rivet with internal threads that IS
drilled and reamed hole. The interference fit allows the nut
deformed in place to become a blind nutplate (fig. 52). Ri\l1Uh
(tension or shear nut) to be installed and torqued to the :equired
are available with protruding, countersunk, and tillister heads.
value without holding the lockbolt to prevent rotation (see
They are also available with closed ends, sealed heads. ribbed
fig. 51). The nuts are locknuts with captive washers. When
shanks, hexagonal shanks, and ribbed heads. Sll1ce the
a tension nut is installed, this fastener can take as much tension
unthreaded tubular portion of the rivet must deform. the
load as a bolt of the same size and material. Consequently,
material must be ductile. Consequently, the Ri\ nut materiab
Taper-Loks are used in critical applications wher~ cycl~c
are fairly low strength, as shown in table XI.
loading is a problem. Taper-Lok lockbolts are avalla~le m
high-strength alloy steel, H-Il tool steel, and several stamless
steels, as well as titanium. I~B.F. Goodrich. Engineered Sy.,tclm Division. Alrnn. Ohi".

32
 I~
(b) (e) (d) (e)

(a) Step l-Rivnut fastener is threaded onto mandrel of installation tool.

(b) Step 2-Rivnut fastener, on tool mandrel, is inserted into hole drilled for installation.
(c) Step 3-Mandrel retracts and pulls threaded portion of Rivnut fastener shank toward blind side of work, forming bulge in unthreaded
shank area.
(d) Step 4-Rivnut fastener is clinched securely in place; mandrel is unthreaded, leaving internal Rivnut threads intact.
(e) Blind nutplate-Properly installed Rivnut fastener makes excellent blind nutplate for simple screw attachments; countersunk Rivnut
fasteners can be used for smooth surface installation.
Figure 52.-Rivnut installation.

TABLE XI.-STANDARD RIVNUT FASTENER Pin groove edge

MATERIALS AND FINISHES Pin must show

Material Type Standard finish Minimum

ultimate
tensile
strength,
psi
Pin trimming edge
Aluminum 6053-T4 Anodize-Alumilite 205 28000 Collar
will meet specifications:
MIL-A-8625 (ASG)

Steel C-ll08 a Cadmium plate-0.0002 in. 45000

C-lllQa minimum thickness per
QQ-P-4l6b, class 3,
type I

4037 Cadmium plate-0.0002 in. b55000

minimum thickness per
QQ-P-4l6b, class 2,
type II
c85000
I-----li----l
Stainless 430 Pickled and passivated per 67000 Figure 53.-Hi-Shear installation.
steel QQ-P-35, type II

305d None-bright as machined 80000

can be visually inspected for proper form. This rivet should
Carpenter 1Qd be used for shear applications only, as the collar has negligible
tensile strength.
Brass Alloy 260 None-bright as machined 50000
Although this rivet has been partially superseded by various
ac-1108 and C-IIIO steel may be used interchangeably. lockbolts, it is still being used in aircraft and aerospace
bNo. 4 and No.6 thread sizes.
eNo. 8-1 !2-in. thread size. applications.
d305 and Carpenter No. 10 stainless steel may he used interchangeably.

Lightweight Grooved Proportioned LockboIt

Hi-Shear Rivet
Hi-Shear 17 rivets consist of a high-strength carbon steel,
stainless steel, aluminum, or titanium rivet (pin) with a necked-
down shop head, as shown in figure 53. The collar (2024
aluminum or Monel) is swaged on to give a finished head that
The lightweight grooved proportioned lockbolt (LGPL)20 is
made especially for composite materials. It has both an
oversize head and an oversize collar to lessen contact stresses
20Monogram Aerospace Fasteners, Los Angeles, California.

33
 +
t
:

t iii
Fn
il r
:: :! . :!~!:
i
n i :
I
I
H
:1.
.
I
!I
I:
.

(a) (b) (e) (d)

(a) Flanged collar is placed over lightweight pin.
(b) Installation tool grips and pulls pin. drawing sheets tightly together and removing sheet gap.
(c) As pull on pin increases, tool anvil swages flanged collar into locking grooves and forms permanent vibration-resistant lock.
(d) Pull on pin continues until pin fractures at breakneck groove and is then ejected. Tool anvil disengages swaged collar.
Figure 54.-LGPL installation.

on the composite material during both installation and service
life. The shank is high-strength (95-ksi shear) titanium and
the collar is 2024 aluminum. It is installed with a lockbolt tool
as shown in figure 54.
General Guidelines for Selecting Rivets
and Lockbolts
A number of standard documents are available for the
selection, installation, and drawing callout of rivets and
lockbolts as follows:
(I) Rivet installations are covered by MIL-STD-403. This
specification covers pilot holes, deburring, countersinking,
dimpling, and the application of zinc chromate paint between
dissimilar materials. Other specifications for corrosion
prevention of drilled or countersunk surfaces are covered in
MIL-P-116 and MIL-STD-171.
(2) Design and selection requirements for blind structural
rivets are given in MS33522 (appendix C).
(3) Design and selection requirements for blind
nonstructural rivets are given in MS33557.
(4) A wealth of information on allowable rivet strengths in
various materials and thicknesses is given in chapter 8 of
MIL-HDBK-5 (ref. 18).
(5) Testing of fasteners is covered by MIL-STD-13l2.
(6) Lockwiring is done per MS33540.
Note that the nominal rivet spacing for a rivet pattern is an
edge distance of 2D and a linear spacing of 4D, where D is
the rivet diameter. However, the 4D spacing can be increased
if sealing between rivets or interrivet buckling is not a problem.
Solid rivets (expanded during installation) should not be used
in composite materials, as they can overstress the hole and
cause delamination of the material.
Lewis Research Center
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Cleveland, Ohio, June 30, 1989

34
References
I. Sliney, RE.: High Temperature Solid Lubricants-I. Layer Lattice
Compounds and Graphite. Mech. Eng., vol. 96, no. 2, Feb. 1974,
pp. 18-22.
2. Prevention of Material Deterioration: Corrosion Control Course-U.S.
Army Logistics Engineering Directorate-Nov. 1970.
3. ASM Metals Handbook. 9th ed., Vols. 1,2,3,5, 13, American Society
for Metals, Metals Park, OH.
4. SAE Handbook. SAE, 1968.
5. 1987 Fastening, Joining & Assembly Reference Issue. Mach. Des.,
vol. 59, no. 27, Nov. 19,1987.
6. Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form). ANSI
BI.I-1982, American National Standards Institute, New York, NY,
1982.
7. Screw Thread Standards for Federal Services, Part I-Unified UNJ
Unified Miniature Screw Threads. National Bureau of Standards
Handbook, NBS-H28-1969-PT-I, 1969.
8. Fastener Standards. 5th ed., Industrial Fasteners Institute, Cleveland,
OH, 1970.
9. Bickford, J.H.: An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted
Joints. Dekker, 1981.
10. Juvinall, R.: Engineering Considerations of Stress. Strain, and Strength.
McGraw-Hili, 1967.
II. Donald, E.P.: A Practical Guide to Bolt Analysis. Mach. Des., vol. 53,
Apr. 9, 1981, pp. 225-231.
12. Baumeister, et al.: Mark's Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers.
8th ed., McGraw-Hili, 1978.
13. Seely, F.B.: Resistance of Materials. 3rd ed., Wiley & Sons, 1947.
14. Shigley, J.E.; and Mitchell, L.D.: Mechanical Engineering Design. 4th
ed., McGraw-Hili, 1983.
15. Machine Design, Nov. 19, 1981.
16. Peery, D.1.: Aircraft Structures. McGraw-Hili, 1950.
17. Grinter, L.: Theory of Modern Steel Structures. Vol. I, Macmillan
Co., 19S5.
18. Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures.
MIL-HDBK-SE, Department of Defense, June 1987.
19. Faupel, J.H.; and Fisher, F.E.: Engineering Design, 2nd ed., Wiley &
Sons, 1981.
20. Fastener Technology International Magazine, Solon, Ohio, Oct. 1985
through Feb. 1987 Editions.
21. Design Handbook, Section 16. McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co.,
Huntington Beach, CA.
22. Bruhn, E.F.: Analysis & Design of Flight Vehicle Structures. Tri-State
Offset Co., Cincinnati, 1965.
35
 Appendix A
Bolthead Marking and Design Data
[From ref. 20]

36
 ASTM markings
The American Society for Testing and Matellats, 1916 Race St, Plllladelpllia, PA 19103, sponsors development of specifications for fasteners used In generat and special engineering applications
These speclficalions detail chemical and mechanical properties of material strength levels for fasteners and are generally specific In referencing the actual product covered. A full range of
types of products of various styles, thread selles, lengths, etc, can be produced to meet ASTM requirements and would be marked for grade and material identification as required.

Grade and material identification markings required by ASTM specifications

ASTM
Mechanical properties
Bolls, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Is mfgr's Nominal
Grade ASTM 10 size Proof Yield Tensile Proof
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brinell Rockwell or footnotes

None A31, Boller rivets Carbon sleel No Thru lj, - 23,000 45,000 - - - -
req'd Grade A
None A31, Boller rivets Carbon steel No Thru 1j; - 29,000 58,000 - - - -
req'd Grade B
None A65, Track spikes Carbon steel, copper Yes - - O.5X 55,000 - -- - Marking on top of head.
req'd Grade 1 not specified tensile
strength
CU A6S, Track spikes Carbon steel, Yes - - 0.5X 55,000 -- - - Marking on top of head.
Grade 1 copper specified tensile
strength
HC A65, T rack spikes Carbon steel, copper Yes - - o 5X 70,000 - - -- Marking on top of head
Grade 2 not specified tensile
strength
HC and A65, Track spikes Carbon steel, Yes - - o 5X 70,000 - - - Marking on top of head
CU Grade 2 copper specified tensile
strength
None A66 Screw spikes Carbon steel Yes - - 0.5X 60,000 - - - Marking on spike head,
req'd tensile
strength
None A183, Track bolts Low carbon steel, Yes j~ - 1% - - 55,000 - - - Marking on top of head,
req'd Grade 1 untreated raised or depressed
See A183, Track bolts Carbon steel, Yes ;; -11,; - 80,000 110,000 - - - Marking on top of head,
flRemarks" Grade 2 heal-treated raised or depressed A
symbol is required to
indicate bolt is heat-
treated,
None A183, Track nuts Low carbon steel No }~ . 1 Ya - - - - - - -
req'd Grade 1
None A183, Track nuts Medium carbon steel No y. - 1 I~ - - - - - - -
req'd Grade 2
B5 A193 Bolts, screws, and studs AISI OlOt Yes 1~ -4 - 80,000 100,000 - - - A
for high temperature
service
B6 A193 Bolts, screws, and studs AIS1411) Yes :~ -4 - 85,000 110,000 - _. - A
for high temperature
service
Foolnoles are grouped on the last page of this Part 1 series.
w
"-'
w
00

Footnotes are grouped on the last page of this Part 1 series.

----
Mechanical properties
Baits, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Is mfgr's Nominal
Grade ASTM to size Proof Yield Tensile Proof
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brinell Rockwell or footnotes

B6X A193 Boils. screws. and SlUGS AISI4111 Yes \ -4 - 70.000 90.000 - - C26 max A
for high lemperalure
,serVice
B7 A193 Bolls. screws. ilnu sluuo AISI 41·10. 41 ·12. Yes Y•. 2/2 - 105.000 125.000 -- - - A
for ~lIgll lemperalure 4145 414UH. 4142H Over - 95,000 115,000 - - - A
servIce: 4145H 2:, ' 4
Over - 75.000 100.00U -- - - A
4,7

B7M AI93 BoilS. screws. dnu sluus AISI 4140. 4142. Yes >~ - 2 ~,; - 80,000 1UO.OOO ~

235 B99 A
lor ~llgl1 lemperalure 414tl. 4140H. 4142H mClX max
service 4145H (B) (8)

B16 AI93 Bolls. screws. amJ sluus CIHornlurn.

lor l'llgll lernperdlure rnolybuerlurn and Yes ' ')1
/. - ' - I l ' - 105.000 I 25.0()() ~,

- -- A
servIce vdnad,um alloy sleel Over -
95.000 110.0UU - - - A
2~, -4
Over - 85.000 IUU.DUD ~, ~,
- A
4,7

B8 A193. Bolls. screws. and sluds AISI 304 cartJlde Yes 1'4 and
,~

30.000 75.0(1) ..- 223 D B96[) rnax A

A:J2D for hlgll or low solullorl Irealed larger rnctX
lemperillure servIce:.
respecllvely-Class 1 (e)
B8C AI9:J. 8011s. screws. and SluUS AISI 347. cclrtJlck Y"s ~4 aflJ - 30.000 15.UUU ,-,
~23[J [396 D 1110'< A
A32U lor ~lIg11 or low solullon Irealed Idrger rnat
18nlperalUr8 serVice,
respecllvely-Class I (e)

B8M A193. Bolls. screws. and siuds AISI 316. cClrblde Yes ~~ and - 30.000 75.00D -- 223[) B96[) rnax A
A320 lor hlgll or low solullon Irealed larger max
lernperalure service.
respecllvely-Cldss I (e)
S8P AI9:J. BOilS. screws. and sluds AISI J05 (wllh Yes I. and - 30,000 75.000 ~,

223 D B96[J max A

A320 lor high or low reslncled carbon). larger max
lernperalure service. edrblcje solulron
respecllvely-Class I (C) rrealed
B8T AI93 80115. screws, and SluuS AISI 321. carbide Yes ~,~ (jnd - 3D.00O 75.()(j0 -- 223 0 B96 1' rnax A
A32() for 111gfl or low solullon Irealed larger rndx
temperature service.
'especllvely .. Class I (e)
B8LN A193. Bolts. screws. ilrKJ sluUs AISI 3114N (wilh Yes ~,~ cHId - 30.000 l5.UCJD 223[' 89ti[) max A
A:J2U for hlgll or low reslr [cled carbon). Idrger rndX
leff1per31ure service carOlcle solullon
respecllvely~ Class I IC) Irealeu
B8MLN AI93 Balis. screws. and sluds AISI 31 oN (will', Yes ;~ Cind - 3D.DOO 7c,.UUO 223l) 896 1) rndX A
AJ2() fur 111011 (Jr low reslrlcled c,,,borl) larger mUA
Itnnpera(ure servrce. cdrDKie solullon
respecllvely-Cldss I (C) (r"dleu
 Mechanical properties

Is mlgr's Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Nominal
Grade ASTM ID size Proal Yield Tensile Proal
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brinell Rockwell or loot note"

BaA Rulls screw:') and ~luJ:) AISI :JlI.1 c,,,blde Yes 1~ dnd -- 3l1.UUlI 7:' lIt)lI _. 1~,2
A 193. H'.j,,(llliciA M
A32(J lor IlIgl·, or icM solution llE:dleu H) larger fTliJ.X
h.;rllper dlufP. Sci Viet: tllHsllt~li CO{IUlll(;/1

re',peCllvl,ly·- Ci"SS IA
IC)

B8CA A193, Bolls. screws, arid sluds AISI 347, carbide Ye~ l~ and - :>u.O()O 75,Ollll - 192 B~U max A
A32() lor I1lgll or low o()luIIUIl treJluel In larger max
temper dlure serVICe. Ilfllshed corldlllo"
respectively---Claos 1A
(C)
B8MA A193, Bolts, screw", "nd slud" AISI 316. carbide Ye" 14 and - 30.000 75,000 - 192 B90 max A
A:J2l1 for 111g11 or low SOILlIIOIl Ir'-'<318d Irl larger mdX
tcrnperalllltj ~t::{VI(;e. flflfsllt!rj co"r1i1lun
re~pecllvely Cldss lA
(C)
B8PA A193, BullS. screw", ,Hid slucls AISI'sUSlwllll Yes ;" and - 30,lIOO 75.0UO 192 B9u rnax A
A:J20 for 111gl1 or lOw reslncted CarIJOll). lurger max
tempera lure service. CdrlJlde solullon
respecllvely-- Class 1A Irealed In Iinished
(C) cundilion
B8TA A193, 80115, screws, dlld sluds AISI 321, cCllblde Yus >4 (.Jnd - 3l1.()OO 7S.ClUO ---,
192 890 fllax A
A320 Wr Illgll or low s(llul/un Ired led Ifl larger /lIax
lemperalure service, Ilf11slled condillon
respectively-Cldss lA
(C)
B8LNA A193. Bolls, screws. afld studs AISI 304N (wlill Ye~ ~4 cHid -- 3U,UOO 15,1100 - 192 I3VU mel' A
A320 lor 111g11 or low reslflcled c"rbun) larger rllax
temperalure service. cdrlJllle sollJtlon
respectively -C/CiS8 IA Ire,,18d In Ilfllsl18d
lC) condilion
B8MLNA A193, Bolls, screws, and studs AISI 316N (wllh Yus \ '--lnd - 30,000 7:',lJOO - 192 B90 filax A
A320 lor 111g11 or low restricled carboll), larger max
lelflperature serVice, Cd rblCle solu lion
respectively-Class 1A II ea ted 111 11f11shed
(C) condillull
B8NA A193 8olls. screws, ,lIld studs AISI 3U4N. CdrUlde Yus
,~ dnd -- 3u,LJUU rS.IJI)(1 - 192 89tJ rllax A
lor 111g11 lemperalure solution !1t-1dtuU H) luryur mdX
serVICe. Class lA fllllsiled condlilurl
B8MNA ,0..193 Golls, screws. "rod studs AISI 31tiN, cdrblde Yes ~4 cllid - 3LJ,UOO 75,lIliO -- 192 1390 max A
for tligh ternpUf<3ture 8011111011 Irealud Ifl larger mdX
:;urvICt:, Cld~S 1 A IlIlIsl,,,d COf1ClItIOIl
B8N A1V3 8u11s, screws. ",-,iJ Slur1s AISI JU4N, c,-,rolde Yeo ~4 and - 35.UI)lI eo UIIU 2:!:i lJ~lJ fll,J" A
lor Illgll 1t:lflf-hor"lulu sulutlon IreJ1L'eJ I'-'I\ler nlctA (I!)
service. CldSS 1F3 llil
Footnotes are grouped on the Idst page ()f tilfs Part 1 Strle:,

""
'0
;!5
Mechanical properties
Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Is mfgr's Nominal
Grade ASTM ID size Proof Yietd Tensile Proof
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brinell Rockwell or footnotes

B8MN At93 Bolts, screws, and studs AISI 316f'.J, Ci1rblde Yes ~~ and - 35,000 80,000 - 223 B96 max A
lor 111911 krnper dture solution treated larger max (0)
servlc", Cldss t B (0)
B8R A'193 Bolts, screws, and studs UNS 20910 (XM19), Yes ~~ and - 55,000 100,000 - 271 C28 max A
lor hlgl1 ternper ature carbide solullon larger max
serVice, Class 1C treated

B8RA A193 Bolts, screws, and sluds UNS 20910 (XM19), Yes X and - 55,000 100,000 - 271 C28 max A
lor illgh temperature carbide solution larger max
service, Class 1C treated in Ilnlshed
condition
Btl::> A193 Bolts, screws, and studs S21800, carbide Yes y. and 5C,OOO !:I:J,uuu <'II C<'tl max A
lor 111911 temperature solution treated larger max
service, Clas, 1C
B8SA A193 Bolts, screws, and studs S21800, ca rblde Yes y. and - 50,000 95,000 - 271 C28 max A
ior 11I9il temperature solution treated in targer mox
service, Class 1C finished condillon

ID! A193, Bolts, screws, and sluds AISI 304, carbide Yes ;:. ~ /. -- 100,000 125,000 - 3~ 1 C35 max A
A320 lor high or low solution trealed & max
t~mperature serVice, strain hardened Over - SO,DOO 11S,(jDO - 321 C35 max A
r8spectlvely-Class 2 (C) " 1
f. rnax
Over - 65,UOO 105,UUO - J21 C35 rnax A
1 - 1 j~ rn;;x
Over --- 50,000 100,000 - 321 C35 max A
1}~ - 1 % rnax
}~ -X 100.000 125,000 _. 321 C35 max A
ill A193, Bolts, screws, ,Jffd studs AISI 347 r.arbide Yes - -

A320 lor high or low sulutlon treated & rnax

temperature service, strain hard8n"d Over - 80,000 115,000 - 321 CJ5 max A
respectively-Class 2 (C) 7: -1 max
Over - 65,000 105,000 - 321 C35 rnax A
1 - 1 >~ max
Over - 50,000 100,000 - 321 C3~ Illax A
1 ~ ~ 1}~ max

~ A193, Baits, SClews, dfld studs AISI 305 (WI 111 Yes 1.-% - 100,000 125,000 -- 321 C35 max A
A320 lor high or low restflcted caruon), max
temperature selVlce, carbide solution Over - 80,000 115,000 - 321 C3:, max A
respecllvely--Clas~ 2 (C) treal"d & strain }~ . 1 max
hardened Over - 65,000 10:,,00ll --. 321 C35 max A
1 - ly' max
Over - 50,000 lUO,ClOO - 321 C35 rnax A
1~~~1~~ fTlax
!![I AI9:" Bolls, screw" arid studs AISI 321, carbide Yes 1!
14 -
)1
74 - 10LJ,UGO 125,000 - 321 C3~ max A
A320 lor IlIgll or low solution treated & rnilX
terrlperdllJfe SerVIce:::, strdln h,Hdened Over - eD,DUD 11~,OOO - 321 C35 max A
respectlvely--Cla~s ;; (C) y. - 1 rnax
Over - oS,OIJO lU~,(lLlU :)21 C35 rnax A
1- 1}~ rnax
Over .- 50,lJlllJ tOU,tJliU J21 C3S {fldX A
1 ~~ , 2n max
 Mechanical properties
Boits, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Proof
Is mfgr's Nominal load
Grade ASTM ID size Proof Yield Tensile (psi)
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength hvy hex Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) hex Brinell Rockwell or footnotes

B8N A193 Bolls, screws, and studs AISI 304N, carbide Yes %-% - 100,000 125,000 - 321 C35 max A
for high temperature solution treated & max
serVice, Class 2 Slralll hardened Over - 80,000 1 t5,000 - 321 C35 max A
~.~ - 1 max
Over - 65,000 105,000 - 321 C35 max A
1 -IX max
Over - 50,000 100,000 - 321 C35 max A
1 X- 1~; max
B8M A193, Bolls, screws, and studs AISI 316, carbide Yes y.• 3(
- 7. - 95,000 110,000 - 321 C35 max A
A320 for high or low solution treated & max
temperature service, strain hardened Over - 80,000 100,000 - 321 C35 max A
respectively-Class 2 (C) }~ - 1 max
Over - 65,000 95,000 - 321 C35 max A
1 - 1}~ max
Over - 50,000 90,000 - 321 C35 max A
1% -1;1, max
B8MN A193 Bolls, screws, and studs AISI 316N, carbide Yes X-X - 95,000 110,000 --- 321 C35 max A
for high temperature solulion Ireated & max
serVice, Class 2 slrain 11ardened Over - 80,000 100,000 - 321 C35 max A
7; - 1 max
Over - 65,000 95,000 - 321 C35 max A
1 - IX max
Over - 50,000 90,000 - 321 C35 max A
IX -1;1, max
1 A194 Hot or cold forged nuls Carbon steel Yes %and - - - 130,000 121 B70 min --
for high pressure & high larger 120,000 min
temoeralure service
1B A194 Nuts machined from bars Carbon sleel Yes :1. and - - - 130,000 121 B70 min -
for high pressure & high larger f2W)OO min
temperature service
2 A194 Hot or cold forged nuts Carbon steel Yes ~~ and - - --- lS0,OOO 159/352 884 min -
for high pressure & 111gh larger 135,000
temperature service
2B A194 Nuts machined from b,Hs Carbon steel Yes Yo and - - -- 150,000 159/352 B84 min -
for high pressure & high larger 135,000
temperature service
2H A194 Hot or cold forged nuts Carbon steel, heat Yes X and - - -- 175,000 248/352 C24/C38 -
for high pressure & hl'lll treateeJ larger 150,000
temperature service
-.
2HB A194 Nuts macllined from bars Carbon steel. heat Yes %and - -. - 175,000 248/352 C24/C38 Eo
for high pressure & 11igh treated larger 150,000
temperature service
-- - ~------ -~---------- -- ---
2HM A194 Hot or cold forged nuts Carbon steel, Ileat Yes !~ and - -- - 150,000 159/237 C22 max -_.
for high pressure & rll'lh tre~tell larger 135,UOO
temperature service
-I>-
-I>
N

Mechanical properties
Boits, screws, studs Nuts I Hardness
Proof

~~9'"
Nominal load
Grade ASTM I" size Proof Yield Tensile (psi)
10
mark
spec
number
Fastener
description
I Material
symbol
req'd?
range
(inch)
load
(psi)
strength
(min psi)
strength
(min psi) ~J ex Brinell J
Rockwell
I Remarks
or footnotes

2HMB A19~ ~1\lls In"clllnecJ frum Oilrs Cd rbull sleel ilea I Yes ~( and I::,U,UUU 1591237 C22 milX E
lor high pressure & hl(]ll 11 83 tf~rl larger 130,,000
!i::::rrlf. H;r~i!lJlC Sl'lVICe

3 AI,94 Hoi or c"ld lorg,") nuls AISI ~1J1, iwal Ir,,:lled Yes \ ancl 17S,O()O 2481352 C241Cl8
tor til~t'l pr('::,sure & til~l~l larger ISU,()OO
terTlpernllJn~ serVice

