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Authors
J. Charles, La Plaine Saint Denis, France
A. Kosmač, Brussels, Belgium
J. Krautschick, Krefeld, Germany Copyright notice
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1
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
1 Introduction
Replacing nickel in austenitic stainless steels references for these grades has recently
by adding manganese has been considered been pointed out, along with:
for over 50 years. The purpose is to reduce • an over-generalised use of these grades
the impact of nickel-price fluctuations on the as a supposed alternative to grade 1.4301
alloy surcharge. This has resulted in the de- (304);
velopment of the so-called 200 series. These • the emergence of other type 200 steels
grades also have complementary nitrogen with low Cr and Ni contents, high levels
additions, to further stabilise the austenitic of impurities and ill-defined mechanical
phase and provide high-strength properties properties;
necessary in certain applications. Copper • the fact that the non-magnetic nature of
has also been successfully added, to provide these grades means customers can eas-
austenite stabilisation and improve cold- ily mistake them for austenitic chromium-
forming properties. When copper is added, nickel grades.
nitrogen content can be reduced, providing
softer manganese austenitic grades. In Europe, the wish to be less affected by the
alloy surcharge has resulted in the develop-
In Europe and North America, these grades ment of the ferritic grades. However, these
had only limited applications until the end are more difficult to weld, especially beyond
of the last century. They were selected main- a thickness of 6 mm. In some applications,
ly for their combination of high strength and non-magnetic – i.e. austenitic – material is
ductility, for example in the production of preferable. It was therefore desirable to make
conveyor belts. available a type 200 stainless steel with:
• an adequate and consistent level of cor-
In India, due to restrictions on nickel im- rosion resistance;
ports, type 200 stainless steels have been • mechanical properties that make it easier
extensively used since the 1980s, essential- to form than the “classic” grade 1.4372
ly for affordable stainless steel tableware. (201).
As these items are typically washed by hand
and not exposed to the more corrosive con- For CrMn stainless steel to become more ac-
ditions of dishwashers, their corrosion re- ceptable in a European environment, a high
sistance has proved entirely adequate. level of standardisation is required. Provid-
ing technical information has been made a
More recently, large amounts of type 200 priority, to avoid misunderstandings and
stainless steels have been produced in Asia. improper use.
Some of the grades developed have not
met current international standards, since To respond to these needs, a working group
they have been designed to minimize alloy- with representatives of the main European
ing elements – including chromium, which flat stainless steel producers was created,
is a key element in corrosion resistance. under the umbrella of Euro Inox. Its main con-
The lack of international standards and clusions are presented in this publication.
2
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
The 200 series of stainless steels was de- Simultaneously, Mn and Cu containing
veloped in the early 1930s. Although the grades were developed which made it pos-
first chemical analyses were of the 205 kind sible to produce 4–6 % Ni austenitic grades
(Ni content close to 1 % and stabilisation of (grades 211 and 203) with relatively low ni-
the austenitic phase by simultaneous high trogen content (<0.06 % N). Drawing prop-
manganese and nitrogen additions – see erties equivalent to those of 304 could be
Figures 1 and 2), the first grades to receive achieved. Due to a new Ni shortage, these
the AISI label in the mid-1950s were the grades began to be popular in the early
201 and 202 grades (nickel content around 1970s. The new AOD technology made add-
4–6 % and nitrogen additions below 0.25 %). ing nitrogen to the 200 series easier and
These became more popular during the Ko- more cost-effective (Table 1). Once again the
rean War, due to the need to conserve nickel. nickel shortage ended and, with high avail-
At that time, the use of nickel was mainly res- ability, Ni prices went down again. For more
tricted to military applications. Grade 214, than 30 years, grade 304 was the standard
with less than 1 % Ni and about 0.35 % N was of the stainless steel family, at an average
produced at the end of the 1950s. Auste- yearly growth of 5–6 %.
nitic CrMn grades containing Mo to improve
corrosion resistance appeared in the mid-
1960s, both in the U.S. and Europe.
N Cr
(%) (%) 5 % Ni Austenite + Ferrite
12 % Mn
0,5 4 % Ni
8 % Mn 18
4 % Mn
3 % Ni
0,4 1 % Mn
2 % Ni
16 1 % Ni
0,3 0 % Ni
14 Austenite
0,2 5 4 3 2 1 0 % Ni
Cr Mn
18 20 22 24 26 28 (%) 2 6 9 12 15 (%)
Figure 1. Effects of Cr and Mn additions on N solubility Figure 2. Alloying elements and austenite loop stabili-
in steel ty at 1075 °C (Franks)
3
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
The 200 series still had only marginal appli- began. China, especially, became a major
cations in the eighties and nineties (with the user of 200 series stainless steel. Austenitic
exception of India). With the new century, a CrMn steel was produced locally, the rest
new period of high nickel-price volatility being imported mainly from India.
Table 1 . Chemical analyses of different austenitic CrMn grades in % by mass (200 series)
AISI * UNS ** Cr Ni Mn N C S Others
201 S20100 16.0–18.0 3.5—5.5 5.5—7.5 0.25 max. 0.15 max. 0.030 max.
S20103 16.0–18.0 3.5—5.5 5.5—7.5 0.25 max. 0.03 max. 0.030 max.
