Thermodynamics First Law

THERMODYNAMICS
Course no. ME22002
Section 1
Dr. Sourav Mitra
Room No. 204 (first floor)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1
THERMODYNAMICS:
First Law of
Thermodynamics
2
First Law of Thermodynamics: Statement
3
• The first formal statement of the first law of thermodynamics, by
Rudolf Clausius in 1850 was given for a thermodynamic system
undergoing a cyclic process:
p
4 3
1 2
v
3
• In all cases in which work is produced by the agency of heat,
a quantity of heat is consumed which is proportional to the
work done; and conversely, by the expenditure of an equal
quantity of work an equal quantity of heat is produced
p
4 3
1 2
v
3
p
  Q   W 4 3
1 2
v
3
p
  Q   W 4 3
Conversion of one form of energy transfer

(heat) to another form (work)
1 2
v
3
First Law of Thermodynamics: Corollary
p
2 A
B 1
4
  Q   W p
2 A
B 1
4
  Q   W p
2 1 2 1 2 A
  Q    Q   W   W
1
A
2
B
1
A
2
B
1
B
4
  Q   W p
2 1 2 1 2 A
  Q    Q   W   W
1
A
2
B
1
A
2
B
1
B
2 1
  QA   WA      QB   WB 
1 2
v
4
  Q   W p
2 1 2 1 2 A
  Q    Q   W   W
1
A
2
B
1
A
2
B
1
B
2 1
  QA   WA      QB   WB 
1 2
v
2 2
  Q
1
A   WA     QB   WB 
1
4
  Q   W p
2 1 2 1 2 A
  Q    Q   W   W
1
A
2
B
1
A
2
B
1
B
2 1
  QA   WA      QB   WB 
1 2
v
2 2
  Q
1
A   WA     QB   WB 
1
𝜹𝑸𝑨 − 𝜹𝑾𝑨 must represent some “state function” (path

invariant)
4
First Law of Thermodynamics
p
2 A
1
B
5
p
𝜹𝐐 − 𝜹W must represent some
“state function” (path invariant). 2 A
Hence, it is property of the system.
1
B
This property is the total energy (E)
possessed by the system v
5
p
1
B
dE   Q   W
5
p
1
B
dE   Q   W
2 2 2
 dE    Q    W
1 1 1
 E2  E1   Q12, A  W12, A    Q12, B  W12, B 
5
p
1
B
dE   Q   W
2 2 2
 dE    Q    W
1 1 1
 E2  E1   Q12, A  W12, A    Q12, B  W12, B 

Total energy change = heat transfer - work transfer
5
First Law for control mass (closed system)
dE   Q   W
6
dE   Q   W
 Q   W  dEsystem  dU  d ( KE )  d ( PE )
6
dE   Q   W
If we neglect change in KE and PE:  Q   W  dU
6
dE   Q   W
Work transfer can be any of the modes discussed earlier: Boundary,
shaft/paddle, electrical, spring etc.
6
dE   Q   W
First law for transient processes will be given by: Q W  E

Q W dE
Q W E
dt dt dt
6
dE   Q   W
First law for transient processes will be given by: Q W  E

Q W dE
Q W E
dt dt dt
If we neglect change in KE and PE: Q W  U 6

Internal energy and Enthalpy of saturated
mixture
In two-phase region: U  U liq  U vap
Mu  M liq uliq  M vap uvap
Specific internal energy depends on quality:
u  1  x  u f  xu g
Similarly for specific enthalpy we can write:
h  1  x  h f  xhg
7
Specific heat capacities
8
 u 
Specific heat capacity at constant volume: cv   
 T v
8
 u 
 T v
 h 
Specific heat capacity at constant pressure: cP   
 T  P
8
 u 
 T v
 h 
 T  P
 du 
In case of ideal gas: u  f T   cv     du  cv dT
 dT 
8
 u 
 T v
 h 
 T  P
 du 
 dT 
Specific enthalpy is also a function of temperature for ideal gas
h  u  Pv  u  RT   T 
8
 u 
 T v
 h 
 T  P
 du 
 dT 
Specific enthalpy is also a function of temperature for ideal gas
h  u  Pv  u  RT   T 
In case of ideal gas:  dh  c p dT
8
EES example: specific internal energy
Check the change in specific internal energy for “ammonia”
9
u_ideal[1]=intenergy(nh3,t=100)
du_ideal=u_ideal[2]-u_ideal[1]
u_real[1]=intenergy(ammonia,t=100,p=100)
du_real=u_real[2]-u_real[1]
9
9
Completely different values and sign !!!

