TAPP JANUARY 2014 ARCHITECTS

Prepared by: navoa and esguerra

THEORY

THEORY OF DESIGN AND PLANNING ( JPT REVIEWER)

 Research of Architecture
- Research contributes to Design Theory

 Nature of Design Theory

- Design Theory states facts

- Design Theory aids design

 Scope of Architecture Theory

- Includes all that is presented in the handbooks of architects

- Includes legislation, norms and standards, rules and methods

- Includes miscellaneous and ―unscientific‖ elements

 Why Design Theory?

- To aid the work of the architect and improve its product

- Proven theory helps designers do work better and more efficiently

- ―Skill without knowledge is nothing‖

(architect Jean Mignot, 1400 AD)

 Understanding Design Theory

- Theory does NOT necessarily mean PRECCED design

- PARADISM : every new or established theory applied

: STYLE

 THEMATIC THEORIES
 CLASSICAL
- Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

 MIDDLE AGES
- Medieval (read: Dark Age) anonymous tradition of trade guilds
 RENAISSANCE
- Alberti, Vignola, Palladio, etc.

 STRUCTURALIST
- Galileo Galilei, Robert Hooke, etc.

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  ART NOUVEAU (Personal Style)
- Eugene Emmanuelle Violett-le-Due, Le Corbusier, etc.

 FUNCTIONALISM
- Walter Gropius, Louis Sullivan, etc.

- modern architecture

 POSTMODERNISM
- Robert Venturi

 SYMBOLIC ARCHITECTURE
 ECOLOGICAL ARCHITECTURE
 CLASSICAL THEORIES
 Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
- Author of the oldest research on architecture
- Wrote an extensive summary of all the theory on construction
- Had a thorough knowledge of earlier Greek and Roman writings

 “Ten Books on Architecture”

- De architectura libri decem

- Consists mostly of normative theory of design (based on practice)

- A collection of thematic theories of design with no method of combining them
into a synthesis

- Presents a classification of requirements set for buildings:

: DURABILTIY (firmitas)

: PRACTICALITY or ―convenience‖

(utilitas)

: PLEASANTNESS (venustas)

 Vitruvian Rules of Aesthetic Form

- Based on Greek traditions of architecture

- Teachings of Pythagoras : applying proportions of numbers

- Observations of tuned string of instruments

- Proportions of human body

- PLEASANTNESS : in accordance of good taste

: parts follow proportions

: symmetry of measures

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 THEORIES in the MIDDLE AGES
- no documents

- no person can be attributed for theories

 Monastery Institutions
- Most documents retrieved from the Middle Ages

- However, archives contain only few descriptions of buildings

- Described only as ―according to the traditional model‖

- ―There‘s no accounting for tastes‖ was the rule of thumb

 Development of Building Style

- With hardly or no literary research present

- Villard de Hannecourt‟s ―sketchbook‖ in 1235

- Rotzer‘s Booklet on the right way of making pinnacles

- Only through guidance of old masters

- Tradition binding and precise in close guilds of builders

 RENNAISANCE THEORIES

 1948 – a copy of Virtue manuscript found at St. Gallen Monastery

 Leon Bautista Alberti (1404-72)
- Person in charge of constructions commanded by Pope
- ―On Building‖ : De re aedifficatoria

: one of the greatest works of the theory of architecture

: completed in 1452, published in 1485

: more emphasis on decoration of building

exteriors

 Sebastino Serlio
- ―Regole generall di architectura‖

 Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola

- ―Regola delle cinque ordini‖

- Concise, facts and easily applicable rules of the five column systems
- Based his design instructions on four things:

: idea of Pythagoras

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 : proportions of small number

: properties and other instruments

: good taste

 Andrea Palladio (1508-80)

- ―I Quattro libri dell‘architectura‖

- The father of modern picture books of architecture

 Philibert de L‟orme
- One of French theorist who are critical of italians

- Prove that Pantheon‘s Corinthian columns had 3 different proportions

- Rejected the doctrine of absolute beauty of measures

 CONSTRUCTION THEORY

Building Material Architectural Form

Amorphic material: Spherical vaulted
construction
Soft stone; snow

Sheets of skin or textile Cone-shaped tent

construction

Logs of wood Box-shaped

construction

 Before Written Construction Theory

- Architecture created without the help of architects or theory

- Builders used a model instead of mathematical algorithms now used in modern

construction

- Inverted ―catenary‖ model

 Semi-Circular Vault : Theory by Virtue

― When there are arches… the outermost piers must be made broader
than the others so that they may have the strength to resist when the wedges
under the pressure of the load of the walls, begins to thrust to the abutments.‖
 During Middle Ages
- No written documents survived about theories or models to describe the
magnificent vaults of medieval cathedrals

 During Renaissance

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 - From Alberti onwards, architects began specializing
- Mathematical models by Francis Bacon and Galileo Galilei

: considers load and scientific studies

contributed to constructions

- 1675 : Marquis de Vauban founded a building depatment in the French army

called ― Corps des Ingenieurs‖

- 1747 : Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees, special school founded in Paris where new
profession specializing in construction was organized.

--- first engineering school

- Other figures of mathematical construction theory

: Robert Hooke

: Jakob Bernoulli

: Leonard Euier

 PERSONAL STYLE

 Copying from Antiquity

- Architecture form antiquity came to a print of perfection

- Eugene Viollet-le-Duc (1863)

: the first theorist who set out to create a totally new system of architectural forms
independent of antiquity

―What we call taste is but an involuntary process of reasoning whose steps elude our
observation. Authority has no value if its grounds are not explained.‖

: the foundation of modern

architecture

: did not create a timeless architectural style himself, he showed others the
philosophical foundation and method that they could use to develop
even radically new form language

- Owen Jones : used forms inspired from nature, especially plants

 ART NOUVEAU

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 - The first architectural style independent of the tradition of antiquity after the
Gothic style

- The example set by Art Nouveau encourage some of the most skillful architects
of the 20th century to create their private form language

THEORETICAL TREATISES

- Five points of Architecture (1926, Le Corbusier)

a. pilotis
b. free plan
c. free façade
d. the long horizontal sliding window
e. the roof garden
- Architecture as Space (Bruno Zeri)

―The crux of architecture is not the sculptural pattern, but instead the building
interiors. These can be seen as ―negative solids‖, as voids which the artist divides,
combines, repeats and emphasizes in the same way as the sculptor treats his
―positive‖ lumps of substance.‖

- The ―personal style‖ of architects are not necessarily based on laws of nature or
on logical reasoning. More important is that they exhibit a coherent application
of an idea which also must be clear that the public can find it out. An
advantage is also if the style includes symbolical undertones.

 MODERN ARCHITECTURE
 Industrial Revolution (1768)
- Arts and Crafts Movement

a. conservative
b. William Morris
c. John Ruskin
- Electicism

a. architecture of borrowing
 Fruits of Industrial Revolution
Joseph Paxton – Crystal Palace, 1851

Elisha Graves Otis – Elevator, 1857

Manufacturing of ―Rolled Steel‖

1870‟s

 The Great Fire of Chicago, 1871

- downtown in Chicago was burned and in needs of construction of new
buildings

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 - place where first tallest building was constructed

 William Le Baron Jenney

- made the first skyscraper

 Daniel Burnham
- ―make no little plans, they have no magic to stir man‘s blood‖

 Louis Sullivan
- ―form follows function‖

1880‟s

- Chicago School became the concentration of architectural development

- introduce Chicago Window

1890‟s

 The World Columbian Exposition

- built in 1863

- chief architect: Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted ( Father of

American Landscape)

1900‟s

- European architecture was notified

- Person to notify:

a. Otto Wagner
b. Adolf Loops ―ornament is a crime‖
c. H.P. Berlage
d. Frank Lloyd Wright
1910‟s

- Office of Peter Behrens

a. Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe ―less in more‖

b. Walter Gropius
c. Le Corbusier
- 2 Art movements that influenced

1. Futurism – simultaneity of movement

2. Cubism – interpretation of space

1920‟s

 The Bauhaus
- ―Art and Technology, the new unity‖

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  Established architects
a. Frank Llyod Wright ―organic architecture‖
b. Le Corbusier
c. Mies Van Der Rohe / Gropius
1930‟s

 International Style
1950‟s

 The period of Reassessment

- Universalism

- Personalism

 POSTMODERNISM
 The center of Postmodernism:
Robert Venturi ―less is bore‖

 Philip Johnson
- say that a portion of Chippendale building in New York has no function

 Introduce the element of ―Discovery‖

 SYMBOLIC ARHITECTURE
- ―Building as a message‖

1. Mathematical Analogy

2. Biological Analogy

- use of plants and ornaments

3. Romantic Architecture

- uses exotic language of form

- vastness; trying to surprise; huge

4. Linguistic Analogies

- grammar; uses words with proper grammar

5. Mechanical Analogies

- Buckminster Fuller

6. Ad Hoc Analogy

- any materials that you can get or available in your environment such as wood
in forest

7. Stage Analogy

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Proxemics

 study of the symbolic and communicative role of the spatial separation

individuals maintain in various social and interpersonal situations
 Study of nature, degree & effect of the spatial separtation individuals naturally
maintain ( social and interpersonal) how its separation relates to environmental
and cultural factors

Types of proxemics

 Intimate distance – 0 to 50 cm
 Personal distance – 50 cm to 1m
 Social distance – 1 to 3m
 Public distance – 3 to 30m
 Not close -40 m

Color spectrum

 Beam of white light split up by a prism into a visible colors of spectrum

 Colors are always in same order
o Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
 Violet – shortest wavelength
 Red – longest wavelength

Additive mixing

 Primary colors of light: Orange-Red Green Blue

o Any three added : form white
 Primary colors : RYB red, yellow , blue
o Starting point of color, when not mixed w/ other color
o Forms secondary colors :
 Blue + yellow = green
 Red + yellow = orange
 Blue + red = violet

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  Produces tertiary colors when primary colors is mixed w/
secondary colors:
 Red + orange = red orange
 Yellow + green = yellow green
 Blue + violet = blue violet

Subtracting Mixing

 Primary pigment colors: YMC –yellow, magenta , cyan

o Added produces black

Color meaning:

 WARM
o Red- passion, rage
o Orange- energy stimulating
o Yellow- attention , happy
 Cool
o Green- refreshing, sedating
o Blue- peaceful, conductive to think
o Violet- sophistication, melancholy

Terms:

Hue: Another name for color

Chroma: Intensity or saturation of color
Value: The lightness or darkness of a color.
Tint: Color + White
Tone: Color + Grey
Shade: Color + Black
Key Color: Dominant color in a color scheme or mixture.
Color scheme: combination of colors that harmonize w/ each other
Mono-chromatic: one hue
 utilizing tone, shades and tints
 Uses texture – to form unity
Complimentary: two colors ( opposites)
 Bold dynamic effect – using tints, tones, shades
Analogous: three colors ( neighboring/ adjacent)
 Warm or cool
Triadic three colors ( equal distance apart)

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Guidelines:

 Pick a pattern
 See 3 colors : LMD light, medium, dark
o Light – background
o Medium – large furniture and windows
o Darker- Accessories

Munsell Color System:

 Ring – hues
 Column – range of values bet. Black and white
 Horizontal bar- chromas

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Ostwald Color System:

 Branch for each numbered hue in systems

 Chips –marked and placed to show the degree of their white and black content
o Ea- high white content , minimum black content
o Pa – minimum white content, high black content

Color blindness: fail to see colors/ part of them

Proportion and size:

 The best way to describe a proportion is, size.

 Color affects a rooms visual proportion.
 general guide line
o white or pale colors make objects recede
o dark or bright colors draw things closer which causes them to appear
larger.

URBAN DESIGN THE BEGINNINGS

• SETTLEMENT DESIGN
 Agricultural Societies
 Rectilinear Plotting
• LAYOUT
o Grid (or Rectilinear) – product of the farmer
o Circular (Fencing) – product of the herdsman
 defensive role
o Radiocentric – when circular settlements enlarge -- fortress cities (i.e. Paris)

ANCIENT GREECE
 LANDSCAPE – powerfully assertive
 HIGH PLACES – fortified hilltop -- sacred precinct
 TOWN DESIGN = SENSE OF THE FINITE

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 -- Aristotle‘s ideal size of city = 10,000 – 20,000 people
-- never attempted to overwhelm nature
-- buildings give a sense of human measure to landscape
 THE STREET – not a principal element but as a leftover space for circulation
 PLACE OF ASSEMBLY – market (agora)

THE ACROPOLIS
THE AGORA
GREEK TOWNS

ANCIENT ROME
 URBAN DESIGN –
o Greek: sense of the finite
o Romans: political power and organization
 USE OF SCALE
o Greek use of scale is based on human measurements
o Romans used proportions that would relate parts of building instead of
human measure
 MODULE
o Greek use of house as module for town planning
o Roman use of street pattern as module
 to achieve a sense of overpowering grandeur
 made for military government
 THE STREET
o Greeks: as a leftover space for circulation
o Romans: street are built first; buildings came later
 PLACE OF ASSEMBLY
o Greeks: market (agora)
o Romans: market, theater, and arena

THE REPUBLICAN FORUM

THE IMPERIAL FORUM

MEDIEVAL ERA

• DECLINE OF ROME – ―Dark Ages‖, but not for urban design

• URBAN SETTINGS – Military strongholds, castles, monasteries, towns
• MILITARY STRONGHOLDS – Acropolis and Capitoline Hill
• CASTLES – built atop hills, enclosed by circular walls; radiocentric growth
• MONASTERIES – citadels of learning, laid out in rectilinear pattern
• MEDIEVAL TOWNS
-- like Greek towns, small and finite in size
-- lacks geometry
-- became parts of larger territorial states
-- growth and population created the need for marketplaces

PIAZZA DEL CAMPO, SIENA

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MEDIEVAL ERA TOWN DESIGN

• VISIBLE EXTERIORS suit the viewing conditions of small spaces

• VISTA considerations and HUMAN SCALE – fine accents in landscape
• STREET LAYOUT is functional, although with no logical form
• MEDIEVAL ERA sets the stage for RENAISSANCE
 skill of builders
 wealth of bourgeoisie and nobility
 organization of the military and new force in gunpowder
 development of political powers and expertise
 new organizations
 scholarly knowledge of the church

• 3 MAJOR EVENTS MARKING TRANSITION FROM MEDIEVAL TIMES

 Dawn of science
 Fall of Constantinople
 Discovery of the New World

FROM MEDIEVAL ERA TO RENAISSANCE ERA

• MEDIEVAL URBAN DESIGN were to be discarded

 sense of scale
 intimate relation between house and street
• MEDIEVAL SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN
 truly livable; humanist basis
• RENAISSANCE SYSTEM OF TOWN DESIGN
 the role of the individual as builder of his town was lost

RENAISSANCE – EARLY DEVELOPMENTS

• IDEAL CITIES
 1440 (beginning of Renaissance)
 Leon Battista Alberti – foremost theoretician
 Alberti‘s De Architectura – treats architecture and town design as single
theme (just like Vitruvius)
• ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF EARLY RENAISSANCE
 Public Works
 Civic improvement projects
• REBUILDING FERRARA
 Palazzo Diamenti – most famous structure
 Biaggio Rossetti – architect and town planner regarded as one of the
world‘s earliest modern urban designers
 Rossetti‘s plan:
1. Street widening, new buildings, wall improvement
2. Enlarge the town
3. Carry on with the plan
• LESSONS FROM ROSSETTI‘S EFFORT
 Repair an existing city

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  Plan for enlargement
 Decide which to concentrate effort
 Lay down a plan that is logical and realizable
 Provide framework for others to build upon
―Ferrara is the first MODERN city in Europe‖ Jacob Burckhardt, 1860

RENAISSANCE – LEONARDO DA VINCI

 SKETCHED A CITY STRADDLING A RIVER

 RIVER STREAMS – supply water and carry away waste
 MULTILEVELS – for multiple functions
 PROPOSED MOVABLE HOUSES – anticipated the ―greenbelt‖ concept
 SATELLITE TOWNS – for workers
 LESSONS: Growth or functional improvement is not necessarily an advantage
 POPES IN ROME – the ―real say‖ in urban design at that time

RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING ROME

• PROBLEMS: Circulation, defense, water supply, sanitation

• SOLUTION: Popes have to undertake civic improvement projects
• PILGRIMAGE
 St. Peter‘s Cathedral improved
 Campidoglio (Rome‘s city hall) improved
• DOMENICO FONTANA – architect commissioned by Pope Sixtus V
• FONTANA‘S PLAN – streets were visually accented using OBELISKS
• OBELISKS
 as ―stakes‖, as GUIDEPOSTS for the whole city
 as SCALE REFERENCE POINTS for successive designers
• DESIGN PRINCIPLE
 architecture of ancient Rome
 new design of early Renaissance

RENAISSANCE – BUILDING GROUPS

• ST. PETER‘S CATHEDRAL – Bramante

• TEMPIETTO – miniature version of St. Peter‘s Cathedral
• CARLO FONTANA – basilica inside the Colosseum
• BORROWED DESIGN – Renaissance from Medieval, Romans from Greeks
• ANDREA PALLADIO – developed precise theories of proportion and module
• PALLADIO‘S PROTOTYPES
 Roman country villa (rural)
 Roman Forum (urban)
• PALLADIAN INFLUENCES – George Washington and Thomas Jefferson
• ―FOUR BOOKS OF ARCHITECTURE‖ – examples of plazas (the modern forum)
• ―COLOSSAL‖ or ―GIGANTIC‖ ORDER – Palladio‘s San Giorgio Maggiore