3B Al(),1 ~~lJb f1l,jC~lIrk~(j 110111 !J,lIS ..... I~;j ~Ul. lIL~i..ll !f(::dled Yes 1,( and 115,OO(J 2·1813S2 C24/C38 E
101 111'l'i rff:sSlJre & hlqll largl" I SO,OO(l
leillpt.'! ':-11(11 (; scrvl('t~

4 AI94 HOI ()r Clll\! l(;r'J"d nlJh CarLJon, rnolyhdefl(Jfn, Yes >. ancJ 175,(1)0 248/352 C241C3tl
lor 111gl1 pressur<? [, l'llqll III;cJllredleu larger 15lJ,()Clll
lernpf~r.111jre Sr;rV)LL~

4B A I (J4 NiltS fllr:ldllfled frolil tJdr~) Cdrllun, mulylldenlJnl Yes ~( and 1 {:),OUO 2~tJl352 C2,1IC:W t
tor tilyll ~reSsure &: hl:JI'1 1'1\..:;:11 llt~C11e(j larger 1,,0,0(1(1
ternper alure serVice

6 Al'14 II,JI or colrJ lorgelj lIub AISI ,ill) IIU"I Ircaled Yes >~ and 1:)(1000 2'2.'tJI2il C'2.ll(C28
If)r nigh rressLlre & Illyl, Inrger 11Cl,O()O
krnpt:ralurc serVICl'

68 AI94 ~Jlils nlilc!Jlnf?l] from 1)(lrS AISI ,1111, hcallreiJled Yes L~ and 151)000 228/211 C20/C2(J E
lor (Ilgil prCSSIHe I). hl<]11 larger 135000
lemreraillre serVice

6F A 1~14 H(JI or cold fnfqAcJ ntJts /\ISI ,Ill) willi SlIliur or Yes \ i1tld 150,CIOO 228/271 C21)IC28
lor tli9h prf-ls~;urt; &. hly!1 (t 1GSe v)l111 selenium. l<lrger 135 (JOD
It'rnppratUi(~ :It_!r\jIC:~ tlf!;1\ lredleci

6FB A1G4 ~Ju\~ rTlactillled Irorn tJdrS AISI 41 () '111111 slIllLlr or Yes 14 and IS0,DOO 228/271 C2()IC28 E
for 111g11 prp'~,sure & hlCJll 41 (lSe..; VJlth SelerHum, Idrger 135,ClUD
IClllpcrdlUu: St!IVICC II(:alllealed

7 Al()4 H()I or cold forg"fj rrlJlS AISI 4141114142141 ~5, Yf!S ~~ ;md I 7 ~i ,IIlJCi 24 (Jt:J:,:, C24IC~I\
Inr tllqh prf:S:'IH(~ (I.,. hl:Jtl 41,11.111. ,114:)11 IcHgi;r I ')(j.liliil
tUll!J(-rrdWt: SerVI\~e ,1)·I~fl. Ileal treated

7B I-~ 1 :"J4 r-Juls (]lllcfil!1t:(j Ir()!'!1 t)df~ AI::;I 414(11,11 ,i2/~ i'I~, YC~i \ ilnd 11~"O(l11 2,18nS/ C241CJR f:
II,r 111911 prE,,,slJr,, 6. IlI()11 ~141)H ,1142H. IJr'ler l:)(J,OnlJ
If::'rnpl~ra!lJre serVice ·114:-,fiIl8illlreJled

7M AI94 Hlil or "old lor'l~d lJu!S f\ISI 41 ,IOI,1142/414~, Yes >4 and 1~(J(lIl1i 1:',JI231 C22 rn~x
lor illCJl1 p,essure (, Illgll ·1)·IIIH,414?H, larD2r 13'i,liOil
tcrrq)('rdture SCfVICU ·11 ,1~rll 11c"llrealed
7MB Al,}4 N1Jh r11,-lCllllll'(] frUfll tJilf C
) /·";1 ·11,1111·11,121,11 '15, Yl'S \ arlO 1:,(),()lJU 15'1/2:31 C22 mel;': [
I( II ~llqll prl.")~\lre E. tlICJ~) ·11,1(11-1 ,11·1?H larger 1:1:,0()()
Ipillpr:r;rluff; sprVICf~ ,11 '1~d I, !lE~ill Ir(~;ded

8 t, )')4 HoI Of enlr) jCJ(g0rJ nuts /·1:;1 .'l1·1 YUc; 1~ (I fl (j flllO()(1 1261:J(1() Il()()/Ii Iii',
lor t)I~Jtl rHl;~~;lHf: .l..'~ tllqh laryer 7S,rlllil
!emperdll!fr~ :)(lrV'CL~
f'()olnoles ore grouped on H1C: las 1 pilCJO of 1hi~i f'ar! 1 Sp.rleS,
 Mechanical properties
Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Prool
Is mlgr's Nominal load
Grade, ASTM 10 size Proof Yield Tensile (psi)
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength hV~ hex Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) ex Brinell Rockwell or footnotes

8B A194 Nuts machined Irom biHS AISI304 Yes '4 and -~ - -- 8IJ,OOO 126/300 B6f//RtuS -
lor 11igl1 pressure & 1111)fl Idrger 7'i,1l00
lemperalure servrce
8A A194 Hot or cold lorg8U Or AI"I 3tJ4, c;,rblde Yes ~~ and - - -- 80,()OO 126/t92 UbU/U90 -
milchlned Irom biHS lor solution treated larger 7S,OOO
11r9h pressure & hl'lll
temflerature servrce
BG At:),t Hut or culd 10rCJ"d rlLrh /\ISI :l·11 Yes ~~ and -- --- --- nil lillfj t26/30U B6U/81()~
lor high pressure & I11g11 larger 75,000
temperature service
BGB A194 Nuts macl11ned Irom hars AISI :l,t7 Yes "4 and - - - 80,OUO 126/300 B60/f:ll U5 -~-

lor high pressure & Iligil larger 75,O()O

tempera lure service
8GA A19·1 Hut or cold lorged or AISI 3,17, cilrhlde Yes 1,~ alld - ---- 80,DO() 126/192 BCD/B90 -

mactllned from bars fur ':)(Jl,Jl,on treated larger 75,O()()

l1Igh pressure & 11igl1
tempera ture service
BM A194 Hot or cold lorged nuts AISI316 Yes ~,~ and -~ - - SO,OOO 126/300 86U181ll5 -

lor high pressure & hign larger 7S,()OO

temperature servrce
8MB A194 Nuts machined Irom hars AISI :,1(' Yes :'. and - - - 80,0110 126/300 BGU![310S -~-

lor hrgll pressure & 1-11'111 larger 75TlliT)

lemperature service
BMA A194 Hot or cold lorged or AISI :J t 0, carbide Yes i; and - - - 80,000 126/192 B60/B90 -
macl11ned Irorn hars lor solution tre,lied larger 75,000
hr'1l1 pressur'" & I1lgh
temperature service
BT A19,j Hot or cold lorged nulS AISI :J21 Yes :'4 and - - - SO.OOO 12613UO B60/Bl05 -
lor I1lgh pressure & 11Igll larger 75,000
temperature service
BTB Al:)4 Nuts machined Irom bars AISI321 Yes ~4 and -~ - -- SO,OOO 12613UO BEiO/Bl0S -
lor hr'1h pressure 6. 111911 larger 7Cl,U()()
temperature service
BTA A194 Hot or cold lorged or AISI 321, carbide Yes ~I~ clnd - ~ - --- 811,OOD 126/192 B61J/B90 --
machined Irom bars fOI solirliCin treated Idrger 7ei,OUO
higl1 pressure & high
tem[lerature service
BF A194 Hot or cold forged nuts AISI 303 With sulfur or Yes ~4 and ~
- nO,fiU!) 1~613110 B60/Bl05 _.
for high pressure & high 303Se with selenium larger 7:JOOO
ternperature service

BFB A104 Nuts macllrned Irorn t)3rS AISI 303 With sullur Yes /~ dnd - 80,OUt) 12[;I3UII 8b(I:B1U" --
lor high pressure & 111gh or 303Se With largp.r 7'0iw
tenlPerature service ~;e!Cf)tllrn
Footnotes are grouped on the last page of HlIS Part 1 serres
.j:>.
w
t

Mechanical properties
Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Proof
Is mfgr's Nominal load
Grade ASTM ID size Proof Yield Tensile (psi)
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength hvy hex Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) hex Brinell Rockwell or footnotes

8FA A194 Hot or cold forged or AISI 303 with sulfur or Yes ;~ and -- - - 80000 126/192 860/B90 -
machined frorn bars for 303Se with selenium, larger 7S,OOO
111gh pressure & 11igl1 carill(je solullon
lemperature serVice treated
8P A19~ Hot or colej forged nuts AI~,I 305 (w11I1 Yes ,',~ cHld -- -,. - flOOO() 126/30Cl B601810S -
for high pressure & high restrrcted carbon) larger IS,ClOLl
temperature service
8PB A194 Nuts machined frorn bars AISI :lOS (With Yes \" and -- -. -- SIl,ClOU 1261300 BGO/8105 -
for hlgll pressure ,". i',jgh restrrcted carbon) larger 75,OO()
lenlp~r(1Iurt-: serVICe

8PA A194 Hot or culd forged or AISI 30S (with Y8S ;'4 and - -- .-
SO (lOU 126/192 OGO/B90 ---
machined from bars for restricted carbon), larger 75,OOn
high presslJIe & IlI(jll Cdrblde solution
tempr;raturc service Ire,lled

8N A194 Hot or cold forged nulS AISI ::104N Yes I,~ and - - ---- [JUOOO 12G/3()0 BliOm lOS ,--
for 111011 preSSIHe & high larger 75,000
lernpf:ratlJre ~erVlce
8NB A194 ~Juts rndcllloeJ fronl udrs AISI1Cl4N Yes ~/. and - - ._- BO,(l(JO 12li/300 tl60/B10S --

for higtl presslJre & 1111)11 larger 7S.00n

ICmr0f<lture s(~rvice

aNA A194 Hoi or cold fl)l'll:cj or I\ISI 31),H'J, "arrJl(je Yes :~ and - --- -- BO,OIlO 126/192 8601l:l90 -.

Inaciw1Pr1 from I)ms for sululllHl trealed larger 7S lil)O

tllgll pressur~ i'. Iligl,
ternr.h.:rdllire sprVI(;~·;

8MN A19,1 Hot or c()Id furgc:d l1ulS AISI3t6N Yes ;~ and - _.. - [JO,Oll() 12G/30() BGO/BlOS -
for hlt]h preSSlJre & Iw)11 lal(]cr 75,()ClO
lL'rnperdtlJr~~ ~·,erVIr:e

8MNB 1\ 19,1 NIJIc..~ rnt-lCiI1r1t;'(j fro!fl tid!:'; /\1;;1 ,1I ()~J Yes ~. ;-mcl .. flll,IItH) 126/3()() Oli018105 -
for 11I(]ll pr ""sure & hl'lll iar(Jcr 1:) O()O
temrWrClltJfp. ;.-,erVlce
8MNA A1,),1 Hot ur colO for<Jl'(j Or ,\tSI ']1 ,iN, ,,;,rhlde Yes '4 dnd -- [J1I,III1O 1213/1(.(' OGO/B90 -
rnacllllied from [)"rs for solution treate(j lal~wr 75,(){)()
tl(gh rreSS(Jlp. & tllqll
temp~ratLJr(; ,<:;.ervlcc

,
8R Alq~ HOI or ((lId forqr,d nills XMI~) Yes ~ and -- -- [lO(HII) l[Jll/i1 flHR/C2S --
for I1"JII presslJre & 111'111 larrler l~).UU()
temperalrrre service
8RB A104 Nuts machined from bars XMIO YAS l~ dllc1 .. H{I,OOI) W31211 l3IltJIC2:J
for higll pressllre & l1igll lor\)(" l:;,Il!lO
k r-npcr;:lIllre srrVICC

Footnolle'; are qrollped on the lasl pClqe of tillS Part 1 serres

 Mechanical properties
Bolts. screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Prool
Is mfgr's Nominal load
Grade ASTM ID size Proof Yield Tensile (psi)
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength hvy hex Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) hex Brinell Rockwell or footnotes

BRA Al'1~ Hoi or cold forged or XM 1g, cilrbide Yes X and - -- - 80.000 183/271 88S/C25 -
machined from bars lor solution Irealed larger 15,UOU
high presslHe & high
lemperature service
.
8S A194 Hal or cold torged nuls S21800 (restricted Yes ~.t and -~ - - 80,000 183/271 888/C25 -
for high pressure & high phosphorus) larger 75.000
temperature service
8SB A194 Nuts machined from bars S21800 (restricted Yes ~/~ and - --- - 80,ClOO 183/271 888/C25 -
for high pressure & high phosphorus) larger 75,000
temperature service
8SA A194 Hot or cold torged or S218ClO (restricted Yes I~ and - ~-
- flO.OOO lfl3/271 888/C25 -
machined from bars tor phosphorus), carbide larger 75,UOIJ
higl1 pressure & 111g11 solution treated
lemperalure service
8lN A194 Hot or cold forged nuts AISI 304N (with Yes y. and - --- - 80,000 126/3[)() 860/810S -
for high pressure & 11igh lestricteri carbon) I;:uger 1:',000
tempera lure service
8lNB A194 ~Juts machined from bars AISI 304N (with Yes ~4 and - -- ,,-
80,000 126t:JUO 86018105 ---

for high pressure & 111g11 restricted carbon) I"r(jer 7~j,0IJO

temperature service
8lNA A194 Hot or cold forged or AISI :104N (wi ttl Yes ~I~ and - --- .-- 80,000 t26/192 860/890 ~-

machined from bars for loslricted carbon), larger 75.000

high presslHe & high cdrOlde solullon
temperature selvlce treated
8MlN A194 HOI or cold forged nuts AISI 316N (with Yes >~ and -- -- SO,OOO 126/300 860/8105 --
for high pressure & high restricted carbon) ta rger 7:),000
temperature service
8MlNB A194 Nuts machined from bars AISI 316N (with Yes y. and --- - 80,000 1261300 8fiOIB105 ~.

for high pressure & hl911 restricted carbon lar~Jer 75.000

temperature service
8MlNA A194 Hot or cold lorge(j or AISt 316N (with Yes \ and .~
-- - 80000 1261192 860/890 ----

machined from bars for restrlcled carbon), i3r'ler 75,O()O

hlgll pressure & I11g11 Cillbide solullon
tempera lure service treated

~ A194 Nuts nliJClllned lrom tJdis AISI :104, strain Yt:~S

l'
4 -
"!/
14 -- -" -~
12~.1II)O -- ---

fOI 11,,)11 presslrre & 111<]11 har(JHlt)d 110,000

lernpt.'r;lfLHIj service '8 - 1 --- ~-
- - I 1.') (jOO --- - --

10n,(JOO
11~ ~ 1\ -- _. t(J5 (JOO - ~- --_.
05,IlOO
1 \~ - 111 ~- -- -" 100 (1110 - .. - --

-()iPJTii)
-- ---- --
rootllotes are urouped on the last page of nlis Part 1 sertes.
.,.
Vl
.j>.
0--

Mechanical properties
Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Proal
Is mlgr's Nominal load
G.rade ASTM 10 size Prool Yield Tensile (psi)
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength ~ Remarks
mark number doscrlplion Malerial req'd? (Inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) hex Brinefl Rockwell or footnotes

.aQ A194 Nuls machined Irorn bars AIS1147. slrain Yes II

!~ - 14
]1
- - - 125,OOll - - -
lor high pressure & high hardened 110,UOO
lernperalure service %- 1 - - - 115,000 - - -
100,000
11' - l/~ - - - lOS,OOO - - -
95.00()
1%- 11, - - - 100,000 - - -
WOOO
II A194 fJuls machined Irorn bars AISI 321, slraln Yes I~ . Y. - - - 125.U()U - - -
110,000
lor hlQtl pressure & high
lemperalure service
tlardened
~~ - , - - - llS,OOO
100.000
- - -
1/~ - 1 Y. - - - 10S,OOO - - -
95JlOi'f
1}~ - 1 X - - - 100,000 - - -
90,00()

M!1 A194 Nuls machinod Irorn bars AISI 316. slralll Yes X-X - - - 110,000 - - -
lor 11igh pressure & trigl) hardened 100.000
temperature service %- 1 - - - 100.000 - - -
90,000
1% - IX - - - 95,000 - - -
U5.000
1Y. - 1Yo - - - ')O.O()() -- -
HO,UUO

.!!E Al94 Nuls machined Irom bars AISI 303 wilh sullur Yes X-X 125,OUIJ
lor higll pressure & Iligll or 303Se With 110,000
lemperalure service selenium. slrain Yo- 1 - - -- I I S,OllO -- - -
hardened 100.000
1% - IX - - - IOS.OOO - .- -
-95,000
ly'- lYo - - - 100,OO() - - -
'9i'D'iOO
Yes X-X - - - --
1f Al94 Nuls machined from bars AISI 305 (wllh
for high pressure & high reslricled carbon),
lemper alure service slrain hd,dened % -1 - - -
1 ~~ - 1 Y. - - -
lYo - lYo - - -
90.000

Footnotes are grouped on the last page 01 this Part 1 series,

 Mechanical properties
Bolls, screws, studs Nuls Hardness
Proot
Is mlgr's Nominal load
Orade ASTM 10 size Proal Yield Tensllo (psi)
10 spec Faslener symbol range load strength strength hv~ hex Remarks
mark number doscrlptlon Material req'd7 (Inch) (pi I) (min psi) (min psi) ex Brinell Rockwell or looJnotes

8N AI94 Nuts machined from bars AISI 3114N, strain Yes Yo - Y. - - - 125,f)UO - - -
lor high pressure & tllgtl haldenet.l 110,000
temperature service %- 1 - - - 115,000 - - -
100,000
1:I,-IX - - - 105,000
95,000
- - -
1Yo - 11. - - - 100,000 - - -
~
.§MH AI94 Nuls machined Irom bars AISI 316N, sHain Yes X-X - - - 125,000 - - -
lor high pressure & high
ternperature service
hardened
'i.-I - - . -
110,000
115,000
100,000
- - -
1:1,- lYo - - - 105,000 - - -
95,000
lYe-l1. - - - 100,000
1R'fi'iOO
- - -
None A307, Common bolls Carbon steet Yes X-4 - - 60,000 - 1211 B691 Marking on head, raised
raq'd Grade A 241f Bl00 f or depressed.
Nono A307, Bolls lor lIanged 10lnts Carbon sleet Yes X- 4 - - 60,000 - 1211212 B691B95 Marking on head, raised
req'd Grade B min or depressed.
100,000
max
Ll A320 Bolls, screws, and studs AIS14140, 4142, or Yes Yo - 21. - 105,000 125,000 - - - A
lor low temperalure 4145 quenched &
service tempered
LIA A320 Bolls, screws, and studs
lor low lemperature
AISI 4037 quenched
& tempered
Yes Yo - 2:1, - 105,000 125,000 - - - A

service
L7B A320 Bolts. screws, and stUds
for low temperature
AISI 4137 quenched
& tempered
Ye~ X- 2:1, - 105,000 125,000 - - - A

service
L7C A320 Bolls, screws, and sluds
lor low temperature
AtSt 8740 quenched
& tempered
Yes ~; - 2Y. - 105,000 125,000 - - - A

service
L70 A320 Bolls, screws, and sluds AtSI 4140. 4142. or Yes Yo - 2:1, - 105,000 125,000 - - - A
lor low temperalure 4145 quenched &
service lempered
L71 A320 Bolls. screws, and sluds
for low lemperalure
AISI 4037 quenched
& lelllperet.l
Yes !I. . 2}~ - 105.000 125,000 - - - A

service
L72 A320 Bolls, screws, and studs
lor low lernpelalure
AISI 4137 quenched &
lempered
Yes !'. - 2~ - 105,000 125.000 - - - A

~AfViC:A Foolnoles are grouped on Itle last page 01 Ihls Part 1 series.
....,
.I>-
+>
00

Mechanical properties

Bolls, screws, sluds Nuls Hardness

Is mlgr's Nominal
Grade ASTM 10 size Prool Yield Tensile Prool
10 Bpec Faslener symbol range load strenglh strenglh load Remarks
m8rk number description Malerlal req'd7 (Inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brlnell Rockwell or loolnoles

L73 A320 Bolts. Screws. and studs AISI 07~0 quenched & Yes X'2Y, - 105.000 125.000 - - - A
lor low temperalure tempered
service
L43 A320 Bolls. Screws. and sluds AISI ~3~0 quenched & Yes X·4 - 105.000 125.000 - - - A
lor low lemperature tempered
service
L7M A320 Bolls. Screws. and sluds AISI 4140. 4142. or Yes X·2!t, - 00.000 100.000 - 23Sli [l99 li max A
lor low lemperalure 4t45 quenched & max
service tempered
L1 A320 801ts. Screws. and sluds
lor low temperalure
Low carbon
martensite steet.
Yes Yo. t - 105.000 t25.000 - - - A

service quenched & tempered

B8F A320 Bolls. screws. and studs AISI 303 with sullur or Yes /; and - 30.000 75.000 - 223 u B9G u max A
lor low temperature 303Se with selenium. larger max
service. Class t carbide solution
Irealed
B8FA A320 Bolts. screws. and sluds AISI 303 or 303Se Yes Yo and - 30.000 75.000 - 192 B90 max A
for low lemperature carbide solulion larger max
service. Class lA treated in Irnished
condition
ME A320 Bolls. screws. and studs AISI 303 or 303Se Yes Yo.}: - 100.000 125.000 - 321 C35 max A
lor low tempera lure carbide solution max
service. Class 2 Irealed and strain Over - 00.000 115.UOO -- 321 C35 max A
hardened }~ • 1 max
Over - 65.00U 105.000 - 321 C35 max A
I'I!I, max
Over - 50.000 100.000 - 321 C35 max A
IX·IY, max
A325 or A325. High strenglh Slruclural Medium carbon sleel. Yes ~~ • 1 05.000 92.000 120.000 - 240/331 C24/C35 H.I
option Type 1 bolls quenched & lempered IY,· IY, 74.000 81.000 105.000 - 223/293 CI9/C31 H.I
I
." .....
A325

..... 1.., A325. High strenglh struclural Low carbon Yes ~; .. 1 85.000 92.000 120.000 - 240/331 C24/C35 H.I
A326 Type 2 bolls martensile Sleel. lY, ·1Y, 74.000 81.000 105.000 - 223/293 C19/C31 H.I
quenched & tempered
A32S A325. High slrenglh structural Weathering sleel. Yes Y, • 1 85.000 92.000 120.000 - 240/33 I C24/C35 H. I. J
Type 3 bolts quenched & lempered tY,·IY, 74.000 81.000 105.000 - 223/293 C19/C31 H. I. J
A325M A325M. High strenglh siructural Medium carbon steel. Yes M16· 600 66U 830 - Vickers C23/C34 K. L
8S Type I bolts-mel ric quenched & lempered M36 MPa MPa MPa 255/336
A325M A325M. High strenglh slructural Low carbon marlensile Yes M16· 600 660 830 - Vickers C23/C34 K. L
~ Type 2 bolls-melric sleel. quenched & M36 MPa MPa MPa 255/336
lempered i
Foolnoles are grouped on lhe lasl page 01 lhis Pari 1 series.
 Mechanical properlles
Bolts, screws, sluds Nuls Hardness
Is mlgr's Nominal
Grade A5TM ID size Proal Yield Tensile Prool
10 spec Faslener symbol range load slrenglh slrenglh load Remarks
mark number descrlpllon Malerlal req'd? (Inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brlnell Rockwell or 'oolnoles

A325M A325M. High slrengll1 slluclUlill Wealilellll<j sleet. Yes M16- 600 660 830 - V,ckels C23/C34 J K. L
853 Type 3 boils-lIIellic qucllclwd & lelnpelcd M36 MPa MPa MPa 25~/336

BC A354. Bolts & sluds AllOY sleel. Quenched Yes X- 2y' 105.000 109,000 125,000 - 255/331 C26/36 Ii,N
Grade BC & lempoled Over 95,000 99,000 115,000 - 235/311 C22/C33 H,N
2~~ ~ 4

BO or A354, Bolts & sluds Alloy" sleel, Quenched Yes X- 2y' 120,000 130,000 150,000 - 3111363 C33/C39 H.N,O
Grade BO & lempeled Over 105,000 115,000 140,000 - 293/363 C311C39 H.N,O
....1" 2y' - 4
"1'
(M)

None A394 Transmission tower bolts Galvaniled sleel Yes y., Yo, Yo, (Single shear al 60.000 - 121/235 8691899 Malking on head, raised
req'd (P) ~, 1 Ihreads based on or depressed. (H)
45,000 ps!.)