Why ??
9
First Law for control volume (open system)
mout
min ECV hout
hin vout
vin zout
zin Q Control volume
W
dECV  vin2   2
vout 
 min  hin   gzin   mout  hout   gzout   Q  W
dt  2   2 
10
mout
min ECV hout
hin vout
vin zout
W
vout 
dt  2   2 
 vCV 2 
ECV  mCV  uCV   gzCV 
 2 
10
mout
min ECV hout
hin vout
vin zout
W
vout 
dt  2   2 
 vCV 2 
ECV  mCV  uCV   gzCV 
 2 
Steady state: The total energy of the C.V remains constant
dECV  vin2   vin2 
dt  2   2  10
mout
hout
min ECV vout
hin zout
vin
W
 vin2   2
vout 
min  hin   gzin   mout  hout   gzout   Q  W  0
 2   2 
11
mout
hout
min ECV vout
hin zout
vin
W
 vin2   2
vout 
 2   2 
Steady flow: No change in mass of the C.V.: min  mout  m
11
mout
hout
min ECV vout
hin zout
vin
W
 vin2   2
vout 
 2   2 
Steady flow: No change in mass of the C.V.: min  mout  m
 vin2   2
vout 
m  hin   gzin   m  hout   gzout   Q  W  0
 2   2 
11
First Law for control volume : SSSF
mout
hout
min ECV vout
hin zout
vin
W
SSSF (Steady state steady flow process)
12
mout
hout
min ECV vout
hin zout
vin
W
 vin2   2
vout 
 hin   gzin    hout   gzout   q  w  0
 2   2 
12
mout
hout
min ECV vout
hin zout
vin
W
 vin2   2
vout 
 hin   gzin    hout   gzout   q  w  0
 2   2 
Q
Heat transfer per unit mass (kJ/kg) of fluid entering: q 
m
12
m
hout
ECV
m
hin
Q Control volume
W
13
m
hout
ECV
m
hin
Q Control volume
W
Neglect change in K.E and P.E.
13
m
hout
ECV
m
hin
Q Control volume
W
Neglect change in K.E and P.E. hin  hout  q  w  0
13
m
hout
ECV
m
hin
Q Control volume
W
Please note that here “w” includes all modes of work except “flow work”
Flow work already included in “Enthalpy” term
13
m
hout
ECV
m
hin
Q Control volume
W
Please note that here “w” includes all modes of work except “flow work”
Flow work already included in “Enthalpy” term
13
Examples of SSSF
14
Examples of SSSF
14
Examples of SSSF
14
Examples of SSSF
14
Examples of SSSF
m h
i
i i ,in   mi hi ,out  Q  W  0
i
14
First Law for control volume : Transient
mout
hout
ECV
min
hin
Q Control volume
W
15
mout
hout
ECV
min
hin
Q Control volume
W
Neglecting K.E and P.E.
dECV
 min hin  mout hout  Q  W
dt
15
mout
hout
ECV
min
hin
Q Control volume
W
dECV
 min hin  mout hout  Q  W ECV  mCV uCV
dt
15
mout
hout
ECV
min
hin
Q Control volume
W
dECV
dt
dECV duCV dmCV
 mCV  uCV
dt dt dt
15
mout
hout
ECV
min
hin
Q Control volume
W
dECV
dt
dECV duCV dmCV
 mCV  uCV
dt dt dt
15
mout
hout
ECV
min
hin
Q Control volume
W
dECV
dt
dECV duCV dmCV
 mCV  uCV
dt dt dt
15
Example 1
A piston–cylinder device initially contains steam at 200
kPa, 200°C, and 0.5 m3. At this state, a linear spring is
touching the piston but exerts no force on it. Heat is now
slowly transferred to the steam, causing the pressure and
the volume to rise to 500 kPa and 0.6 m3, respectively.
Show the process on a P-v diagram and determine:
(a) the final temperature of the steam
(b) the work done by the steam
(c) the total heat transferred.
16
Example 1
Show the process on a P-v diagram and determine: x
(b) the work done by the steam x1
Given: The gas expands against a spring force: Fgas  k  x  x1   P1 A
16
Example 1

Fgas k  x  x1  k
2 
  P1  Pgas  V  V1   P1
A A A
16
Example 1

Fgas k  x  x1  k P
  P1  Pgas  2 V  V1   P1
A A A
Process: Pgas  C V  V1   P1
V
16
Sol. Example 1
Sol:
17
Sol. Example 1
Sol:
(a) P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
vol[1]=volume(water, p=P[1], t=T[1])
Mw=V[1]/vol[1] {mass is conserved}
vol[2]=V[2]/Mw {new specific vol.}
T[2]=temperature(water,p=P[2],v=vol[2]) {final temp}
17
Sol. Example 1
Sol:
(a) P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
T[2]=temperature(water,p=P[2],v=vol[2]) {final temp} Ans: 1131°C
17
Sol. Example 1
Sol:
(a) P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
V2
W12   Pgas dV
V1
V2
  C V  V1   P1  dV
V1
17
Sol. Example 1
Sol:
(a) P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
V2
P[1]=200; T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6 W12   Pgas dV

(b)
vol[1]=volume(water, p=P[1], t=T[1]) V1
Mw=V[1]/vol[1] {mass is conserved} V2
vol[2]=V[2]/Mw {new specific vol.}   C V  V1   P1  dV
V1
C=(P[2]-P[1])/(V[2]-V[1]) {obtain the process constant}

W=integral(C*(v-V[1])+P[1],v,V[1],V[2]) {integrate the function}
17
Sol. Example 1
Sol:
(a) P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
V2
P[1]=200; T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6 W12   Pgas dV