RENAISSANCE – THE CAMPIDOGLIO

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• One of MICHELANGELO‘s finest works
• Seen at a distance as a whole composition
• EQUESTRIAN STATUE of Marcus Aurelius
 Serves as Centerpiece or Guidepost
• ENTRANCE RAMPS
 widen toward the top
 perspective effect and stairs appear shorter
 similarly, SIDE BUILDINGS are not parallel
• Significance of a REMODELLING JOB

RENAISSANCE – URBAN PLAZAS: FRANCE & ENGLAND

• JACQUES ANDROUET DU CERCEAU

 French architect who visited Rome
 Brought plaza idea to Paris, France

• INIGO JONES
 English architect, brought the Renaissance plaza to London
 Bedford Square – started in 1631
 Covent Garden – modeled after Livorno

• OTHER PLAZAS IN LONDON

 Leicester Square – started in 1635
 Bloomsbury Square – 1665
 Six more plazas were built before 1700

• RENAISSANCE PLAZA
 one of the elements of urban design par excellence
 but did not tie whole city together
 Rossetti‘s Ferrara (street system); Fontana‘s Rome (guidepost system)

RENAISSANCE – LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

• PARKS and GARDENS – tie the city together -- connecting the palace and the town
• VILLA & GARDEN – rural counterpart of PALACE & PLAZA
• ITALY
 gardens are never too large
 built as TERRACES because of hilly land
• FRANCE
 elaborate system of landscape design
 roots from large HUNTING FORESTS
 ROND POINTS – high ground intersections

• RICHELIEU
 application of ―rond points‖ idea
 1630, landscape design of palace started
 Jacques Lemercier – architect

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• ANDRE LENOTRE
 landscape architect of Richelieu
 Western world‘s master of landscape architecture

RENAISSANCE – FRENCH, ENGLISH & ITALIAN LANDSCAPE

• FRENCH
 Regarded natural landscape as barbaric
 Man-made, preferably geometric creations
 PHILOSOPHY – absolute command of nature

• ENGLISH
 Characterized by an attitude of sympathy with nature
 PHILOSOPHY – practice of taming nature

• ITALIAN
 Terraced garden is best model of gardening in limited space

RENAISSANCE – LENOTRE AND VERSAILLES

• LENOTRE‘S MAJOR CLIENT – Louis XIV, the ―Sun King‖ of France

• VERSAILLES
 Lenotre‘s greatest work, Started in 1670, completed by 1710
 ―Goose Foot‖/ patte d’oie -- three roads in a single view

• PIAZZA DEL POPOLO

 patte d‘oie entrance to Rome
 appeared accidentally as result of Fontana‘s plan
 not formally finished until early 19th century, by a French architect,
incidentally

RENAISSANCE – REBUILDING LONDON

• GREAT PLAGUE – 1666 GREAT FIRE OF LONDON – 1667
• SEVERAL DESIGNERS PROPOSED PLANS
 Christopher Wren
 Robert Hooke
 John Evelyn
 Valentine Knight

• 1707-1709– laws banning use of combustible mat‘ls, led to extensive use of bricks

• JOHN GWYNN
 produced plan for London 1766 ―London & Westminster Improved
 heralded the ―Golden Age‖ of building

• GOLDEN AGE
 encompassed a 30-year period

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  ADELPHI TERRACE
o work of the Adam brothers; built along the River Thames
 BATH
o created by architects John Wood, Sr. and Jr.
o 1702, discovered by the aristocrac
o 1727, rectangular plaza (Queens Square)
o 1754, great circle (King‘s Circus)
o 1767, Royal Crescent
 EDINBURGH – 1767, Scottish architect James Craig
• END OF LONDON PLAZA ERA – coming of industrial era

RENAISSANCE – DEVELOPMENTS IN PARIS

• REBUILDING OF THE LOUVRE
 1667, Lorenzo Bernini‘s designs rejected
 Claude Perrault – a court physician
 Viewing conditions same as Palladio‘s San Giorgio Maggiore and
Michelangelo‘s Campidoglio
• BEAULEVARD
 city is enlarged, old walls torn, creating broad, long streets
 term derived from Dutch word ―bulwark‖
• 1748
 proposals for new plazas
 Place de la Concorde – 1757, finished by 1770
• 1789 – French Revolution
• 1793
 new plan for Paris called Plan des Artistes
 1748, emphasis on plaza 1793, emphasis on street
• NAPOLEON I – Champs Elysees improvement -- Arch of Triumph
• NAPOLEON III
 assigned Baron Georges Eugene Haussmann
 Jean Charles Adolphe Alphand, landscape architect

MODERN CONCEPTS – IDEAL TOWNS & WORKER TOWNS

• CLAUDE NICOLAS LEDOUX – French architect

 late 18th and early 19th century, a new era in urban design
 CHAUX, France (1776) – principal work
• LEDOUX‘S DESIGN – an ideal plan where ―everything is motivated by necessity‖
 ―Architecture‖ – Ledoux‘s book published in 1804
• ROBERT OWEN – English social reformer
 NEW LANARK, Scotland (1799)
• OWENITE COMMUNITIES – England and United States
 ―New Harmony‖ in Indiana, by Owen‘s son
 ―Brook Farm‖ in Massachusetts by New England transcendentalists
 ―Icarus‖ in Red River, Texas, by Frenchman named Cabet
o ―Icarus‖ failed, Cabet joined theMormons in search for the
promised land and helped lay out Salt Lake City
• FRANCOIS FOURIER

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  French social reformer -- ―Phalanstery‖
 ―The New World of Industry and Society‖ – published in 1829
• JAMES SILK BUCKINGHAM – ―Victoria‖
 ― National Evils and Practical Remedies‖ – published in 1849
• ROBERT PEMBERTON – ―Happy Colony‖ in New Zealand
• DR. BENJAMIN RICHARDSON – ―Hygeia‖ in United States
• THOMAS JEFFERSON – ―Jeffersonville‖

MODERN CONCEPTS – PLANNED INDUSTRIAL TOWNS

• FRANCIS CABOT LOWELL

 Georgiaville, RA (1812)
 Waltham, Massachusetts -- Harrisville, NH (1816)
 Lowell, Massachusetss (1822)
• OLIVE
 French architect, anticipated the 20th c. Garden City
 Vesinet, France (1859)
• OTHER INDUSTRIAL TOWNS
 Essen, Germany (1863), Krupp factories called Siedlungen (worker
colonies)
 Pullman, Illinois (1879)
 Port Sunlight near Liverpool (1887) – W.H. Lever Soap Company –
 Bournville near Birmingham (1889) – Cadbury Chocolate Company –
 Gary, Indiana (1906), laid out by a steel corporation, a ―made to order‖
city

TONY GARNIER – French architect, anticipated modern day zoning

 ―Une Cite Industrielle‖ (1901-04)
 Plan is incredibly detailed
o imaginary site (high plateau and level valley along a river)
o residential on plateaufactories on valley
o dam for hydroelectric power
o hospital on high hill
o smelting factories and mines at respectful distances
o locations for sewage plant, abattoir, bakery, and civic center
o testing grounds for cars and even airplanes!

MODERN CONCEPTS – URBAN DESIGN AND MACHINES

• DON ARTURO SORIA Y MATA – Spanish businessman and engineer

 created Madrid‘s 1st streetcar and telephone system
 ―La Ciudad Lineal‖ – Linear City
 Stalingrad – planned linear city
• INVENTIONS INFLUENCING URBAN FORM
 Electricity – Peter Kropotkin (1899)
 Railroad
• OTHER VISIONARIES
 Edgar Chambless, American vehicles running on rooftops

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  ―Motopia‖ – proposed in England
 Eugene Henard, French, published ―Les Villes de l‘Avenir‖ (1910) may
have influenced Le Corbusier
• ANTONIO SANT‘ELIA – Italian futurist
 ―La Citta Nuova‖ – enormous metropolis
 inspired by the complex plans for the New York Grand Central area
• METABOLISM GROUP– Japanese architects
 underwater cities, biological cities,cities changing their own forms, cities
built as pyramids
• OTHER VISIONARIES
 Edward Bellamy, published in 1887 ―Looking Backward, 2000-1887‖
 H.G. Wells (1902-1911)

MODERN CONCEPTS – RENEWED ATTITUDE TOWARD NATURE

• TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES
 not necessarily a sign of progress
• CHIEF SPOKESMEN
 Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (French)
 John Ruskin (English)
 Henry David Thoreau (American)
• ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT
 Led by William Morris, return to simpler Christian virtues of the Gothic
period
 Norman Shaw, created Bedford Park (1875-81)
• GOTHIC REVIVAL IN 19TH CENTURY
 ―Gothic period was the last original architectural era‖ - Frank Lloyd Wright

THE CONSERVATIONISTS AND THE PARK MOVEMENT

• GEORGE PERKINS MARSH – American conservationist
 the founder of modern conservation
 ―Man and Nature‖ – published in 1862, an introduction to ecology
• FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED – pioneer of the American park system
 also a social reformer, concerned w/ moral disintegration in large formless
cities
 also a farmer, landscape design as olution to social ills (i.e urban park)
 Central Park of New York City won in 1859
 San Francisco, Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago, Montreal, Boston
 ―Public Parks and the Enlargement of Towns‖ published in 1870
 Cities
o planned for two generations ahead
o maintain sufficient breathing space
o design embraces the whole city
• CHARLES ELIOT– completed Olmsted‘s Boston park system
• GEORGE KESSLER -- layout of Kansas City park system
• JENS JENSEN -- designed Chicago‘s original park system
• ALPHAND
 Haussmann‘s landscape architect

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  ―the French Olmsted‖
• DANIEL SCHREBER -- a physician and educator
 ―Schrebergarten‖ – small gardens for children; later, used by elderly
 popularized the idea of the urban playground in Europe
• EXPLORATIONS INTO THE PAST
 ARCHAEOLOGY became a science in 19th century
 CAMILLO SITTE, Viennese architect
 ―An Architect‘s Notes and Reflections upon Artistic City Planning‖
published in 1889

THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT

• EBENEZER HOWARD – An English stenographer

 Tomorrow: A Peaceful Path to Social Reform‖ published in 1898
 Proponent of the ―Garden City‖ concept

• LETCHWORTH – the first garden city (1902), located 35 miles from London
 architects Barry Parker and Raymund Unwin
 became a satellite of London because factories did not materialize

• WELWYN
 the second garden city (1920), more successful than Letchworth
 architect Louis de Soissons

THE SCIENTIFIC APPROACH

• HOWARD‘S ANALYTICAL APPROACH

 city so large & operations so complex
 Proper understanding can only be gained by full application of precise
analysis

• PATRICK GEDDES
 Scottish city planner. established tool for analytical approach
 ―Cities in Evolution‖ published in 1915 -- coined the term ―connurbation‖
 laid out some 50 cities in India and Palestine
• MARSH -- interrelationship between MAN and NATURE
• GEDDES -- interrelationship between PEOPLE and CITIES
• CONNURBATION
 ―the waves of population inflow to large cities, followed by overcrowding
and slum formation, and then the wave of backflow‖

THE CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

• GOLDEN AGE OF URBAN DESIGN

 From 1890 to the Great Depression (1930s), termed the ―City Beautiful Era‖
• WORLD‘S FAIRS
 as works of civic art -- application of latest technologies; façade
architecture; promise of America come to life

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  as urban renewal operations-- Jackson Park – Chicago World‘s Fair, San
Francisco Marina, Treasure Island, SF

• McMILLAN COMMISSION
 AIA nat‘l conference in Washington D.C. (1901)
 Daniel Burnham, Augustus St. Gaudens, and Frederick Law Olmsted
among present
 plan for improvement of central Washington -- reviving the original
L‘Enfant plan

• CIVIC CENTERS
 city hall, county court house, library, museum, opera house, and a plaza

• PUBLIC WORKS
 BRIDGES, designed as pieces of sculpture
 RIVERS, made into classical garden terraces
 COLLEGES and UNIVERSITIES, as visions of classical world
 RAILROADS, built Roman basilicas and baths

• CITY AS A WHOLE
 Daniel Burnham – father of American city planning
 plans for Chicago, San Francisco, Manila, etc.
 ―Make no little plans… they have no power to stir men‘s blood‖
 last use of French Renaissance principlesapplied at the largest scale
possible

• PLANNED RESIDENTIAL COMMUNITIES

 Roland Park, Baltimore (1892): start of commuter suburb
 Country Club, Kansas City
 Forest Hills Garden, L.I., New York: commuter suburb for Manhattan (1911)

• MANY DEVELOPMENTS
 American city planning profession -- Zoning introduced in 1916
 Many lessons from abroad -- England and garden city movement
 English architect-planners lectured in US-- English books in city planning

• SUMMARY: CITY BEAUTIFUL ERA--CIVIC CENTER and COMMUTER SUBURB

THE NEW COMMUNITIES MOVEMENT

• PROPONENTS
 Henry Wright ―Rehousing Urban America‖ (1934)
 Clarence Stein ―Towards New Towns for America‖ (1951)

• ―SUPERBLOCK‖ CONCEPT
 Answer to problem of through traffic
 Island of green, bordered by houses and skirted by peripheral automobile
roads

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  Best examples -- Baldwin Hills, Los Angeles; Chatham Village, Pittsburgh
 Community-level development

• RADBURN, NJ
 Series of superblocks, not completed due to Depression
 One of the most important designs conceived for the modern residential
community

• ―RADBURN‖ IDEA
 Organization of town into cohesive neighborhoods
 Clarence A. Perry -―The Neighborhood Unit‖ published in 1929;
Community planning

• ―TOWN COLONIZATION‖ CONCEPT -- G. R. Taylor

 Metropolitan growth through colonization, Reinforces Ebenezer Howard‘s
belief
 ―Satellite Cities, A Study of Industrial Suburbs‖ (1915)
 ―The Building of Satellite Towns‖ (1925) ‗

REGIONAL PLANNING

• ROOTS OF REGIONAL OUTLOOK– Howard & Taylor: satellite colonization

 Radburn – demonstrated satellite colonization
 Marsh and Geddes – laid the groundwork
 Henry Wright and Benton MacKaye: championed the regional outlook

• HENRY WRIGHT AND PLAN OF NEW YORK

 Worked under commission by Clarence Stein
o ―Report of the Commission on Housing and Regional Planning for
the State of New York‖
 Development of New York
o Small trade centers for an agriculture society
o Decline due to cheaper Midwestern farms
o Industrialization took hold
o Hudson and Mohawk valleys became spine
o New York City became the financial heart and core for a
constellation of communities
 Wright‘s plan – one of finest models of regional planning
o not officially adopted, but recommendations realized
o led to formation of RPAA

• REGIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION OF NEW YORK

 22 counties, 500 municipal districts, 10 million people, NY state, NJ and
Conn
 Thomas Adams – Scottish planner
o 2-volume plan produced in 1928 most complete plan study ever
done
• BENTON MACKAYE– Originally, a forester

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  ―The New Exploration, A Philosophy of Regional Planning‖ published in
1928
 Envisioned the ―townless highway‖ and ―highwayless towns‖
 Showed NY City as the entry and exit portal for the entire US industrial
empire
 ―New Exploration‖ – the exploration of the wilderness and conservation
had to be expanded to include cities

ACHIEVEMENTS IN EUROPE

• ENGLISH NEW TOWN MOVEMENT

 Sir Anthony Barlow headed commission
o ―The Report of Royal Commission of Distribution of Industrial
Population‖ (1940)
 Sir Patrick Abercrombie and J.H. Forshaw
o ―The County of London Plan‖ (1943)
 ―New Towns‖ – Plan of Hook; Plan of Cumbernauld

• OTHER DEVELOPMENTS
 London‘s Barbican area
 Garden cities in France
o Dourges – 1st garden city in France (1919)
o Longueau, Tergnier, Lille-le-Deliverance
 Berlin, Germany – Martin Machler
 Baku in Russia
 West Kungsholmen, Stockholm
 Tapiola, Helsinki in Finland
 Amsterdam South, Amsterdam in Holland
 Other countries – Italy, Switzerland, Israel

ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNING

• ELIEL SAARINEN
 Prize-winning plan for Helsinki in 1911
 Teaching of architecture and urban planning
 ―The City‖ published in 1943
• WALTER GROPIUS– Took same approach to architecture & urban planning
• RICHARD NEUTRA – ―Rush City Reformed‖
• LE CORBUSIER
 Fused ideas of modern architecture and city form
 Spokesman for the ―International Movement‖
 ―Une Ville Contemporaine‖ – 1922, traceable to Henard‘s and Garnier‘s
ideas
 ―Plan Voisin‖ (Neighborhood Plan) – 1925; ―La Ville Radieuse‖ – 1935

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  ―Le Plan de Paris‖ – 1937 – ―When Cathedrals Were White‖ – 1947
 Chandigarh, India – designed the entire city
 ―Concerning Town Planning‖ – 1948
 Lewis Mumford – critical of Le Corbusier
 Helped organize the ―Congres International d‘Architecture Moderne
(CIAM)
 Conceived the ―CIAM grid‖ – graphic file system for recording pertinent
information in an urban study and for explaining a plan
 ―CIAM grid‖ four component sections: work, residence, circulation, leisure