201LN S20153 16.0–17.5 4.0—5.0 6.4—7.5 0.10—0.25 0.03 max. 0.030 max. Cu 1.0 max.
S20161 15.0–18.0 4.0—6.0 4.0—6.0 0.08—0.20 0.15 max. 0.040 max.
202 S20200 17.0–19.0 4.0—6.0 7.5—10.0 0.25 max. 0.15 max. 0.030 max.
203 S20300 16.0–18.0 4.0—6.0 5.0—6.5 - 0.08 max. 0.18—0.35 Cu 1.75—2.25
204 S20400 15.0–17.0 1.5—3.0 7.0—9.0 0.15—0.30 0.03 max. 0.030 max.
S20430 15.5–17.5 1.5—3.5 6.5—9.0 0.05—0.25 0.15 max. 0.030 max. Cu 2.0—4.0
205 S20500 15.5–17.5 1.5—3.5 14.0—15.5 0.32—0.40 0.12—0.25 0.030 max.
214 S21400 17.0–18.5 1.0 max. 14.0—16.0 0.35 min. 0.12 max. 0.030 max.
216 S21600 17.5–22.0 5.0—7.0 7.5—9.0 0.25—0.50 0.08 max. 0.030 max. Mo 2.0—3.0
S21603 17.5–22.0 5.0—7.0 7.5—9.0 0.25—0.50 0.03 max. 0.030 max. Mo 2.0—3.0
S24000 17.0–19.0 2.25—3.75 11.5—14.5 0.20—0.40 0.08 max. 0.030 max.
EN*** Cr Ni Mn N C S Others
1.4371 16.0–17.0 3.5—5.5 6.0—8.0 0.15—0.20 0.03 max. 0.015 max.
1.4372 16.0–18.0 3.5—5.5 5.5—7.5 0.05—0.25 0.15 max. 0.015 max.
1.4373 17.0–19.0 4.0—6.0 7.5—10.5 0.05—0.25 0.15 max. 0.030 max.
4
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
5
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
4 Mechanical properties
Table 2 shows typical mechanical properties Figure 4 shows that 1.4618 has much lower
of 1.4618. Grade 1.4618 behaves similarly to Rp0.2 and Rm than 1.4372 (201) and that
1.4310 (301) austenitic grade – i.e. its yield formability is improved. Furthermore, when
strength (Rp0.2) is slightly higher than that cold deformed, alloy 1.4618 exhibits a
of grade 1.4301 (304). very stable austenitic structure, being less
1.43071.4307
/ 304L/ 304L 1.46181.4618
Rm Rm Rp0,2 Rp0,2 Rm Rm Rp0,2 Rp0,2
1600 1600 A80 A80 70 70 1600 1600 A80 A80 70 70
1400 1400 60 60 1400 1400 60 60
1200 1200 50 50 1200 1200 50 50
Rp0,2, Rm (MPa)
Rp0,2, Rm (MPa)
Rp0,2, Rm (MPa)
Rp0,2, Rm (MPa)
1000 1000 40 40 1000 1000 40 40
800 800 30 30 800 800 30 30
A80 (%)
A80 (%)
A80 (%)
A80 (%)
600 600 20 20 600 600 20 20
400 400 20 20 400 400 20 20
200 200 0 0 200 200 0 0
0 10
0 10
20 20
30 30
40 40
50 50
60 60 0 10
0 10
20 20
30 30
40 40
50 50
60 60
cold deformation
cold deformation
(%) (%) cold deformation
cold deformation
(%) (%)
Figure 3. Mechanical properties versus cold deformation for 1.4307/304L (left) and 1.4618 (right)
6
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
One of the factors determining the form- Typical room temperature and sub-zero
ability of a steel grade is its alloying com- temperature mechanical properties are pre-
position. The characteristics affecting the sented for 1.4372, for general information.
formability of stainless steel include yield Tensile strength increases substantially
strength, tensile strength, ductility and the with decreasing temperature and this ef-
effect of work hardening on these proper- fect can also be found with chromium-nickel
ties. The yield strength of 1.4618 is modest austenitic stainless steels. Yield strength
and only slightly higher than that of auste- also increases, but to a lesser extent.
nitic CrNi grades. The drawing ratio, how-
ever, is comparable to that of austenitic Some reduction in ductility can be observed,
CrNi grades. as measured by elongation. However, duc-
tility values remain high down to –100 °C.