(b)
V1

17
Sol. Example 1
Sol:
(a) P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
V2
P[1]=200; T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6 W12   Pgas dV

(b)
V1
C=(P[2]-P[1])/(V[2]-V[1]) {obtain the process constant} Ans: 35 kJ

17
Sol. Example 1
18
Sol. Example 1
 Q   W  dU
 Q   W  m  u2  u1 
18
Sol. Example 1
(c)  Q   W  dU
 Q   W  m  u2  u1 
P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
u[1]=intenergy(water,p=P[1], t=T[1])
Q=W+Mw*(u[2]-u[1])
18
Sol. Example 1
(c)  Q   W  dU
 Q   W  m  u2  u1 
P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
Q=W+Mw*(u[2]-u[1])
18
Sol. Example 1
(c)  Q   W  dU
 Q   W  m  u2  u1 
P[1]=200;T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6
u[2]=intenergy(water,p=P[2], t=T[2]) Ans: 808 kJ
Q=W+Mw*(u[2]-u[1])
18
Example 2
Water is in a piston/cylinder assembly with initial pressure P =
700 kPa, quality 50% with a volume of 0.1 m3. A heater is turned
on, heating the water isobaric process with 2.5 kW. How long
does it take to vaporize all the liquid?
19
Example 2
does it take to vaporize all the liquid? Ans: 301.6 s
19
Example 2
Q  t  W12  U 2  U1 
Q  t  P  v2  v1  m  m  u2  u1 
19
Example 2
P[1]=700;V[1]=0.1;x[1]=0.5;x[2]=1 Q  t  W12  U 2  U1 
vol[1]=volume(water,p=P[1],x=x[1]) Q  t  P  v2  v1  m  m  u2  u1 
Mw=V[1]/vol[1]
vol[2]=volume(water,p=P[1],x=x[2])
V[2]=vol[2]*Mw
dW=P[1]*(V[2]-V[1])
u[1]=intenergy(water,p=P[1],x=x[1])
u[2]=intenergy(water,p=P[1],x=x[2])
dU=Mw*(u[2]-u[1])
dQ=2.5*t
dQ=dW+dU
19
Example 3
Superheated steam at 15 bar and 350°C is allowed
to enter a steam turbine assembly. The exit happens
at saturated vapor condition at 10 kPa pressure.
Assume that the turbine is adiabatic, what is the
specific work generated by this turbine ?
20
Example 3
Superheated steam at 15 bar and 350°C is allowed
to enter a steam turbine assembly. The exit happens
at saturated vapor condition at 10 kPa pressure.
Assume that the turbine is adiabatic, what is the
specific work generated by this turbine ? Ans: 563.4 kJ/kg
20
Example 4
Superheated steam at a steady pressure of 15 bar Pin  15 bar
Tin  350C
and temperature of 350°C enters steam turbine. At
the exit, a tank of 50 m3 volume is kept which is
initially empty. Assume both turbine and tank to
be thermally insulated and steam doesn’t
accumulate in the turbine. Find the total work
generated by this turbine and the total mass that
entered the tank when its pressure is 10 kPa and
V=50 m3
50°C?
Initially empty
Pfinal  10 kPa
T final  50C
21
Example 4
Superheated steam at a steady pressure of 15 bar Pin  15 bar
Tin  350C
and temperature of 350°C enters steam turbine. At
the exit, a tank of 50 m3 volume is kept which is
initially empty. Assume both turbine and tank to
be thermally insulated and steam doesn’t
accumulate in the turbine. Find the total work
generated by this turbine and the total mass that
entered the tank when its pressure is 10 kPa and
V=50 m3
50°C? Ans: 2367 kJ, 3.363 kg
Initially empty
Pfinal  10 kPa
T final  50C
21

Thermodynamics First Law

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Thermodynamics First Law

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THERMODYNAMICS

Course no. ME22002

Conversion of one form of energy transfer

𝜹𝑸𝑨 − 𝜹𝑾𝑨 must represent some “state function” (path

 E2  E1   Q12, A  W12, A    Q12, B  W12, B 

 E2  E1   Q12, A  W12, A    Q12, B  W12, B 

First law for transient processes will be given by: Q W  E

First law for transient processes will be given by: Q W  E

If we neglect change in KE and PE: Q W  U 6

Specific internal energy depends on quality:

Similarly for specific enthalpy we can write:

Completely different values and sign !!!

Given: The gas expands against a spring force: Fgas  k  x  x1   P1 A

Given: The gas expands against a spring force: Fgas  k  x  x1   P1 A

Given: The gas expands against a spring force: Fgas  k  x  x1   P1 A

P[1]=200; T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6 W12   Pgas dV

C=(P[2]-P[1])/(V[2]-V[1]) {obtain the process constant}

P[1]=200; T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6 W12   Pgas dV

C=(P[2]-P[1])/(V[2]-V[1]) {obtain the process constant}

P[1]=200; T[1]=200;V[1]=0.5;P[2]=500;V[2]=0.6 W12   Pgas dV

C=(P[2]-P[1])/(V[2]-V[1]) {obtain the process constant} Ans: 35 kJ

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