• MARS Group
 The English CIAM organization
 Proposed a plan for rebuilding London -- Sixteen finger corridors all
connected by a major circulation spine and encircling circulation loop

ARCHITECTS IN URBAN PLANNING

• LOUIS KAHN – Made important designs for central Philadelphia

• KENZO TANGE
 Plan for Tokyo
 Circulation as determinant of urban form
 New Tokyo over Tokyo Bay, hung on bridges

• FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

 Followed Howard, Geddes and social reformers
 ―The Disappearing City‖ – published in 1932
 ―Broadacres‖ – every family on an acre of land
o Marin County Civic Center north of SF, Calif.
 Changed scheme – Full Mile High Superskyscraper

• CONSTANTINE DOXIADIS
 Addressed the urban problem on a worldwide scale
 Major designs are made for countries where economy and productive
system can be coordinated by policy and decree
 Best work is in newly developing nations of Africa and Middle East
 ―Architecture in Transition‖ (1963) – explains Doxiadis‘s total view
 Magazine ―Ekistics‖ – shows Dixiadis‘s many plans and programs
 ―Ekistics grid‖ – system for recording planning data and ordering planning
process
 Town planning as a science which includes planning and design, and
contribution of sociologist, geographer, economist, politician,
anthropologist, ecologist, etc

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  EKISTICS – the science of human settlements

• CHARLES ABRAMS
 Housing as one prime field of endeavor for solving urban problems
 ―Man‘s Struggle for Shelter in an Urbanizing World‖ (1964)

• BUCKMINSTER FULLER
 ―Inventory of World Resources – Human Trends and Needs‖ (1963)
• LEWIS MUMFORD
 Authored some twenty books and innumerable articles
 ―The City in History‖ – published in 1961, summary of Mumford‘s thought

NICKNAMES

1. Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris- Le Corbusier

2. Francisco Manosa – Bobby
3. Frank Gherry - Frank Owen Goldberg
4. Frank Lloyd Wright- Frank Lincoln Wright
5. Filippo di ser Brunellesco di Lippo Lapi – Filippo Brunelleschi
6. Walter Adolph Georg Gropius – Walter Gropius
7. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe -Maria Ludwig Michael Mies
8. Hugo Aalvar Henrick Aalto – Aalvar Aalto

9. Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid – Zaha Hadid

10. Antonio Toledo – Antonio Manalat Toledo
11. Leandro Locsin – Lindy
12. I.M. PEI –Ieoh Ming Pei

DICTUM

1. Less is more – Mies ― concept for Farnsworth‖

2. A house is a machine to live in – Le Corbusier
3. Form follows function – Louis Sullivan
4. Design as if you were a child – Michael Graves
5. Less is bore – Robert Venturri
6. A bridge is like a house – Robert Millart
7. Less in more – Juan Nakpil
8. Function influence but does not dictates form – Eero Saarinen
9. Form does not necessarily follows function –Antonio Gaudi
10. Art and Architecture, the new unity – Walter Gropius
11. Cube within a cube – Le Corbusier
12. A house in a house – Louis Kahn
13. Architectural form equals social form – Eliel Saarinen
14. Architecture must meet 3 requirements : strength ,beauty, unity – marcus vitrivius
polio
15. Ornament is a crime – Adolf Loos

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 16. Modern architecture need not be western – Kenzo Tange
17. Architecture is the will to an epoch translated into space – Mies Van der Rohe
18. ― I believe that people make natural associations with form, color, and the
composition of elements while decoration and detailing help communicate a
building‘s purpose.‖ - Graves

ZAHA HADID

 Born on Oct 31, 1950

 Born name: Dame Zaha Mohammad Hadid
 Birth place: Baghdad, Iraq
 Nationality: british
 Age: 63
 Pritzker Architecture Prize in 2004—the first woman to do so—and the Stirling Prize
in 2010 and 2011.
 Buildings: Maxxi, Bridge Pavilion, Maggie's Centre, Contemporary Arts Center

ZAHA HADID‟S VITRA FIRE STATION

 Weil am Rhein, Germany

 1990 – 1993
 Vitra International AG
 Built
 852m2
 History

The Vitra Fire Station, was built within the factory complex in order to protect all
Vitra buildings after fire (1981 fire; original before fire made by: Nicholas
Grimshaw) demonstrated the need for one, because the campus was out of the
entire protected river by firefighters local. The functions were performed by
workers in the same factory.

Hadid‟s first major built project was the Vitra Fire Station (1989–93) in Weil am
Rhein, Germany. Composed of a series of sharply angled planes, the structure
resembles a bird in flight. Her other built works from this period include a housing
project for IBA Housing (1989–93) in Berlin, the Mind Zone exhibition space (1999)
at the Millennium Dome in Greenwich, London, and the Land..

Conceived as the end-note to existing factory buildings, the Vitra Fire Station
defines rather than occupies space – emerging as a linear, layered series of
walls, between which program elements are contained – a representation of
„movement frozen‟ – an „alert‟ structure, ready to explode into action at any
moment.

 Storey : two
 Material : concrete

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  Vitra meaning: Furniture

LUDWIG MIES VAN DER ROHE

 Born name: Maria Ludwig Michael Mies

 mastered steel and glass construction
 1886-1969; age: 83
 German Architect
 Works/ Apprentice under Peter Behrens
o works alongside with:
 Le Corbusier
 Walter Gorpius
 Before : neo – classicism design but went to constructive concept ― International
style/ modernism‖
 Buildings:
Barcelona Pavilion
Tugendhat House
Crown Hall
Farnsworth House
860–880 Lake Shore Drive
Seagram Building
New National Gallery
Toronto-Dominion Centre
Westmount Square

FARNSWORTH HOUSE

 1946- 1951 ― 5 years construction‖

 Plano Illinois
 Owner: Edith Farnsworth
o Approved by Edith Farnsworth due to interest
o Met on party
 Budget overrun the approved budget
 Total cost : $74,000
 Approved cost : $58,400
 Overrun: $15,600
 International and Modernism style
 After overrun budget, Edith runs out of interest to Mies and filed a case but Mies
won the said trial.
 Bought by Peter Palumbo after Edith‘s usage for 21 years
 space concept
 The notion of a single room that can be freely used or zoned in any way, with
flexibility to accommodate changing uses, free of interior supports, enclosed in
glass and supported by a minimum of structural framing located at the exterior, is
the architectural ideal that defines Mies' American career.
 8 Wide flange steel columns used for the whole structure

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  First completion realization of his ideal
 Concept of a strong relationship between a house and a nature

OTTO WAGNER

 Born name : Otto Koloman Wagner

 1841- 1918 ( aged 77)
 Born in Vienna
 Nationality : austrian Hungarian
 One of the 5 pioneers of modern architecture
o Peter Behrens – Germany
o August Perret- France
o Louis Sullivan – USA
o Henrick Berlage – Holland
o Otto Wagner – Austria
 Austrian architect and urban planner
 Proponent of Architectural Realism
 Designed Jugendstil buildings
 In 1897, he joined Gustav Klimt, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Josef Hoffmann and
Koloman Moser shortly after they founded the "Vienna Secession" artistic group.
 Art Nouveau is usually known as Modernisme in Catalonia (Spain),
as Jugendstil, in Germany, Modern in Russia, as Secession in
Austria-Hungary and, in Italy, as Stile Liberty.
 Works
o Hungary
 Rumbach Street synagogue, Budapest (1872)
o Austria
 Floodgate, Nußdorf, Vienna (1894)
 Viennese Wiener Stadtbahn, metropolitan railway system, e.g.
Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station
 Majolica House (Majolikahaus), Vienna (1898–1899)
 Postal Office Savings Bank Building, Vienna (1894–1902)
 Kirche am Steinhof, Vienna (1903–1907)

FILIPINO ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS

TRIVIA :

 During Spanish era, no architectural schools; only a school for Maestros de Obra:
Escuela Pratica y Artes Oficias de Manila
o First graduates
 Julio Hernandez
 Isidro Medina
 Arcadia Arellano
 Juan Carreon
 First Filipino Architect: Felix Arroyo
o Schooled in London

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 o Appointed Municipal Architect of Manila in 1877
o Destroyed works in World War II
 Sto. Domingo Church
 Ayuntamiento de Manila in Intramuros
 First association of Architects
o Academia de Arquitectura y Agremensura de Filipinas (AAAF) ( 1902)
 First Engineers and Architect‘s law : act 2985 in 1921
o Separate board exams
o Surveyors are automatically architects
 First Registered Architect: Thomas Mapua ( no. 001)
 First architectural school in the Philippines: Mapua Institute of Technology
 Second Registered Architect: Carlost Barreto ( no. 002)
 Third registered Architect: Antonio Toledo ( no. 003)
 First Organization : Philippine Architects Society ( PAS) ( 1993)
o Formed from AAAF
o President : Don Juan Nakpil
o Vice President: Vice President
 Changed name: Philippine Institute of Architects and Planners ( PIAP) – PIA
o Juan Nakpil – replaced by Pablo Antonio ( not part of founders)
o Architecture‘s Law : RA 545 ( 1950)
o Civil law: RA 544 ( 1950)
o Done in Manila Hotel Winter Garden
 Leandro Locsin – youngest elected president ( PIA)
o Only architect who received all major architectural awards
 Likha Award
 PIA Gold Medal of Merit
 PRC architect of the year
 Araw ng Maynila Award
 National Artist of the Philippines- Architecture
 First architectural exhibit of Frank Lloyd Wright – held on Phil Am Building in Isaac
Peral
 Architectural School in the Philippines:
o First: Mapua Institute of Architecture ( 1925)
o Second: Adamson
o Third : UST ( 1930)
 first school to open three year course in architecture- LICEO DE MANILA
o maestros de obra patricia
o maestros de obra academia
 First Building with Elevator: Manila Hotel
 First Building that has Air Conditioning System: Malacanang Palace
 First Filipina Architect: Aida Del Rosario
 First Sky Scraper in Philippines: Ambassador Hotel ( 4 storey)
 First Filipino Landscape Architect : Idelfonso Santos
 First Female UAP President: Yolanda David Reyes
 First UAP Charter President : Nuke
 First UAP President: Jose Herrerra
 First Filipina Landscape Architect: Dolly Perez
 First street in the Philippines: Colon st. in Cebu city

30
  First Hotel in the Philippines: Hotel del Oriente, Binondo Manila
 First Concrete Building : Kneedler Building
 First All steel Building in the Philippines: San Sebastian Church
 First Railroad in the Philippines - Manila-Dagupan Railroad was completed in 1901
 First National Artist – Fernando Amorsolo
 First Professional Organization to be accredited by PRC: UAP ( given no. 001) May
12, 1975
 First circular church and the first thin shell concrete: The Church of the Holy
Sacrifice
 First and only Filipino to win the prestigious Glass Architectural Design
Competition in Tokyo, Japan in 2009: Juan Carlos Eugene Soler
 first Gold level LEED Core and Shell Precertified structure in the Philippines- Zuellig
Building
 American President who is also an Architect: Thomas Jefferson
 Architect who is also a hero: Jose Protacio Rizal
 Architect of Mall of Asia: Robert Ong
 Architect of Mega Mall: Antonio Sindiong ( he is also the architect of Ali Mall)
 Architect of Calamba city hall, and PhilVolcs – Froilan Hong ― introduced
Forensic Architecture‖
 Architect of UST – Roque Ruano
 ARCHITECT OF THE LEGISLATIVE BUILDING (NOW THE NATIONAL MUSEUM) – Juan
Arellano
 Architect of Robinsons Galleria – William Coscolluela
 Architect of Jai Allai – Wunderman and Becket
 Landscape architect who is also a singer: Christian Bautista ( UP graduate)
 Father of American Landscape – Frederick Law Olmsted
 Inventor of mannerism renaissance- Michael Angelo
 Poet of space in Filipino architecture- Leandro Locsin
 Father of European Eclecticism –Karl Fiedrich Schinkel

THE NATIONAL ARTISTS FOR ARCHITECTURE

THE FIRST ARCHITECT TO BE HONORED was Juan F. Nakpil who was named National Artist
in 1973, ―for his outstanding talents and services in creating edifices, both private and
public, that are conceptually well-designed and conscientiously executed.‖

Pablo S. Antonio was the second architect bestowed in 1976 ―for his unique creations
and distinct contribution to Philippine architecture and to the developing culture of the
nation.‖

In 1990, Leandro V. Locsin was given this ultimate distinction, ―for his triumph in
combining in a forceful and dramatic fashion, the precision of engineering technology
with the principles of aesthetics.‖

31
Nearly sixteen years later, Ildefonso P. Santos was recognized and thus elevated as
National Artist in 2006 ―for his pioneering work in the development of Landscape
Architecture in the Philippines.‖

MASTER PLANNERS

Tomas Mapua
- his most enduring contribution is the Mapua institute of Technology, which is the
oldest architectural school in the country
- the first registered architect in the Philippines and worked with the Bureau of
Public Works
- best works:
1. De La Salle University – classical revivalist influences
2. Nurses‟ Home at the Philippine General Hospital compound –
Italian renaissance

Andres Luna de San Pedro

- the son of the great Filipino painter Juan Luna
- best works:
1. Legarda Elementary School – French renaissance
2. Rafael Fernandez House – French renaissance and official residence of
Corazon Aquino during her presidency
3. Perez-Samanillo Building – art deco and modern style
4. Crystal Arcade – art deco and modern style, precursor of the modern-
day shopping mall
5. Perkin‟s House – also known as ―El Nido‖ (The Nest), awarded first prize
in Manila‘s 1925
House Beautiful Contest
Juan Nakpil
- the first architect to be conferred the National Artist award in 1973 for ―… his
outstanding talents and services in creating edifices, both private and public,
that are conceptually well designed and conscientiously executed‖
- dictum ― less in more‖
- best works:
1. Quezon Institute – superimposed a native touch on the art deco
façade through the high-pitch roof in the central building
2. The Ever Theater – the first to use glass as prominent architectural
material
Pablo Antonio
- best works:
1. Philippine National Bank
2. Manila Railroad Company
3. Far Eastern University
Leandro Locsin
- the poet of space, known for his lyrical articulation of space as defined by stark
modernity, spatial purity, expansive strength, distinct outlines and straightforward
geometry
- he produced 71 residences, 81 buildings and sultanate palace
32
 - best works:
1. University of the Philippines Catholic Chapel
2. St. Andrew Church in Bel-Air, Makati
3. Cultural Center of the Philippines
4. Philippines International Convention Center
5. Folk Arts Theater
6. National Arts Center on Mt. Makiling
7. Ninoy Aquino International Airport terminal Tower One in Ayala
8. Mandarin Hotel
- most impressive work:
1. Istana Nurul Iman (Palace of Religious Light) – the palace of the Sultan
of Brunei, which reinterprets traditional Islamic Southeast Asian motifs
based on a modernist idiom
Francisco Manosa
- best work:
1. Tahanang Filipino (Coconut Palace) – a luxurious guesthouse at the
CCP Complex. It showcased a double roof reminiscent of the salakot (a
wide brimmed hat) and swing-out (naka-tukod) window borrowed from
the bahay kubo
Juan Arellano
- best works:
1. Legislative Building (now the National Museum) on Agrifina Circle –
neoclassicism
2. Post Office Building at Liwasang Bonifacio
3. Metropolitan Theater – colorist art deco, considered as the zenith of Art
Deco aesthetics in the Philippines, exterior and interior
exhibit locally mediated approaches such as detailing : tropical fruits and
flora motifs, bamboo banister railings, carved banana and mango ceiling
relief, and Batik mosaic patterns
ANTONIO, PABLO SEBRERO
_ National artist in architecture
_ Far Eastern University, Philippine National Bank, Manila
Railroad Company
_ Major work: Ideal Theater in Rizal, Manila
_ FEU Building in Quezon Boulevard
_ Apartments in Roxas Boulevard
_ Ramon Roces Publications Building
_ White Cross Preventorium
_ Manila Polo Club
_ Capitan Luis Gonzaga Building on Rizal Avenue, Carriedo
_ FEU Administration and Science Buildings
_ Galaxy Theater in Rizal Avenue
ARANETA, LUIS MARIA GONZAGA
_ Times Theater, Quezon Boulevard
_ Manila Doctors‘ Hospital, UN Avenue
_ Makati Medical Center, Makati
_ Santa Catalina College, Legarda, Manila
_ Botica Boie Building, Escolta, Manila