B4B A437, Turblne-Iype bolls, Alloy sleel. specially Yes All dia - 105,000 145,000 - See C311C37 331 max 101 bolls &.
Grade screws, studs, nuls, and heal treated remalks lor nuls & sluds; 293/341 lor nuls
64B washers lor high washers & washers. (A)
lemperalure service
B4C A437, TUlbine-lype bolls, Alloy sleel, speCially Yes All dia - 85,000 115,000 - See C21/C29 277 max lor bolls &
Grade screws, Sluds, nuls, and heal Irealed remalks lor nuls & sluds; 229/277 lor nulS
B4C washers lor high washers & washers. (A)
lemperalure service
;pecially Yes 1
Grade screws, sluds, nuls, and heal Irealed Over 95,000 110,000 remarks lor nuls sluds; 263/311 lor nuls
B4D washers lor hlgl1 2y' - 4 and and washers. (A)
temperature selvice OVer washers
4-7 85,000 100,000 See
relllillks
A449 Bolls and sluds Medium carbon sleol, Yes Yo -1 85,000 92,000 120,000 255/321 C25/C34 Marking on head, raised

" ..... Quenched & lempered Over

1 - ly'
Over
74,000

55,000
81,000

58,000
105,000

90,000
223/285

183/235
C19/C30 or depressed (H,O)

ly' - 3

660A A453, Bolls, screws, sluds, nuls, Special alloy sleel, Ycs X and 85,000 130,000 248/341 A,R
(R) Grade and washers lor Iligh speCially heal Irealed larger
660 temperalure service
Class A

6606 A453, Bolts, screws, Sluds, nuls, Special alloy sleel, Yes y. and 85,000 130,000 24B/341 A,R
(R) Grade and washers lor high specially tleal Irealed larger
660 temperature service
Class B
Footnotes are grouped on tllo last pago 01 this Part 1 selles.
+>
'0
Vl
o

MechanICal properiTils

15 mlgr'8 Boils, screws, sluds Nuts Hardness

Nominal
Grade ASTM ID size Prool Yield Tensile Prool
10 spec Fastoner symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Malerial req'd? (Inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brlnell Rockwell or loolnoles

651A A453. Bolts, screws. studs. nuts. Speciat alloy steel, Yes X- 3 - 70.000 100,000 220/2110 - A,H
(R) Grado and washers lor high specially Ileat treated Over - 60.000 100.000 - 220/2110 - A.n
651 lemperalure service 3 and
Class A larger
6518 A453. 801ls. screws. studs. nuts. Special allay sleel. Yes X- 3 - 60,000 95,000 - 2101270 - A,R
(R) Grade and washers lor high specially heat treated Over - 50.000 95,000 - 210/270 - A.R
651 temperature service 3 and
Class B targer
662A A453, Bolts. screws. studs, nuls. Special alloy steel. Yes X and - 85,000 130,000 - 255/321 - A.R
(A) Grade and washers lor high specially heat treated larger
662 temperature service
Class A
~B A453. Bolls. screws. studs, nuts. Speciat alloy steol, Yes X and - 80.000 125.000 - 248/321 - A
(R) Grade amJ washers tor high speclatty heat treated targer
662 temperalure service
Class B
665A A453, Bol\s. screws. sluds, nuls. Special alloy sleel. Yes :~ and - 120.000 t 70.000 - 31113U8 -- A
(R) Grade and washers lor tllyll 5peclally Ileat treated larger
665 lernperature service
Class A
665B M53. Bolts. screws. studs, flutS. Special alloy steel, Yes X and - 120.000 155.000 - 311/388 - A
(R) Grade and washers lor high specially heat treated larger
665 temperature s8rvictl
Class B
Nona M89 Eyeballs Carbon steel. Yes X- 2;; (S) 30.000 65,000 - - - T
raq'd quenched and mill.
telllpered 85.0DO
'flax

ASTM foolnoles
A. Or8d~ and manufactursr'S kJenllllcallon symbol!! sllall
~ appllf:ld 10 one end 01 Iluds ~. I,. diameter (wd la'qer,
:!}~ (:~~~lt:l~r~s~~'x/~a~JI~~'~;';lf1iuBftnOIl ha'dn~s, stlall l. Shol, length bol15 noed onty mottt hArdnoss tlflllt'\. 8' Q. ""49 in sUes r.. IhlOV\jh I ~. Is eqUl'walent 10 SAE
haflJnes, IS thalf only m6ch':lf1iCBI 16t1lJ1ltHTl6111 (fltlle, 10 Grildtl 5
and 10 the head! 01 boll' end 6crew, y.. In dlomoter and Tatlle .. 01 AS TM F S68 Ivl dellnllion 01 fTIinlfllUm IUIlQlh 01

:~~~~I::5(:~:1~~S;U~~,S~I~~~~I~;fse~1 ~~~~~~~~~~I~;tl~~~!h'!i~,n:
larQer {II available area 15 Inadequate. grade syrnbof may product subjecl to lens lie tesllng ) R. In adddion In IdonllifCAllOI) symbols 19fade and class).
be fIlarked on Ofie end and manufaclUlur'a kJenllhcatlon Ifle type designallon 2 shall dlso Qppeal on all loll
syrnbol ma,ked on til. other eod) ness values 1101 less than the fIlUHfTlUIH nOl mOle than Ihe M. Glade BD bolts Yo- through 1~. dlanleltH shall tJ6 rtld.ltu<l Ihfeadt!d l.lolhllQ ",alellal so pro<::es5ed Ahsence 01 the
rlla~hTlum IlaHIII€'ss IlfIllls IflQulted. as hanJnos5 Is IIltllr With 5'. laulal hnes 60 deQ1en Ipal! on lOP 01 WI tledd. Iype deSlgnahon nUllIhflf Indlcal., rype I p'oces!>tld ma·
8. To meellenslle reQulreffienll, Hrlnell h.lIdness ahali ho only mechanical ItiQu110ln0111 Instead 01 the u,ade syrflbol IEIlial 01 machm&-I;ul ItuellolJ'50
""or 20r 118 (ij~ HI18)
I. bcludmg studS. all nlall"lnQS 10'9;toO all lOp 01 head. N. MIt.ks m<ty be falsed Of depressud On the lop 01 the S. Heier to ASTM Stlndard A4B9 101 ipeclhc 61"n~lh
c. A193 products 81" 101 tlliJh temperature S6r'w'lce, A32Q laised Df depressed head lor boilS and on one end 101 SludS '~uHem"'IlIS
prooucls are lor low lernperaluI8 SIllvlce.
J. Manu!aclwel may a<ld oHler <llsllnYUlsllHlQ /1 •• 1·]. ... Indl' 0, Glade 00 10 sues '/,," \tHough ,~. IS eqlJI\Oa\6l\t to SAF. 1. M3f1u!aC\ulef's naml3 O( 1{1I3n\lt!calIOI\ fl\a.I~ s.l\aH be
O. FOI SI'8S r,- In diameter and smaller. ma.lrnurn hald- callnQ t.le laslenHI IS atlflospheliC COffOSlon H.''>'',1-iIl! and G,ade B (Nole: AISI 1541 does nOI 'Sallsl,. che/lJcat (orued in lilStad c/lilacters 00 6yetXiil sUflacu
n.... or 2~1 H81100 IIRB) I. p.""ill.d (..1 8 weallioring t)'IJO 18quhemunlS 'or Grade BD)