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ARELLANO, ARCADIO DE GUZMAN
_ Roman Ongpin‘s Bazaar
_ El 82, Plaza Calderon de la Barca
_ Hotel de Francia
_ Carmelo and Bauermann Building, Azcarraga
_ Gota de Leche Building, S.H. Loyola
_ Casino Espanol, Taft Avenue
ARELLANO, JUAN DE GUZMAN
_ Legislative Building (senate and national museum)
_ Post Office Building
_ Villamor Hall, UP Campus in Taft
_ Metropolitan Theater
_ Master plan of UP Diliman Campus
_ Landscaping plans for Padre Burgos Avenue, Harrison Park,
North and South Port Areas, Roxas Boulevard and
Malacanang.
ARELLANO, OTILIO A.
_ National Bureau of Investigation, Taft Avenue
_ Sining Kayumanggi at Mehan Gardens
_ Palacio del Gobernador in Intramuros
_ Philippine School of Business Administration, Aurora
Boulevard
_ Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation, Buendia, Makati
_ San Juan Municipal Center, N. Domingo Street, San Juan
ARGUELLES, TOMAS FERNANDEZ
_ Elizalde Building on Muelle de la Industria, Manila
_ Heacock‘s Building, Escolta
ARGUELLES, CARLOS D.
_ Philamlife Building
_ Manila Hilton (now Manila Pavillion), United Nations
Avenue
_ Holiday Inn, Roxas Boulevard
_ Philippine National Bank, Escolta
_ Urdaneta Apartments
_ Tuscany Apartments
_ Development Bank of the Philippines, Makati
_ Chronicle Broadcasting Network Studios, Quezon City
BELLOC, VICENTE B.
_ Cemetery of Nagcarlan
BERENGUER-TOPACIO, CHED
_ Interiors of hotels, restaurants, etc.
BURNHAM, DANIEL HUDSON
_ Proposed grand plan for Manila involving a gridiron
street pattern.
CALMA, LOR
_ Interiors of DBP, Makati; PNB, Escolta; Development
Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City; Silahis Hotel,
Roxas Boulevard; Midtown Ramada Hotel, Pedro Gil; Puerto

34
Azul Hotel and Beach Resort, Ternate, Cavite; Benguet
Center, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila.
CAUDAL, ALEJANDRO YELAB
_ Jacinto Residence, Bustos, Bulacan
_ Luis Santos House, Malolos
_ Lopa Residence, Pasay
_ Lerma House, New Manila, Quezon City
_ Tiongco House, Pandacan, Bulacan
CONCIO, CESAR HOMERO
_ Palma Hall and Melchor Hall, UP Diliman
_ Protestant Chapel and Fellowship Center, UP Diliman
_ Buildings in Silliman University
_ UP College of Forestry, Los Banos, Laguna
_ Insular Life Building, Makati
_ Children‘s Memorial Hospital, Quezon City
_ Mother of Perpetual Help, Baclaran
_ Union Church of Manila
_ Ramona Apartments, Adriatico Street, Manila
COSCOLLUELA, WILLIAM VARGAS
_ Robinson‘s Commercial Complex, Pasig
_ Ayala Twin Towers, Makati
_ Alexandra (11 buildings), Pasig
_ One Beverly Place, Greenhills, San Juan
_ Wackwack Twin Towers
_ Skyland Plaza Twin Towers, Makati
_ Atrium, Makati
_ Galeria de Magallanes, Makati
_ Alabang 400, Muntinlupa
_ Quezon City Sports Club
_ Centro Escolar University complex, Malolos
_ Magellan Hotel and Resort complex, Cebu
_ Shoemart City, Cebu and Quezon City
DE CASTRO, CRESENCIANO CRUZ
_ Mindanao State University, Marawi City, Paseo de Roxas
_ Church of Jesus Christ and the latter-day Saints projects
_ Central Luzon State University buildings, Munoz, Nueva
Ecija
_ National Science Development Board, Taguig
_ Atomic Research Center complex, Quezon City
_ Asian Development Bank (DFA), Roxas Boulevard
DE UGUCCIONI, JUAN
_ Proposed repairs for Colegio de Santa Potenciana
_ Overseer reconstruction of Manila Cathedral
FORMOSO. GABRIEL PAPA
_ Central Bank complex
_ Metropolitan Museum
_ Valley Golf Club, Victoria Valley, Antipolo, Rizal
_ Alabang Golf and Country Club, Alabang

35
_ Development Academy of the Philippines, Tagaytay City
_ Club Filipino, Greenhills
_ Pacific Star Building, Makati
_ Anerica-Lepanto Building, Paseo de Roxas
_ Bikko Manila Garden Hotel, Epifanio de los Santos Avenue
_ Manila Peninsula Hotel, Ayala Avenue
_ Asian Institute of Management, Paseo de Roxas
_ Dona Narcisa de Leon Building
HERVAS, JUAN
_ Manila Railroad Station, Tutuban
_ Arranque and Herran Markets
_ Assumption Convent, Herran Street
_ Estrella del Norte, Escolta
_ Heacock Store Building
_ Paris-Manila Building
HUBILLA, JOHNNY
_ Philippine Trade House, Bangkok
_ Philippine Trade Center, Toronto, Canada
_ Philippine House, Mainz, Germany
_ Philippine Pavilion, World Trade Exposition in Leipzig
Germany
_ Philippine Pavilion, World Trade Fair in Spokane,
Washington DC
LOCSIN, LEANDRO V.
_ National Artist in Architecture
_ Main Theater, CCP Complex
_ Folk Arts Theater, CCP Complex
_ Philippine Center for International Trade and Exhibitions
(PHILCITE)
_ Philippine Convention Center, CCP Complex
_ Philippine Plaza Hotel
_ Hyatt Regency Hotel, Roxas Boulevard
_ Makati Stock Exchange Building
_ Ayala Museum, Makati Avenue
_ Manila Hotel renovation
_ Mandarin Oriental Hotel, Makati
_ National Arts Center, Laguna
_ Manila International Airport (NAIA)
_ Istana Nurul Iman, Palace of the Sultan of Brunei
LUNA DE SAN PEDRO, ANDRES
_ Legarda Elementary School
_ Alfonso Zobel house, Roxas Boulevard
_ San Vicente de Paul Chapel, San Marcelino Street
_ Rafael Fernandez House, Arglegui Street
_ Perez Samantillo Building, Escolta
_ Fernandez Martinez House, San Miguel, Manila
_ St. Cecilia‘s Hall, St. Scholastica‘s College
_ Perkin House, Roxas Boulevard

36
_ Basa Residence, Lepanto Street, Manila
_ Evangelista Residence, Rizal Avenue Extension
_ Sy Cong Bieng Mausoleum, Manila North Cemetery
LUZ, ALFREDO J. DIMAYUGA
_ Ramon Magsaysay Building, Roxas Boulevard
_ Far East Bank and Trust Head Offices, Intramuros
_ WHO Regional Headquarters, Taft Avenue
_ IRRI, Los Banos
_ 666 T.M. Kalaw
_ 1414 Roxas Boulevard
_ 1515 Roxas Boulevard
_ 1010 A. Mabini
_ Dole Philippines, Polomolok, South Cotabato
_ Standard Vacuum Refining Corporation, Limay, Bataan
_ General Milling Corporation, Mactan, Cebu
_ Republic Cement Corporation, Norzagaray, Bulacan
MANOSA BROTHERS
_ Sierra Lake Resorts, Laguna
_ Hidden Valley Springs Resort, Laguna
_ Maya-maya Resort, Batangas
_ Makiling Conference Center, Laguna
_ Colegio de San Agustin, Makati
_ Guadalupe restoration
_ Andres Soriano Memorial Hospital
_ Bislig Bay Lumber Co. in Surigao del Sur
_ Sulo Restaurant
_ San Miguel Corporation Head Office, Mandaluyong Rizal
MANOSA, FRANCISCO TRONQUED
_ Tahanang Pilipino, CCP Complex
_ Shrine of our Lady Queen of Peace, Ortigas Avenue
_ Mary Immaculate Parish Church, Moonwalk Subdivision, Las
Pinas
_ Las Pinas Church restoration
_ Stations of Light Rail Transit (LRT)
_ Development of Quezon Memorial Circle
_ Development, restoration and landscaping of Corregidor
Island
MANOSA, JOSE TRONQUED
_ SMC Head Office, Mandaluyong
_ BPI Head Office, Makati
MENDOZA, FELIPE MARCELO
_ Batasang Pambansa Buildings, Quezon City
_ Development Avcademy of the Philippines, Pasig
_ RCBC, Buendia
_ Philippine Commercial and Industrial Bank Building
(Antonino Building), Kalaw Street
_ FEU Hospital, Nicanor Reyes Street Manila
_ Library and Science Center, Xavier University, Cagayan de

37
Oro
_ San Jose Seminary Building, Ateneo de Manila University
_ Assumption School Buildings, Antipolo
_ Mormon Temple, Green Meadows, Quezon City
NAKPIL, ANGEL E. SANCHO
_ National Press Club Building, Magallanes Drive
_ PLDT Former Head Opffice, De la Rosa Street, Makati
_ Lopez Museum Building, Pasay
_ Picache Building, Quiapo
_ Roche Building, Pasong Tamo
_ Petrona Apartments,. Taft Avenue
NAKPIL, JUAN FELIPE DE JESUS
_ Geronimo de los Reyes Building
_ Capitan Pepe Building
_ Quezon Institute Administration Building and Pavilions
_ Manila Jockery Club
_ Avenue Hotel and Theater
_ Quiapo Church
_ Gen. Vicente Lim Residence, Vito Cruz
_ Philippine Trust Building in Plaza Gotti
_ Security Bank and Trust Building
_ Rizal House reconstruction., Calamba Laguna
_ UP Administration and Library Buildings
_ Ever and State Theaters., Rizal Avenue
OCAMPO, FERNANDO HIZON
_ Designed the Manila Metropolitan Cathedral
_ Paterno Building, Sta. Cruz, Manila
_ Oriental Club
_ Cu Un Jieng Building, Escolta
_ Central Seminary Building, UST
_ Arguelles Building, Rizal Avenue
_ Sacred Heart Novitiate Building, Novaliches
_ Admiral Apartments, Roxas Boulevard
_ Cathedral of the Immaculate Concepcion restoration
_ Church of Our Lady of the Most Holy Rosary
OLIVER, LUCIANO
_ Manila Cathedral reconstruction
OLIVEROS, EDITH L.
_ Interiors of Admiral Hotel, Cebu Plaza Hotel, Wackwack
Golf and Country Club, Philippine House in Chicago,
Illinois, Philippine House, Houston, Texas
_ Designed parks in Alaala Park, Pagsanjan
PARSONS, WILLIAM E.
_ Implementing Burnham‘s plans for Baguio and Manila
_ Preparing City plans for Cebu and Zamboanga
PENASALES, SERGIO VILLAR
_ Museo Iloilo, Iloilo City
_ Tinucuan Chapel, Passi

38
_ Barbaza Church, Barbaza Antique
_ Landscaping of UI, University Mall, Iloilo Memorial Park,
Amphitheater Green, Oton
_ Prepared master plans for development of town plazas of
Molo, Jaro and Lapaz.
RAMIREZ, EDGARDO P.
_ Interiors of Philippine Embassy and Palace Hotel in
Beijing China
_ Interiors of the Defense Department, National Bank of Abu
Dhabi, Arab Monetary Fund, Amini Court, etc.
ROXAS, FELIX ARROYO
_ Enlargement and reconstruction of the parish church in
Bacoor, Cavite
_ Jesuit Church of Sa Ignacio, Intramuros
RUANO, ROQUE
_ Dominican House, Baguio
_ Dominican College, Lingayen
_ ―Crucero‖ in the Church of our Lady of Manaoag
_ Santa Catalina College, Pampanga
_ Hospital of the Sacred Heart
_ Santa Teresita Church, Yokohama Japan.
_ UST Main Building
SANTOS, IDELFONSO PAEZ
_ Batulao Village Club, Batangas
_ Caliraya Lake Resort, Laguna
_ Eternal Gardens Memorial Park, Manila
_ Imus Town Plaza, Imus, Cavite
_ Raintree Sports Club, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
_ Artist‘s Village, Garden for the Blind
_ Teodora Valencia Circle
_ Rehabilitation of the Japanese Garden
SANTOS-VIOLA, CARLOS ANTONIO
_ Iglesia ni Cristo structures (chief architect)
_ Templo Central
_ Lady of Lourdes, Quezon City
_ Franciscan churches of Singalong, Mandaluyong, Tagaytay
and Lipa City.
_ Nustra Senora de Guia, Ermita Manila
SINDIONG, ANTONIO S.
_ Megamall, Mandaluyong
_ Harrison Plaza Shopping Center, Manila
_ Ali Mall II, Cubao
_ New Farmers Plaza Shopping Center, Cubao
_ East Pakistan Rice Research Institute, Bangladesh
_ Kebayoran Housing Project, Indonesia
_ Arabian Villas, Dubai
TOLEDO, ANTONIO MANALAC
_ UP Padre Faura campus

39
_ College of Medicine Annex and UP Library, Manila
_ Leyte Capitol
_ Department of Agriculture and Commerce (Tourism)
_ Department of Finance
_ Manila City Hall
VILLAROSA, ROGELIO GARCIA
_ Edsa Shangri-la Hotel _ Edsa Plaza, Mandaluyong
_ Tektite Towers, Pasig
_ Alexandra (11 building complex)
_ King‘s Court II, Pasong Tamo
_ Silahis International Hotel, Roxas Boulevard
_ National Bookstore Super Branch, Araneta Center Cubao
_ Puerto Azul clubhouse
_ Makati Sports Club
_ Philippine Colombian Clubhouse, Paco
ZARAGOSA, JOSE MARIA
_ Meralco Building, Pasig
_ Santo Domingo Church and Convent, Quezon City
_ Philippine Airlines building, Ayala Avenue
_ Philippine Banking Corporation Building, Port Area,
Manila
_ St. John Bosco Parish Church, Pasay Road
_ Union Church, Makati

_ Pius XII Catholic Center, UN Avenue

MODERN SKYSCRAPERS

1. Burj Khalifa
Adrian Smith or SOM
Dubai , UAE
2004 – 2010
828 M.

40
2. Shanghai Tower
2008 – 2014 ( estimated )
Gensler
632 M
Shanghai, China

3. Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel / Abraj Al Bait

2004 – 2012
Dar Al –Handasah
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
601 M

41
4. One world Trade Center
2004 – 2014
David Childs (Skidmore Owings and Merill)
541.3m
New York, USA

5. Taipei 101 / Taipei World Financial Center

1999- 2004
509 m.
C.Y. Lee and Partners
Taipei, Taiwan

42
6. Shanghai World Financial Center
1997 – 2008
Kohn Pedersen Fox
492 m
Shanghai, China

7. International Commerce Centre

Hongkong
2002-2010
484 m
Kohn Pedersen Fox Associates ( design )
Belt Collins and Associates ( landscape)
Wong and Ouyang ( LTD.)

43
8. Petronas Tower
Tallest in the world from 1998 to 2004
451.9
Cesar Pelli
Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia
1993 -1996

9. Zifeng Tower
Nanjing, China
450 m
2005 – 2010
Adrian Smith at SOM

44
10. Willis Tower/ Sears Tower
Tallest from 1973 to 1998
Chicago, USA
442 m
SOM

11. Kingkey 100

441.8 m
Shenzhen, China
Terry Farrell and Partners
2007- 2011

45
12. Guangzhuo International Finace Center
2005- 2010
438.6m
Wilkinson Eyre
Guangdong, China

13. Dream Dubai Marina

Dubai
2007 – 2014 ( estimated completion)
432 m
National Engineering Bureau

14. Trump International Hotel and Tower

Chicago, Illinois
2005 – 2009
423.4
Arch style: modern
Adrian Smith, SOM ( Skidmore Owings and Merill)

46
 15. Jin Mao Tower
1994- 1999
420.5 m
Adrian Smith , SOM
Shanghai, China

Willis Tower – surpassing Whole Trade Center

FAMOUS ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS

I. PRITZKER AWARDEE

47
 Philip Johnson ( 1979)
o AT & T
o Johnson House ( New Canaan, Connecticut)
o International Place, Boston
o Crystal Cathedral, California
o United Bank Center Tower, Denver
o Tycon Towers, Virginia
o PPG, Pittsburgh
o National Center for Performing Arts, Bombay
o Water Garden, Forthworth, Texas
o Dade County Cultural Center, Miami

 Luis Baragan (1980)

o Casa Antonio Galvez, Mexico
o Casa Luis Barragan, Mexico

 James Stirling (1981)

o Engineering Building Leicester University, England
o Neue Staatsgalerie, Germany

 Kevin Roche (1982)

o College Life Insurance Co., Indiana
o Deere West Office Building, Illinois
o Ford Foundation Building, New York
o Knights of Columbus Building, Connecticut
o Oakland Museum, California
o U.N. Plaza, New York
 IM PEI (1983)
o Bank of China

o The Louvre
o Boston City Hall
o Christian Science Center, Boston
o East Wing National Gallery, Wash.D.C.
o Everson Museum of Art, New York
o Hancock Place, Boston
o Javits Convention Center, New York
o Johnson Museum of Art, New York
o Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Ohio
o National Center for Atmospheric Research, Colorado

48
 Richard Meier ( 1984)
o Frankfurt Museum for Decorative Arts, Germany
o Canal+ Television Headquarters, Paris
o Hartford Seminary, Connecticut
o Atheneun New Harmony, Indiana
o Bronx Developmental Center,New York
o Getty Center,Los Angeles, California.
o High Museum of Art, Atlanta

 Hans Hollein ( 1985)

o born in Vienna, Austria in 1934.
o Retti Candleshop
o Haas Haus, Vienna, Austria
o two jewelry stores for Schullin in Vienna
o a retail shop for the Beck company in Trump Tower in New York.
o Tourist Office in Vienna.
o Municipal Museum Abteiberg, Monchengladbach, Germany

 Gottfried Boehm ( 1986)

o German architect born in 1920 in Offenbach/Main, near Frankfurt/Main, in
what today is the Federal Republic of Germany.
o worked in Cologne at his father's office from 1947 to 1950.
o In 1950, He began working for Rudolf Schwarz (1897�1961), another
prominent German church architect, and in 1951 for Cajetan Baumann in
New York City.
o Returning to Cologne, he went into a partnership with his father from 1952
to 1955, and took over the office after Dominikus Boehm's death.
o Pilgrimage Church, Germany

 Kenzo Tange ( 1987)

o Ichinomiya Rowhouses, Japan
o Kurashiki City Hall, Japan
o Nichinan Cultural Center, Japan
o Hiroshima Peace Center, Japan
o OUB Building, Singapore
o Small Olympic Arena, Tokyo
o Sogestsu Art Center, Tokyo
o Shinjuku City Hall, Tokyo

 Gordon Bunshaft ( 1988)

o 24-story Lever House in New York
o National Commercial Bank in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
o Manufacturer‘s Trust Co., New York

 Oscar Niemeyer, Brazil ( 1988)

49
 o Aeronautical Research Center near Sao Paulo
o Renault & Communist Party Headquarters in Paris
o Mondadori Editorial Office in Milan FATA Office Building in Turin.
o Zoological Gardens, Algiers
o University of Constantine, and the Foreign Office

 Frank O Ghery, (1989)

o Guggenheim Museum, Spain

o Loyola Law School, Los Angeles
o California Aerospace Museum (1982-1984),Los Angeles
o University of Toledo Art Museum, Ohio (1990-1992)
o Vitra Design Museum (1990), Weil am Rhein, Germany,

 Aldo Rossi, Italy ( 1990)

o a housing complex on the outskirts of Milan (Gallaratese 1969-1974)
o San Cataldo cemetery in Modena (begun 1972), Fagnano Olona School
in Varese (1972-77)
o Hotel Il Palazzo, Fukuoka,Japan
o Il Teatro del Mondo, Venice, Italy

 Robert Venturri ( 1991)

o - Vanna Venturi House, Pennsylvania
o - Guild House (an apartment building for the elderly built in 1965)
o - Allen Art Museum Addition, Ohio
o - Brant House, Connecticut
o - Gordon Wu Hall, Princeton, Connecticut
o - Tucker House at Mount Kisco, New York
o - Trubek House, Massachussets

 Alvaro Siza ( 1992)

o School of Architecture (1992) at Porto University

50
 o Teachers Training College (1991) at Setubal
o Centro Galiziano (Museum of Modern Art, in Santiago de Compostela,
Spain
o Aveiro University Library, Portugal (1994)
o Vitra factory at Weil-am-Rein, Germany
o Schlesisches Tor Apartments at Kreuzberg, Germany (1983)
o Portuguese Pavilion at Expo '98 in Lisbon, Portugal (1998)
o Santa Maria Church in Marco de Canavezes, Portugal (1997).