E. NulS machined from hut healed l;a18 'It~ljd not be 16

~~~;~nl~~::~rl~l~ r~~~:~~ ~~\~~~t~~:~~~~:\aar\~:~;~~~~\ ~::~~
K, All mOlklflQS sMlllw IOCJior1 on lOp 01 Ihp, I,,' I" 1f\lsCu
t~'lllealed Of depressed Ua<'tJ 01 DfOIJ(Jll~ CI,155 sYrllbt·\. 1,.,1\ be
po.!>llIoned toward Ihe clusosl porlp"o,y 01 1101' I proceSsing r8QuU8flHfillS wlUJil apf!hcab!tI
f. [Ieapl wilen lesl&d by we<¥J6 ten&I{)ll lest
 Grade and material markings - Part II

ASTM markings
The Ameflcan Socrely lor TeSllnlJ ami M~le"als 191h HiKe SI 1'11I1,jde1prlla PA 191(rJ. sponsors development of specrflcallons fOI faslpner~ useel If'
(I~"elal an,) spec'al eng.neelll1q applications
lhese specitica\lons delalt chem.cat ano meehdllle,,1 p'(lpertles of malellal silengtl1tevets fOI ta,teners and ale genelally speerf.c "' 1f'lelenunllit'" aelual rHodtlC! coveleli A !ult range 01
Iypes of produclS 01 VdllOUS slyles. IIHearJ se"cs. lenglhs ele, can be p'oduced to mcet ASTM requi/emen!s and would be nlalkeli 101 lJlade and 'liatellal,dentrf'cal.on as lequl/erJ

Grade and material identification markings required by ASTM specifications

ASTM
Mechanical properties
Baits, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Is mlgr'. Nominal
Orad. ASTM 10 size Prool Yield Tensile Prool
10 spec Fastener symbol rllnge load slrenglh strength load Remarks
mark number descrlpllon Malerial req'd? (Inch) (psi) (min psi) (min pSi) (psi) Brlnell Rockwell or loo.nol . .

~41M> A490. High strength slruelural Alloy sleol, Quonched Yes X-lX 120.000 130.000 150.000 - 311/352 C33/C3tl Marking on lop 01 head.
Type 1 bolts & tempered min. raised or depressed (H)
170.000
max

A490. High strength structural Low carhon Yes 130,000 150,000 - 3111352 C33/C30 Marking on lop of head.
~\/? Type 2 bolls mar lo"slle sleel.
1,-11, 120.000
(nlf) rillsed or depresse[J (H)
A41M> Quenetled & lempered 170,UUU
fllilX

M!9 A490. High strength struclur al Weathering steel. Yes 1, - 11, 120.000 130.0()() t50,OOO -- 311/352 C33/C3U Millkll.g Oil lop 01 head.
Type 3 bolls quenelwel & lernpered min raised or depressed
17(),UlJO (H.J)
rll(!X

.490M A490M. High slrenglh slruclural I\II0y slcel. Quenched Yes M16- fl30 940 1040 - Vickers C33/C39 K
105 Type I bolts-melric & lempered M36mm MPa MPa MPa 12113fl2
-
.4 1M> M A490M. High strengltl struclural Low carbon Yes M16- 030 940 1040 - Vickers C33/C39 K
lOS Type 2 bolts-melrle marlensite steel. M36 mm MPa MPa MPa 3271302
Quenched & lernpeled
.490M A490M. High slre"lJth slruclural Wealhering sleel, Yes MIS- fl30 940 1040 --- V.ckers C331C39 J.K
1053 Type 3 bolls-melric Quenched & lernpl!red M36111m MPa MPa MPa :J2113fl?

'4ooe A502, Siructural rivels Carbon sleel Yes 1,-11, - - - -- 1031126 B55/[)72 Markings on lop 01 rivel
'.q'd (U) Grade 1 head, raised or
depressed
2 M02, Siructural rivets Carbon "Ianganese Yes 1, - ly' - - -- - 13111(,3 B/6/llB5 Malkll'gs on lop 01 rivel
Grade 2 sleel head, raised or
depressed
3 A502. Struclural riv'ls WeatherinlJ sleel Yes ;; - ly' - - - - 1371191 B761B93 Markln'ls on lop of rivel
Grade 3 !'cad r,lIself 01
(h~nrp.sSt!d

r oolnotes ill (! grollpCdOIllfieTaSTPage of lfils -pafflrSOJIes,

Vl
U.
N

Mechanical properties
Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Is mfgr'lI Nominal
Orada ASTM to size Proof Yield Tensile Proof
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd7 (Inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brlnell Rockwell or footnotes

821 A540, Bolls, sluds, wastlers, and Alloy sleel (Cr-Mo,V), Yes Thru 2 - 105,000 120,000 - 241/205 - W
(V) Grade nuls f<ir nuclear and olher quenched & lempered Over - 100,000 115,000 - 248/302 - W
821, special applicallons 2-6
Class 5 Over - 100,000 115,000 - 255/311 - W
6-8
-- , - - - - - --
821 A540, Bolls, sluds, wastlers, and Alloy sleel (Cr,Mo,V), Yes TIHu 3 - 120,000 135,000 -- 2ti9/33 I -- W
M Grade nuls lor nuclear and olher quenched & lerJlp'lIed Over - 120,000 135,OOll --- 2771352 -- W
82t, special applicalions 3-6
Class 4
821 A540, Bolls, sluds, wast18rs, and Alloy sleel (Cr,Mo·V), Yes Thru 3 - 130,000 145,000 - 293/352 - W
M Grade nuts for nuclear and other quenched & tempered Over - 130,000 145,000 - 302/375 -- W
821, special applicalions 3-6
Class 3
821 A540, Boils, sluds, washers, and Alloy sleel (Or-Mo·V), Yes Ttlru 4 - 140,000 15S,OOll - 311/401 --- W
M Grade nuls lor nuclear and olher quenched & lempered
821, special applicalions
Class 2
821 A540, Bolls, sluds, washers, and Alloy sleel (Cr-Mo'V), Yes lluu 4 - 150,DOO 165,000 --. 321/429 - W
(V) Grade nuts for nuclear and olher quenched & lempered
821 special applications
Class 1
822 A540, Bolls, studs, washers, and AISI 4142·11, Yes Thru 2 - 105,000 120,000 - 240/293 - W
M Grade nuts for nuclear and olher quenched & lempered Over - 100,000 115,000 - 255/302 - W
822, special applications 2-4
Class 5
822 A540, Bolls, studs, washers, and AISI 4142-H, Yes Thru 1 - 120.000 135,000 .- 269/34t -- W
M Grade nuts for nuclear and other quenclled & tempered Over - 120,000 135,000 - 2771363 - W
822 special applications 1 -4
Class 4
822 A540, Bolts, studs, washers, and AISI 4142·H, Yes TtHU 2 - 130,000 145.000 -- 293/3G3 -- W
M Grade nuls for nuclear and otller quenched & lempered Over - 130,000 145,000 -- 302/315 - W
822 special applicalions 2-4
Class 3
822 A540, Bolts, studs, washers, and AISI 4142-H, Yes Thru 3 - 140,000 155,000 - 3tt/401 -- W
(V) Grade nuts for nuclear and oiller quenched & tempered
822 special applications
Class 2
822 A540, Bolts, studs, washers, and AtS14142-H, Yes Thru 1~ - 150,000 165,000 -- 3211401 - W
M Grade nuts for nuclear and other quenched & lempored
822, special applications
Class 1
823 A540, Bolls, sluds, washers, Bnd AISI E,4340-H, Yes Thru 6 - 105,000 120,000 --- 248/3tl - W
M Grade nuls for nuclear and other quenched & tempered Over - 100,000 115,000 - 255/321 - W
823, special applications 6- B
Class 5 Over - 100,000 115,000 -- 262/321 --- W
B· 9~
Footnotes ace grouped on the last page 01 Ihis Part II serif'S
 MechAnical properties
Bolls, acrews, sluds Nuls Hardness
la mlgr'. Nominal
Grade ASTM 10 Ilze Prool Yield Tensile Prool
10 spec Faslener symbol range load strength strength load Remlrk.
mark number descrlpllon Material req'd? (Inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brlnell Rockwell or loot note.

823 A540, !:\Oils. sluds, washers, and AISI E-4340-H, Yes Thru 3 - 120,000 135_000 - 269/341 - W
(V) Grade nuls for nuclear and olher quenched & lempered Over - 120,000 135,000 - 2771352 - W
823. special applications 3-6
Class 4 Over - 120,000 135,000 - 285/3133 - W
6 - 9~
823 A540. BollS, siuds, washers. and AISI E-4140-H, Yes Thru 3 - 130,()()0 145,000 - 293/363 - W
(V) Grade nuls lor nuclear and olher quenched & tempered Over - 130.000 145.000 - 302/375 - W
823 special applicalions 3-6
Oass 3 Over - 130,000 145,000 - 311/388 - W
6 - 91.

823 A540. Bolls, sluds. washers, and AISI E-4340-H, Yes Thru 3 - 140,000 155,000 --- 3111388 - W
(V) Grade nuls for nuclear and olher quenched & lempered Over - 140,000 155,000 - 3f 1/401 - W
823 special applicallons 3-6
Class 2 Over - 140.000 155.000 - 32114 I 5 - w
6-91.
823 A540, Bolls. studs. washers. and AISI E-4340H, Yes Thru 3 - 150,000 165.000 -- 3211415 - W
(V) Grade nuls for nuclear and olher quenched & tempered Over - 150,000 165,000 - 3311429 - W
823 special appllcallons 3-6
Class 1 Over - 150,000 165,000 -- 341/444 - W
6-8
824 A540. BoIlS. sluds. washers. and AISI 4340 Mod, Yes Thru 6 - 105,000 120.000 - 2481311 - W
(V) Grade nuts for nuclear and ottler quenched & tempered Over -- 100.000 115,000 - 255/321 - W
824 special applications 6-8
Class 5 Over - 100,000 115.000 - 262/321 - W
6-91.
824 A540. I3oIIS, studs, washers, and AISI 4340 Mod. Yes Thru 3 - 120,000 135.000 - 269/341 - W
(V) Grade nuts for nuclear and other quenched & tempered Over - 120,000 135.000 - 277/352 - W
824 special applicalions 3-6
Class 4 Over - 120,000 135.000 -- 285/363 - W
6-8
Over - 120,000 135,000 -- 293/363 - W
8 - 9Y,
824 A540, Bolts, studs, washers. and AISI 4340 Mod. Yes Thru 3 - 130.000 145.000 - 293/363 - W
(V) Grade nuls for nuclear and other quenched & tompered Over - 130,000 145.000 - 302/388 - W
824, special applica tions 3 -8
Class 3 Over - 130,000 145.000 - 311/388 -- W
6-9Y,
824 A540, I3olls, sluds, washers, and AISI 4340 Mud, Yes Thru 7 - 140,000 155,000 - 3111401 - W
(V) Grade nuls for nuclear and other quenclled & tempered Over - 140,000 155.000 - 3211415 - W
824 special applications 7 - 9)1,
Class 2 .--
824 A540, BollS. sluOS. washers. and AISI 4340 Mod. Ye~; lhru 6 - I~O.OOO I {j5,OOO ---- 321/41~ -- W
-- _.-
(V) Grade nuls lor nucloar Bnd olher quoncllOd & lernpered Over - 150,000 165,000 33\14?9 W
824 special applications 6-8
Class 1
yruup pLiy
v.
w
v.
.j>.

Mechanical proper lies

Bolls, screws, studs Nuls Hardness
Is mlgr's Nominal
Grede ASTM ID size Prool Yield Tensile Prool
10 spec Faslener symbol range load strenglh strenglh load Remarks
mark number description Malerial req'd? (inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brinell Rockwell or 1001nol81

B24V A540, Bqlls, sluds, wast18rs, and AISI 4340V Mod, Yes Thru 4 - 130,000 145,000 - 2931363 - W
(V) Grade nuls lor nu".Lear and oiller qucnclled & tempered Over - 130,000 145,000 - 3(21)75 -=- W
B24V speCial applica lions 4 ·8
Class 3 Over -- 130,000 145,000 - 31113tltl - W
tl· II
B24V A540, Bolls, studs, washors, and AISI 4340V Mod, Yos 1tlfU 4 -- 140,OlJO 155,000 .. - 3111Jfl(l -- W
(V) Grade nUls lor nuclear and othor quenched & lempered Over - 140,000 t 55,000 -' JI t 140 I - W
B24V special applications 4· B
Class 2 Over - 140,000 155,0110 ,-
3~11415 -. W
8· It
B24V A540, Bolls, studs, washers, and AtSI 434()V Mod, Yes 1 hru 4 - hO,OOO I 65,O[J() -, 3211415 -. W
(V) Grade nuls lor nuclear and olilor quonclled & lempere(J Over - 150,CIOO 165,000 - 3311429 - W
B24V Gpeclal applications 4· Il
Class 1 Over - 150,000 165,000 -- 3311444 -. W
8·11
None A563, Nuts lor general Carbon steel No :;.. II. - -- - y t031302 8551C32 -
req'd Grade 0 slruclural and mechanical
(X) use
None A563, Nuls lor general Carbon steel No y. . 4 - - - Y 1161302 BG8IC3;!' -
'eq'd Grade A slruelural and mechanical
(X) use
None A563, Nuls lor general Carbon sleel No y.. I - - - y 121IJ02 BVJIC1! -
req'd Grade B struclural and mechanical 1 ~~ - l}~ - -, - Y 121/302 8G~IC32 -

-(X)

\ .)
A563,
Grade C
use
Heavy hex nuls lor
general slruclural and
mechanical use
Carboll sleol Yes y. . 4 - -- - 144,O()(J

---- --
1431352 B7fl1C:ltl Cir<ltle mark shall be
applied 10 aile nul lace.
(ZM)
r A563, Heavy hex nuls lor Wealherlng sleel Yes :;. . 4 - - --.
144,000 1431352 B7fl1C38 Grade nlark shall be
~) Grade general struclural illld applied 10 one nul lace,
C3 mecllanieal use (I,J)
'-'~~-------
_._------.--_. ---~--~.

0 A563, Nuls lor general slluelulal Alloy sleel Yes y. ·4 -- - - y 159/352 8841(;38 Grade mark shall be
Grade D and mecllanieal use applied 10 one nul lace.
(Z,M)
DH A563, Nuls lor general slruclural Alloy sleel, Yes y. . 4 - - - Y 248/352 C241C:J1l Grade mark shall be
Grade and mechanical use quenched & tempered applie(j to one nul lace,
DH (Z,Bll)
._----
DH3 A563, Heavy hex nuts lor Weatherillg sleel, Yes y. - 4 - - - I/S,UUU 2401352 C24/C38 Grade mark shall be
Grade general Siructural and quenched & lempe(ed applied 10 one nul lace,
DH3 mechanical use (J,Z)

Footnotes are grouped on \lIe last page of \llis Part II sories.

 Mechanical properties
Bolls, screws. studs Nuls Hardness
Is mlgr's Nominal
Grade ASTM 10 size
10 Ipec Faslener symbol range Proof Yield Tensile Proof Remark.
mark number description Malerlal req'd? (mm) load 61rength slrenglh load Brlnell Rockwell or loolnolll

Ii A563M. Nuts lor general structural Carbon steel No M1.6 - - - - 520 Vickers B70/C30 l.DD
Class 5 and mechanical use- M4 MPa 130/302
mettlc M5& - - - S80CC Vickers B70/C30 l.DD
M6 MPa 130/302
M8& - - - 590CC Vickers B70/C30 l.DD
Ml0 MPa 130/302
M12 - - - - 610r:c Vickers B70/C30 I.DD
M16 MPa 130/302
M20- - - - 630cc Vickers B78/C30 l.DD
M36 MPa 146/302
M42 - - - - 630(X; Vickers Bl0/C30 I.DD
Ml00 MPa 128/302

8 A563M. Nuts lor general structural Carbon steel No M3- - - - 900 Vickers B85/C30 I.DD
Class 9 and mechanical use- M4 MPs 170/302
mellie M5 & - - - 9t5 Vickers B89/C30 l.DO
M6 MPa 188/302
M8 & - - - 940 Vickers B89/C30 Z.DD
MIO MPa 188/302
MI2 - - - - 950 Vickers B89/C30 I.DD
M16 MPa 188/302
M20- - - - 920 Vickers B89/C30 l.DD
MIOO MPa 188/302
10 A563M. NulS lor general slruclural Alloy steel. Yes Ml.6- - - - 1040 Vickers C26/C36 I.DD
Class 10 and mechanical use- quenched & lempered MIO MPa 272/353
mettic M12· - - - 1050 Vickers C261C36 l.DD
Mt6 MPa 272/353
M20 - - - - 1060 Vickers C26/C36 I.DO
M36 MPa 2721353
12 A563M Nuts lor general struclural Alloy steel. Yes M3- - - - 115CfA' Vickers C261C36 I.DD
Class 12 and mechanical use- quenclled & lempered M6 MPa 2721353
mettic M8& - - -- 1160CC Vickers C261C36 l.DD
Ml0 MPa 2721353
M12- - - - 119<fC Vickers C261C36 Z.DD
MI6 MPa 2721353
M20· - - - 1200CC Vickers C26/C36 Z,DD
Ml00 MPa 272/353

85 A563M. Nuls lor general slruclural Carbon sleel Yes M12 - - - - 1075 Vickers B891C38 Z.DD
Class 8S and rnechanical use- M36 MPa 188/312
mel ric
_._-
853 A563M. Nuls lor general structural Wealilering sleel Yes M12 - - _. -- 1075 Vickers BU91C38 J.l.OD
Class and mechanical use- M36 MPa 1081312
8S3 metric
.-
10S A563M. Nuts lor general structural Alloy sleel. Yes M12· - - .- I 24S CC Vickers C261C38 l.DD
Class and mechanical use- Quenched & tempered M36 MPa 2721372
lOS melrlc
-
1053 A563M. Nuls lor general structural Weathering steel. Ye, M12· - - - t2~~ Vickers C261C:J8 J.l.DD
Class and mechanical use- Qutlnctled & tempered M36 MFa 2721372
lOS3 metric IFootnotes ale glOupetJ on t sl page 01 Ihis Pall II serles_
uo
uo
v.
0\

Mechanical properties

Is mlgr', Nominal Bolls, screws, sluds Nuls Hardness

Or.de ASTM to .Ize Prool Yield Tensile Prool
10 Ipec Faslener .ymbol range load slrenglh strenglh load Remark.
mark number deBcrlplton Malerlal req'd? (Inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brlnell Rockwell or loolnoles

None A574 Sock!:>t head cap screws Alloy steel. quenched No X and 140,000 - 180.000 -- - C39/C45 H
req'd & tempered (EE) smaller FF
See EE '/,-4 135.000 153.000 17U.OUO -- - C311C45

12.11 A574M Socket head cap screws. Alloy sleel, quenched Yes M1.6 - 970 1100 1220 -- Vickers C38/(;44 GG
metric & tempered M48mm MPa MPa MPa 372/434
DPII

AN1 A687 Bolls & studs Alloy &teel. quenched No %-3 - 105.000 150.000 -~
- - Marking appears on the
& tempered ma~ end ot product. fill

See
.. R.merk ...
A761 Fasleners for pipe, pipe
anchors and arches
Galvanized steel Yes Yo only • See Footnote II •
Non. C646 Drill screws for gypsum Grado lOt3 to t022 No - - - - -- - C45 min
req'd board on IIghtiJaga steel carbon steel wire In case
shanks accordance with hardness
ASfM A548.

Non. C893 Type G screws lor Grade 1013 to 1022 No - - - - - - C45 min -
req'd gypsum board 10 gypsum carbon sleel wire In case
board accordance with hardness
ASTM A548

Non. C894 Type W screws lor Grade 1013 to 1022 No - - -- - - - C45 min -
r.q'd gypsum board 10 wood carbon steel wire In case
homing accordance with hardness
ASTM A548

GRlO F432, Roof & rock bolts and Carbon stoel Yes Yo-I - 30.000 60.000 - Seo ASTM F432 - - - JJ
Grade accessories
30

GRGS F432. Roo! & rock bolts and Carbon sleol Yes %-1~ - 55,000 85.000 - - See AS!M F432 --+- JJ
Grade accessories
55

GR75 F432. Roof & rock bolls and Carbon steel Yes Yo - 1 - 75.000 100,000 -+- See ASfM F432 - - JJ
Grade accessories
75
--~----~ - ~

GR40 F432.
Grade
Roof & rock bolls-
headed deformed bars
Carbon steel Yes All sizes - .. See ASTM A615 ~ JJ
40
~~
--~--

GRSO F432. Roo! & rock bolls- Carbon stoel Ye~j All sizes - • See ASTM A615 -~ JJ
Grade fleaded delormlld bars
GO
FoolrlOles are yroupeu on Iho IdSI PdYU 01 tillS Pdrl II serie~
 Mechenlcal properll ..
80111, screwI, sluds Nul, Hardne ..
Is mlgr's Nominal
Grade ASTM 10 lize Prool YI.,d Tenili. Proo'
10 spec Faslener Iymbol range load Itrength atrength load Remarkl
mark number description Mlllerllli req'd1 (Inch) (pII) (m'n pII) (min PI I) (pll) Brlnell Rockwell or loolnote.

See F436 Hardened washers Carbon or weathering Yes ~~ •4 - - - - - See Type 3 (weathering
"Remark a" steel ASTM steet) washers shall be
F436 marked wllh the symbol
"3" KK
M F436M Hardened washers- Carbon steel Yes MI2 - - - - - - TT KK
Mellie Type I MIOOmm

3M F436M Hardened washers- Weathering steel Yes MI2 - - - - - - TT KK

Metric Type 3 MlOOmm

None F467 Nuls for general use ETP copper UNS No X -I!!, - - - 30.000 - F65 -
req'd Cll000 min min

None F.\67 Nuts for general use Brass No X-I!!, - - - 60.000 - F55 -
req'd UNS 27000 min nun

Non. F467 Nuts for general use Naval brass No X- I!!, - - - 50.000
. min
- 865 -
req'd UNS C46200 nllfl

None F467 Nuls for general use Naval brass No X-I!!, - - - 50.000 - 855 -
req'd UNS C46400 min min

None F467 Nuls for general use Phosphor bronze No X-ly' - - - 60.000 - 060 -
req'd UNS C5tOOO nun mil)

None
req'd
F467 Nuls for general use Aluminum bronze
UNS C61300
No X- lY, - - - 80,000
min
- 870
mill
-
Non. F467 Nuls for general use Aluminum bronze No X-I !!, - - - 75,000 - 870 -
req'd UNS C61400 min min

None F467 Nuts lor general use Aluminum bronze No 1. - 1:\ - - - 100,000 - 985 -
req'd UNS C63OO0 min min

None F467 Nuts lor general use Aluminum silicon No Yo - 1:\ - - - 75,000 - 875 -
req'd bronze UNS C64200 min min

None F467 Nuls for general use Silicon bronze No :I.-I!!, - - - 70,000 - 875 -
r.q'd UNS C65100 min min

Non. F467 Nuts lor general use Silicon bronze No Yo - I !I, - - - 50,000 - 860 -
req'd UNS C65500 min min

None F467 Nuls for gonoral uso Silicon bronze No :I. -IY, - - - 70,000 - 875 -
req'd UNS C66100 min min
-
None F467 Nuls for general use Manganese bronze tlu Yo -1!1, - - - 55.000 - BGO -
req'd UNS C67500 min min
group pag
V.
-.-J
<Jo
O<J

Mechanical properties
Boils, screws, sluds Nuls Hardness
Is mlgr's Nominal
Orad, ASTM 1O size Prool Yield Tensile Proof
10 spec Fasl,ner symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number descriplion Materilll req'd? (Inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brlnell Rockwell or footnotes

None F461 Nuts lor general use Cuprorllckel No Yo - lY, - - - 45,000 - W,O -
req'd LJUS C71000 OWl "lin

None F467 Nuts lor gen<!rill use ""pro ",ckel No ~.~ . 1 ~~ - - -. 5S,OO(J - BGO --
req'd UNS C71S00 rrun III II I

None F467 Nuts lor general LISA Ni·Mo hased No ~~ • 1 J'; _. -- - 115,000 -- C2U -
req'd UNS NIOOOI ITlin fllin

None F467 Nuts lor general use tJI·Mo-Cr based No Yo -1Y, - - - 110,000 - C;>(J -
req'd UNS Nl0002 rnin rnin

None F467 Nuts lor general use weu Class A No Yo -1Y, - - - Bll,()On - lJ75 -
req'd UNS N04400 nlln rTlIll

None F467 Nuts for general use NiCu Class B No ~~ • 1~ - - - 70,000 - 1160 -
req'd UNS N0440S 1l11n Oltfl

None F467 Nuts lor general use Ni·Cu·AI hased No Yo - lY, - - - t :lO.O()O -- C;>~ -
req'd UNS N055UU IIllll min

None F467 Nuts lor general use AluminulTl 2024 No Yo - IY, - - - 55,1)1)0 --- B70 -
req'd UNS A92024 rllll) nun
-
None F467 Nuts lor gelleratuS8 Aluminum 6061 No Yo - ly' - - --- 40,000 - R·1O -
req'd UNS A96061 (11111 rrlln

None F467 Nuls lor general use Aluminum 6262 No Yo - ly' - - - 52,nO() - flfj{) -
req'd UNS A96262 n\\l\ rnll'

ASTM footnotes
H, BoilS ('CI8W,) le!ioS Ihan Ihlu dtlmfllt'IS In lenglh (and
Ilud, tfl'~ "'an ro-oil UtarnfJ!e,s Ill1eHgltil shall hot"" hal(1
nes.s ya(u~S l"Kl\ ttosS Iha,n tt\~ ml!\\lnUm IiQf mOte 1f\3H the
ma .. lrnlJrn hardnes, hml16 r6Qulfed. is tUIIOlless IS thell
only mechanICal requirement
I. [.((hll1lng SIIH'S. all marklllc;,js loclled on top 01 110a(1.
r.dl~ed or depI8ssed
J. ManulacrlJlflr ITIdy arM utile! rjlSl!llQIJISt1tllg fll;HIo:S HUjl
{allng tr18 laslenel I~ a!mOSIJI1EinC CO/lo!"~n r~$lsldnl tina
01 a wealhellng Iy(Joe
K. AU mallrlf19s shall be 10calt·u 00 lOP ollhe ,,(,;:ad raISP(J
01 clel..lle5~ed Udse vr pfv~oelly class 5yflll.oOr~ stldll be
OOSlllorleo 1O ..... nj the c.IOSSS\ vel~hery vI \Il. head
U The numeral I rnl, M lJseu at manulachHe-r's
srnallflll !"an '~It tJlQrrlfftel ami 101 %. ~Iud, '~aDltlnQ mOle
IrIan a lolal 01 1I1IPe <;yrnbols. !tlfl Hlrt'klllg !ltall be. 11141181
01 clrJreerHenl btH ..... 08n Du/chaser and rnanulaclurer
X. Wilen Ifl{h,t(jIJal QliH.lf> rn8lio;ifllJ is spocllied In Ihe til-
QUHy MHI o".Jj~l. the 111illk. 5tlall t>a Ihe grace l~lIer 8yrnW
on one nul lace
Y. PlOol IUild slIc<;<;es .... a'y t1epco/l11.ng on nul slyle sileo
tillE-ad scncs dod HI .sOllie cases on Wll8thf" or not nuts
.trc galv.H1118d neler 10
values
AS'' '
Slaf\d;Jld A~31ol specifiC
Z. MalkS ffldy be fiU!,t'd 01 de~lIessed II. howevel. ()larks
'lIe 1(>(al('\.J on tile bearlflQ surla(.f~ (or 011 ~ of the wrsnc::h·
In~ HalS lot A561,M !a.UhHIGI6.) Ihe.,. !hall be OOpIIJ\86d
(~[Ion AA. UlJlS made III accOfdanr.e With AS I M A I ~4 tifsde '1
Helel 10 ASTM A~6)M lor ~pecilic veluflS
00. NulS In non1l('''' Ih,ead dlilrnelerS M4 and Sf1I~IIt'r
need flO! be Illalked PIOPOIIV clase;. designal,olls ShdU l)e
IOC81OO on fhe lOp or bearing SUI face. on Ihe l('Ip ("111l.)Il\}C
Of on olle 01 the wrenChing liats 01 Ihe nul MJ,k,nQo; 10
Colle,", on Ihe- lop 01 treatIng Surface 01 on ItlA It,,) 01 r/le
nangA shall be poSIlloned wllh 1he ba>;t!" 01 Ihe 1l\jm~ta\l.~}
OHonted lowel/dille nul pe/l"hefY {Cldo;S 9 nulS lll,l1kel1lJII
one v.llenchlng IIat Sholtj have the nurnel819 undelilfled I
EE. 10 Ihe US .. Ihel6 IS only OOf! 91 i\tle 01 S{XkCI t)Ci\\1 0: iIop
Screw {O;nmefclaliy avaIlable and n1()sl II1dllUIdUIJ1els
IIpply '"ell Own source rnarks lJv k"ulling ~Idlle.n i'()\lnd
Ihe QuI$I(h.l 01 Itle head
FF. When f'QljlprnPIl! of sufhcICll1 cilpaCtly IS flol 1t.1ddd,.
8vrllldtllQ, machined bIJotlClfIIOI1$ shall FIlet" I~J 10151. HilI!
II. A,sf'lrnb1y ()OilS COlIform 10 AST~ .AH9 18QullfJf"n4'l1ll,
nuls (onlOlln 10 (",'':Hle C 01 ..... ~6) He.u.o.all inchor.oe
h)lllflCJ mar("r,a! conlorfllS 10 A301 and nulS conlofm 10
Grade B 01 AS6]
JJ. noll hU;:I(,S Srlall hE" rl'arlrN ... dh t-lIhe, 'alsftd or de·
press(>d IIMllls at flldllUtciclulel S OfJlIOfl Milrll.s shall If)-
clud~ 91iH~ and tlli\fHelel ,d~nll"\'''I'OfI ,,-hen ilp()II(:.a()te
manul,1ctufer's S),llltJolII itnd t"!olt len{llh
TIlle-ailed bani Ihl('allf>d Slul1p(j OMS f'.IPfiS10ns be ..
ijled ~ashefS Ihreadf'd lapf'fed pluyS ..... P<lyes sphelt("o1l
""ae;.hel~ tt"~a<letl couplings i\no IIdl bt-.t/l(\q 0131t'S ale
nOI lequHed 10 b~ Ilialked [)eI0rl1lf"(j t>f>iftlllHl dtld header
plotllf'S plus h.(tfdl'neJ ... ast'e's shall lot! rTlo1lkpd wilt) ITIAr,U
~1~t'\Ullr7;'~~n~I~~r~~::~!I'~~la:~ ~~H~;~~~'~ ;6~8(~~~;~C{~
lurt'll f _0,1110;100 'itlf'l1!:1 shall ltf' 1I1,\lkfl(, wtth manu/dC·
lure, S 5~lIil"lo1 lind I ••lt) Sl/e lor wlllch l!l('y dIe 11"'t1M""'k.-J

V. MIHk"'9 01 tLHS l(jellllh(.i!IOIl IS roul mal,dall)IY

~;lj~I';81~11\(:;1;~;~:J3~~~~1 ~1~~3~(~~u~:fTIbol all' Acceptable
Y'Bld sllenglh
"'K. All I/laliliing Sy'"t .... IIS ~1'JI1 lte Ut'I_Ht'\SPtJ on ()lI("
GO. All screws willi '1I)(l1lnal (1lameTe's 01 ~ fnUI ,HId I,ll I}!." ... tt~rlel fd(~
W. ()Idrl~ ,all(j rn.:H'·JraC1IHpr·s Illt!nldICallf)1I <,yll,r}()IS Sfldtl BB. t~1!15 IUil,le 1/1 accordance Wllh AS''''' "PH. (jlacle I~Utltt flId,lklllQ Marlo.IIIQ rnay t~ 0(1 s.ld~ 0' IlIV 01 I,"<IIJ
I", ..q",ltJ!d [,) (Jlle er)<j D. Sluds af}jJ 10 /Iedrl::. nl lXlllS 01 all 211 ~lId Illaiked wllh liS r;paOe S)'II~h{J1 a,e .111 .1(Ct.lplalJla f'. 11,-" 1<,,,1'11
!.,It I'll '-. .', C i/\\ p, 11.11''',1'' ",PIl."·,'d 1,'01\
~'ro>~ IIf rt"'d,ti.t,le area IS IIIj}rjCClIJ(ltt'. jJ',I,h' .\r·(II!J.ol ".Il,( t..qlllll'al{>/Il 10f Glade 011 nuls UtI. Ma'~l(l() srrMIi Sllf''\ ((u"rOm,I',11' Ilo''';'' lI'dll \ ",III,!y ""'L'l] (,.:t)",A~ l\o~),I'l' Ydl.JII'it' 1<,(,'1,\.' J l,l't',,"lt'd
I,..' rr"J,IoP'l (,n ! .. rle t!'!)(j ;}I.(J U!6 n!al,uhtUllrE'1 .. Irlenlllica '''')\ l>e pli'I{".I'ral CunsuH p'ud\l{'~1 hIt ff\\!\\\l'lllli ~I!~ \I'rl\ u~1
I,rtfl '.yH.I...:," In8r\<l,,11 un !I'd VOltil 61id) fot L,(lll~ dlhJ Slud., cc. PI(X)lludd Slttt~'ieS ale feductt(lloI nv'" l-od nuls t.8n be rn.Jlke-d
 Grade and material markings -Part III

ASTM markings
The American SOCI"ly for T,"IIIi(] dnd ~.1dl('flals. I 'J I b Fldee 51. Plliladelpllia. PA 10103. sponsofs developmenl of speclflcallons 10f I"Sleliers "sed Ifl gene I al dnd spllclal englneerrng applicallons
Ttlese speclllcawJns dclall Cilelilledl ,mel "18cllolllCdl IJlOpertles of rnalellal Slrenglh levels lor lasleners and are genelally specilic In lelel,"nclng IIle aClual produci coveled A lull range 01
Iypes of PloduCIS of V,HIOU', slyleS. Ilireau S,"1I85 lell'lIII,. CIC. can be produced 10 meel ASTM requrremenls and would be (fldlKed lor 9lddt: and rnalellal,denlll,calion as lequrred

Grade and material identification markings required by ASTM specifications

ASTM
Mechanical properties
Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Is mlgr's Nominal
Grade ASTM 10 size Proof Yield Tensile Proof
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brinell Rockwell or footnotes

None F467 Nuts lor general use Titanium Gr 1 No ~~ - 1 ~ - - - 40,000 - Vickers -

req'd min 140 min

None F467 Nuts for general use Titanium Gr 2 No X- 1% - - - 55,000 - Vickers -

req'd min 150 min

None F467 Nuts for general use litanium Gr 4 No Y. -1:1, - - - 85,000 - Vickers -
req'd min 200 min

None F467 N'lts lor generat use Titanium Gr 5 No %- 1% - - - 135,000 - C30 -

req'd min min

None F467 Nuts for general use Titanium Gr 7 No y. -1:1, - - - 55,000 - Vickers -
req'd min 160 min

None F467M NulS for general use- ETP copper No M6- - - ~-

205 - F65 -
req'd melnc UNS Cl1000 M36mm MPa min

None F467M Nllts for general use~ Brass No M6- - - - 415 - F55 -
req'd melric UNS C27000 M36 mm MPa min

None F467M Nuls for general use- Naval brass No M6- - - - 345 - B65 -
req'd (netrie UNS C46200 M36mm MPa min

None F467M Nuls lor general lIse~ Naval brass No M6- - - -- 345 - 855 -
req'd metllc UNS C46400 M36 mm MPa min

None F467M Nuls for general use- Phosphor bronze No M6- - - - 415 - B60 -
req'd melne UNS C51000 M36 rnm MPa min

None F467M Nilis for general use- Aluminum bronze No M6- - - - 520 - 870 -
req'd melrie UNS C61400 M36mm MPa min

M6- -- - -- 690 - B85 -

q M36 mm MPa nlin

v.
'"
g;
Mechanical properties

Is mfgr's Nominal Bolls, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Grade ASTM 10 size Proof Yield Tensile Proof
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (min) (min) Brinell Rockwell or footnotes

None F467M Nuls for general use-- Aluminum silicon No M6- - - - 520 -- 875 -
req'd mel,ic bronze UNS C64200 MJ6 mm MPil rl1,n

None F467M Nuls for general use--- Silicon bronze No M6- - --- -- 485 -- 875 --
req'd melrlc UNS C65100 M36,mll MPa min
------------_.
None H67M Nuls for general 115e-- Silicon bronze No M6- -- --- ---" 345 --- 860 --
req'd melric UNS C65500 M36 mrn MPa min
- -
None H67M Nuls for generill use- Silicon bronze No M6- - -- -- 485 -- 875 -
req'd metric UNS C66100 M36 mm MPa rn,n

None f467M Nuts lor gene!3Iusc- Manganese t)fonzs No M6- - -- :l80 -- 860 -
req'd metric lJNS C67500 M36 mm MPa mill
- ---.------- _...
None F46/M Nuls lor gene'dluse--- CIJpro-nickel No M6- -- 310 -- 1150 --
req'd rrwlric UNS Cl1000 M36 mm MPa ITlIIl
---------------"------------ --
None F467M Nuls lor general use-- Cupro-nickel No M6- - 380 -- [360 .---
req'd !netnc UNS 01500 M36 mm MPa 'Tlill
--
None H67M NlltS lor gefl{~rallJse-- Ni-Mo b3sed No M6- -- -- - 790 C2() -
req'd mel'lC UNS N10001 M36 fllm MPa min

None F467M Nuls for 'leneral U5e--- Ni-Mo-Cr based No M6- --- - 760 --- (;20 -
req'd 1l1elriC UNS N10002 M36 mrn MPa min

None F,167M Nuls for generalus8- Ni-Cu Class A No M6- --- - --- 550 -- [3/5 --
req'd metric LJNS N04400 16 mrn MPa rnin
---
None F467M Nuls 10' \lene, al use--- Ni-Cu ClilSS B No M6- -- -- 485 --- R60 ---
req'd mAlrie UNS N04405 M36 nun MPil min
- -----
None F467M Nuts for ~V~lll~f ell lIse---·· NI-ell-AI hageel No M6- -- - 900 C24 --
req'd metric IJNS N055()U M36 mrn Mf'a min

None F467M Nuls fo, veneral use-- AlumifllHll 2024 No M6- --- -- :ltlO --- R70 -
req'd metric UNS A92024 M3G m'f1 MPa min
--
None F467M ~Jrlls lor U'~'leral use- AltlillirHIfl16061 No MG- -~
2!~ 1140 --
req'd fl\etrlc lINS A9hOG I M:ltillllll MPa Illill
--- ---------------~- - -- ._----- -- .-----------~- - _._- - -- ---~-------

None f467M Nuls for tJ"n"ral lise -- Alufllilllrril 62ii2 No Mti- --- :liill - -- fl()() --
req'd melric I JNS NJfi:'ll2 M:Jtilllrll MPa 111111
----- -- . - ----------------------~ --------------------- . --- ... _-. __ . ----~------- ---- -
None F4G7M Ntlls for uefHHal IJse- Illallium (,I 1 No Mti- -- :! /':1 Vid,lIs --
req'd melrlc M3fi film Ml'a I 'IIi 111111
._----- ---------- --- ._-- ._-_.. - . - -' - - ~------------.-- .. -----~-------
None F46/M Nlds for U(!f)(~ral lJse-- fildllilllll ell 2 No M6- :lBiI VI"'''',
req'd Inutile M3ti rliln Ml'a I ~)Il 11 lrll
 Mechanical properlies
Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Is mlgr's Nominal
Grade ASTM ID size Prool Yield Tensile Prool
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brlnell Rockwell or loot notes

None F~67M Nuls for general use- Tilanium Gr -1 No M6- - - - 590 - Vickers -
req'd melric M36 mm MPa 200 min

None F~67M ~Juls for general use-- lllJllIum Cir 5 No M6- - -- - 930 - C30 -
req'd melrlC MJ6 mm MPa min

None F467M Nuls for general use- Tilanium Gr 7 No M6- - - -- 380 - Vickers --
req'd melric M:l6mm MPa 160 min

None F468 Bolls, hex cap screws, ETP copper No ~.'~ - 1~~ - 10,000 3(),000 - - ~ -
req'd and sluds for general use UNS Cl1000 In;1I F90
50,OUD
max

None F468 lJolIs, hex cap screws, Brass No ~~ - 1!~ - 50,OOD 60,OOIl .. ,
- F55 -
req'd and sluds for general use UNS C21lJOD 1111r1 --FaD
90,000
max

None F468 Bolls, hex cap screws, Naval brass No ~:~ - 1 ~~ - 25,000 50,000 .. - -
~ -
req'd and sluds for general use UNS (;46200 111111 BDO
80,(1110
nlCix

':~ - 1 ~.~ ... --

~75
None F46B Bolls, hex cap SCfl,WS, Naval brass No 15,000 50,OOU -

req'd and slllds for gent:ral use U~JS C'lb4()1) II\lfl

eli,onn
max

None F-lhB Holts, hex cap scr(~ws, PI" loplH)' "ronLe No "., I' -- :15,000 bO,()(10 1:l60 ----

req'd and ~ttJds for U(HH-Hat lJSt:~ UNS VilOO()

. nun
~(),I!!)()
1395
IlldX

None F46tJ flolls, II~x cap SClews, AltrminlJlTl b,onle No 1/ .11 -- 50,000 Bll,OO(J ,_.
- 870 .-
req'd and sluds for general use UNS C61:l011 " "
mill ti9s
1 H1,()()()
max

\ - 1~:, -" .15,llIlil ?r',OOII ' - . BII \ ---

IflU) ~~)
1O~),()(111

rlldX
---- -------_. ----
None F,Hicl Ilolls, 118X CiJP 5c,ews, AhJllllfHHll tJrOIlLe No 1... • 1 ~ <' -- :JS,D()O 1~,()OI1 -- - 1310 ' -
req'd dlld SUlds lor uenp.ldillse UNS C6HOIJ mill 13il~l
1111,111 111
IIld"

0\
0--
IV

Mechanical properties

Is mfgr's Nominal Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Grade ASTM 10 size Proof Yield Tensile Proof
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (Inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brinell Rockwell or footnotes

None F468 Bolts, hex cap screws, Aluminum bronze No I~ - , ~~ - 50,000 100,000 ~-.
- B!li- -
req'd and studs for general use UNS C63000 min Bl00
130,000
max

None F468 Baits, hex cap screws, Aluminum silicon No Yo -11, - 35,000 75,000 -- - B2.5- -
req'd and studs for general use bronze UNS C64200 mill B95
ttO,oon
nlax

None F468 Baits, hex cap screws, Silicon bronze No :~ -~ -

.55,000 7n,00n ~

- .. ~

B15- -
req'd and studs for general use UNS C65100 mill B95
lOO,O{l()
max

%- 1;; 40,000 5t.,OOO ~-

BDl- -
nlill B95
~O,OO()
max

None F468 Bolts, hex cap screws, Silicon bronze No ~{-1 ~~ - 20,000 50,000 _.
B.§iL. -
req'd and studs for general use UNS C65500 min B80
80,()OO
nlax
-
None F,168 Boits, hex cap screws, Silicon bronze
req'd and studs for gener al use UNS C66100
No ~: - 1 '/~ 35,O()() IO,O()1) 82!i- -
rnin 895
tOO,OOO
mdX
---_._-
None F4611 Bolts, hex cap screws, Manganese bronze No " t:;; - 25,I)(JO c,t>,IlIlO ~-.

8§l2- -
req'd and sluds for general use UNS C67500 " IIlIn 890
il5,OUO
Illdx
--~------------- ..
None F4fi8 Boits, hex cap screws, Curro-nickel No ~~ - 1 Yz ~--
15,OUO 45,O(JO -- - B50 -
req'd Hnd studs for general use UNS C71000 filiI) 1385
75,OO(J
max
---
None [468 Bolts, hex car screws, CUpto·nickel No ~,~ - 1 ~,~ ~~

20,000 ~)5,()O() _. -~
R6n ~-

req'd and studs for general use UNS C71500 Ilun 1395
W),OOO
max
.. ---------_._-_._----
None 1'468 Iloits, tlex cap screws, NI-Mo b,lsed No X - 1~i 45,()()O 1 t ~), 1)( )( I C?() -
req'd and studs 101 ueller<lluse IJNS Nl00nl In\l\ --0;'
14':>,(l11()
rIld)(
 Mechanical properties

Is mlgr's Nominal Bolls, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Grade ASTM ID size Prool Yield Tensile Prool
ID spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (Inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brlneil Rockwell or footnotes

None F468 Bolls, hex cap screws, Ni-Mo-Cr based No X- 1:1, - 45,000 110,000 - - C.?Q.- -
req'd and Siuds for general use UNS NIOO02 min C32
140,000
Il1dX

None F468 Bolts, hex cap screws, Ni-Cu Class A No X-):; - 40,000 80,000 --- - B?§- -
req'd and sluds for general use UNS N04400 min C25
130,000
rnax

/~ - 1 ~~ - 30,000 70,000 - - B~ --
min C25
130,000
max
---
None F468 Bolls, hex cap screws, NiCu Class A No ~~ - nj --- :l0,000 lO,OOn --- -- B§U- -
req'd and siuds for general lbe U~JS N04400 nlill B95
Hoi formed product 120,{)OO
rnax

None F4fi8 Holls, Irex cap screws, Ni-Cu Class B No ~,~ - 1 !,j -- 30,OO() iIl,OOO -- - B0l- -
req'd awl sitJcJs for general use UNS N04405 nun C20
125,OI)()
fllax

None Hfib Bolls, hex cap screws, NI-Cll-AI l)asecJ No X - :~ - 90,000 130,000 - - C~ -
req'd dnd studs for general use LJNS Nll550() rnln C37
I BO,OllO
max

1 - 1 ~; -- fJ5,O(JO 130,()()O - -- C~ -
IlHn C37
I AO,OOO
("(.IX

None F4fi8 BollS, twx cap scrt:ws, Aillflllllllfll 2024 No ~,~ - 1~ - - :l6,O(l(l 55,OUO -_.- - B!!l- -
req'd ann sluns lor ~l"neral "se - UNS A020:!4 min B85
Iil,O()()
/lldX
------------~- ----------------------------- -------~---.----- -- ----- ---~----.----------~-~--

None I'liill Dolls, tlt-:X cap SC:fews, Aluiliinuill fil)61 No

, 1 \~ -- 31,O()O 3f,O()() - -- ----
B.1!l-
req'd and studs fur (jullt:ral liS'::'; tiNS 1\~jrjIJli I fH1I1 El~)()
~!,(Jilil

IlldX

0\
w
~

Grade and material markings-Part IV

ASTM markings
The American Society for Tesllng and Malenals, 1916 Race SI, Philadelphia, PA 19103, sponsors development of specifications for fasteners used In gener al and special engineering applications.
These speclflcallons detail chemical and mecllanlcal properties of materral strength levels for fasteners and are generally speclfrc In referencrng the actual product covered. A lull range of
types 01 products of varrous styles, thread serres, lengths, etc, can be produced to meet ASTM requirements and would be marked for grade and materralldentrllcatlon as reqUired.

Grade and material identification markings required by ASTM specifications

ASTM
Mechanical properties
Bolls, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Is mfgr's Nominal
Grade ASTM 10 size Proof Yield Tensile Proof
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (Inch) (psi) (min psi) psi (psi) Brlnell Rockwell or footnotes

None F468 801\s, Ilex cap screws, AIUlIllTIlIlTl 707~) No :'~ - 1 >~ - 50,O()O til,OOO --- -
~ --
req'd and stu(j:-, I(H qel1t~rdl IJ~(~ lJNS ;\D to I':J nlill 890
ib,OIIII
fflaX

C.,
-~-~~--.

None I,HiH Uolls, Itte, cap SClteWS, [ll3lltlllil 1 No ~~ - I:; --- JII,UU(J 411,IlIIII - VICKers ---

req'd cHId ~!IHh fur veneruluse nllr] 14011 tiO

lO,()IIO
f 11(:1 x
---~---- ----
None F4tiil Uulls, !IUX C{JP screws, Til;:HlllJln Cir 2 No ~ ~ - 1~ ~ - - 45,IJIlO 5S,()O(1 -- -- Vickers .-
req'd and Sll)(h fur oeneral USE: IfHn luO/IBO
Wi,1I0(l
1l1dX

-------~-- -----
None I ,Hili H()lts, hex cap sClews, Illd!lllHll (if -1 No ~ ~ - 1~ i 7:i,OOO Wl,U(lli Vicker:; _.
req'd ,JIId studs lor llelleldllJ"'~ 111111 ~O()/2LU
1 I ~ IJlJ(1
rrldx

,
None Htie IJ()lIs, lit" "ar screws, IIL-lIllllIll ( l l : ) IJo 1 ~,~ . I~~,()(JI) I :l ~) .( )( Ii I ...
C:JIl._
req'd and ~~\\\{h \IH Ul:!\t.~rd.i lise Ill\!\ --r::lb
It) ~l, I JI JI )
Ilia"
--- -------- --
None F4lill H()lh, lit:j Ctlp screws, illdllllH II (11 1 Nu ~~ - 1~~ 4~.llIlil :i:J,(J{)() Vh;kt~f J --
req'd ;:llliJ struh f(Jr ~lt~rler(-II lJse IllIll Hil 1/ III I I
B~l,IJlJI)
,nat.

None 1.11' cr,pp," Nt! M6· ---- II) 2()~) 11IIH _ ..

req'd
1 4fJIltA HI ill:-" tll;~
<.Hld ~!lI,1 )
\ ctf! ',L ,I t.:'.'.''') ,
for if\_'II~I(J! II ,t: IJW;I,lllillli M361flill MPa J~~ !lId!\.
~
F91J
I! It,ll H MI'd
 Mechanical properties

Is mlgr's Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Nominal
Grade ASTM 10 size Prool Yield Tensile Prool
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (mm) IMPa) (min MPa) MPa (MPa) Brinell Rockwell or loot notes

None F468M 80lts, hex cap scr8WS, Brass No M6- - 345 410 rnin -- - ~ -
req'd and studs for g8nel al use UNS C27000 M36 620 max F80
-metric

None F468M Bolls, 118X cap screws, Naval brass No MG- - 170 345 mill - - ~ -
req'd and studs 101 general use UNS C46200 M36 550 max 890
-metlic

None F468M Bolls, flex cap SClews, 1"elVal 1)1 ass No MG- - 105 345 mill - - B55-- -
req'd and studs lor gen8ral lise UNS (;46400 M36 550 ilia x B/5
--melric

No -
None F468M Bolts, hex cap screws, PtlospflOi hlonze M6- 240 410 III II 1 - --
~ -
req'd anel stulls 101 general use lmS C5tnoo M16 620 max 895
-Illetrlc

No -
None F468M !:Jolts, f,ex cap screws, AlLlmlnllln blollle
UNS C614()U
M6- 2-lO 520 nllll -" -
~
req'd and studs fO/ general US" 1,,1:)6 160 nlax B%
--rllctrIC

f-468M AIII/TlII1Ill11 hronz8 --'

None !:Jolts, fleX cdP scr8WS, Nu M6- -- ]45 b9(J 111111 -- ._- f~5--
req'd dnd sluc1s tOl generdJ jJ~tj LJUS Cb~j{)f)IJ M36 9(1) IlIil .. At lJlJ
- rr1f:trlc

None F468M 80lts, flex CLIp SCI"WS, Aluminum Silicon I~o MG· .- 240 -
5201llill .-
- B]2--
req'd alld studs lor general lise fllOllle LJ ~IS C64200 M36 760 Illax B95
-mettle

None F,16ElM Bolts, fleX cap screws, Silicon uloille No Mo- -

380 4!.l() /llill -
~
----

req'd and ~llJ(j" lor Qeneral lISO UNS C6,,100 M20 6'lll rlla< B95
---ITIOlliC M24 - - 2,c, -
Mel6
:ltllJ 111111
6/() IIldX
-

'%
95

None f'468M Bolts, flex cap screws, Silicon brollze No Mo· -- 140 345111111 -- - B60 -
req'd ane! stllds for gener al \J~" UtJS C6!J500 M36 5~)O IlIaX ~
- IIwtrlc

None F46RM B(Jlts, Ilex cap screws, Silicon broflze MG- - 24() -
No
~
480/Ili/l -- --
req'd dnd studs lor g.;ncral lise UI~S CbblUO M36 6~JUnlaX B95
-metric
-- ---
Ilolts, I",x cap screws, 110 11,,11
None
~
F'lbtH.1 MdlhJdllBS8 tJlur1ze No Mb· ,-- .JtJ() -,
-
req'd dod sltlds for Utjllv,al usa UtJS CG7:,()(J M:l6 5UO IIldX BUO
--< flI~lric

None ~,lhm.1 IJlJlts, hex cnp SCiews, Cuprn-nlckel tlo M6 - - l(j!i "JII) I1'Ilr, - -- f~ -
req'd drIll ~tLJds fOJ Ul:/)cral U:-)tJ ut IS C I t()()() M3b ~2() rlldX Out>
fllt:trlc

0-
Ul
~

Mechanical properties

Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Is mfgr's Nominal
Grade ASTM 10 size Proof Yield Tensile Proof
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (mm) (MPa) (min MPa) MPa Brlnell Rockwell or footnotes

-- .__ ..
None F468M BoilS, IleX cap SCflOWS, Cupro nickel No M6 - - l~u 3eu mill
~ -
req'd and sluds fOf general use UNS U1500 M36 590 fllax B%
--fllf';\flC

None f ·It;H~A flults, Ilex cap SCfl;WS, NI-Mo IJast:d No :ll(j 790 Illin
MG· G1l--- --

req'd and studs lor uellt;rdl use UWi NtuUUt M:16 tOUII ffldX C:J:'
-metric

None
req'd
r458M 80lts, hex CdP screws,
dnd sluds IUf general US"
Ni-Mo-Cr based
tJNS N I 0002
~Jo M6-
M:!tj
-- :l10 761) "lin
')711 rllax
... - su--
C3:!
--
'-fllelnc
No
None f4hllM 110115, hex cap screws, Ni-Cu Class A M6- - 2/5 550'llill -
~ -
req'd and Slucls for yenerill use UNS N04400 M20 gUO fIlax C25
.- _.
-rnelric M24· 205 4eO mill
~
-- -

M36 von fllax C25

None HGIJM BOilS, hex cap screws, NI-Cu Class A No _. -

~
M6- 205 <lIJO min - -
req'd ,mel studs lor general lise UNS N04400 1,,136 B30 rnax 895
--rnelrtc flot lorrned product

None F4GHM [.Jolts, 118X cap screws, r,il eu Class 8 No MG- 2()5 4flO rllin .-
~
- ~.

req'd and studs lor general use UNS N04405 M36 8bO Illax (;20
--metnc

None 1468M Bolts, hex cap screws, Ni-Cu-AI based No Mb- _._- 520 900 rnln -- - C24 - -

req'd and shiels lor gener,li LIse UNS N()!i500 M?O 1240 rnax :::r57
--metric M24 - -- 590 gOO min -- - C31---
M3G 1~)·1() fllax C31

None f"·lGHM Bolts, 118X cap scrf,WS, AluffllllUl11 :'()24 No MG- -. 2:,0 :lflO rnlll - - ~ --
req'd and studs lor general use U~JS A92024 M3fi ·WO Iliax B85
-flletic

None F4bBM <1011S, hex cap screws, Alwllinurn 6061 No M6- - 215 2(1) rntn - - ~ -