 Fumihiko Maki ( 1993)

o - A member of the Metabolist movement - a group of ambitious postwar
Japanese architects who advocated the embrace of new technology
with a concomitant belief in architecture's organic, humanist..
o Kato Gakuen Elementary School (1972) in Numazu
o Tsukuba University Central Building (1974).
o Iwasaki Art Museum (1979)
o YKK Guest House (1982)
o Center for the Arts (1993) at Yerba Buena Gardens in San Francisco
o Isar Bropark (1995) near Munic
o Floating Pavilion (1996) in Groningen
o Children's House in Poland

 Christian de Portzamparc ( 1994)

o City of Music, La Villette, Paris

o Erik Satie Conservatory of Music
o Hautes-Formes, Paris

51
 o Dance School of the Paris Opera Nanterre
o Cafe Beaubourg
o Ungaro Boutiques

 Tadao Ando ( 1995)

o Rokko Housing One, Kobe,Japan

o Japanese Pavilion for Expo ‘92, Spain
o Azuma House
o Ishihara House, Osaka
o Church of Light
o Church on the Water
o Children‘s Museum, Himeji
o Naoshima Contemporary Art Museum
 Rafael Moneo ( 1996)
o Davis Museum and Cultural Center at Wellesley College in Massachusetts
o National Museum of Roman Art in Mérida, Spain
o Pilar and Joan Miró Foundation, Island of Mallorca, Spain
o Rehabilitation of the Villahermosa Palace in Madrid
o Diagonal Building, Barcelona
o Atocha Railway Station, Madrid
o San Pablo Airport in Seville

 Sverre Fehn ( 1997)

o Norwegian Pavilion
o Hedmark Museum in Hamar, Norway
o Nordic Pavilion at the Venice Biennale
o Skådalen School for the Deaf
o Norwegian Glacier Museum (1991) in Fjærland
o Aukrust Centre (1996) in Alvdal
o Ivar Aasen Centre (2000) in Ørsta and the
o Norwegian Museum for Photography (2001) in Horten.
o Villa Busk in Bamble, Norway,
o Chinese Soldiers Exhibition
o Norwegian Museum of Architecture in Oslo

52
 Renzo Piano ( 1998)
o Centre Pompidou, Paris
o Kansai Airport Terminal, Osaka, Japan
o Menil Collection, Houston, Texas
o UNESCO Laboratory and Workshop (also referred to as the Renzo Piano
Building Workshop)
o National Center for Science and Technology in Amsterdam
o Mercedes Benz Design Center, in Stuttgart, Germany
o Thompson Optronics Factory, Paris
o Rue de Meaux Housing in Paris
o Bercy 2 Shopping Center in Charenton le Pont (Paris)
o San Nicola Stadium in Bari, Italy
o Lingotto Factory Conversion

 Sir Norman Foster ( 1999)

o St. Mary Axe
o Reichstag
o London City Hall
o Millenium Bridge
o HSBC Building

 Rem Koolhaas ( 2000)

o Netherlands Dance Theater
o House in Bordeaux, France
o Grand Palais (1994) for Euralille
o Kunsthal (1992 - art gallery) in Rotterdam
o Universal Studios in Los Angeles, California

 Jacquez Herzog and Pierre de Meuron ( 2001)

o Walker Art Center expansion, Minneapolis, Minnesota; 2005
o Allianz Arena (football stadium), Munich; 2005
o Forum Building, Barcelona; 2004
o IKMZ, Cottbus; 2004
o Laban Dance Centre, Deptford Creek, London; 2003
o St. Jakob-Park; Basel; 2001
o Tate Modern, Bankside, London; 1995–2000
o Dominus (winery), Napa Valley, California; 1999
o Main railway switchtower, Basel; 1994–1997

53
 o Beijing National Stadium for the 2008 Summer Olympics ― Bird‘s nest‖
o 40 Bond Street New York City. Luxury condominiums developed by Ian
Schrager (completion est. 2007)
o Philharmonic Hall, Hamburg, Germany (completion est. 2009)
o 1111 Lincoln Road, Miami Beach, Fla (completion est. 2008)

 Glenn Murcutt ( 2002)

o 1972-74 : Laurie Short House, Sydney (NSW)
o 1974-75 : Marie Short House, Kempsey (NSW)
o 1976-83 : Berowra Waters Inn, Berowra Waters (NSW)
o 1977-80 : Nicholas House, Mount Irvine (NSW)
o 1977-80 : Carruthers House, Mount Irvine (NSW)
o 1980-83 : Ball-Eastaway House, Glenorie, Sydney (NSW)
o 1976-88 : Museum of Local History and Tourist Office, Kempsey (NSW)
o 1981-82 : Fredericks House, Jamberoo (NSW)
o 1982-84 : Magney House, Bingie Bingie (NSW)
o 1986-90 : Magney House, Sydney (NSW)
o 1988-91 : Done House, Sydney (NSW)
o 1988-92 : Meagher House, Bowral (NSW)
o 1989-94 : Simpson-Lee House, Mount Wilson (NSW)
o 1991-94 : Marika-Alderton House, Yirrkala Community, Eastern Arnhern
Land (NT)
o 1992 : Murcutt Guest Studio, Kempsey (NSW)
o 1992-94 : Bowali Visitor Information Centre, Kakadu National Park (NT), in
collaboration with Troppo Architects
o 1994-96 : Schnaxl House, Newport, Sydney (NSW)
o 1996-98 : Fletcher-Page House, Kangaroo Valley (NSW)
o 1995-96 : Douglas and Ruth Murcutt House, Woodside (SA)
o 1996-99 : Arthur and Yvonne Boyd Art Centre, Riversdale, West
Cambewarra (NSW), in collaboration with Reg Lark and Wendy Lewin
o 1997-2001: House in the Southern Highlands (NSW)

 Jorn Utzon ( 2003)

54
 o Sydney Opera House
o Fredensborg Housing Estate (195962), Denmark
o Kingo Housing Estate (1956-58), Denmark
o Bagsvaerdi Church (1973-76), Denmark
o Skagen Nature Center (2001), Denmatk

 Zaha Hadid ( 2004)

o Richard and Lois Rosenthal
o Center for Contemporary Art Cincinnati, Ohio
o Price Tower Arts Center, Bartlesville, Oklahoma
o BMW in Leipzig

o Guggenheim Museum for Taichung, Taiwan

 Thom Mayne ( 2005)

o - Wayne L. Morse United States Courthouse, Eugene, Oregon, 2006
o - University of Cincinnati Student Recreation Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 2006
o - Science Center School, Los Angeles, California, 2004
o - Caltrans District 7 Headquarters, Los Angeles, California, 2004

55
 o - Hypo Alpe-Adria Center, Klagenfurt, Austria, 2002
o - University of Toronto Graduate House
o - University of Toronto Graduate House, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2000
o - Diamond Ranch High School, Pomona, California, 1999
o - Sun Tower, Seoul, Korea 1997
o - Blades Residence, Santa Barbara, California, 1995
o - Salick Healthcare Office Building, Los Angeles, CA, 1991
o - Crawford Residence, Montecito, CA, 1990
o - Cedar Sinai Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, 1988
o - 6th Street Residence / Santa Monica, CA, 1988
o - Kate Mantilini / Beverly Hills, CA, 1986
o New Academic Building, The Cooper Union for the Advancement of
Science and Art, New York, New York, - 2008
o - National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Satellite
Operation Facility, Suitland, MD, 2007
o - San Francisco Federal Building, San Francisco, California, 2006
o - Phare Tower, La Défense, France (The Lighthouse, "Green" Wind-Powered
Office Building, Paris, France, 2012)

 Paulo Mendes Da Rocha ( 2006 )

o Chapel of St. Peter, Campos de Jordao, Brazil
o Guaimbe Residential Building, Sao Paulo
o Forma Store, Sao Paulo
o Brazilian Museum of Sculpture, Sao Paulo

II. OTHERS

 One Liberty Place –Helmut John

 ADB Building – Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM)
 Bureau of Soil – Japanese architect
 Lung Center and Health Center – George Ramos
 World Trade Center – Minoro Yamasaki


HISTORY

PHILIPPINE ARCHITECTURE

PHILIPPINE HOUSES

56
EARLY PERIOD / PRE-SPANISH ERA

 Lean to
o simple single pitched roof on an inclined series of rafters using tree
branches
 In the upland regions of the Cordillera Mountains, the houses, though still using
native materials, is a bit more secured.
 Where the low-land bahay kubo is ventilated on all sides, the mountain huts,
Bontoc, fayu; Ifugao, bale; Kalinga, binayon; Kankanay, binangiyan, and others
typify a more insulated dwelling.
 The Maranao torogan, on the other hand, is designed for royalty and thus built
with much ornamentation and elaborate details.
 Being an isolated and wind-frequented area, the Batanes Islands, exhibit the
most different of all traditional architecture in the Philippines.
 The Ivatan`s rakuh is built solidly on all sides, made of a meter thick rubble work
covered by thick thatch roofing to withstand gales which frequent the area.
 Bahay Kubo
o For tropical climate
o Wood , bamboo and palm leaves

I. CORDILLERA REGION

1. ISNEG, ISNAG OR APAYAO

 Isneg house or “binuron” house :

Is - recede
Uneg - interior

- appears to have been influenced by boat design

- roof : resembles inverted hull ; gable type ; half-section of bamboo laid on like
shingles
- 15 post : 8 inner posts support the floor
6 posts support the roof

57
 1 post (―atobtobo‖) support the end of the ridge
- ―tarakip‖ : an annex attached to one or both end of the ridge
- side walls‘ vertical planks may be removed to make windows
- floor : reed mat which can be rolled up for washing

2. KALINGA
 binayon or finaryon (upper kalinga)
- octagonal house ( the house of the rich)
- supported by 12 post : 4 inner posts
8 outer posts to form an octagon
- roof : hipped, not high and steep, made of bamboo
- floor : reed mat
- on one side, the floor is removed leaving a space that extends from the ground
level to the roof
 upper kalinga
- floor area is divided into one wide middle section (―dattagon‖) and slightly
narrow elevated side sections (―sipi‖)
- ―kinimpal‖ : roof system using several layers of bamboo
- ―tinalob‖ : only 2 layers of bamboo (for poor)
- 4 inner posts constitute the house‘s core support; outer posts at each corner of
the house support the roof

58
3. BONTOC
 “fayu” house
- basic form is like the ifugao house except that the quarters are on ground level
and the house cage serves as the granary
- walls : up to waist level, leaving a continuous opening protected by the eaves
- ―falig‖ : granary for richer people adjacent to their house
- has a lot of sections having specific names for its area is quite bigger

4. IFUGAO
 “fale” house
- three-level structure : stone pavement, house cage and roof
- posts : shoulder height, support only the girders
- 3-level space within the house : floor, shelf, loft (granary)
- walls : slaut outward
- ratguard : thin cylinders placed on the posts
- roof : thatched, pyramidal, extends up to floor level
- basket under second level
- detachable stairs
- slaughtered carabao and human heads displayed on front of their house
- doors can be remain open
- ―hagabi‖ : bench under their house for socialization

 local variations`
a. kiangan house : roof is not as steep and does not extend up to floor level,
hipped
: wall sidings – wood or sawali; no ratguards

b. mayoyao house : roof is steeper and completely conceals the house cage;
not ratguards
: eminent for its pure, classic outline and fine craftsmanship

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 5. KANKANAI
 “binangiyan” house
- high, steep, hipped roof, conceals the house cage
- 4 posts support the house cage; roof is supported by the upper frame of the
house
- walls : made of narra or pine
- living quarters consist of main area where the fireplace is located and a small
room at the rear
- only one entrance, door is decorated with fluting
- no rat guards

6. IVATAN
- made of thick lime-and –stone walls with a thick roof of cogon
- made up of two houses : one which makes up the living and the sleeping areas
(‖rakuh‖), the other makes up the kitchen
- rakuh has 2 doors and 2 windows built on 3 walls, fourth wall facing the
strongest wind is left windowless
 special type of house
a. chivuvuhung
- cogon
- itbayaten house
- one structure, one room house
b. sinadumparan
- ivatan

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7. T‟BOLI
- space surrounded by space

II. MINDANAO AND SULU REGION

8. TAUSUG and SAMAL

- humanist architecture
- clustered houses built on water

9. MARANAO
 torogan house

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 - colored
- datu‘s house
- post are placed on top of rocks for earthquake purposes

Parts of Bahay Kubo

 bulwagan – living rm. ( w/ low table – dulang)
 silid – sleeping area ( tampipi- closets)
 gilir or paglutuan – kitchen area
- dapogan/ kalan – cooking apparatus
- bangahan/ banggera – pots storage
- batalan – exposed porch ( jars storage)
 silong – farm / fish storage
 kamalig – rice storage ( storage house)

SPANISH PERIOD

BAHAY NA BATO
 brought about 19Th century by the changes in society and economy
 3 possible origins
o BAHAY KUBO
 pointed roof, concept of space (―space surrounded by space...‖)
and ventilation (wide window), ―silong‖, open plan
 tropical house
 steep, hip roof
 post and lintel construction
 light and airy structure
 elevated living quarters
 economy of materials
 space flowing from one room to nexT
o TRIBAL LEADER‘S HOUSE
 strong construction; spacious with many furniture and rooms;
elaborate decoration; best materials
o CONVENTOS
 adjacent to the church, permanence spaciousness; may have
been the local models of luxury and prestige
 - earthquake proof : resting on wooden posts mortised on stone,
buried on the ground to ―dance‖ with the earthquake
 the PEAK of native Philippine architecture : made the bahay kubo
bigger and more extravagant but retained its character
 Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque influence:
 grandeur and solidity
 Ornamentation
 Vigan Houses
 Antillan Houses
 Ivatan Houses

* 10 areas

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1.GROUND FLOOR– made of coral stones, adobe or rubble; with small windows; area
include:

a.zaguan – for caruajes, grains

b.quadra– stables
c.bodega– old carozas, grains
d.entrasuelo– mezzanine where the valuables are kept, may also house offices or
additional dwelling units
e.patio– enclosed courtyard

SECOND FLOOR

2.CEREMONIAL STAIRWAY– first three step (descanzo) made of marble tiles; landing with
bastonera; remaining steps are made of narra

3.LIVING SPACES– wide double doors may be opened to connect the spaces and
create a large hall

a.antesala or caida – for acquaintances; spacious hall separated by callado

b.sala– for friends and intimates; divided by movable screens or biombo
c.bedrooms(quarto or silid) – usually three; contains four-posted beds, armories,
chests; SANTOS with ivory heads and hands are placed at the master bedroom
d.comedor– dining area; plateria and long table

4.COCINA– kitchen; contains the paminggalan(food cabinet) and dispensa(rice

storage)
5.COMON or LATRINA– toilet, sometimes with two-passenger water closet
6.BAÑO or PALIGUAN– bathroom
7.ALCOVA– additional quartos
8.VOLADA– flying gallery over the zaguan; protects the
interior from heat and rain
9.AZOTEA– open terrace of stone and ceramic placed near the kitchen; with a cistern
for gathering rain water
10.BALCON – terrace in the living room, jutting out of the house

distinctive features
1.PERSIANA– large windows with slats covered with capiz to filter light; unique in
Southeast Asia
2.VENTANILLA– small windows usually at lower portion of the wall
3.CALLADO– open woodwork or tracery; fixed over a window or placed as space
dividers
4.BARANDILLAS– wrought iron traceries on the wall
5.BANGGERA– where the dishes are kept

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regional differences

Examples:
1.ILOCOS – sober architecture; Vigan houses are entirely made of bricks, pilasters
embedded on sides, dignified without too much decoration
2.CEBU– expansive, ground floor made of huge coral stones

64
3.SOUTHERN TAGALOG– ―airy‖. Second flanges over the walls of the ground

SPANISH CHURCHES

Calasiao, Pangasinan

 2nd best bell tower

 by Fr. Ramon Dalinao

Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte

 by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
 sinking belltower

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Las Pinas Church by Fr. Diego Cera

Loboc, Bohol

 biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings

Manila Cathedral by Bishop Domingo Salazar

66
Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo

Morong Church, Rizal

 Spanish Baroque style

 by Fr. Blas dela Madre

67
Panay Church

 largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by townspeople

Quiapo Church

 restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa

San Agustin Church by Fr. Juan Macias

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San Sebastian

 one of first steel buildings

 steel from Belgium by Eiffel
 neo gothic
 Genaro Palacio?