req'd ancJ studs for (jeneral use UNS A96()61 M3G 360 max B5()
··-rnetrrc

Dolts, hex cap SCl8WS, Aluminum 7015 No 4~!()

~
None F468M Mb- -- 345 I!lin -- -
req'd and studs 10f general lise UNS A97075 M36 ~J::{) lI)ax [Elf)
Inetllc

None F4()flM flolts, 118X 11ead screw" Iitaflflllll Gr 1 No MG- -- ?O5 C'ilO Illiff --. ..- Vickers -
req'd and studs lor ganer,,1 w;e M36 '11\lllllax 1401160
-rnetllc
 Mechanical properties

Bolls, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Is mlgr's Nominal
Grade ASTM ID size Prool Yield Tensile Prool
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number descrlpllon Material req'd? (mm) (MPa) (min MPa) (min MPa) Brlneli Rockwell or loot notes

None F468M Bolls, r,ex lledU screws, Tllarllum Gr 2 No M6- ~-

310 380 min - - Vrckers -

req'd and studs for gener al IJS8 M36 590 rllax 1601180
--meillc
None F468M Bolts, hex head screws, Titanium Gr 4 No M6- - - 520 590 mill _. - Vickers --
feq'd and sluds for general use M36 7']0 lTlax 2001220
metric
None F468M Bolts, hex head screws, Tilanrum Gr 5 No M6 - --- [l60 93U mrn _.- - ~ -
req'd ami studs for general use M36 1140 llIax C36
---metllc
M6- -- 310 380111111 _.- .-. Vickers -
None F46flM Bolls, ilex head screws, Tllallrurn Gr 7 No
req'd alld stuels for general use M36 5')OlllilX 16011 80
--rnetllc

4.6 F56R Bolts, screws, stud" for Low or lTledilllll Yes M5· 225 240 4(1) - Vickers §§l-- K,LL,MM,NN
general englneerrng caliJOfI sleel Ml00 1201220 B95
appllcatrons- rn81ric

4.6 F51:ltl [Jolts, screws, sluds for Low or rnerilunl l'es Ml 6· :310 ]4CJ VIckers
for general engineering carbon steet. parliatly Mlfi
4?1I --
f0--- K,LL,MM,NN
130122CJ R%
appllcatlons- rneilic 01 fully annealed as
required

5.8 ~~G8 Holts, screws, stllcls for Low or rnwllilln Yes M5 3RO 4 ~ll ) ~):_Jn .-- Vickers 882 K,LL,MM,NN
~Jeneral ellQlneeling carbon sled, cold M24 160/220 ~
appllciltlorlS-llletrlc worked
.. _--

6.6 F~)f)K Halls, or:rews, studs for MedIum carbon steel, Yes M16- 600 6fill ll:JII Vickers K,LL,MM,NN
g;i-
general engIneering qll8nclred anci M72 2551336 C34
"ppllcations --metric terrlpewd

6.6 FS6H
-- llolls, sCrews, slu(js lor
gener al (mgineering
Low carboll
marlensile steel,
Yes M16 -
M36
6UO (.i6() tHO --
VIcker s
2551:l36
C9:--
C34
K,LL,MM,NN

<lppIrC<lt\Olls~mctric qucllcl1ed and

ternpereci

6.8.3 F568 Rolls, screws, ,Iuels for Atrnospi18ric corrosion Yes MIll· 600 lioO tU{) Vickers
fJcrwral engliwerirHJ reslstanl steel, M3G
---
2"SI]36
Si:-
C34
J,K,LL,MM,NN

appllcalions--r1lefIIC quellcfwd anci

tempered
~-

~
9.6 F56B r3ulls, screws (ancl studs fAl,drrJlll cartJon ste,d, Yes Ml 6- 6S0 (',!() DOU - Vickers en K,LL,MM,NN,OO
~11~) or larger) for qll,,"ciH,(J and MIn 2fJ01360 ~
qt.:rlerdl eflClII1(;erlllq tt~lllr\erud
(J1)pllca t I(Jlls·--·rnf~t r Ie
-
+ I:,t,i\ St\l(I~) 101 uerlcfal t-,1(:(fIUIII Cillf)()11 steel. Y(CS less tilall ti':ltl Dill) VIckers KLL ,MM,NN,OO
(C)()\ t 11{\II\l~Vlll\q d\lp\IC{ttl()I\~; qIH:I It.11I ~d <111(1 Mt:'
(2(1 ---

2BIJl:JbO
C3J---
C:lb
11H:tr1C Il:lrq){:ll:d
Footnotes il re gfOlJred all th-e last riJg~ of this Part IV series
0\
.....,
a-
00

Mechanical properties

Is mlgr's Nominal Bolls, screws, studs Nuts .1 Hardness

Grade ASTM 10 size Prool Prool
ID
mark
spec
number
Fastener
descripllon Material
symbol
req'd?
range
(mm)
load
(MPa)
Yield ')1 Tensile
strength strength
(min MPa) (min MPa)
load
(MPa)
I Brinell I Rockwell
Remarks
or footnotes

± FSfiR SllIds lor general low carhon YAS Less 111an 650 720 900 -- Vickers 02- KLL,MM,NNOO
(00) c\f)glnecrln~J dpp!tcdtlorl~-) rnar!erl~lte sleel, M12 2fJOI3C() Clti
-metric qll~rlcllt'd ~HICi
klllfJUrt;()

9.6 fS()fl H()lt~, SU('Wo (dlid ;'!'His 1\)1/,; Cdit)(HI YeS Mln- 6~() Te'l) ~ II )( ) Vrcher ~ C~)1-- 1<.1 lMM,Nfll)U
MI" or I"r~)er) lor rrl(-jr!l~rlslte ~tt~t:l, MIt; :'llll/:ltil) C:lli
(j,:rwfid ""9"I(;er Ifl\) qLH.:nctl(:(j wid
zlp\)1IcC\\IOllS----n)(j\fIC temref<'ci

10.9 f ~'l;ll [Jults, SCf(;WS land Siuds Mc.'dlurrl cCJrhurr steel. Yes M5 - WlU 9~() III,tli Vicker, K.II MM r"rJ,()U
'Qi/:lb2
9J.--
C:lCr
Ml:' or larger) lor general 'llienclltJ<! ami M21J
efl9lfleerir'<j appllcaliuns ICr1IfJurc:d
--- nwlm; M,;rlllr(1) carbon alloy Yus M5 - fl:J[I 94U IO·1U
sleul, \lu\)l\cl1ed and Mllll1
Vlckt!rs
:Q7nH~
.0J--
(;:,,)
K II MU.WJ,OU

If:rllrp.r,,,1

I eo,s Inan fUll

0
(O(J)
I ',b!! Stucls for Cjen8f (II
~:r)(Jlneerlnu (lppiIC;:I!I()f I',
MedllJm carborl or
!rH:UIIJfII cart)(!f) alloy
Yes
1.11 ~
9·10 111411 Vicker ~
:l?irJll/
SP--
Cl'J
K.LL.MM NNOO

·rrHdrlC: . . )lf~(:I, qlll'I)(,\I(;<1 (ill( I

tcrtlp!'(I;1 j

0 I ~) ,h ~;lt)(b fCll (J~llt'!dl l 1)'.",1 C{lrt,U!) YL::> J I t}::'~~ 11 [,[ n HJD 9411 1(j,1I I Vlckul S ("J'l
~
1\.1 l.W.~.r"r'J,UU
(O( 'I \;I\{Jl!le~rl!l\J dpphc;llkH\:, (ltd! (.:1 \~JI tl~ ,;:, let: I, I,ll'.' 127I3H:) ( :' ~ ~j

--'--1!18trlc qllf~llCl!u(j arid

[('IIl(h;\l:d

r ~)fjU
10,9 f301h, ~u!;\'r> ((Hid :)tlld~)
tv112 Of I,!f(jt:r) t()r ql:n(;[,1i
I IJVV 1,,[

r II<lflt:ll:-J!(;
rt II H I
~)lu\!I.
y,,:, M',
rJUi>
B'J() !):I() 1(!¥1 Vickers
32i13112 z:;
C1') K,lL, MM, NI'J(lO

eI1U\l\l~t~!l1)(J (\I)p\lcd\\OI\~) qU\:IHJn~d .Jill!

- niL" r Ie IL.'111{Jt1Il:d

H(JII:,_ ~,(,Il!V,l~" :-:,\lllh \(11 AlllH)cJI)\I~!I\C \~orr()S\On Yes MIl)- l\:1(1 9,10 11I,1(J Vickers .J.! L.MM,W{t)()
10.9.3 f!)iJU
fJI:flcrdl I:JltjHIC'l:flllq 11;:)I~)I~llll ~dt:e!. 1,1:)(; 'J) /Ij(!~
SJ---
CJq
dPI lllC:dllCl1 I~, ·rnt'!IIC qllt:rwll(,(f dlH\
11:111))1':1 1'(\

12.9 1',1:1\ H(III~, :,!.I'-~\tJ~, (dllt! :,ll1d') {\IIII'/ ',kt'! (juL'r If:lll;il Yt:;, I,ll t;- qlU Ilrt() 1~i::( ) Vlcl'.t~r ::; C:lil 1\,1 LMM.rml)()
Ml:l (If ldf(Jel) itl! qi~lll:l,d dlill kl;lrH.'rt~d IAlf)r, 3/11,)',:1 '(;:1.1
t:lliJllh't;flllq dPf dH ·t1llfJ(I';

6 1:)1;11
fllt:!!I(

------------_._--_..-
~)llJ(h fill fjl:llt'ldl
.~--------

/\IIt)y ~}ll:I'1 !jllt'I!1 tlt~'d y, .. ,

__._---
.
t I ~~) S 111d II 0111 11(11) ,'11 VI('~ t~f:") (~ 1(,11 ,MMJJ~I,O(J
(00) 1~lltJlfh :t:lllltj df)f !il(:;\! I(H I~J dlld 11~llll!\:1 t:tl MI~' '11~1,1'l·1 ( ·1·1
rrl!:IIH;

!,ltilr">!,,,, ,If" lJ[(I'I!",d (lil iI't: Id~1 pdq,: of IllIs Pdrl IV SP.III"2:
 Mechanical properties

Is mlgr's Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Nominal
Grade ASTM ID size Proal Tensile Proal
ID
mark
spec
number
Fastener
description Material
symbol
req'd?
range
(inch)
load
(psi)
strength
psi
load
(psi)
I Brinell I Rockwell I Remarks
or loot notes

1 ~593 BOllS, tlex cap screws Stainless steel, alloys No

(PP) and "luc]S 30::!, 303 Se, 304, (PP)
:105, 384, XM t, XM7
• Culc] worked ~,~ . ~/~ 65,000 10n,OO() B~ I,PP
i50,000 02
); - 1:~ 45,000 ~,oOO_ B.§D--
140,000 C:.J2
~~----------- - - - -.. -~-- ------ ---- ----~.

• Ileae]ed and rolled \.1: 2 50,000 85,000 B8~

tWill annealed stuck max rll(;ji< lilax
anci ttlt:ll re-annealed (IT\achilied
specimen)
._-----_.
• IAdchrrH.:d IlOrn ~,~ - 1 ~ I; 30,000 15,O()O 8§5.-
d"Ii,;iII,,,] or solution '160]00 B9~
"n""dled slock
• Machined f rorn !~ - ;.~ 95,OOD 120,(IUO (~
strain hardened stock -160,000 C36
}~ . 1 75,000 110,OUO C3.Q-
l5D,oBrf C:J2
1 ~,~ - 1:~ 60,000 tOO,DO() (2)..-
140,000 C30
1~~ - 1 ~I~ 4!i,OO() 9~),()()() B~
1307)00 C2e

2 f',9:3 H(Jlis, ht:x Ci.lfJ screW~; SIi"lInless ~)teel, No

(pp) d(1I.J SIiHb dlluy :1 th (f-'f')
• Cold wu,ked ~/~ " ~b G~,(J()O IOtl,()ll(J 8~ IFf'
155;OO()- C32
1 1: B~J,OUII
"" 45,000 880
140,O-Orl- ~
• t 1i~(H1t~(j dlld folk:(1 :~ • 1 I' 5(),1)(J11 b~"IJlI() 88~
frun, dllflt!dled ~Iock rnax flldX Indx
,Hld tllt~fl r(;'drlflt~~de(j (rn~cril"dj
specililell)
-~-----

• rJ1iil.llHH:d I,Ulli ~ . 1 ~~ :JII,()(JO I~),OUII Ll,0---

dllllt!.tldt (I' SOIiIIIOIl 10tGi(){) B~j~

_.~I!~~~:~\~~.!~:!:..-----.- _..__._____ _ --~~- ._-_._---

• r.,1,I\,tlllled IIlHlI (J~), (l()() 1:'11,01 \lJ C~
;.lldlll 11<1I(J!!llt!d :.>Iud, 'ir,iiiJ{HY . C:Hi
~,4 IS,II()O 1 t! i,()(" I (:;JJ-
i ~30i)(I1)· C:J;!
1 \ . 1 ~,~ 50,0011 llHl,IIIHI i~
-i4o,oiiii- l,:JIl
I\, 11: '1~,O()lJ ~I~). ( )( 1/1 n~JII_
~i:i(in(iil- -c21l
r'ooillotes ilre OfUliped 011 IIle lasl pave of IIlj" Pc" I IV seflt:s

0'>
-a
-.l
o

Mechanical properties
Bolls, screws, studs Nuts I Hardness
Is mfgr's Nominal
Grade
10
ASTM
spec Fastener
to
symbol
size
range
Proof
load
I strength
Yield I Tensile
strength
Proof
load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) (psi) (min psi) psi (psi) I Brinell I Rockwell or footnotes

3 F593 Rolls, hex cap screws, Stainless steel allOYS No

(PP) "nd studs 32t and 347 (PP)
5.
• Cold worked 8 65,000 100,OO() r~ I,PP
150,000 C32
t"" 45,nOO ll~,(JOU
~
T4G:"000 C32
50, OOO·---R5~6oo -- --- ....- - - - 885-
• Headed and rolled ~~ - 1 ~,;
from annealee] stock rnax max max
am] ttlen re-annealed (machined
specimen)
.---ti--~----
• Machined from j; - 1 :', 30,000 75,000 8~
arlnealed or solution lOO;OOlJ 895
annealed slock
5'
• Macllined from 'S
95,oon 120,000 C24
strain hardened stock "'"It)(j:!jITI1- =i36
;.~ • 1 75,OO() llO,OOO C~
-1 SO,OOO C32
1 I;, - 1 ~'~
~
60,()()() 1O()(JUI)
i:tO·om) C30
1 ~~ - 1 \ 4c,,()(J() ~c,,fIlJ(J 8jtil--
130,000- C2B

4 F!)'n Bolts, hex cap SClews, Stdlnless steel, allays No

(PP) and sluds 430 a nli ,130f (PP)
,
• Machilleu from "
1 >, 3~,()I)U 7O,f)OO
~ I.I'P
"r"ltJdled or soltJlion ""'fllooon- 8%
annealed slack

5 1'593 Bolls, hex cap screws, Slallliess sleel, allOYS No

(PP) and studs 410,416, and416 Se (PP)
1~ 1~,; 90,U()() 1 trl,fllill IYP
• HiHdened and _
SQ--
lempered
nlln
0'
IOSO F
--llt~OOO - C31J

• llorucnerJ ",flU .-t-~~---=-- 120,1J01l _!~:~OO C14

ternpf;led al 525 F I ton,non ~
rflUl

6 I!Hl Holb, tlt=~X car SCIf~WS, Sla""f~SS st""I, alloy ~Io

(PP) drlcl Sll!(b ·131 (f'P)
I,~ 1I ~ 11)(), (l1J() I ~ 'f), I JlIII ( ' '.~l)
I,f'P
• Ilarti"ned afld
lempered al 1050 F
-fsn:()OfY- ;.z~G
111111
----';-T:;---··----no:oon -fflO.()()(j-- ---------n-o-
• I liJr(]elled anu
lernperecJ al 525 f
-22(j~(jM- ----r.4~l
fllill footnoles are orolJped 011 Ille IdSI paOt: of lilis Part IV series
 Mechanical properties

, Is mlgr's Nominal Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Grade ASTM 10 size Prool Yield Tensile Proof
ID spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (Inch) (psi) (min psi) psi (psi) Brlnell Rockwell or footnotes

7 F593 Bolts, hex cap screws, Slalnless sleel, alloy No

(PP) and studs 63() (PP)"., _ 05 000 35000 - _ G'R _ I PP
C I I I d ,,1;2 1, 1 , ~.'
• ,,0 U Ion annea e . 1 70 000 C31:l
~nd age hardened '
aller lorming

1 FS94 Nuts Stainless steel, alloys No

(PP) 31n, 3U3 Se, 304, (PP)
305, 3fl4, XM I, and
XM7
• Annealed aller all ~. I:; - -- .- 70,000 - Hll5 I,PP
ti,readlflg mill III a ,

~ Macililled Ilom---~ -- --i;-: 1i; - - 75,000 -' - --B~ ' -

dllflealeej or solution 111111 B95
dnnealed slack
-~Cold~~~k~~j-~-"~~~---- i,' % .- --- 100,000 .------~-
mlfl Cl2
j• . 1:; - - - 85,000 - ~
Illin C:1;;
• Macilined Irorn :: '1; .. ----~-·-~---·--·-----=--120,ooo- ~
sllaill lIardened slack fT)11l C36
, Yo . 1 110,000- C'j1L--
fllln C32
1:~· 1',; .-.- 100,000 - B~
III In C30
1;;,·1>-, -' -.-. 85,000 -- ~
III In C2ll

A 1~41 L,/etHllb Alloy steel, forged, Yes : •. 2;; Hefer to fO,Il01J 111111 %,1J11i1 -.- 1!J71241:l [J0y Markrngs are forgec
qll('f1ched, dnd lernpered complele 100,OOll rtll (j 1 In rdlst:d ellar aclers
F541 IIldX
spec

ASTM loot notes

LtAI ll. Altt:rflollvdy, fUI tie): ru:<.lJ pruduc..b. Illarl-lngs Oldy tit; NN. ~;Ilj(b 1)1 flOfllHldt \tllcdlf c1liHIll:Il!I::' :'1I1,llIel !ildli M5
IIIUl:l!le(1 On ::'Idt: (..II tlcc.!d Willi Iht: lJa::.e 01 the ~fl)~)t:rtY IIt:l.d IH,t tIC 11 I<JI kl.!ll Ad.Jllluni.llty 1.Id~:'t::, 4 ii -t d. dno ~ t;
[.IdS:) :"YllliuA" rJO:)llIOIW.:J tuw~Hll ttle bUc1rtnu :)WI"tCd ~Illd~ ~lIldljo.:l ttldll M12 need IIr,l Lt! 1I1 ... ll<o.:d
J. Udil,I1,I"I.lIcl IIlct'i odd ()II,l:1 Illdlr,:, 11,,11
'~dlll"J Illc t.l::.It:IIt;1 I~, .llfllil:..J,I,';II', "cllot dill! MM. Uolts <.111(1 ~Clt.:W:-' O!lliJllHfldl lIHci:hl c1lalTlell::fS 3111dll 00 ilw, I':> !tlt~ ~f<llh! 111(lIk :),ml,.)1 lUi :.I'llh (,11111,:> Pll,p":l
.,' d :,",dl,,-,IIII'J IYI''-' t:1 ltl<J11 tA~j H,aJd 11111 t,.: Illdllo,eu AddlliUlldtiy. :-,Iull\:u dlnl II' \..1.,',::. III Jill::, t.l~ til, I(J LIIIIlOIIIIli.ldLII,) !\it:!
It.:Lu",:>\;d :), Ie'''.:) ... t 1,I)illln,,1 tlllelilJ tlldilltc!lt;r::. M:. i.llld
:.lldIlIH; It/l dlt:d ull IlIJilif II,.~ Ilcd<l (,tl',vd LJIIjl:1 IH:l:(J (,01 til; 1Ildiked '.1.:1li,: L(,IIS .lilt! SLIt:I/." ~.I,(jll PP. Il!.!dL! "lId IIldlllli.JLlul!!1 ::. !\h;ll/dl • .II" II :'1'11.1 •.11:.. ,,10.;
\,1 il .. >1; "t Jlfl IIi!' 1\ i LI.I:,:> ,I., ',11.111 IJl~ Ill)! '"It: 1I1<llkl'd wnt. 1<1111<11 1111<': :")dllLJlJb 1"ql,II,',J ul11y "")IVII ~j'l:l I!I,'(I (Ill tll'~ lilli, I
1,1>'.1111",,;11 11)""'<11.1 III'~' hl",I:~,1 Pt:llf,),\'Il" li,t: II.'",J

---l
id

Grade and material markings-Part V

ASTM markings
The American Society tor Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St, Philadelphia, PA 19103, sponsors development ot specilicallons for fasteners used In general and special engineerrng applications
These speCifications delail chemical and mechanical properties of malerial strength levels for fasteners and <;Ire generally speCific In referenCing the actual product covered, A full range of
types 01 products 01 various styles, thread series, lengths, etc, can be proOuced to meet ASTM requirements and would be marked lor grade and materlall(1errtlllcatlorr as required

ASTM Grade and material identification markings required by ASTM specifications

Mechanical properties
BOItI, Icrewl, sluds Nuls Hardne5S
Is mlgr's Nomln.1
Grade ASTM 10 Ilze Prool Yield Tenille Prool
10 spec Faslener symbol range load strength strength load Remar1l.
mark number description Mllterlal req'd? (Incll) (psi) (min psi) psi (psi) Brlnell Rockwell or lootnote.

2 f-594 Nuts Stainless steel, alloy No

(PP) 316 (PP) I,PP
• Annealed alter ali !~ - 1~ -- -- ---- 70,000 ~

[385
IIHeading min max
• Machined I rom ~~ - 1 % ~
- 75,000 ~

865
annealed or solution III in I39s
annealed stock
---~--

• Cold worked 1/
;. -Is
~/ ~

--- -- tOO,OOO B95

mill C32
Y,-1:;' ~
~ ~

85,000 -- 13Jill-
min C32
• Milcilrned trom %-% ~ ~

-- 120,000 ~

C24
stralll Il31uened stock min ---c36
?~ -1 -- 110,DOO ---
~-
~ ~

min C32
1:;' -1:;' - - lOG,OOO --- 895
min --c3o
1Y. - 1)? - --
85,000 - 890
mill ---c2ii
3 f~94 Nuts SI"illless sleel, alloys No I,PP
(PP) 321, 347 (fJP)
• AI1I1ouied after all ~~ - 1 ~ - -- -- 70,0(1) -- lle~
IIlreaeJing iTlln fnCtX

• Macliined from
~Imealed or solution
annealed stock
• Cold worked
~~ - 1 ~

x-%
-

-
- 75,000
rnin

tOO,OOO
-

--
--
86~
fj95

-- -
Jlli2-
nUll \,'J2
y. -1:;' -- llS,UUO flillL_
IfIlI1 -C1:'
1-(oIdl1()ll'~; <11" "IOlIPt~rI OllllH' 1",;1 p:II]() pf Ihis Pillt V sp.ries
 Mechanical properties
Bolls, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Is mlgr's Nominal
Grade ASTM ID size Prool Yield Tensile Prool
ID spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) (psi) (min) (min) (psi) Brinell Rockwell or loot notes

• Machined from ~1. .% -- - _.- 1~()()()O -- gL

strain hardened stock 1I11r) C36
7~ -1 - - -. t tO,OIlO - gJL
rnul C32
1 ~~ . n~ - -- - 100,000 - ~
min C30
1%- IY, - - --- 55,lIOO ---
~
nlln C2fl
4 F594 Nuts Stainless steel, alloys No
(PP) 430, 430F (PP)
• Machined from X. 1 ~.; - -- -- 7(),()OO --- Bfl5-- I,PP
annealed or solution '!lltl B%
anneated stock

5 F594 Nuts Staintess steel alloys No I,PP

(PP) 410, 4t6, 416 Se (PP)
• Hardened and ~~ - 1 ~{ - ... -
tempered at 1050 F
--- 110,OOn - ~
JJlIJl C30
min
• Hardened and y. - lY, --- - --- tblJ,lJCI(j --
tempered u t 525 F Gl.L-
nlln C45
rllln
--~-

6 F594 Nuts Stainless steel, alloy No I,PP

43t (PP)
• Hardened and
1~ - 1 ~~ -- - -- 125,(lOO - ~
tempered at 1050 F
Jilin C:32
min
-~----.-----------

• Hardened dnd X . 1 ~~ - - - -
tBIl,IJOO ~lL-
ternperen at 525 F C,lfl
II1Hl
nun

7 F594 Nuts Stainless steel, alloy No

630 (PP)
• Solut ion a'lnealed X - 1~/~ - -- --- 135,()()O -- G2B- I,PP
and age harnened HUll C35
after forming

A1·50 f'738 Bolts, screws, and sluds Stainless steel, Yes

-1Jl8tric alloys 303, 303 Se,
304,305, :184, XM1,
XMl
• Headen and rolled M16· .--- -- !;(111 -- Vickers BJ).L_ I,MM,OO
from annealed stock M5mm MP" 155/220 895
and tlien re-annealed M6· - 210 ~j()() MI'a - Vickers 8111-
M36 mm MPa 155/220 895
I ()()IIl(""~; d'" \JIOII[JI;cl onll1e lilSI pd~je ol1l1is Pari Vselies.

--J
w
-..l
~

----.-~

Mechanical properties

Nominal 801ls, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Is mlgr's
Grade ASTM 10 alH Prool Yield Tensile Prool
ID spec Fastener sytnbol ran. . load strength strength load Remark.
number description Materia' req'd? (mm) (MPa) (Min MPa) (min MPa) (MPa) Brlnell Rockwell or loolnole.
mark

A1·70 F738 Bolts, screws, and studs Stainless steel, Yes Mt.6· - - 700 - Vickers B96 I,MM,QQ
-metric alloys 303, 303 Se, M5 2201330 -c33
304,305,384, XM1, M6- - 450 700 - Vickers B96
XM7 M20 2201330 C33
• Cold worked Over M20 - 300 550 - Vickers B83
- M36 1601310 --c:i1
A1·80 F738 Bolts, screws, and sluds Stainless steel, Yes Ml.6 - - - 800 - Vickers C23 I,MM,QQ
-metric alloys 303, 303 Se, M5 2401350 C36
304,305,384, XM1, M6- - 600 eoo - Vickers C23
XM7 M20 2401350 -c36
• Machined from Over M20 - 500 700 - Vickers B96
strain hardened stock - M24 2201330 ~
Over M24 - 400 650 - Vickers B93
- M30 20013tO -c3O
Over M30 - 300 nOO - Vickers B89
- M36 1801285 -C28

A2·50 F738 Bolts, screws, and studs Stainless steel, Yes Ml.6· - - 500 - Vickers ~ I,MM,OQ
-metnc alloys 321, 347 M5 1551220 B95
• Headed and rolled M6· - 210 50U - Vickers 88t
from annealed stock M36 1551220 B95
and then re-annealed
.~-----

A2·70 F738 Bolls, screws, and studs Stainless steel, Yes M1.6 - - - /00 -- Vickers 896 I,MM,QQ
-metric alloys 321, 347 M5 2201330 -C3:j
• Cold worked M6- - 450 lOO - Vickers B96
M20 ;:201330 --c3:i
Over M20 - 3nO 5~)() --- Vickers Be3
- M36 1601310 -C3i
A2·80 F73il 80lts, screws, and sluds S\dHlless steet, Yes Ml.o, - - HOO - Vickers C23 I,MM,QQ
-metric alloys 321, 34"1 M5 2401350 C36
• Machined from M6· - 600 800 -- Vickers ..9.L
strain hardened stock M20 2401350 C36
Over M20 - 50n iOO -- Vickers 896
. M24 2201330 --c33
Over M24 - 400 6~0 -- Vickers mn
. M:.JO 2001310 CSO
Over M30 - 30n fiO(l Vickers nOg
- M36 18012BS -Gil
------------------~---.-.-------------- - -~~----------------------.~-----

A4·50 I- I:W UollS, screws, ulld sluds Staililess sleel, Yes

-. -fllf:\nc dlloy316
• Headed and rolled
Iroll1 annealed slock
Wid Illell re-annealed III u .J s
 Mechanical properties
Nominal Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Is mfgr's
Grade ASTM ID size Proof Yield Tensile Proof
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (mm) (MPa) (Min MPa) (min MPa) (MPa) Brlnell Rockwell or footnotes

M·70 F738 Bolts, screws, and studs Stainless steel, Yes Ml.6· - - 700 - Vickers B~ I,MM,QQ
-nletric alloy 316 M5 220/330 C33
-
• Cold worked M6· - 450 700 Vickers ~
M20 220/330 C33
Over M20 - 300 550 - Vickers B~
· M36 160/310 C31

M·BO F738 Bolts, screws, and studs Stainless steel, Yes Ml.6· - - 800 - Vickers ~ I,MM,QQ
-metric alloy 316 M5 240/350 C36
• Machined from M6· - 600 800 - Vickers
strain hardened stock M20 240/350 Sd36"
~
Over M20 - 500 700 - Vickers
· M24 220/330
Over M24 - 400 650 - Vickers B93
· M30 200/310 C30
Over M30 - 300 600 - Vickers ~
· M36 t80/285 C28

F1·45 F73fl BollS, screws, and studs Stainless steel, Yes Ml 6· - - 450 - Vickers B74 I,MM,QQ
- -melrlc alloys 430, 430F M5 135/220 B96
• Headed and rolled M6· - 250 450 - Vickers B74
Irom annealed stock M36 135/220 Ei96
and Ihen re·annealed

F1·60 1131) Bolls, scrt;ws, and studs Stainless sleel, Yes - .. -

Ml 6· 600 Vickers ~ I,MM,QQ
--metric alloys 430, 430F M~ 180/285 C28
• Cold worked MG· _. 410 GOO - Vickers B89
M36 180/285 C28
-_._ ...
C1·50 F738 801ls, screws, and sluds Siainiess sleel, Yes Ml 6- _. - ~tlO - Vickers I,MM,QQ
-metric alloy 410
• Machined from
M5
MG- - 2~n -
155/220 %
500 Vickers ~
annealed or solution M36 155/220 806
atlilcaled Slack
----_ .. _-- ---- -
CHO Fnil Holls, screws, and Siuds Siainiess sleel, Yes M16· -- --- 70() - Vickers ,§QL I,MM,QO
melfiC alloy 410 M5 220/330 C34
• Hardened and Mo- -
~
.- 410 700 Vickers
lelll[)ered at 565 C M36 220/330
min
-----~----.------ "----. ---

C1·110 I nil Bolls, screws, and sluds Stainless steel, Yes MIG· -- -- 1100 Vickers I,MM,QO
rllel"c alloy 4 to
----
9!L..

-
M5 :l50/440 C45
• 1I"rdened and MG· •. - 820 lIDO ---- Vickers C3G
lernp.Jled al 2/5 C M:Jo 350!440 C45
rrlln

~ ()oliiolus are grollpeej 011 ttl{; last pel<je of tillS Pdlt V st)rtes

-...J
V<
-..J
0'>

Mechanical properties
80lts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Is mlgr's Nominal
Grade ASTM ID size Prool Yield Tensile Prool
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (mm) (MPa) (Min MPa) (min MPa) (MPa) Brlnell Rockwell or loot notes

C3·80 F738 Rolts. screws. and studs Stainless steel, Yes M1G- .~
- 800 Vickers C2;,J I,MM,QQ
Illellle alloy 431 M5 240/340 Os
• Haldened and M6- ---- 640 800 Vickers ~
tempered at 565 C M36 240/340 C35
min
C3·120 H3El Rolts, screws, anel studs Stainless steel, Yes -
metric alloy 431
Mt.6 - - 1200 - Vickers ~ I,MM,QQ
M5 380/480 C48
• Hardened and M6- - 9~iO 1200 - Vickers
tempered at 275 C 380/480
.---9S-
C48
M36
mlfl

C4·50 F73B Bolls, screws, and sluds Siainiess sleel, Yes _. Soo
-metric alloys 416, 4 16 Se
M1.6 - - - Vickers ~- I,MM,QQ
M5 155/220 B9b
• Macllined from _. Vickers
annealed or solution
M6- 250 :'00 ..Jlli.l-
M36 155/220 896
dlHlealed stock
--
C4·70 f738 Bolls, screws, dllCI sluds Siainiess steel, Yes M1.6· 700 Vickers ~ I,MM,QQ
- -

-metric alloys 416, 416 Se M5 ?20/330 C34

• Hardened and M6· - 410 70() .
Vickers 896
lempeled at 565 C
min
M36 2201330 n4

C4·110 ll:Jtl 80115, screws, ilnd sllJ(is SIClillless steel, Yes -

-mel fiG Cliloys 416, 416 Se
MIG· - 1100 - Vickers 3lfi. I,MM,OO
M5 350/440 C45
• Har(1elled and - -
M6- 820 1100 Vickers ~
..

tcrllpered al 275 C M36 350/440 C45

nun
._------------_.- ---~--- r----- ---------

Pl·90 I'l:m fiIJ!lS, ~)crpws, LH)(j stllfb ~31dif)less stel~1 Yes M1.6 - - - 91l1) Vickers ,...G!B. I,MM.OQ
melrll: alloy 6:JO M5 2A51:l70 C38
• Solution annealed M6- - 700
dlld age ilardened
!:Jill) Vickers ~
M36 2W,/3fO C38
all,,, forliling

None Ffn~,M I iex socket heal1 cap Alloy steel- No - - .. Rn

req'd screws - rlH-:llic ql"encl18d ,1Ild
M3· 1100 1040 Vickers ~
M20 J 12/434 C44
ternpereLi

Al·50 F83fi ~jllts-rnet"c Stdllrless sl8el- Yes -- ~,()il

MU3 Vickers ~ SS
---

alloys J1l3, 303 Se, M:J6 1 ~~/;);>() R%

3()4, 30:;, 3A4, XM1,
XMI
• Machined from
annealed or solution
;:HHltJdlt:d stock, or
I(lff))f:d ,UHf annealed I ()"IIIIIIt;" diU ,JIIIIII'"r/ Oil ilw lasl flag" lllillis 1",111 V'iell,,';
 I r----- r Mechanical properties

i ! Is mlgr's Nominal Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Grade
10
mark
ASTM
spec
number j
II
I Fastener
description Material
I
: ID
symbol
req'd?
size
range
(mm)
Prool
load
(MPa)
Yield
strength
Tensile
strength
(Min MPa) (min MPa)
Prool
load
(MPa) Brinell Rockwell
Remarks
or loot notes

-- Yes
~ ~)t.:,
X~ll , (l'
YJ.11 - Mill lti()I'JIO --c3I
• C()II~ WI)[ht:IJ
-~- ----- ~- .. ,--

Al-80 I b'~i) t!llh Illt!lf1(; SI(·l!fdt;S~ slt:td, Yes Mil; litH) Vlchl"S C23 ss
i:.liluy:.; J( I], '1! ):-~ St~, M2u .!·llln,,() T1c
~1(),t. ~~IJ~-~, :~t\,'1. XM1, Ov." M:'() 1(111 Vickers 896
XMI - fv1:'4 :>2013:JO -cf:j'
• f.Jdchll)ecl ffOIll Over M:'4 b51J Vickers 89:3
~tldl!llklfdt~fH:d ')!ock M:JrJ 20()/:l10 '""GO
Over :j() [,Or) Vicker s Bil9
M:16 1tlr)/2RS C2fi
A2·50 fillt; !·JlJlS !Ilt'irl(' ~;Ir:1!nlt-~ss ~-;!t:t.:I, Yes MI b :;(11) VICkt" s Htll Sdc
,d loys :l21, :1-11 M:l(i 1S~)/220 Hoc,
• M,H,llIned frolTl
wHl8dleci or snlutlon
annealed sl()ck, or
hHfflt-!d and hnl1t~aled

A2-70 fH ~n t JIJi'-) Illtdrl\ ~;Idl!dl;~;l; Slt:l:\, Y"s Ml b- Itlll V,ck,s mJt; 5S

"lillY 3:) 1, :l·11 M,'I! :'}II/Tllt -c:n
• f ~i III! we)! k\~d (lv"t M?() , ) ~)l ) VIC"'" !llil-
- M:lli lbll/:1HJ (;31

A2·80 ftUtJ f Jllb rrH:trlc ~)td!llle:-,s slet~l, {es MI,lj- BIJII Vicker S C23 SS
dllny :J~
I. :lc11 M:'(I L-iC!1350 C16
• t.1dclllllt:d Irofn Over M:'C! 7UII Vlde!S ~
~:;tldlll IldH1t~rH-~d stth....:k M:'4 ::'2()/:.nO cn
(>ver M~'I b~)( ) Vickers Fl~n
-M:JO :.'U0/31 0 C:iO
OVt~r M:1O hrll)
- M:Jb
Vickers
~-
1!JO/2il~ C28
-------.
A4·50 HU" I JIIls--ITH:llIC Slalnless ~;kt,l, Yes Ml 6- :,url Vicker s Btll SS
;ilfoy:lHi M:J(i 1 :i~/"2(J ~
• tv1cHJlintJd frum
ilfllh~dli~li Of soltll ion
C:J/illectied stock, Or
f()lnlt~(1 cHH1 (jllnt~aled

ASTM footnotes MM. H,dh tllIo' _,\ h".J ,)Ir,ulllilidl OIlt;<Hl dldlllt;IIlIJ ~}rHdll PP. I ",I'!.~ dlld IIhllllll<1(,[III\,;1 ~ IIII'/dlll! ,",I(!lI :>r,,,j,,,, ss t,,\.tlkul<j" :.hclll tJl~ un tjlt~ h'l-' ul nUl. lup ollldllgC, ()I on
1:1 tll<lll U', I.t:td 1.. ,1 I,L' !lIJII-.I~\1 Addlll,nhll!\. ~Iullt:d <lIld H;'Ii,ill',j (oldy .... 1' ...'11 :.j,,:ulicd (HI tll<~ UI.1, I Ill"." \II Iht! WH.:II. tllll~J !idb M,u\...ulq'l IU~d'CJ 011 (jnt:: ullt,~
I. t-",lll,"II'J _,111,1-.. ,,11'11.,,"' .,,"'IIJI,I", "r I",HI
".ul '. !I'll,', "I IIOllllIOdl !l1It:dd c!ldlllt'h;I:, ~.1'J 0.111<1 '.'11,'1\, 11I1l~J 1I,1l~, ~lldll!lt.: dVI,lt:::.':>t:U Mdll-.HlyS WI .III (,lIlef
f,!I~'l:.J (,j kl,,'
11\;,:d r,ul I". I"dl~l:d L1l!tll!. 1'(111:;, dlld :,(.Il"·;~, ~,I,dll 00.1,11:1111111,,,,11(,1} tll'llh!ll\j "I ~,III'L, :...1,.1111,,' ,.~Ij", ,11" h" d!hlll~, Ill.!), I .. : 1.11:..,..:01 1)1 dt:f)IL:~:,t-'d Hllb \II 11(..11111101
RR.'J'" L.t.I"\,,I/~,!r.~t'IJr,t 1,1 'r,-,', I .. ·, lI'''I~l;.J 'NIIII 1.I,h,1I iii 11: :;'YIIIIJul:. II,,; jlllHI'd::"!1 Ildt;,H,1 ,1i'lllh~!I~I:-. ~,' 1 dln1 ::'111<111.:1 Ilt't;d II,I( IH~ Ilhllht'J
':.11<11(:,,(,'1",,1,'11"",1

-.J
-.J
-J
00

Grade and material markings- Part VI

ASTM markings
The American Society for Testing and Matenals, 1916 Race Sf. Philadelphia, PA 19f03, sponsors development of specifications for fasleners used in generat and special engineering applications
These specifications detaIl chemIcal and mechanIcal propertIes of material strength levels for fasteners and are generally specifIC In relerenClng the actuat product covered A lull range 01
types of products 01 various styles, thread serIes, lengths, etc, can be produced 10 meet ASTM requirements and would be marked for grade and malerlalldentlflcatlon as required

ASTM Grade and material identification markings required by ASTM specifications

Mechanical properties

Nominal Bolls, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Is mlgr's
Grade ASTM ID size Prool Yield Tensile Prool
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (mm) IMPa) (Min MPII) (min MPa) (MPa) Brinell Rockwell or 100'no'.5

A4·70 f tnt Nuls--Inelrlc SI<lintess sleel, Yes MI,6- --- -- .. _... lOO Vickers B9A SS
alloy:ll6 M20 220/330 ~
• Cold WOI ked Over M20 - ---
~
--- 550 Vickers
- M36 160/310 ~31

A4·80 Hnh ~Juls-- I'Iletllc Slain less sleel, Yes M16- - - BOO Vickers C23 S8
iJllny 316 M20 240/350 ~
• MachIned from Over M20 - -- 700 Vickers 896
Sllillll haldened slock - M24 220/330 ~
Over M24 -- - G50 V,cKels
~
" -
- M:JO 200/310 C30
Over M30 -- GOO Vickers Bil9 __
- MJ6 180/2B:, ------C28

F1·45 I H'I(, r~lIlS---IIl(,t ric Sl,ilnless sleel, Yus M1.6 - -- ,EiO Vickers Bf4 SS
alloy 4:10. 4:101' M:lb 1351220 --~
• M<lcllined from
,IIlneal"d or solution
dllllfJ81ed slock, 01
loftllud dlld clllllt!cil8d

Footnotes dlto urouped on file lasf page of this Palt VI S811es

 Mechanical properties
Nominal Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness
Is mfgr's
Grade ASTM 10 size Proof Yield Tensile Proof
10 spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remark.
mark number description Malerial req'd? (mm) (MPa) (Min MPa) (min MPa) (MPe) Brinell Rockwell or foolnote.

Cl·70 FU36 ~jlJIs- melrlc Slalrlless sleel, Yes Ml,6 - - -- - 700 Vickers H96 SS
dlloy 41U M36 22(j/3~() ~
• liardened and
lernpererj al 5f)5 C
frun

Cl·110 fiJJ6 NIIIS- melrlC Slalnl"ss sleel, Yes M16· - 11(j(J V'Lkers l~:l~ 5S
alloy 410 M:JG 3~)(J/.14{J ---C4~)
• I lcHuentc1 dll(J
lempeled ill '2(':> C
11111\

C3·80 llHll r'IIiIS rrlutrlc SldIHlu::..!'-, ~,Ip.t:I, Yes M1 6- -- - 111111 V,ck.."s C:"j 5S
dlluy 4:JI M:,6 ~4()n·1ll ~
• tbuklled dlllJ
't~l1lpured ~t ~bj C
rrllll

C3·120 I n:5U Nub fflttrlc Yes MU,· ._.

1~()O
(~
::31dllll..:ss slnel, -
Vlck"rs SS
alloy 4:11 M:J6 :JUt1/4UO ,·Hi
• I lLlrdellP(j and
terllpUr(;d ut ~/:) C
min

C4·70 flUb NulS IIlctrlc SliJlnk:ss sleel. Yes Ml Ii --- fill! Vic I",,, ll~~ S5
allOY 416,416 Se tAli) 2:!U/:nli -- ,],1
• Iidrd"ned and
l"fllI"" "II al 'Jf)'J C
f1WI

C4·110 r·,n., r JI J!~, lritdra: ~-;tdllllt~SS SIt.!el, Yt!S MI tl -" 11110 Vlck"rs CJ0--- ~~
':111()y .~ Hi, ·l1t-J ~.~t: M ih :15()f·140 --r: -I~,
• I li-lI Clf}r1i.:d dnd
lellqlt.;le<l dl '.:!..7~J C
111111

-rII)olll<J\"" ,II" rjr(Jllperi ,HI tilt: 1,,',1 I',lll'- "I IIII~ l'e111 V, ,

-..I
>0
00
o

Mechanical properties

ts mfgr's Nominal Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Grade ASTM ID size Proof Yield Tensile Prool
10 spec Fastener symbol range toad strength strength toad Remarks
mark number description Material req'd? (mm) (MPa) (Min MPa) (min MPa) (MPa) Brinell Rockwell or loot notes

P1·90 Fil:lb I'Jllh fllulrll SI d II !It.:~j:'> stt-..:el, Yes tAl b - ~.

:!liI) VIC,81" C:'II_ ~S

~111()y (dO M:Jh /fj~13 (IJ -GH
• :)OlutIOIl afl(lc<..deu
dlld dlJe IlcH(h~ned
dller IOlrlllllg

~
A1·50 fWl/t,1 ~ockel Ilead cap screws Siainiess sleel, Yes M1.6· !il)11 ~

Vldel S GG
~'r1lelrlc alloys 30], 304, 305, M",) 1~J/2:!11 R9~)
:m·l, XM1, XM7
~
M6· :!~Cl 5CHI ~~

Vickers
• AfHll::t-dt-:d M36 1~:)/22() 9~)

Sockp-t h~(HJ Lap ')uevvs ~)tdlf l!t:;)~> c,tt!d,

~ GG
A1·70 rWl7fJ1 Y("" M1.6· ~
-- (1111 -- Vlders
~rllel"c .1 III)Y ,; 'j():j,
31H, :J05, M5 :!:!unJU C33
:m,1, Xtv11, Xlvi ( M6· ~

4IJO IIIIl ~-.

V,cKers B9.0--
• Colrl '/101 f erl M14 2211/3:JO --c:n
M16·
M3f3
:!IU ~)~) () Vickers
160/310
ZC:JO

Cl·ll0 II.U/I,,' ~-){)ck(;1 IIl;dd C:dP ~J(;rl:vV~J SIellllleS5 sle(,I, Yes Ml fi· I )(11 1 ~ .. Vickers C36 tiC,
--IIH:trlC alloy 410 M!, :lSUl4,1O ~
• Ileal Ire"lec1 Mil' 1l:'(1 111111 Vickers
M3b 3!,il/440
9.?-:-
C~l~)

None f 11,14 l'ldlll (lldl) w"slll,ls 101 Steel, lllliJJril8ned No rlllil :J" _...

req'd q~~rH.:r al lJse

ASTM Footnotes GG. /\11 ~}ut:ws Willi llu!lllfl.JI (1IJHh:l~rs ul 5 HUH (1m! Idluer 55, rJ.llhlrlq,> ,11.111 tit: uri IIH~ '''\1 "IIHi! rop til !I(lllql~ (II lin
MJIi-.IIII) 111.Jy IJe till III'~ ~I(h; UI lup tit !lIt:
11:'11111..: rrldrhlllU 1,lw (,I 11'1' /.1< 1:1 IIdh t.LII"'''''),) 1,),',11,:\1 ull (tI,,' ~II lilt'
11,-,111 I/,'!:r., 1111(,; 11,11', In" Ol'ltl"~>"('d r.1.111-.1' II';,> ",i dll L.II,,"(
I" dl.ldl', II!' 1.[. ,\',1 "I .1'1,11', I"d fJllh III ').JI", ,,\1
".101 ~,t 1 " '1,-1 'IC. tll!!!1 Lt, Ihllllq'd

This concludes the ASTM grade marl,ing compilation,

 Grade and material markings-Part VII

SAE and GM markings

Several years ago itle Society of Automollve Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Dr, Warrendate, PA 15096, developed a strengitl grading system for carbon and alloy steel commercial fasteners
Today it IS the most wicfp.ly usecf ancf coriecf system In eXistence In this country. General requirements are presented in t~e following table General Motors Corp issues standards which are
broadly used outside ttlis one comrany For this reason, GM cross references to SAE Grades are included in this listing.

SAE and OM Grade and material identification markings required by SAE and GM specifications
Mechanical properties

Boits, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Is mlgr's Nominal
Grade 10 size Prool Yield Tensile Prool
ID Spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks or
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brinell Rockwell lo~~te(5)

None SAE J429 Bolts, screws, sturis aneJ Low or medium Yes :;. - Ii; 33,OOOe 36,OOOc 60,000 - - 870 D
req'd Grade 1 U-boltsA carbon steel except :.:rfiO() Equivalent to ASTM
GH studs A307, Grade A
2c,~M

55,OOOB 57,()OOc 74,O()() _. D

~
None SAE J42'l Eo\\s, :::'crews, and studs low or mec!iulfl Yes ~,~ - }: --

req'd Grad!::! 2 cdrhOl1 ~Ieel except 100

:J6,()()Oc
GM ~
studs Over ~'~ - 33,OOIl 60,()()() -. --
2bO M 1 ~i Bl00

None SAE J,L'9 Studs Medlulll c,HIJCJll cotel No 1'4 - 1 ~~ 55,000 lOo,(]OtF 115,()()(] -- --- C22 Il
req'd (;rark ,1 dldwn steel -&
120,()()() -_.
~
SAl: ,)429 liollS, SCleWS, and sturls MedllJlII cal bon steel, Yes ~~ . 1 B5.00t) 92,000" -
[)
....... ,,/ GrCide t) t)llp.f1cI1ed anet except C14
Equlvalenl 10
GM- It;II1p"r"d studs Over 1 - 74,000 81,000" I ()~; ,OO() - -- ~ ASTM A449
I 21l()·M 1 ~; C31J

SAE .J42 C)
(;rarJe ~.1
S"rns Low or medium #6 - ,; ~
C40
D,F
carbon steel, Yes
I
- - (l) quellctie(l imrJ
tt:fllp~rl~d
85.000 - 120,O()() -_.

---
lJ
(,M
2(':, M
[Jolts 'lilt! scrt!ws #6 - ~;!
% ,39

SM J·t;'0 Holh dnll ~crcws Low carllof1 Yes ~~ flS,OOO 92,OOtl" lC'(),I)()I) -- C2f_ f)
~b
- 1
_I.- ( ; f i Ii It ~ ~) ~) rll,lftl!I"jlte steel, lully
killed, IlIle grain,
(jl JW1Clled dl)(j
It~r!ll)Ured

Footnotes are grouped on the last page of this Part VII series.

00
00
N

Mechanical properties

Boits, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Is mfgr's Nominal
.Grade ID sile Proof Yield Tensile Proof
ID Spec Fastener symbol range load strength strength load Remarks or
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) (psi) (min psi) (min psi) (psi) Brinell Rockwell footnote(s)

SAE J4~'1 1301ls anel screws Meulum carbon alloy Yes ;!~ - 1 ~.; 105,000 115,00(( 1:13,UUO --
C!B Roll llireadeeJ "lIel lledt
_1- (~fddt; I steel, quenclled anu ---64 Iledlm,mt DY
(TIVf-- lernpered
I' 290M

Medium calbon alloy Yes ~I~ 1 :'~ 120,000 130,lll)(J" I ~)(), 111111 - - C:J:l D
. . . . 1/ SAL J-l:O~
G,acle H
Rolls, SCI,;WS, and sluds
5leel, quenclled ancJ excepl
-

ti ~qulvalenl III AS 1M
/1 . . . . GM tp.lllpeled studs A:J:S4, GrCllle BD
301J-M

None SAF J420 Studs [tevated \emperi.tture No \ - 1~ 120,01J0 130,000c 150()()(J --- - D
req'd GrdcJe HI drawn steul nleclium
carllon alloy or SAE
I !i,II' (or 1~'1111 steel)

SAC J,1:'Ci D( J/ls dfld ~)crews ! ow carbon Yes ~4 - 1 120,OI!O 1:lO,O()(i- 150 ()IIO -- --- -- I)

~/? Grauu (j 2 III;Jltwlslle skul, IlIlly

klllLxl, line Drain,
qllenclled <HIli
tempererj

(,M [lolls and ;,Clews Corrosion resislanl Yes X - 1 ~I~ 40,000 - ti5,OUU - 143 B/U D
I 111111
- 4:)S M ;,Ieel ifill)

4.6 ~;!\~ Hoi h, ~;cr t~V',I:S. SIuds ;-:Hld low 01 rnedlwll ~ Ci

J 11 CJ~j I) IJolls""-1I1c:IIIC \.(tltJt)/l steel 887 ApP,oximately equivalent
-GM- Yes M5- 225 240 MP,r 'lOll MI'd --
--- to SAl: .)42U Grade 1
M3b IIlIn MPa dfld ASrM A3!J7
:,l/liM ~
B1UO GI d(ie A
('1 b)

4.8 SAL:
J 11 ,"J,)
Bolls, screw:., S,'"1S cHid
:)Illds rrH:\llc.
Low or nlediufll
Ci..lft)()11 $tel~1
-- ~Bfli c;
Yes M1.b - 310 ·1:'11 -- --
-G~
Mlf3mm MPa
-~--

MI'd ----
'j(juM :J4(J Mf'il BIl
I,t til ----rll0n

5.8 ~;AI: I!(d\~), ~)crt;w~~, dlJ(j ~;t\Hb I (lW (H rlH:dllHll 1lS!- .,

(.

,lll'!:1 IIH~trIC Cdr l){lIl slt~t:!

:l1:lU MPd ~)2() Mi\!
11% ApproxillldttJIy equlvdlent
~------

Y~s f,'S --- to ~iAl: J429 (;rarJ~ 2

liI..1 (culd wlJlh,d)
M24 Inill
:JIJIJM ·120 Mi'" ~
(.~ ti) 1'l111!1

Footnotes fife grouped on the last page of tilis Part VII series.
 Mechanical properties

Bolts, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Is mlgr's
Grade ID Nominal Yield Tensile
ID Spec Fastener symbol size Prool slrength 51renglh Prool Remarks or
mark number description Material req'd? range load (min) (min) load Brinell Rockwell 100Inole(5)

8.8 Bolts. screws, and studs Medlurn carbon or

-metric medium cdrllOn alloy

SAC
steel, qllellched dnd ~
C34
lempcled
J1199 G
0 Stu(Js-rnetric Mediliin c,Hbon or Yes M16 - 600 MPa 660(; MPd El30 Mf'a ~--.

AppiOximately eqUivalent
(H) --- medluiTI carboll alloy M36 rnm --- to SAE .1429 (;rd[le 5
GM steel, qlJ,,"clled and and ASTM A449
5CJ(JM tempered ~
C34
(Eltll
8.8 [Jolts, screws, and sluds ! ow cdrt)On
-metric 1I1dliellSile sleel,
qlfurlctled and
IUlnpel<]d

9_8 Bolls, ~crcws, sums and Medlllni calboll sluel,

SllJds --metric quenched alld
t8111pel8U

Studs --metnc Me(jllJn1 carbon steel,

+ qlll:llclled oll1lJ
(H) SAE ..
ternperet1
J1199
~_A! --- Bolls, screws, serTlS, Low cartlon Yes Ml 6· 650 MPa ",111 ... - C'2f c;
drld sllJds -metric marlf,nslle sl,,,,I, M16 mill Mf'd ~ ApplOxlillately 9%
GM quenctled and stlollger 111dll SAE J429
"OOM tempered (;r dde 5 dlld ASTM
(98) A449
.!: Sllids .. -rnetrlc low CClillOll 420 MPd
(H) mar len~ttt: steel,
qtJellclH.:d dlld
I"rnp",ud

m(I)
Sarnt! 1:1:) sern:.;, IJlJI no
wdsIH-:rs - Inellie
M"d"lfll calbOIl sleel,
Q""flcI18cJ alld
It!rn~lt!led

12.9

9(() MPd l~~JO MI)ll _. (;

SAl'
J t t 9~,
il()II';, ',(;",WS, dl1ri
IIlelll(;
ottl<is Alloy swel, 011
qlJt:rlclh:d dlUJ
Yes Ml 6·
Mj(j inrll
1100" MP" .s!ll-
'-,1,1
~ It:lllptnt:d
(II)

Footnotes are grouped on the last page of this Par~ VII series.

00
w
00
~

Mechanical properlies

Boils, screws, sluds Nuts Hardness

Is mlgr's Nominal
Grade 10 size Yield Tensile Prool
10 Spec Fastener symbol range Prool strength strength load Remarks or
mark number description Material req'd? (inch) load (min) (min) (psi) Brinell Rockwell lootnole(s)

10.9 130lts, screws. and stucts Medium carbon alloy

--metric steel, quenched <lnd
tempered

SAE M6·
0 Jtt99
Studs ~rnet ric Mcdium carbon alloy M36 mrn
G
(H) steel, quenched and
Approximately eql,ivalent
lempered 940 c MPa --
--- Yes 830 MPa 1040 MPa
~
~

10 SAE J429, Grade 8

C39
0 GM
Studs~metrlc Low c<lrbon
and ASTM A354. Grade
BD
(H) Inarlensite steel,
500M quenched ann M5·
(109) M'36 rnrn
tempered
10.9 flolls, screws, and StWls Low carbon
--melric mallensite
steel, quenched and
tempered

SAE J995
None Grade 2 Nl,ls low 01 ITll;tliurn No %_ 1 1,; -_. C32 11IUX
' .. 911,OOO ~

req'd UA (;ijf[)On steel

21J4M C30 rnux

~~ - 1 - '''llOOI)J -.
10g,OUO'
Over 1 . -. ..
105000.! ~
Cl2 flldX

@ SAE J9%
Grade 5

GM 2ilflM
Nuts low or mediurn
cal bon steel
No
~'~

~~ - 1
1 ~ .:'

- " . _.
-
9~,OOOK

12().()n()~
109,000'
.IIS,OOO' ~
-

C:lO rnax
I,M

t04,O()O"

1\; - 1 ~_ -- 105000i --
!J4,OOOK
...

~,~ -, ~ - .
1c,(),O()O ..-
~
" C32

©
Over ~II- ISO,OOO
~
~
~

SAE J995 1 Cl4

Grade 8 Nuts Low or medium No I,M
cartlOn steel Ovel t ._-- I ~ liJ ,I 100 _ ..

GM 301M
11: 9J1-
C'lt)
--------- ---- .
~~ " r. •

IdlVer.
FO()tflote~ dre UrolJ\HJ(j on the last page of this Part VII ~eries.
 Mechanical properties

Bolls, screws, studs Nuts Hardness

Is mfgr's Nominal
Grade 10 size Yield Tensile Proof
10 Spec Fastener symbol range Proof strength strength load Remarks or
mark number description Materia>' req'd? (inch} load (min psi} (psi) (MPa) Brinell Rockwell footnote(s)

16 - 4 mm - --- 52U B70111in

© (iM ~)
( ~) )
111M r,"IS fT1elrlC No" 11<"<.11 Iredl,,,j
CdrtHHl slt!el
~Jo
~ (l 111m
8-10rnrn
12 - lbmm
:'U - 3(lmrn
-
--

--

-
-
---

-
-
--

._.
~)H()

"DO
(lID
630
~x

f'l78 miry ClO rnax

Coarse Ihread
Slyle I t,ex nuls.

3·4 mm -- ----- -_. gOO StJS I nil Y C30 Illax

©
~) CI.1 :illltd
(9)
I·J"ls· fllt~1 r Ie ~'Jorl Ilt::dt lfCdl(:d
cdrt)(J11 :-.it:l:i
No
5-6rnm
8·10 "lin
12-16mrn
~() :36 rnrn
-
-
-
- -
--

-
.-

._-
91~)
9·10
0'-,11
~)20
A80 Illill
C3l1Ii1<.!x
Coarse thread
Slyle 2 hex nuls

©
1 b·llllnrn -- ... IU·1()
(3M ,)IOM C!b 1I111l Coalse Ilrreacl
!·JlIls-..·rrr"IIIC Ilt~dl 11 t:<lt(~d (;,Hbof) fJo 12 Hi rnrn -- .-
HhO
(11)) _. _._- (36 max Slyle 1 I,ex Iluls
51",,1 ;-'O·JlJmm -- lOlili

SAE ,)'1JO - 2:J,O()0 4().OOO- -~--

!:l65 rnax
None Cira(/e () ,)5,OO() lor sizes
req'd ~'Ib" and less.
---- --
SAE J4:,I) -- 2tJ,UO() 52,nO{)· -. B85 nlax
~)(jljd flVf:h (.dl t)()f I ~,ll·t:1 fJo All Slf""
C;rdllt: 1 52,OOn 101 SizeS
/'11'" and \es5.

----
SAl J·Ur) -- 29,()O{J 55,000 Nol
Grddc~ :~ m,ooo specilled
SAC .J,nr) 3a,OOO 68,000 NOI
Graclu J 82,O()() specilled

None SAr: J)l~ Maclline SUl!\NS ( :,[ r t)()rl ~!t~t~1 ~llJ #·1 - " !iO,()(lIJ --- BlJ)
req'd CirQue HIIII 8100
CDM
None SA£' .JIl! Macl,",,, SClews -- -- 1:'O,l)()(1
req'd Grade
Carl)o" sle"l,
quulldled Clild
No #-1 - ;'~
111111
9 C3tl
120M lempered

SAE & GM footnotes

1,)1110.:'" [ICtid JlI\1\1IILI<, tt,,: IIldl~!ll(r. III,,>, In ,1,,],,.1, d ,HI J. V,dUe:, dr,piy l<1IIiJ(' dlllJ 1I11f/lll1t:dd :-,t.:II\':-'
A. Wlll.. rlu~t' HI, V,IlI,1 ~,llid dl'I'l".1I" 1) \,,,1) I~ ,11,(, HI; E :),'11'"" <llld .,III,il.J1 JJitJdlJLb \',IIII(IIJ! "'ht~J,t;(:l lilt: ~I,h! III 11\'<101
plied All :>llldc, ,It ::'IL~'::' tv1~) <;lld l.Jlqt:1 :,11011 II!' 11',U)".j I .. "kl' K. VellUt;', iJPI!I), lu IHl! I.' lit! ,loI!! Ifllt.! 1I11t:dd ~cll~~~
F. I r,·) ,"d~,tlt:1 lWdd dlld IIl!A lily Pll'Pl:lly LI,j~,> M,Jflqll':.l~ :,11.111 t,l: II" Ilk,) "II II.l. l;,
B. HeqIJllt..:fl,t.:Ill. :,,1 l,i",,1 i",tli 1..:-,>1'111) (11 •• ,1 , llili/ lu ;,\1(::.,', '.,·lld.i ... 1 .',d::.,llt:l::., -.,lld!llld\lt! ,.0.)1 V
willl.Jlll