Taal Church, Batangas

 by Fr. Martin Aguirre

 biggest church

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Sta. Ana Church, Manila
 by Fr. Vicente Ingles
 restored by Juan Nakpil

Sto. Nino, Cebu by Diego de Herrera

AMERICAN PERIOD

EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD

Daniel Burnham

 city plan of Manila and Baguio

William Parsons

Juan Arellano

70
Tomas Mapua

 1st registered architect in country

Alejandro Legardo

Antonio Toledo

Carlos Barredo

Masonic Temple, Escolta

 1st concrete building in Escolta

Philippine Normal School

 Phil. Normal University

University of the Philippines

 Padre Faura

National Museum
 1st was the Legislative Building
Intendencia Building
 adjacent to Manila Cathedral
Luneta Hotel
 2nd hotel in Asia
 French Baroque style
Army and Navy Club
 rest and recreation for American soldiers
De La Salle College
 by Tomas Mapua
Rizal Monument
 obelisk
Sta. Isabel College

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Manila Hotel

 1st hotel in Asia

 1st with elevator
 renovated by Locsin in 1975

UST Main Building by Roque Rueno

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Philippine General Hospital by William Parsons

Post Office Building by Juan Arellano

COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

Juan Nakpil

 1st National Artist for Arch.

Pablo Antonio

 2nd National Artist for Arch.

Enrique Bautista

Gonzalo Barreto

Fernando Ocampo

Andres Luna y San Pedro

73
Leandro Locsin

 3rd National Artist for Arch.

Agriculture & Finance Building

Crystal Arcade, Escolta

Quezon Institute By Juan Nakpil

Lyric Theater, Escolta By Juan Nakpil

Ideal Theater, Avenida Rizal by Pablo Antonio

Jai Alai Building

 demolished in 2001
 Art Deco, streamline style

Ambassador Hotel

 by Fernando Ocampo
 1st skyscraper in the country (4 storeys)

Syquia Apartments, Malate by Pablo Antonio

Natividad Building, Escolta by Andres Luna y San Pedro

Regina Building, Escolta by Andres Luna y San Pedro

FEU Main Building by Pablo Antonio

74
The Iglesia Ni Cristo Cathedrals by Carlos Santos Viola

Metropolitan Theater

The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio

75
The Meralco Building by Jose Zaragoza

Philippine Heart Center by Jorge Ramos

76
The Quiapo Mosque by Jorge Ramos

77
Robinson’s Galleria by William Coscolluela

SM Megamall by Antonio Sindiong

The Quezon Monument by Federico Ilustre

78
The Central Bank of the Philippines by Formoso and Partners

Asian Institute of Management by Gabriel Formoso

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The New Istana, Brunei by Leandro Locsin

 Istana Narul Iman ― Palace of Light and Faith

 World‘s largest palace ― Guinness World Record‖
 Golden domes and vaulted roofs – malay and islam influence
 1,788 rooms, which includes 257 bathrooms, 110-car garage, an air conditioned
stable for the Sultan's 200 polo ponies, and 5 swimming pools; 564 chandeliers,
51,000 light bulbs, 44 stairwells, and 18 elevators
 Used 24 k gold plated dome
 Jackbuilt for walls – imported from Philippines

The Cultural Center of the Philippines by Leandro Locsin

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The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman by Leandro Locsin

The Philippine Stock Exchange by Leandro Locsin

HERITAGE CHURCHES DESTROYED, BOHOL

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 San Pedro Church , Loboc
o 17 C – Jesuits
o 19 C – Augustinian Recollects added porticoes
o 20 C – paintings decoration
o Second oldest church in Bohol
o Destroyed: ceilings, walls, bell towers

 Immaculada Concepcion de la Virgen Maria, Baclayon

o Jesuit built
o Known as ― baclayon church‖
o Coral stones and white countless eggs as cement
o Modern façade -19 C , Augustinian Recollects
o w/ museum

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 Nuestra Señora de la Luz, Loon, Bohol
o one of the grandest and finest in Visayas
o biggest in Bohol
o Ionic and Corinthian style
o Façade – symmetry
o Pulverized and reduced to a pile of rubble

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  Loay, Bohol
o Coral stones –for extreme weather exposure

 Church of Our Lady of the Assumption, Dauis, Bohol

o Eclectic style – mix of style ― Jesuits ―
o Walls and roof destroyed

 Parroquia de la Santa Cruz, Maribojoc, Bohol

o 19 C – Jesuit

DIFFERENCE OF EASTERN CHURCH TO WESTERN CHURCH

 Eastern – greek cross plan

 Western – Latin cross plan
o Plan of the Renaissance St Peter's Basilica, showing elements of both
central and longitudinal plan.
o Most cathedrals and great churches have a cruciform groundplan. In
churches of Western European tradition, the plan is usually longitudinal, in
the form of the so-called Latin Cross with a long nave crossed by a

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 transept. The transept may be as strongly projecting as at York Minster or
not project beyond the aisles as at Amiens Cathedral.
o Many of the earliest churches of Byzantium have a longitudinal plan. At
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul, there is a central dome, framed on one axis by
two high semi-domes and on the other by low rectangular transept arms,
the overall plan being square. A square plan in which the nave, chancel
and transept arms are of equal length forming a Greek cross, the crossing
generally surmounted by a dome became the common form in the
Orthodox Church, with many churches throughout Eastern Europe and
Russia being built in this way. Churches of the Greek Cross form often have
a narthex or vestibule which stretches across the front of the church. This
type of plan was also to later play a part in the development of church
architecture in Western Europe, most notably in Bramante's plan for St.
Peter's Basilica

FIRST CITY DEVELOPMENT : JERICHO

 8000 bc
 Often quoted as ― first town‖
 Materilas: sun dried bricks

SPECIFIC DESIGN STYLE AND STRUCTURE

ANTONIO GAUDI I CORNET “ ANTONIO GAUDI”

 1852- 1926
 Reus, Spain
 Ceramics, stained glass, wrought iron work forging, carpentry
 New treatment of materials
o Trencadis ― mosaic‖ from broken pieces of ceramic
 Pique Assiette
 style of mosaic that incorporates pieces of broken
ceramics—plates, dishes, cups, tiles
 Figurehead of Catalan Modernism
 Neo Gothic Architecture
 Works mainstream: Modernisme, culminating in an organic style inspired by
nature
 Projects:
o Sagrada Familia

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  Modernism style
 1882 ( 132 years ago ) – 2028 ( estimated completion )
 1926 ― Gaudi died‖ – 15 to 25 percent complete
o Casa Mila
o Casa Battlo

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

 Lofty and aspiring; structural honesty

 200 years- Gothic Architecture
 Originated in France 12C
 Existing in the western half of Europe through the mid 16C
 Characterized by:
o Building of the great cathedrals.
o Progressive lighting and heightening of structure.
o Use of the pointed arch.
o Use of ribbed vaults.
o A system of richly decoration.
o Verticality of design.
o Stained glass- image of the truth / vision of heaven
o Soaring spires – God
 Secular in Gothic art – separate from religion
 Typological in Gothic art – putting of new testaments together as part of each
other
 Gothic ― barbaric‖
 Theme: dark brooding colors
 Preceded by Romanesque ; succeeded by Renaissance

Facts:
 Duccio di Buoninsegna - Simmone Martini‘s teacher
 Important or Famous people – Bonino no Campione‘s usual sculpture
 2nd and 3rd crusade – impacted the sad theme of Gothic era
 Laon cathedral – first complete gothic cathedral
 Carcassone
o w/ inner and outer walls

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 o 50 towers and moats
o Eugene Voullet le Duc
o 1977 UNESCO list of World Heritage

English Gothic
o Longer and narrower plan
 Early English
 Lancet window and plate tracery
 Decorated style
 Rich tracery, elaborate ornamental vaulting, refinement stone cutting
1. Geometric style – geometric tracery
2. Curvilinear style – curvilinear tracery
 Perpendicular style
 Perpendicular tracery
 Last phase of English gothic
 Westminster abbey –largest Benedictine monastery
o Westminster London
o 10th century
o Unesco World Heritage site ( cultural)
o 16 weddings ( prince William – Catherine, Prince Henry, Prince Anne..etc.)

 York cathedral – largest in area and width ( English Medieval Cathedral)

o North Yorkshire
o Famous rose window at south transept ; West – famous heart shaped
design ― heart of Yorkshire‖ ; East end –Great east window ― largest
expanse of medieval stained glass in the world‖ ; north – five sisters
window

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  Durham Cathedral
o earliest great cath. ; rib vaulting system
o finest example of Norman Architecture

Gothic France
o compact plan
 Early French style
 pointed arch / geometric tracery
 Rayonnant style
 circular windows with radiating lines of tracery
 Flamboyant style
 flame like tracery
 Notre Dame de Paris
o First to use flying buttress
o 387 steps at the top of several spiral staircase
o Design of St. Peter‘s Anglican Cathedral in Adelaida , Australia ( inspired in
Notre Dame de Paris)
o 1163 -1345 (182 years)
o Timeline:

88
  1160 Maurice de Sully (named Bishop of Paris), orders the original
cathedral demolished.
 1163 Cornerstone laid for Notre-Dame de Paris, construction
begins.
 1182 Apse and choir completed.
 1196 Bishop Maurice de Sully dies.
 c.1200 Work begins on western facade.
 1208 Bishop Eudes de Sully dies. Nave vaults nearing completion.
 1225 Western facade completed.
 1250 Western towers and north rose window completed.
 c.1245–1260s Transepts remodelled in the Rayonnant style by Jean
de Chelles then Pierre de Montreuil
 1250–1345 Remaining elements completed

 Amiens Cathedral / Notre dame de Amiens

o Robert of Luzarches, Thomas and Regnault de Cormont
o 1220( groundbreaking) -1270 ( 50 years )
o Largest French cathedral w/ chevet of seven chapels
o Counter part of Salisbury of England
o Carved woodwork in the choir stalls – Robert de Luzarches
o Renowned for the quality and quantity of early 13 c Gothic sculpture in
the main west façade and the south transept portal
o Large quantity of polychrome sculpture from later periods inside the bldg.
 5000 sculptures
o Saint Victoricus and Gentian
o Saint Domitius
o Saint Ulphia
o Saint Fermin

89
 Chartes Cathedral / Cathedral Notre dame de Chartes
o 1145 ( Romanesque ground breaking)
o Reconstructed over a 26 year period after a fire in 1994 ( UNESCO)
o 1195 ( gothic ) – 1220
o Original 9 towers – only 2 are built
o 176 stained glass window ( britanica, wikipedia, UAP) ,160 stained
windows ( JPT reviewer)

 Rheims Cathedral / Notre dame de Rheims ‗

o 1211 – 1275 ( 64 years)
o Royal coronations
o 500 carved figures
o Stained glass instead of tympanium

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German Gothic
 Cologne Cathedral
o Largest gothic church of Northern Europe
o Largest church in Northern Europe

Spain Gothic
 Seville Cathedral
o Largest medieval cathedral in Europe
o Second largest cathedral in the world

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Belgium Gothic
 Cloth hall, Ypres – most famous commercial built

Parts/ Terminologies:

 Cimborio – lantern admitting light

 Crockets – upward oriented ornament ( vegetal)
 Donjon/ Keep – stronghold of a medieval castle / massive tower
 Gargoyle -water sprout ( grotesquely )
 Machicolation – overhanging defensive structure
 Portcullis – gate of iron/ defense in castle gateways
 Retablo / Reredos – wall or screen ( back of the altar)
 Tracery – ornamental intersecting work ( upper part of the window)
 Finial- ornament at top of the canopy
 Embrasures – crenels or intervals ( bet. Merlons of battlement)
 Merlon – embattled parapet
 Bartizan – small turret ( top of tower/ parapet)
 Battlement – parapet w/ alternate indentations ( crenel)
 Bailey – open space of a court
 Motte – steep mound
 Nailhead – Arch‘l enrichment ( small pyramids repeated – band)
 Oriel – bay window of upper story
 Bartizan – watch tower
 Balustraria – crossed shaped opening ( use of crossbow)
 Spire –tapering termination
 Steeple –tower crowned by a spire
 Epi-spire shaped termination
 Flambuoyant style –last phase of French Gothic Arch ; Flame like and free
flowing
 Peel – small emergency defense structure
 Cloisters – secluded place / space connecting monastic church w/ domestic
part
 Ogyvale – French gothic architecture
 Offset- part of wall exposed horizontally

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Sample questions:

 A person that engages in architecture by designing, creating and planning out

structures.
 A buildings structural and design features.
 A four-sided roof with two slopes on each side. The lower slopes are nearly
vertical and the upper slopes, nearly flat. This allows for more headroom
throughout the upper, or top, story...
 A roof which slopes only on two sides.
 When was the Gothic art period?
 How long did the period last?
 What does secular mean?
 What does typological mean, in terms of Gothic Art?

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE

 Begun in late 16th-century Italy

 The word Baroque means a misshapen pearl.
 called baroque because it was considered very odd.
 evolved out of Renaissance architecture in Italy. ( renaissance architects get
bored with the symmetry and same old forms used for the past 200 years. They
started to make bold, curving, and not at all symmetrical buildings, with ornate
decorations. They started to make curving facades, and used the double curve
(in at the sides, out in the middle)
 marble, gilt, and bronze
 Baroque pediments (triangular area between the rooftop and the end of the
roofs)
o decorated, or interrupted at the center.
o Tips turned into scrolls and gilded.
o ceilings used illusionism.
 paintings are elaborately done
 make it look like the painting is actually an engraving, or protrusion
on the wall or ceiling.
 express emotion, elaborate; popular to the upper class.
 Distinct shape : oval
o allowed large open spaces that were different than just plain circles.
o Oval shaped domes

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  Allowed sculptures and paintings
 Two main architects :
o Bernini
 first medium -sculpture.
 A sculptor and mason
 Incorporated a lot
o Francesco Burromini
 trained under Bernini and Carlo Maderna
 incorporated many shapes and different forms.

Building Picture Location Date Architect(s)

1506– Michelangelo, Giacomo della

St Peter's Basilica Vatican City
1615 Porta, Carlo Maderno

Urbanistic
1566– Francesco Laparelli, Gerolamo
complex of the Valletta, Malta
1798 Cassar
city of Valletta

Church of the 1568– Giacomo Barozzi da

Rome, Italy
Gesu 1580 Vignola, Giacomo della Porta

1585–
Santa Susanna Rome, Italy Carlo Maderno
1603

Saints Peter and 1597– Giovanni Maria

Kraków, Poland
Paul Church 1619 Bernardoni, Giovanni Trevano

Giovanni de Galliano
Wallenstein Prague, Czech 1623–
Pieroni, Andrea
Palace Republic 1630
Spezza, Niccolo Sebregondi

Château de Versailles, France 1661– Jules Hardouin Mansart, Louis

94
Building Picture Location Date Architect(s)

Versailles 1774 Le Vau, André Le

Nôtre (gardens) and many co-
operators

San Carlo alle 1665–

Rome, Italy Francesco Borromini
Quattro Fontane 1676

San Lorenzo 1666–

Turin, Italy Guarino Guarini
(Turin) 1679

St Paul's 1675–
London, England Christopher Wren
Cathedral 1710

1677– Augustyn Wincenty

Wilanów Palace Warsaw, Poland
1729 Locci, Giovanni Spazzio

1679–
Les Invalides Paris, France Jules Hardouin Mansart
1708

Jean Baptiste
Prague, Czech 1679–
Troja Palace Mathey, Giovanni Domenico
Republic 1685
Orsi

1691–
Branicki Palace Białystok, Poland Tylman Gamerski
1697

1702–
Stift Melk Melk, Austria Jakob Prandtauer
1736

Bergisch
1703–
Schloss Bensberg Gladbach, Matteo Alberti
1711
Germany

95
Building Picture Location Date Architect(s)

Saint Nicholas Prague, Czech 1703– Christoph Dientzenhofer, Kilian

Church Republic 1752 Ignaz Dientzenhofer

Woodstock, 1705–
Blenheim Palace Sir John Vanbrugh
England 1722

Dresden, 1709–
Zwinger Palace Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann
Germany 1732

Johann
Pommersfelden Pommersfelden, 1711–
Dientzenhofer and Johann
castle Germany 1719
Lucas von Hildebrandt

1715–
Karlskirche Vienna, Austria Johann Fischer von Erlach
1737

1717–
Mafra Palace Mafra, Portugal João Frederico Ludovice
1730

Holy Trinity Olomouc, Czech 1716–

Wenzel Render
Column Republic 1754

Pilgrimage
Žďár nad
Church of Saint 1719–
Sázavou, Czech Jan Santini Aichel
John of 1722
Republic
Nepomuk

Palace of La 1720– Teodoro Ardemans and Filippo

Segovia, Spain
Granja 1740 Juvarra

Würzburg Würzburg, 1720–

Balthasar Neumann
Residence Germany 1740

Karlova Koruna Chlumec nad 1721– Jan Santini Aichel, František

Chateau Cidlinou, Czech 1723 Maxmilián Kaňka

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Building Picture Location Date Architect(s)

Republic

St Petersburg, 1721–
Peterhof Palace Bartolomeo Rastrelli
Russia 1755

Dresden, 1726–
Frauenkirche George Bähr
Germany 1738

1732–
Trevi Fountain Rome, Italy Nicola Salvi
1762

The High Street

screen 1733–
Oxford, England Nicholas Hawksmoor
of Queen's 1736
College

Filippo Juvarra, Juan Bautista

Royal Palace of 1738–
Madrid, Spain Sacchetti and Ventura
Madrid 1755
Rodríguez.