II,,{ \:', II'~IIIV ... lld (,I H'I;! ~I(I,j ,jlld 11Ic.1'/II\! fdl:-,I:d ul d"I'" :,<,>1 l All ~llddt:'> (I' Iw'( I,ilil II~"':)I/I'-~ 1,1111 I,., .. -,1<!!1erJ. 11t:.n'Y
II"" ;,I(}il,;d 1,1,:' Iilll,I- <Hid 111;,h'f 1'1;' (1111:. <lIt: liul ICqlll!t:d
IcJIt'v..,.<jl""dIH.I:., H, h,f..\-I!'I! (. H5 "lid ~,lll 1,1< L! 11<ildlll'~:' 1,,11 t.;~l \",_'dlll J I I,,, f df II !It:Ilt:, CI II ...: III fll";,Jd :-,1' Ilh, Illdll.lI '~J . ~I '" 01 I., I". ,ii, '.1
" '. II )1 J! j II / ~) .II 11".: 1111/ t:lld I" (,'-' IJld,k III,JII-.t.:d
C. VdlrH: dPIIIi, " I" III,,, 1111,,' I, ,I ~flo" 1IIIel'""
G. ::-'1!Jrtc.J ,Hid (1IIY~ 1.;( ,~,,"'t~d '>Lll; .... ~, (,I <III SI;I):, ulld (,\II H. ttl!;' I~. Itlt~ (IPIIOlidl f,lI)f"'ll y \.Id,).) )VIII/),,1 1.1 I",!" "I M.lllc.1tlt< In<Jr"IWJ~ 1.;/ Iluh 1.,IIIII-<JI\:11 \ly LlIIiIIl'J lilt/Hilt.:.
D IJII~hl1lt'd IlL il;, ',I.'V.:.. dl,,1 II\'A tll:dd ::.clll:' :,II,r/1 lit; ,;1 ~L 11':1:' ,H,d t,(llh ,.01 :..IL~~ ~llldllvl 11'.111 M', nl:cd 11,,/ II'; Itll:, 1.Jf('fJ1:11'1 lld~~ II! ~I.'l!~ 111:, 1I111111rjil t,11 1 ['dl ',lldll \.ulI'>I::.1 01 (lui, I,,;, cd II'L! Jlt;~,JtjUH t:IJfI!~I,> UlI\!
qltJlk: IIldlh<:d .I', (1;\1.1", ,I III "Ilolrlll.rl i"ilb "lid :" ftC ...." IIldlk,'rl All ldill-I t!"I!~, dlld :;.I·I,·V,., 'II ::.11'.::-' t,.!') ,,11l11,1I\)(:( Iluidl ell t.:dch I:Ullh:r l()Illfddl:', dlill (V'o{)llo)ll il': J oJl t ,H II
sLul1 tl.: II'cll~,:d ~,':I, til,' 11 .. )111.1,1< 11.'il;I':, I<1Vlilllll "I"." ',II,JlI\,,: Il'dl~,,:d lu Hh:llidy IHIII)(:lly (.I,J:"'~ ,Hid 1I1.,III,ld' I'll I.f'H"luCI:; flh.l;1t: ~LIIIlt: lJ~ :.(;II\~, t: .. ,.qd \';11)1\,,11 ",J',I" I', l I,IIIt'1 lUI lll<Hk d
:-.,11,111,1 r,t,r',III:J ,il,!II/', .Ii, d',' I I!,'~ I, ,t' (d I" t,l .II,,! f\.\dl~,II"I'-' '"III ttl' I", died (Jll r"f! [,'
Illl: /."d" L,! 1·,)11' I'dll Ilt,' "ddlll\lJldlly Id,'IIIIII"d .':1 !I I .!I'
III .• Ib ,j I I", ,d,.j
111'ly l).~ l;111 ' " I I ,"',I ,! I IlL :1i.I', II, ,Ii ,"" ]., ,III, I r, I", I", I ,II \.,1,,, '!..I 'I, ~",J ;,11<.:11,,111 , :1' 1"1 ::"VII 111l' jd"I"'rly .,1.1" 111111"'1"1,, ,I r ~I~
,1:dff",l

00
v.
00
'"

Grade and material markings-Part VIII

ISO markings
ISO (Ihe Inlernatlonal OrgilnlLation lor Standardlzalion) is a lederation 01 the national slanddrus t)oules 01 IIle countries 01 the worlrl PllffloSe 01 devt:lofling Internillional standards is to lorm
the basis 01 a one-world syslem 01 engineering pracllces It is intended thai international rleclsions being rloclJmented as ISO stan(jards will lJecnlne accepted Into tile flational standards 01
ISO member countries Copies 01 ISO standar(js are avallat)le Irorn American Nalional Sianda(ds In5tltllte (ANSI), 1430 Broadway, New York, NY tOOt8

Identification markings required by ISO standards for externally threaded fasteners

Mechanical requirements
Externally threaded lasteners Rockwell hardness
Property Is mlgr's Nominal Prool
class ISO ID size load Yield Core
Tensile Remarks
ID
mark
standard
number A
Fastener
description Material
symbol
req'd?
range
(mm)
stress
MPa
strength
(min MPa)
strength
(min MPa)
Surface
(Max) (Min) J (Max)
or
loot notes

4,6 ISO !lillis, screws low or rlledllHll Yes M~ MtOO 225 240 401l --- Bo? B% B,C
WWl dnd studs c<.uhnn ~lteeJ

4_8 ISO Ilolls, scr<'ws l.ow ()r nita IllH n Y(;S Mt b M16 3tO 'l-1O -t20 B7t F395 13,e
BUn/1 and studs r:arhnn sleel, tully
or fliHllally anneaterl

5,8 ISO !"lolls, SCft;WS Low or IllCdlLJrn Yes M~dA24 :3fj{] 42() 520 -- Bfl2 895 BCIl
W.itllt i1l1<1 studs carhon slt.:el,
enid work(;d

8_8 I~)O !lolls, screws Mt~dilHTl eel/bOIl !1leel, Yes Mlh-M72 bOO Iib!1 Illil jllN::,o C'l CJ4 fl,C
Il'JIl/I dnd slll<3;; <jIIUflCI18d and
tempereci

8_8 ISO !"lolts, screws LoweartJon Yes MIG M16 (j1J() ()tj() inll 30W,fi C?:~ (:34 D,C
fl~jfl/l dlHI ~t\JcJs marknsile ,;leel,
qUt;flClled and
tempered

9_8 tSO Holts, screws ~.1t;dlllm cdrhofl slt;(~!, Yes MI () Mlf3 (),,() nil ~ j{ II ) 'llJ~l~tl C'I Clfi [~,C
WlH/l Ilil)(J stlHb qlH~Ij(,hHd cHId
fAl:> or lar<jpr) ! t.:' 11 ~ )/.:: ( (: cJ

---- -- -- ------
Footnotes are grouped on the last page 01 this Part VIII series.
 Mechanical requirements
Externally threaded fasteners Rockwell hardness

Property Is mfgr's Nominal Proof Core

ID size load Yield Tensile Remarks
class ISO
ID
mark
standard
number A
Fastener
description Material
symbol
req'd?
range
(mm)
stress
MPa
strength
(min MPa)
strength
(min MPa)
Surface
(Max) (Min) r (Max)
or
footnotes

Medium cdrbon sleel, Yes Less than M I 2 650 720 900 30N58 C27 C36 C,E
+ ISO Siuds of
fl9B/l class;) fl quenched and
lempered

Yes MI.6MI6 650 120 UOO :lON5B C:)l C36 B.r:

9.6 ISO Bolls, screws low CiHhon
BU8/1 (and sluds rnarlerlslle :,te"',
M 12 or Idruur) quencfled and
I,~mpered

± ISO Siuds 01 low carl)on Yes Less Ulan M 12 65f) 120 90() :lIlN5B C2! C1G C,t:
aU8/1 class 9 B rnarl81lsile slcel,
qIJl.:~nclwd and
i<;mperecJ

Medium carhon steel, Yes MS-M20 830 9,10 11140 30N59 cn C19 fl.C
C'[lIenclled and
10.9 ISO Bolls. screws
lempeled
fl98/1 (and sluds cn C19 fl.C
Medium carbon alloy Y,~s M5·M100 B30 940 1()'1O 30N59
M12 or larger)
slepl, qllenched
,mel lernpured

0 ISO ~)!uds of Mr;cllllill carhon or Yes less Ihan Ml;' 8:111 9,10 1040 30N59 en C39 C.I:
WJll/l class 109 medlllill carboll
nlloy sleel, quenched
and lempered

10.9 ISO [Jolls. SCII;WS low carhon Yes M5M36 830 940 1040 JON59 C1:l CJ9 R.C
fl()B11 (illifl silids rnarl{!11Slfe slt:nl,
Ml? or lellfjer) qlJellclH,,1 imel
t, ~ 11 II'") t! r(~(J

0 "iO SI1J(b (If low carbofl Yes tess Illdfl M 1:.' Ino ~), I 0 10·10 :lUN59 cn C:l9 (:,l

B9Wl cl"ss 1() ~l mill tensile sltwl,

,,''''fletled ilnd
l ell1 rereri

12.9 ISO nulls. ,(;":WS Alloy slu(,I, lfll81lclwcl Y(!S MI fj Ml00 970 I Ion 12?O 30N6:! C18 C·1,1 fl C.F
SCln/l (itrlrl sillcis <l1l!lll!lnlH-:rnd
MI2 01 I,II~Jel)

6 ISO SI",h 01 Alloy SI""I. If''';llclip,d Y(;S I ('SS lli,1/l M12 ()70 1100 I:';'() :lONfi:l em (~-1·1 C I:
WHlIl clitss 1:!~) dod It~rrlpl~H:cI

Footnotes are grouped on the lasl rage of this Part VIlI series.

00
.....
00
00

Mechanical requirements for nuts

Proof load stress (MPa) Rockwell hardness
Property Is mfgr's Nominal
class Property 10 size Non
ID class of Dimensional symbol range overtapped Overtapped Remarks or
mark nut G style of nut Material req'd? (mm) nuts nuts (Min) (Max) footnoles

None req'd 04 Hex J3m Carbon sleel No M5-M36 380 B89 C30

05 as Hex Jam Carbon sleel Yes M5-M36 500 - C26 C36 H

M1.6-M4 520 -
M5, M6 580 465
5 5 Hex, Slyle 1 Carbon sleel Yes 1y18, Ml0 590 470 B70 C30
M12-M16 610 490 H
M20-M36 630 500 878 C30
Heavy hE:x M42-Ml00 630 500 B70 C30

Hex, Styte 2 M3-M4 900 - 885 C30

M5, M6 915 -
9 9 Hex, Style 2 Carbon sleel Yes M8, Ml0 940 -
and Iwx
M12-M16 950 --- B89 C30 H,I
flange
M20 920 --
Ilex, Slyle " M24-M36 920 .~.-

Ileilvy 11'-" M42-Mlo0 920 ._--

Hex, Slyle 1 Alloy sleel Yes Ml fi-M4 1040 -

quench"cl M5-Ml0 1040 -
liex, Slyle 1
;md lefllpered
10 10 and Ml?-MI6 1050 --- C26 C36 H,I
hex fldnge M20 1060 --
Ilex, Slyle, 1 M24-M36 t060 --

M3M4 1150 --
MS, M6 1150 920
12 1:~ Hex, Slyle " /,lloy sleel Yes MS, Ml0 1160 9:JO
'luencl18(j 1190
M12M16 950 C26 C36 H,I
and lempered
M20-M36 1200 960
-- M42-Ml00 1200 U60
Ilc"vy li"'X
--- -- .. _---- --- --'-- ---- --- - - ---- --

Footnotes are on next page

 ISO footnotes from preceding tables

A. Alttlougn ISO 898/1 presentS 10 property classes, IFf
~as Deen unaCle 10 Identity any commerCial or Industrial
r:eed oy North Amencan moustry for ISO prooerty classes
3.6 5.6 and 6 8 bolts. screws ana Sluas.
8. MarKing '5 reaulreC for nex Dolts ana screwS With nomi-
nal Olameters ~5mm wnere snape of fastener allows
.,..,arKlng to be accomplished. preferaOly on the Matt alter-
nativelY on tne Side 01 head by Indenting
C. Marking IS required for studs w,tr'I nominal diameters
equal to or greater than Smm, preferaoly on the extreme
end 01 the threaoed aortlon by mdentlng. For StudS Wlttl In-
!erTerence fit, the marking snail be at me nut ena.
O. Class 5.8 applies onlY to bolts and screws with lengths
lSOmm ana snorter and to stuos of all lengtns.
E_ ThiS IS the grade mark symool :or StudS of thiS property
class In sizes MS uo to Cut not InClUding M, 2
F. Caution IS aOVlsed when consldenng use of Class 12.9
oroductS. Cacao1llty 01 the fastener manufacturer. as weH
as anllCloarec service envHonment. should be carefully
conSidered. Class , 2 9 prOOucts reoUire ngld control of
heal treallng operations and careful monnoflng of as-
quenChed hardness, surface dlscontmultles. depth of par-
~Ial decarbufization. and freedom from carOunzatlon.
Stress corrOSion cracking susceotlbllity also neeas to oe
addressee
G. All aara was extracted !rom ASTM AS63M and ISO
898/2. All values are as gIVen In A563~ Values for croper·
ly classes 04, 05, 5, 9.10 and 12 nOn-oVeF13Cped nuts In
sizes M36 ana smaller are In 00'" aocumentS ana are
loentlcai Other classes. Sizes and o ....enaooed nut values
are unique to A563M.
H. Hex nutS at thread diameters':> 5mm and property
classes equal to or higher than 8 ana "rooerty class 05
shall be mar)(e<] as nOlea. by Inaentlng on me sloe or bear-
In9 surface. or by emOOSSlng on the CnamTer
I. Alternative :TIanung system according 10 c!ock-tace sys-
:em IS as !OIlOws:

Property class 9 10 12 I
either deSignation
symbol 9 10 12
C>
I
c:
:.;:

@ @ @)
;U

..E or code symbol

..
~

c:
(clock·face
system)
' \

~ -~'
;;;:

00

""
 Appendix B
Bolt Ultimate Shear and Tensile Strengths
[From ref. 18]

90
 TABLE 8.1.5(a). Ultimate Single Shear Strength of 171readed Steel Fasteners
Olhll\a[~ ~ll\illC~r~l!g[lI. 11l~. •

75 91 95 IU8 125 132 T5G • !IV

Shear strength of ra~tencr. ksi ....... 35 38

Fa~tcller diameter Uasic

shank
Ii
In. b area

374 739 897 936 1004 11..11. I.lUU I :1,11 I 11.1

0.112 ..... #4 0.0098520 345
920 I 117 I 166 I 325 1534 1620 1914 2209
0.125 ...... 1/8 0.012272 430 466
I 122 I 361 I 421 1615 I 870 1974 2333 2692
0.138 ...... #6 0.014957 523 568
0.156 ...... 5/32 0.019175 671 729 I 438 I 745 I 822 2071 2397 2531 I 2991 3452
I 584 I 922 2007 2281 2640 2788 3295 3802
0.164 ...... It 8 0.021124 739 803

2071 2513 2623 2982 3452 3645 431U 4970

0.188 ...... 3/16 0027612 966 I U49
5 100
0.190 ...... 1110 0.02K353 992 1077 2126 25KO 2694 3062 3544 3743 4420
_....
0.216
0.219
0.250
...... # 12
......
......
7/32
1/4
0.036644
0.037582
0.049087
I 283
I 315
I 718
1392
I 428
I 865
2748
2819
3682
3335
3420
4470
3481
3570
4660
3958
4060
5300
4580
4700
6140
4840
4960
6480
5720
5860
7660
6600
6760
8840 -
~

<:...r
c
(\) ==
:::s 0
I

6980 7290 8280 9590 10120 11970 13810 _o::l

0.312 ...... s/i 6 0.076699 2684 2915 5750
17230 19880
0.375 ...... 3/B 0.11045 3 R66 4200 82BO 10050 10490 11930 13810 14580 ~~
0.438 ...... 7/16 0.15033 5260 5710 II 270 13680 14280 16240 18790 19840 23450 27060 -....It,.
18650 21 210 24540 25920 30630 35340 t'f:l
0.500 ...... 1/2 0.19635 6870 7460 14730 17870
8700 9440 18640 22610 23610 26840 31060 32800 38770 44700
0.562 ...... 9/16 0.24850

10740 11660 23010 27920 29150 33 130 38350 40500 47900 55200
0.625 ...... 5/8 0.30680
0.44179 15460 16790 33 130 40200 42000 47700 55200 58 300 68900 79500
0.750 ...... 3/4
21 050 22850 45 100 54700 57 100 64 900 75200 79400 93800 108200
0.875 ...... 7/8 0.60132
27490 29850 58 900 71500 74600 84800 98200 103700 122500 141400
1.000 ...... I 0.78540
0.99402 34790 37 770 74600 90500 94400 107400 124300 131200 155100 178900
1.125 ...... 1·1/8 I

43000 46600 92 000 111700 116600 132 500 153400 162000 191400 220900
1.250 ...... 1·1/4 1.2272
52000 56400 111400 135 100 141 100 160400 185600 196000 231600 267300
1.375 ...... 1·3/8 1.4849
1.7671 61800 67100 132 500 160800 167900 1'10800 220900 233300 275700 318 100
1.500 ...... 1·1/2 J

aValues with the first Jigit < 4 are shown to 4 signiti~ant ligures. all other arc shown to 3 signitil:antllgurcs.
bFractional equivalent or screw number.

'D
'D
N

TABLE 8 .1.S(b 1)' Ultimate Tensile Strength of 171reade.d Steel Fasteners

Ultimale len~ile ~lrenglh. Ills .•. b.c

'1 ensile slrenglh or ra~lcncr. ksi ..................... 55 62 62.5 125 140 160 180

Faslcllcr diamcler
Nomilidl
nlinur arl'a 8 MIL·S·7742
In. d

0.112 4-40 0.0050896 280 316 318 636 713 814 916
0.138 6·32 0,0076821 423 476 480 960 1075 1229 I 383
0.164 8·32 0.012233 673 758 765 I 529 I 713 1957 2201

0.190 10·32 0.018074 994 1,121 I 130 2259 2530 2892 3253
0.250 1/4·28 0.033394 1837 2070 2087 4 170 4680 5340 6010
0.312
0.375
0.438
5/16·24
3/8·24
7/16·20
0.053666
0.082397
0.11115
2952
4 no
6110
3 U7
5110
6890
3354
5 ISO
6950
6710
\0 300
13890
75\0
II 540
IS 560
8590
13 180
17780
9660
14830
20010
- ~
.....
c...t;"'
C ::r:
0.500 In·20 0.15116 8310 9370 9450 18900 21 160 24 190 27210
; e
_O:!
0.562 9/16·18 0.19190 10550 11900 11990 23990 26870 30700 34540 ~~
00,
0.625 5/8·18 0.24349 13390 15100 IS 220 30440 34090 38960 43800 -...J U'l
0.750 I;'!:l
3/4·16 0.35605 19580 22080 22250 44500 49800 57000 64100
0.875 7/8·14 0.48695 26780 30190 30430 60900 68200 77 900 87700

1.000 1·12 0.63307 34820 39250 39570 79100 88600 101300 114000
1.125 1·1~·12 0.82162 45200 50900 51400 \02700 115000 131 500 147900
1.250 1.1/4·12 1.0347 56900 64200 64700 129300 144900 165600 186200
1.375 1·3/8·12 1.2724 70000 78900 79500 159000 178 100 203600 229000
1.500 I·' n·12 1.5345 84400 95 100 95900 191800 214800 245500 276200

·Values shown above heavy line are for 2A threads; all other values are for 3A threads.
bNuu designed to develop the ultimate tensile strength of the fastener are required to develop the tabulated tension loads.
cValues with the first digit < 4 are shown to 4 signilicantfigures; all others are shown to 3 significant figures.
dFractional equivalent or number and threads per inch.
"Area compuled u~ing nominal minor diamcll'r;" pulliished in lank 2.2.1 1I1 lIandllllllk 1/·211.
 TABLE 8.1.5(U2l. Ultimate Tensile Strength o{Threaded Steel Fasteners (Continued)

Ultimate tensile strength, Ib~ •. b.c

Tensile strength offastener, ksi ............................................................................... 160 180 220 260 300

Fastener diameter
Maximum
In. d minor area e MIL-S-8879

0.112 4-40 0.0054367 869 979 1,196 1,414 1,631

0.138 6-32 0.0081553 1,305 1,468 1,794 2,120 2,447
0.164 8·32 0.012848 2,056 2,313 2,827 3,340 3,854
0.190 10-32 0.018602 2,976 3,348 4,090 4,840 5,580

--=I:s:
0.250 1/4·28 0.034241 5,480 6,160 7,530 8,900 10,270

0.312 5/16-24 0.054905 8,780 9,880 12,080 14,280 16,470 ~t""

0.375 3/8·24 0.083879 13,420 15,100 \8,450 21,810 25,160 ~
0.438 7/16·20 0.11323 18,120 20,380 24,910 29,440 33,970 ; 0
0.500 112·20 0.15358 24,570 27,640 33,790 39,930 46,100 .... ~
0.562 9/16·18 0.19502 tO~
31,200 35,100 42,900 50,700 58,500 (Xl,
~01
0.625 5/8·18 0.24700 39,520 44,500 54,300 64,200 74,100 t%.l
0.750 3/4·16 0.36082 57,700 64,900 79,400 93,800 108,200
0.875 7/8-14 0.49327 78,900 88,800 108,500 128,300 148,000
1.000 1-12 0.64156 102,600 115,500 141,100 166,800 192,500
1.125 1-1/8-12 0.83129 133,000 149,600 182,900 216,100 249,400

1.250 1-1/4-12 1.0456 167,300 188,200 230,000 271,900 313,700

1.375 1·3/8-12 1.2844 205,500 231,200 282,600 333,900 385,300
1.500 1·112·12 1.5477 247,600 278,600 340,500 402,400 464,300

'All value. are ror 3A threadl.

bNuta d •• igned to develop the ul~imate tenlile strength of the fastener are requirPd to develop the tabula~ed tension load •.
'Values with the first digit <4 are shown to 4 significRnt figures; all others are shown to 3 significant figures.
dFractionalequivalent or number and threads per inch.
'Ar.a computed using maximum minor diameter as published in rabies II and III or MIL·S·8879.

\0
"'"
 Appendix C
Blind Rivet Requirements

94
 fED. sur cuss
I 5320

BLIND RIVETS Si\IILL BE USED IN COI1PLlANC~ WITH THE JOINT ALLOWABLE TABLES IN HIL-HooK-S. CHAPTER a.

BLINO RIVETS SHALL CONFOPl1 TO THE FOLLOWING REQUIREMENTS:

I. THE HOLE SIZE fOR BLIND INSTALLATION SHALL BE WITHIN THE LIMITS SPECIFIED 00 THE APPLICABLE
SPECIFICATION SHEET. STANDARD. OR DRAW ItIG.

2. FOR DIMPLED ASSEI'IlLY. THE RIVET HOLES SHALL BE SIZED AFTER THE SHEETS HAVE BEEN DIMPLED.

3. MECHANICALLY LOCKEO SPINDLE BLIND RIVETS (LOCKING RI~G OR COLLAR) f'\I\Y BE USED ON AIRCRAfT
IN AIR INTAKE AREAS ANO IN THE AREA FO~~ARO OF THE ENGINE.

4. FOR REPAIR AND REWORK. THE BLIND RIVETS USED IN REPLf.CEMENT OF SOiID SHANK RIVETS SHALL SE
OVERSIZE OR ooE STANDARD SIZE LARGER (SEE REQt1T 5).

S. OVERSIZE SLIND RIVETS f'\I\Y SE USED FOR REPAIR AND REWORK:

a. OVERSIZE RIVETS ARE FOR USE IN NO:I-STANDARD HOLE DIAMETERS. NOli-STANDARD HOLES
ARE THE RESULT OF HOLE RESIZING DURING REWORK OR REPAIR. OR DUE TO HANUFACTURHIG
ERROR IN NEW DESIGN.

b. THE G~IP LENGTH OF THE OVERSIZE RIVEi. THE BACKSIDE CLEARANCE (INSTALLED AND
WIltISTALLED). AND THE PERFDRllANCE CHARACTERISTICS SHALL B[ EQUAL TO THE STANDARD
RIVET THAT IS BEING REPLACED.

6. E' 1'·0 RIVETS SHALL NOT BE USED:

a. IN FLUID TIGHT AREAS.

b. ON AIRCRAFT CONTROL S~FACE HINGES. HINr,E BRACKETS. FLIGHT COIITROL ACTUATING

SYSTE"'S. WING AnACH-IENT FITTINGS. LANDING GEAR FlnINGS. OR OTHER HEAVILY
STRESSED LOCATIONS ON THE AIRCRAFT.

7. FRICTION LOCr-ED SLIND RIVETS (NO LOCKING RING OR COLLAR) SHALL HOT BE US£O
ON AIRCRAFT IN AIR INTAKE AREAS WHERE RIVET PARTS MAY BE INGESTED SY THE ENGINE.

a. rUCKEL-COPPER ALLOY (MONEL) RIVETS WIT~ CAIlMIUM PLATING SIIALL NOT BE USED
WHERE THE A~ I ENT TEMPERATURE I S ABOVE 4QO"F.

9. FLUSH HEAD RIVETS SHALL NOT BE MILLED TO DeTAIN flUSHNESS WITH THE
S~ROUNDING SHEET WITHOUT PRIOR WRITTEN APPROVAL FROM THE DESIGN ACTIVITY.

10. OVERSIZE SLIND RIVETS SHALL NOT SE SPECIFIED IN NEH DESIGII. AN OVERSIZE

11.
SlIND RIVET IS ONE SPECIFICALLY DESIGNED FOR REPLAW"!:"T PURPOSES. ITS
SHANK DIAMETER DIMENSION IS GREATER THAN A STANDARD SU'IO RIVET.

CHEMICALLY EXPANDED BLIND RIVETS SIIALL NOT BE USED.

-
'"

ij !J ~I
.! ~ I ""
"-
<
~j J THIS IS A DESIGN STANDARD. NOT TO SE USED AS A PART Nl.t18ER.
I l J
J ~ ] CD REWRITTEN
1~ s
iHi
:
!
!_ t I-~-P·t-.i;-c-u-~-------r-n-TU--R-I-VE-TS-.-B-L-ll-/D-.-S-TR-U-~T-u-nA-L-.
£
-A-rlD-----,r-M-I-l-IT-A-R-y-S-y-A-N-D-A-R. . O--;
-r!-rC-H-N,-rC-A-LL-Y-L-O-n-r-D

FRICTIOil R[TABIER SrUrCLE. (RELlMTLlTY MD I\AIMTAI~J\IIILlTY) 3522

.

{!l I~ ~ ~~~~~~~·F~:~~~~~~~--~~~~~-or-S-I-GN--N-I-D-C-O-:IS-T-R-Ur_-T_I_D_I/_R_r_QU_I_R_n_!E_N_TS
~ "OCU~UlUITSHelF/CAnON
-1~IWI~.U~UT~~--3~~--~O~F-------------i
IUpt/uEllU:
__F_OR_·____________
~ I 1

~~ !~----------~~--------------------------------~------------~~~
DO 672-1 .~M1t _ _ .. ___
~ -.m. PROJECT NO. 5320-0315 PUn . . . . . .

95
 NI\SI\
National Aeronautics and Report Documentation Page
Space Administration

1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient's Catalog No.

NASA RP-1228
4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date

Fastener Design Manual March 1990

6. Performing Organization Code

7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No.

Richard T. Barrett E-4911

10. Work Unit No.

9. Performing Organization Name and Address

11. Contract or Grant No.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Lewis Research Center
Cleveland, Ohio 44135-3191 13. Type of Report and Period Covered

12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address Reference Publication

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 14. Sponsoring Agency Code
Washington, D.C. 20546-0001

15. Supplementary Notes

16. Abstract

This manual was written for design engineers to enable them to choose appropriate fasteners for their designs.
Subject matter includes fastener material selection, platings, lubricants, corrosion, locking methods, washers,
inserts, thread types and classes, fatigue loading, and fastener torque. A section on design criteria covers the
derivation of torque formulas, loads on a fastener group, combining simultaneous shear and tension loads, pullout
load for tapped holes, grip length, head styles, and fastener strengths. The second half of this manual presents
general guidelines and selection criteria for rivets and lockbolts.

17. Key Words (Suggested by Author(s)) 18. Distribution Statement

Fastener design; Washers; Inserts; Torque table; Unclassified - Unlimited

Rivets; Lockbolts Subject Category 37

19. Security Classif. (of this report) 20. Security Classif. (of this page) 21. No of pages 22. Price'
Unclassified Unclassified 100 A05
NASA FORM 1626 OCT 86
*For sale by the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22161
NASA-Langley, 1990