St. Michael's
ca. Ivan Hryhorovych-Barskyi and
Golden-Domed Kiev, Ukraine
1746 others
Monastery

1753–
Red Gate Moscow, Russia Dmitry Ukhtomsky
1757

Baroque Churches of the Philippines

 first of which was built by the Spanish in the late 16C

 located in Manila, Santa Maria, Paoay and Miag-ao
 unique architectural style is a reinterpretation of European Baroque by Chinese
and Philippine craftsmen.

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 1. San Agustin Church in Manila
2. Santa Maria Church in Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur
3. San Agustin Church in Paoay, Ilocos Norte (Earthquake Baroque)
4. Sto. Tomas de Villanueva Church in Miag-ao, Iloilo
The common and specific attributes of the churches are:
 their squat
 monumental
 massive appearance (which illustrates a fortress/protective-like character
in response to pirates, marauders and to the geologic conditions of a
country that is prone to seismic activities)
Materials: stone (tuff or coralline limestone), or brick, and consolidated with
lime.
Specific features:
 such as retablos (altars) of high Baroque style - (particularly seen in San
Agustin Church, Intramuros)
 the volutes of contrafuertes (buttresses) and in the pyramidal finials of wall
facades – (particularly seen in Paoay Church)
 wall buttresses separating criptocollateral chapels –(particularly seen in
San Agustin Church, Intramuros) and in the iconography of the ornately
decorated naïf/folk pediment expressing the local understanding of the
life of Christ and demonstrated by the use of local elements (papaya,
coconut and palm tree reliefs)
 the depiction of Catholic Patron Saints (St. Christopher) dressed in local
and traditional clothing (particularly seen in the Miagao Church).
 The fusion of styles is also seen in the construction of bell towers that are
either attached to the main church structure (particularly seen in San
Agustin, Intramuros and in Miagao churches) or detached from the main
church (particularly seen in Paoay and Sta Maria churches) and lastly, in
ceiling paintings in the tromp l‘oeil style (particularly seen in San Agustin
Church, Intramuros).

98
  The Baroque churches reflect excellent site planning principles following the Ley
de las Indias (Laws of the Indies) enacted by Philip II in 1563 for all newly-
discovered settlements within Spanish colonial territories.

1) Church complex of Patrocinio de Maria, Boljo-on (Cebu)

 Augustinian Friars
 18 C
 church and convent still uses clay roof tiles for its roof.
 complex was a fortress church
o block house at the front left side of the complex served as a watch tower
o ceiling painting was done by local painters in the 1920's.
o church walls are made of coral stone
o façade is ornamented with ecclesiastic symbols.
o pipe organ was installed in the 19th century at the choir loft.
2) Church of La Inmaculada Concepcion, Guiuan (Samar)
 Present -Jesuit Missionaries in 18th C,
 later -Franciscan Friars.
 The church complex is a fortress
 church interior are decorated with seashells.
 Still has its original front door, retablos, statues, and other church artifacts.
 walls are made of coral stone.
3) Church complex of San Pedro Apostol, Loboc (Bohol)
 present church -Jesuit Missionaries; 18C,
 later- Augustinian Recollects
 The church complex is near the
o the church structure,
o a three storey convent,
o a bell tower situated about 50 meters away from the front and a
mortuary chapel at the complex's left side.
 Jesuits- intricately designed façade (though unfinished), every window has
cherub designs under the opening

99
  Augustinian Recollects -portico façade, buttresses, the bell tower and the
mortuary chapel.
o Interior
 18th and 19th centuries retables
 ceiling of the church is painted by indigenous artisans in the 1920's
 19th century pipe organ (restored in 2001
 roof of the church -clay roof tiles
 walls- coral stone.
 Convent - L-shaped with three floors
o located at the rear end of the church
o third floor of the convent is connected to the church
o The convent shows different periods
 main hall of the convent, located at the second floor, has a
Victorian interior, the walls have paintings, the ceiling is made of
fabricated tin panels
 third level of the convent is used as a museum of church artifacts.
Numerous areas of the convent are dilapidated due to its non-use.
Also found at the rear of the convent, resembling a pool.
4) Church complex of San Isidro Labrador, Lazi (Siquijor)
 Augustinian Recollects
 two pulpits, the original retablos, and wood floors with herringbone pattern.
 church walls
o meter thick,
o reinforced with log post which are embedded in the wall
 façade- veneered with coral stone; rest is made of fill
 pediments- wood panels.
 large convent- used for rest and recreation of the Friars
o U-shape structure, with stonewalls at the first level
o wood studs and panels at the second floor
o width of about 50 meters and a depth of about 50 meters
5) Church of San Mattias, Tumauini (Isabela)
 church wall- brick

100
  façade- magnificent display of the use ornamented brick laid out in
characteristic design. Customized bricks were numbered, and placed
customized to fit the walls
 interior -veneered with ornamented bricks; upper half of the interior wall is laid
with ornately designed brick blocks.
 bell tower –cylindrical
 complex
o fenced with brick walls
o ornamented like the rest of the church
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
(EGYPT, MESOPOTAMIA, NORTH AFRICA, SPAIN, MIDDLE EAST)

MOSQUE

- Muslim building or place of public worship

- A theological school arranged around the courtyard is usually attached to a
mosque and it‘s MADRASAH
- Oriented towards Mecca

Parts of a Mosque:

FAWWARA - fountain in the middle of Sahn

IWAN - large portal opening

KA‘BA - small cubical building

MAIDAN - large open square of a City

MECCA - City in Saudi Arabia

Spiritual center of Muslim

MIHRAB - Pulpit in mosque

MIMBAR - Niche or decorative panel

MINARET - Lofty, slender tower attached to a mosque

QIBLA - Wall in a mosque oriented towards Mecca

RIWAQ - Arcaded hall of Mosque

SAHN - Central courtyard of a mosque

101
Best Examples:

1. CARAVANSARY
 Overnight accommodation of Caravans
2. MUQARNA
 System of decoration in Islamic Architecture formed by intricate corbelling
of brackets, squinches and inverted pyramids
 Also called Stalactite Work or Honeycomb Work
3. TAJ MAHAL – INDIA
 Greatest Mughal tomb that houses Shah Jahan and his favorite wife
Mumtaz Mahal behind delicate marble screen
 Architect Ustad Ahmad Lahauri
4. DOME OF THE ROCK – JERUSALEM
 Engineers Yazid Ibn Salam and Raja Ibn Haywah
 Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan – initiated the construction

EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH

(longer church; w/bell tower; East oriented)

- Started in Rome
- Influence by Roman Emperor Constantine (313)
- Structures were influence by Roman Art
- Birth of Christianity – end of Roman Empire
- Churches were dedicated to Saints

Character: Simplicity in design and treatment

Coarseness in execution

Materials: Masonry and concrete

System: Trabaeted and arcuated

Plans: Basilican with bell tower

Wall: Roman method

Exterior- concrete with plain plaster

Interior - Mosaic

Roof: Nave - Timber truss

Apse - Half dome

Side aisles - Semi-circular arches

102
Column: 4 roman columns

Molding: Course variation of Roman types

Ornament: Glass mosaic

Examples built by Constantine outside the walls of Rome are:

1. Old Saint Peter's Basilica, the older basilica dedicated to Saint Agnes of
which Santa Costanza is now the only remaining element
2. San Sebastiano fuori le mura
3. San Lorenzo fuori le Mura
4. Santi Marcellino e Pietro al Laterano,
5. One in the modern park of Villa Gordiani

Terms:

 Ambulatory- passageway ( around the apse)

 Antepodium- seat behind the choir ( for clergy)
 Bema- stage ( clergy) / transverse open space
 Chevet –apse, ambulatory,terminal
 Clerestorey – upper stage w/ windows
 Clergy – priest, religious elders
 Dais – raised platform ( seating of speakers or dignitaries)
 Oratory – small private chapel ( w/ altar & crucifix)
 Reredos – ornamental screen
 Transept – crossing the main axis at the right, forming a cruciform plan
 Tribune – elevated platform ( Dais – speaker)
 Triforium – roof over aisles ( below clerestorey)
 Sepulcher- tomb , receptacles for relics
 Aisle- longitudinal division ( separated by nave/ row of columns/ piers)
 Altar – table for eucharist
 Ambo- raised stands ( gospels chanted)
 Apse – semicircular / polygonal ( sanctuary/ east of the church)
 Atrium – forecourt
 Cancelli- low screen wall
 Cantharus – basin
 Narthex- portico before the nave
 Nave – principal or central part
 Sarcophagus – stone coffin

PROPRAC

UAP DOCUMENTS

103
UAP DOC 200 - Code of Ethics

 G - Gen. Objectives
 I - Ideas
 S - Success
 R - Remuneration
 I - Interest
 P - Professional Prerogatives
 B - Business Venture
 B - Behavior
 C - Criticisms
 C - Creative Endeavors
UAP DOC 201 - Pre Design Services

Includes:

 Consultation
 Pre-feasibility Studies
 Feasibility Studies
 Site Selection and Analysis
 Site Utilization and Land-Use Studies
 Architectural Research
 Architectural Programming
 Space Planning
 Space Management Studies
 Value Management
 Design Brief Preparation
 Promotional Services
Methods of Compensation:

 Multiple of Direct Personnel Expenses (MDPE)

 Professional Fee Plus Expense
 Lump Sum or Fixed Fee
 Per Diem, Honorarium Plus Reimbursable Expenses
 Mixed Methods of Compensation
 Turn key

Reimbursable Conditions:

 Pertinent to the Project

 Must occur within 100 K = radius
 Mutual agreement

Schedule of Payments:

Contractor

 Downpayment - 20 – 50% of Project Cost

104
  Progressive Billing – base on percentage of completion (not more than 1 month)
 Final Billing/Payment - 98% Complete
 Guarantee Bond – enforced for 1 year

Architect

 Proposal Fee – 5%
 Schematic Design – 15%
 Design Dev‘t - 15%
 Contract Docs - 50%
 Retention - 15% = Liability 10%, Supervision 5%

Specialized Allied Services SAS

 1. Proposal Fee – 5%
 2. Prelim Drawings - 25%
 3. Final Drawings - 50%
 4. Retention - 20% = 3 months after the acceptance of the Architect

UAP DOC 202 - Design Services

Scope of Services: PSDCBC

 Phase 1 - Project Definition Phase

 Phase 2 - Schematic Design Phase
 Phase 3 - Design Development Phase
 Phase 4 - Contract Document Phase
 Phase 5 - Bidding or Negotiation Phase
 Phase 6 - Construction Phase
Project Classification (SMERMRHEAC)

 Group 1 - Simple (w/o interior partition)

- 50M or less - 6% (A)
- 50M to 100M - A + 5% =B
- 100M to 200M - B + 4%
 Group 2 - Moderate (w/interior partition) - 7%
 Group 3 - Exceptional - 8%
 Group 4 - Residential - 10%
 Group 5 - Monumental - 12%
 Group 6 - Repetitive
- 1st unit - MBF of Group 1, 2, 3 or 5
- 2nd unit - 80% of MBF
- 3 unit
rd - 60% of MBF
- 4th unit- 40% of MBF
 Group 7 - Housing Project
- 1st unit - 10% of MBF
- 2nd to 10th unit - 60% of MBF
- 11 unit to infinity
th - x No. of units = B

105
 (Infinity) - B + 30%
 Group 8 - Extensive Detailing - 15%
 Group 9 - Alterations and Renovations
- MBF of Groups 1 to 5 plus 50%
 Group 10 - Consultation and Arbitration
- As of 1979 – 200/hr.
UAP DOC 203 - Specialized Allied Services

- Deals with specific expertise for further enhancement of the

architectural interior and exterior components of a project.
Scope of Services : PILAC

Physical planning –ENP

 Type I Site Dev‘t Planning

50 HAS – P5000/HAS = A
50-100 – A + P4500/HAS = B
100-200 – B + P4000/HAS = C
over 200 – C + P3000

 Type II Subdivision Planning (Urban) MM, Cities, Regional Centers, Provincial

Capitals
100 HAS – P3000/HAS = A
100-200 – A + P2300/HAS = B
over-200 – B + P2000/HAS = C

 Type II Subdivision Planning (Rural) other localities

100 HAS – P2000/HAS = A
100-200 – A + P1500/HAS = B
over-200 – B + P1000/HAS = C

Interior – 12 to 20
Landscape -10 to 15
Acoustics – 10 to 15
Comprehensive Planning – MPDE

UAP DOC 204a - Full Time Supervision Services

- Basic Salary if Architect 1- 1.5%

Scope of Services:

Quality control, evaluation of construction work, preparation of daily inspection reports,

filing of documents

 Owner - orders implementation of the project

 Architect - render plan/ design services and limited inspection work
 Contractor - performs the construction work
 Individual or group of individuals
 Architect in charge - construction supervision

106
  Construction Supervision Group – normally recommended by architect
- hired by the owner
UAP DOC 204b - Construction Management Services

- 1.5 – 3% of Construction Cost

- a member of the staff of the Owner
- A film hired by the Owner to manage the construction of a
particular project
Function and Tasks:

 Coordination and supervision

 Cost and time control
 Quality control of work
 Keeping of records
UAP DOC 205 - Post Construction Services

Scope of Services:

 Building maintenance
 Grounds and landscaping supervision
 Building equipment maintenance
 Business development and management

Method of Compensation (Bulding and Grounds)

a. Fixed Salary Basis – monthly

b. Percentage of Gross Rentals – 4-6%

UAP DOC 206 - Comprehensive Architectural Services

- The range of professional services that covers pre-design

services, regular design services, specialized architectural
services, construction services and post-construction
services.
-
The Project Manager – PM – 2 - 5% of Estimated Project Cost, Combination Methods if
performs in regular Architectural Services for the same project – will compensate
separately

UAP DOC 207 - Design and Build Services

a. DB by admin - 7% of Proj. Construction Cost

b. DB by guaranteed max. cost - 10% of Proj. Construction Cost
c. If the cost is exceeded by not more than 10% it is divided = bet. Architect and
Client. However if the excess is more than 10% the Architect pays for all extra
cost of the 10%
Contractor vs. Design Builder

Contractor Builder
Holds the money Compute the payroll

107
Purchase the materials Submit computed payroll to the Owner
Payment for layborers Canvass and identify supplier
No responsibilities in holding the money

UAP DOC 208 - Architectural Design Competition

- Must be a registered architect

UAP DOC 209 - Professional Architectural Consulting Services

UAP DOC 210 - Logbook of Diversified Experience

UAP DOC 301 - General Conditions

- Establishes the relationship between the Contractor-Owner,

Owner-Architect and Contractor-Architect
- It stipulates the norms by which the contractor shall perform
his work in accordance with the current trends in the
practice of architecture
Section 1: Definition and Documents

5 Sets of Blue Prints

 1 – office of the building official
 1 – contractor
 1 – owner
 1 – fire department
 1 – site:
 Only the architect can use the copy at the site.
 May cause ―termination‖ of the contractor in case of lost or mishandled.
 Well-kept at the site.
 Protected by electrical tape, binded by wood and screw and supported
by acetate cover.
Additional 4 copies of blue prints
1- homeowner association
1- security of homeowner association
ex: town house, condominium, subdivision, etc.
2 – lending institution
a. file
b. appraiser

** 9 copies are free of charge and the succeeding copies are payable.
Conflicts on drawings and specifications or text
 specifications or text will prevail

108
  if not stated on drawings and specification,
the contractor has the right to do it in the most expensive manner, still the
materials have to be approved by the architect.
Section 2
1. Laws
2. Regulations
3. Site Conditions - the architect should do ocular inspection of the site
4. Permits - responsibility of the contractor to provide permit on his own
expense
5. Taxes - whoever gains pays tax
6. Insurance
a. life insurance
b. property insurance
7. Survey
- actual verification of size of the lots at the cost of the owner
- re-survey when problem occur but at his own expense

Section 3. Equipment and Materials

o Equipments written on quotation submitted by the contractor must comply
with actual usage.
o Materials should follow what is written on specifications.

Section 4. Premises and Temporary Facilities

o Define by property line
o Consideration of safety of adjacent lots and users.
Temporary Facilities
1. warehouse
2. bankhouse or barracks - for stay-in workers
3. office - for architect‘s negotiations
4. utilities - water, electrical sources, etc.
5. access - road, pathways, etc.
6. trial usage
7. enclosures
8. signage
- ―falling debris‖
- ―park at your own risk‖
Section 5. Protection of Work and Property
Section 6
1. Labor
a. Quantity: no. of worker, lesser the worker when construction is almost finish

109
 b. Quality: proper work designation such as painter, carpenter, steel man, etc.
2. Work
- based on specifications and plans
duration – include ‗liquidated damages‘ which means delayed construction to
be deducted to the fee.
a. working days – Monday to Friday
b. calendar days – number of days including Saturday, Sunday and holidays
3. Payment
- no payment shall be made without the approval of the architect.
** duration starts counting 7 days after the acceptance of NTP ‗notice to proceed‘.
** within 7 days: mobilization and materials were prepared.
** immediately means 5 days
** s-curve – allowable deficiency is 10%
Contractor
1. Certificate of completion (partial)
2. Request for Inspection
3. Billing
4. Certificate of Non-Financial
When ―accepted‖
- the architect furnish certificates to the owner:
1. Certificate of acceptance
2. Certificate of payment
Notes:
** the contractor may not be paid till 90 days before he go to court.
** substantial completion (98%): the contractor may e paid 100%
Section 7. Contractor-Separate;
Contractors-Subcontractors relations
Section 8. Suspension of Work
People who can suspend work: owner and contractor
1. Owner
a. Bankruptcy – declared by BIR
b. Insubordination – not following orders
c. Non payment
2. Contractor
a. Government stoppage of work

110
 b. Non action of request
- drawings
- materials
- inspection
c. Non payment of workers or materials

Other facts:

** 5 days – means immediately

** 7 days – NTP ‗ notice to proceed‘
** 10 days – request for materials and drawings
– notice (stop, begin or resume)
** 15 days – money matters (request for inspection, payments, salary and wages)
** 30 days – arbitration
** 90 days – government stoppage
** 120 days – Building Permit (stoppage)
** 365 days – Building Permit (without construction)
– 3 consecutive board examination failures
– guaranteed bond
– reinstatement
** 3 years – renewal of license
** 15 years – liability of architect to his project

COMPARISON OF DESIGN STANDARDS

P.D 957
Subject P.D 1096 P.D 1185 Subdivision B.P 220 B.P 220 B.P 344
Building Fire Code & Economi Socialized Accessib
Code Condomini c Housing ility Law
um Law Housing
Residential
Requireme
nts
Corner Lot Maximu N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
m of 90%
of the lot
Inside Lot Maximu N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
m of 80%
of the lot

111
 At least N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Foundation 250 mm
thick, 600
mm
below
ground
surface
Occupant 18.6 sq. N/A 18.6 sq. m/ No. of No. of units N/A
Load m/ person units Multiplied by
person Multiplie 6
d by 6
Live Load At least N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
@ 1st floor 200 kg. /
sq. .m
Live Load At least N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
@ 2nd floor 150 kg. /
sq. m
Stair Width At least N/A 1.10 m 600 mm 600 mm
750 mm
Stair Riser Max. of N/A 200 mm 200 mm 200 mm
200 mm
Stair Tread At least N/A 250 mm 250 mm 250 mm
200 mm
Refer to N/A
Entrance & At least 1 Fire Code At least 1 At least 1 At least 1
Exit entrance Specificati entrance & entrance entrance & 1
& 1 exit ons (Too 1 exit & 1 exit exit
many to
tabulate)

Light &
Ventilation
Min. 2.00 m N/A 1.50 m 2.00 m 2.00 m N/A
dimension
of court
Passagewa At least N/A At least At least At least 1.20 N/A
y from 1.20 m 1.20 m 1.20 m m
Inner Court
Min. Ht. 1.00 m N/A 1.00 m 1.00 m 1.00 m N/A
Clearance above the above the above above the
from roof roof the roof roof
Firewall
Headroom 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m N/A
Clearance
Min. Ceiling 2.40 m – 2.40 m –
Ht. for Artificial 2.30 m Artificial 2.40 m 2.40 m N/A
Habitable Ventilation Ventilation

112
 Rooms 2.70 m – 2.70 m –
Natural Natural
Ventilation Ventilation

Min. Ceiling 2.70 m – 1st

Ht. for Storey 2.30 m N/A
Buildings 2.40 m – 2nd 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m
Storey 1.80 m - 1.80 m - 1.80 m -
2.10 m – 2.13 m Mezzanine Mezzanin Mezzanine
Succeedin e
g
Storeys
1.80 m –
Mezzanine

Sum of Less than Less than Less than Less than

Areas of 50% of total N/A 50% of total 25% of 25% of total N/A
Openings area of the area of the total area of the
in any wall on that wall on area of wall on that
Storey storey that storey the wall storey
on that
storey

Window At least N/A At least At least At least 10% N/A

Openings 10% of the 10% of the 10% of of the floor
floor area floor area the floor area
area
Eaves over At least 750 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
required mm
windows

P.D 957
Size/ P.D 1096 P.D Subdivision B.P 220 B.P 220 B.P 344
Dimension Building 1185 & Economic Socialized Accessib
of Rooms Code Fire Condomini Housing Housing ility Law
Code um Law
Rooms for 6.00 sq. m N/A 18 sq. m for N/A N/A N/A
Human w/ min. studio unit
Habitation dimension
of 2.00 m
Kitchens 3.00 sq. m N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
w/ min
dimension
of 1.50 m
Toilet & 1.20 sq. m N/A N/A N/A N/A 2.25 sq.
Bath w/ min. m

113
 dimension
of 0.90 m

Exits
Occupant At least 1 At least 2 At least 1 At least 1 At least 1 N/A
Load of less exit exits exit exit exit
than 10
Occupant At least 2 N/A At least 2 N/A N/A N/A
Load of 10- exits exits
499
Occupant At least 3 N/A At least 3 N/A N/A N/A
load of exits exits
500-999
Occupant At least 4 N/A At least 4 N/A N/A N/A
Load of exits exits
1000-
above
Distance to
exits Max. of 45 Max. of 46 Max. of Max. of 45 Max. of 45 N/A
without m m 45 m m m
Sprinkle
System
Distance to
exits with Max. of 60 Max. of 61 Max. of Max. of 60 Max. of 60 N/A
Sprinkle m m 60 m m m
System
Min. exit 700 mm 710 mm 700 mm 800 mm 800 mm N/A
door width
Min. exit 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m 2.00 m N/A
door height
Min. 1.10 m 550 mm 1.10 m 1.20 m 1.20 m 1.20 m
corridor
width
Max. slope 1:8 N/A 1:8 1:8 1:8
of
passagewa
y
Dead ends Max. of Max. of Max. of Max. of Max. of N/A
6.00 m 6.00 m 12.00 m 12.00 m 12.00 m

P.D 957
Stairways P.D 1096 P.D 1185 Subdivisi B.P 220 B.P 220 B.P 344
for Building Fire Code on & Economic Socialized Accessib
Buildings Code Condomi Housing Housing ility Law
nium Law
Min. stair 750 mm N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
width:

114
 Occupant
load of 10-
below
Min. stair 900 mm N/A 900 mm 900 mm 900 mm N/A
width:
Occupant
load of 10-
50
Min. stair 1.10 m N/A 1.10 m 1.00 m 1.00 m N/A
width:
Occupant
load of 50 -
above
Riser 200 mm 190 mm 200 mm 200 mm 200 mm N/A
class A
200 mm
class B
Tread 250 mm 250 mm 250 mm 250 mm 250 mm N/A
class A
230 mm
class B
Min. width 1.10 m 1.12 m 1.10 m 600 mm 600 mm N/A
Distance 3.60 m 2.75 m 3.60 m 3.60 m 3.60 m N/A
bet. class A
Landings 3.70 m
class B
Dimension Equal to 1.12 m Equal to Equal to Equal to N/A
of Landings the width the width the width the width
in the of the of the of the of the
direction of stairway stairway stairway stairway
travel
Height of 800-900 760-895 800-900 800-1200 800-1200 700-800
handrails mm from mm from mm from mm from mm from mm from
the nosing the the the nosing the nosing the floor
nosing nosing

Sidewalks P.D 957

& Arcades P.D 1096 P.D 1185 Subdivisi B.P 220 B.P 220 B.P 344
Building Fire Code on & Economic Socialized Accessib
Code Condomi Housing Housing ility Law
nium Law

Min. of 1/6 of N/A 1.00 m 1.00 m for 1.00 m for

width of R.O.W for major major road major road N/A
sidewalk road & & 500 mm & 500 mm
minor minor road minor road
roads

115
 Plan Strip 800 mm for N/A 1.00 m 1.00 m for 1.00 m for N/A
sidewalks for major major road major road
exceeding road & & 500 mm & 500 mm
2.00 m in minor minor road minor road
width roads

Driveways,
Entrance &
Exits
Slope of 1:3 or 1:4 N/A 1:3 or 1:4 N/A N/A N/A
entryway

Max. slope 1:10 10% 1:10 15% 15% 1:12 but

of ramps length
shall not
exceed
6.00 m
w/o
landing

Open
Space
Requireme
nts
Interior Lots 50% N/A 50% 50% 50% N/A
Residential Residenti Residential Residential
25% others al 25% Others 25% Others
25%
Others
Inside Lots 20% N/A 20% 20% 20% N/A
Residential Residenti Residential Residential
15% others al 15% Others 15% Others
15%
Others
Corner/Thr 10% N/A 10% 10% 10% N/A
ough Lot Residential Residenti Residential Residential
5% others al 5% Others 5% Others
5%
Others
Lot 5% for all N/A 5% for all 5% for all 5% for all N/A
bounded occupanci Occupa Occupanci Occupanc
by streets es ncies es ies
on 3 sides

P.D 957
Setbacks P.D 1096 P.D 1185 Subdivisi B.P 220 B.P 220 B.P 344

116
 Building Fire Code on & Economic Socialized Accessib
Code Condomi Housing Housing ility Law
nium Law
Low 5.00 m
Density Front N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Residential 2.00 m Side
(R-1) 2.00 m Rear

Medium 3.00 m
Density Front N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Residential 2.00 m Side
(R-2) 2.00 m Rear
High 2.00 m 3.00 m 1.5 m Front 1.5 m Front
Density Front N/A Front 2.00 m Side 2.00 m N/A
Residential 2.00 m Side 2.00 m 2.00 m Side
(R-3) 2.00 m Rear Side Rear 2.00 m
2.00 m Rear
Rear

Parking

Size of 2.40 x 5.00 2.40 x 2.40 x 5.00 2.40 x 5.00

Parking Slot m 5.00 m m m
(perpendic N/A (perpend (perpendic (perpendi 3.70 x
ular & icular & ular & cular & 5.00 m
diagonal) diagonal diagonal) diagonal)
2.00 x 6.00 ) 2.00 x 6.00 2.00 x 6.00
m (parallel) 2.00 x m (parallel) m
6.00 m (parallel)
(parallel)
Low-
income Pooled N/A Pooled Pooled Pooled N/A
single Parking 1 Parking 1 Parking 1 Parking 1
detached slot/ 10 slot/ 10 slot/ 10 slot/ 10
living units units units units units
w/
individual
lot size not
more than
100 sq. m
50 sq. m 1 slot /8 1 slot /8
below units N/A units 1 slot / 20 1 slot / 20 N/A
50-100 sq. 1 slot/ 4 1 slot/ 4 units units
m units units
100 sq. m 1 slot/ 1 unit 1 slot/ 1
above unit

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 PD 957 , BP 220 ECONOMIC AND SOCIALIZED HOUSING

Parameter P.D 957 B.P 22O B.P 220

Open Market Housing Economic Housing Socialized Housing

1. Maximum Selling P 150,000- P375,000 P 150,000 (max.)

Price

2. Project Location Within Suitable sites for Slope 0-5% Same as Economic
housing & outside Housing
potential hazard prone & (Maximum Tolerable
Protection Areas slope 15%) Allowance
for Future Development

Land Allocations:
Community Facilities

3. Land Allocation

Saleable Area 70% Variable Variable

b. Non-saleable 30% See b1, b2, b3 Same as Economic

Area Housing

b1. Allocation for Density % of Gross Density % of Gross Same as Economic

Parks & Playgrounds (Units or Area (Units or Area Housing
Lots/Hac.) Allocation Lots/Hac.) Allocation

20-below 3.5% 150-below 3.5%

*Like Economic
21-25 4.0% 151-160 4.0% Housing, an addition of
1% increment for every
26-35 5.0% 161-175 5.0% additional 10 units

36-50 6.0% 176-200 6.0%

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 51-65 7.0% 201-225 7.0%

65-above 9.0% 225- 9.0%

above

* In No Case shall area be less than 100 sq.m

B2. Allocation for Variable Density % Same as Economic

Community Facilities Housing
150-below 1.0%

151-225 1.5%

225- 2.0%
above

4. Minimum Lot Areas

Single Detached 100 sq.m 75 sq.m 72 sq.m

Single-Attached/ 75 sq.m 54 sq.m 54 sq.m

Duplex/Semi-
Detached

Rowhouse 50 sq.m 35 sq. m 32 sq.m

5. Minimum Lot
Frontage

Single Detached Same as Economic

Housing
a1. Corner Lot 12 m 10 m

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a2. Regular Lot 10 m 8m

a3. Row house 6 m 4m

b. Single Detached 7.5 m 6.00 m Same as Economic

Housing
c. Duplex 3.5 m 3.50 m

6. Length of Block - Max. length of 400 Same as P.D 957 Same as P.D 957
meters

- Blocks exceeding 250

meters shall have an alley

- For row houses, there

shall be a maximum of 20
units only but shall not
exceed 100 meters

7. Road Right of Right of Carriageway Right of Carriagew Right of Carriagew

Way Way Way ay Way ay

Major 12.00 m 8.0 m 10.0 m 6.0 m Same as Economic

Housing
Minor 10.00 m 6.0 m 8.00 m 6.0 m

Motor court 6.00 m - 6.00 m 5.0 m

(branch, cul-de-sac,
loop, tee)

Alley - 3.00 m -

120
Footpath 4.00 m 3.00 m

ROW access to 3.00 m 3.00 m

interior lot

* ROW of Major Roads shall be increased as project size increases

* ROW shall not be lower than that of Public Road

* Major Roads shall maintain a uniform ROW width (tapering shall not be allowed)

* Note:

Interior subdivision must have ROW to nearest public road

Subdivisions with direct access to main public roads must be given sufficient setback to
accommodate loading & unloading of passengers

Subdivisions shall have provisions for future expansion

8. Hierarchy of Major Road, Minor Road, Major Road, Minor Road, Same as Economic
Roads Motor Court, Alley Motor Court, alley, Housing
footpath

9. Sidewalks / Planting Sidewalk Planting Sidewalk Planting Sidewalk

Planting Strip Strip Strip Strip
(roads)

Major Road 1.00 m 1.00 m 1.00 m 1.00 m Same as Economic

Housing
Minor Road 1.00 m 1.00 m 0.50 m 0.50 m

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10. Road Developed Under- Develope Under-
Pavement Area develope d Area developed
d

Major Road Concrete/ Asphalt Concrete/ Macada Concrete/ Macadam

Asphalt m Asphalt

Minor Road Concrete/ Asphalt Concrete/ Macada Macada Macadam

Asphalt m m

Motor Court Concrete/ Asphalt Asphalt Macada Macada Macadam

m m

Sidewalks Concrete/ Asphalt Asphalt Aggregat Aggregat Aggregate

es es s

Alley Concrete/ Asphalt Aggregates Aggregat Aggregat Aggregate

es es s

11. Water Supply Mandatory connection to Connection Connecti Same as Economic

appropriate public/ Level 3 If on Level Housing
Community Water System Public Water 2
* Shall comply System Exists
1
with Fire Code Commun
Requirements/ al
Regulations
faucet/
well/

25 units

* Each Subdivision 150 liters per capita per 150 LCPD 43 LCPD Same as Economic
must have an day (LCPD) for household Housing
operational deep connection Hand
well Pump

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 12. Drainage Underground -Underground for Major -Lined open canal with
System Roads slope riprap

-Lined Open Canal for

others

13. Sewage Individual Septic Tank Individual or Communal Same as Economic

Disposal System Septic Tank Housing

14. Power Supply Mandatory individual Mandatory Individual Optional, but

household connection if Connection if available easements from power
available (Developed Area) facilities must be
provided
(Underdeveloped
Area)

15. Minimum Floor

Area

Single Detached Shall conform with 22.sq. m 18 sq. m

National Building Code
Duplex 22 sq. m 18 sq. m

Row house 22 sq. m 18 sq. m

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16. Minimum Level Complete House Complete House Shell House
of Completion

17. Setbacks/
Easements

Front 3m 1.5 m Same as Economic

Housing
Side 2m 2m

Rear 2m 2m

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