1600 80
1400 70
1200 A5 60
Rp0,2, Rm (MPa)
1000 50
A5 (%)
800 Rm 40
600 30
400 Rp0,2 20
Figure 5. Mechanical
200 10
properties at sub-zero
0 0 temperatures for 1.4372
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 (N = 20, thickness
2 mm, Ni 3.6–4.5 %,
T (°C) C 0.03–0.06 %)
7
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
C 0.03–0.06 %)
500 50
A5 (%)
400 40
300 Rp0,2 30
200 20
100 10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T (°C)
For some applications, the effect of sub- Like all austenitic stainless steel, 1.4618 has
zero temperatures must also be considered exceptional toughness and does not exhibit
in materials selection. Austenitic stain- the ductile to brittle transition temperature
less steels are very often used in sub-zero (DBTT) behaviour that characterises ferritic
temperature applications. It is important and martensitic stainless steels. The varia-
for safe service that a high level of fracture tion of impact toughness with temperature
toughness is maintained at all exposure is therefore minor and the steel can be suc-
temperatures. cessfully used at sub-zero temperatures.
Figure 7 shows impact toughness results at
different temperatures.
1D, 5 mm
Figure 7. Impact tough- 400 2D, 3 mm
8
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
5 Formability
Austenitic stainless steels are almost with- nickel and copper content improves drawa-
out exception well suited to deep-drawing bility. This is also why 1.4618 performs very
operations. The most important properties well in terms of formability.
affecting drawability are yield strength, ten-
sile strength and ductility. Composition is
another important factor. In general, higher
ø
ø
1 6
1 6
2 R
4 4 2
5 5
1
6 5 8 3
6 3 1
3 R
R Figure 8. Stretchforming
4 (left) and drawing
3 1 - Punch 9
2 - Punch support 4 process (right)
3 - Die 7
4 - Hold-down ring
5 - Blank 5 - Hold-down ring
6 - Part 1 - Punch 6 - Hold-down ring support
2 - Punch support 7 - Ejector plate
3 - Die 8 - Blank
4 - Die support 9 - Part
D
Expansion - Erichsen (mm) Limit Drawing Ratio - LDR =
d
9
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
0,6
0,5
True major strain
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
10
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
Delayed cracking is reduced by the chemical (small crevices, pits, etc.). This is consist-
composition of 1.4618. The grade performs ent with results presented earlier that show
almost like grade 1.4301 (AISI 304). Salt a slight decrease in localised corrosion re-
spray tests performed on cups have shown, sistance when comparing grade 1.4618 with
in the most critical areas, crack propaga- grade 1.4301 (304).
tions for grade 1.4618 that are not observed
for type 1.4301 (AISI 304) grades. Metallo-
graphic investigations have identified that
cracks mostly initiate in corroded areas
Table 3. Sensitivity to delayed cracking of some austenitic steels as a function of the deep
drawing ratio, measured in Swift cup tests
Swift cup test / Deep drawing ratio
Grade Ni (%) Cu (%) 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.12 2.14
1.4301 8.1 0.5 + + + + + +
1.4618 4.7 2.4 + + + + +
1.4372 4.4 0.3 + + + -- -- --
1.4372 3.6 0.3 + + -- -- -- --
“204Cu” 1.1 1.7 + -- -- -- --
+ = Successful -- = Delayed cracking
11
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
The pitting corrosion resistance of grade than that of classical 201 grade but slightly
1.4618 has been investigated by poten- lower than that of austenitic grade 1.4307
tiodynamic-curve tests performed in a (304L). This is the result of a slight reduction
0.02 M NaCl (23 °C, pH 7) solution (Figure 13). in Cr content, partially offset by N additions,
The grade behaves like grade 1.4310 (301), which enhance pitting corrosion resistance.
its pitting corrosion resistance being better
800
1.4521 (444)
600
Vpit (mV/SCE)
1.4301 (304)
1.4372 (201)
1.4509 (441) 1.4526 (436)
500
1.4618
1.4510 (439)
400
1.4016 (430)
Figure 13. Pitting cor-
rosion resistance prop- 300
erties (critical pitting
1.4512 (409)
potential, pH 7).
200
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
PREN (% Cr + 3,3 % Mo + 16 % N)
4,0 1000
1.4016/430
Resistance to crevice initiation
1.4016/430
3,5
100 1.4510/439
Propagation rate (µA/pH)
1.4318/301LN
steel part after disas-
1.4618 1.4301/304
sembly. Right: crevice 2,0 1.4618
1 1.4301/304
corrosion resistance in
1,5
correlation with pitting
corrosion resistance 1,0 1
14 15 16 17 18 19 0,1 1 10
Cr (%) Ni (%)
12
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
The crevice corrosion resistance (crevice ini- best-performing grade among the 200 se-
tiation) of grade 1.4618 is significantly bet- ries grades investigated.
ter than that of other 200 series grades. It is
equivalent to that of 1.4310 (301) and very Intergranular corrosion resistance was
close to grade 1.4307 (304L). investigated by means of EN ISO 3651-2
(Strauss tests). Reducing nitrogen and car-
With crevice corrosion, Ni has a power- bon content improves the steel’s behaviour.
ful effect in reducing its propagation. With Only sensitising treatments at 700 °C for
4.5 % Ni, grade 1.4618 is more resistant to 30 minutes followed by slow cooling induc-
crevice corrosion than grades with lower es intergranular cracks, after Strauss test
nickel content. For both pitting and crevice and bending operations. In these condi-
corrosion resistance, grade 1.4618 is the tions, even grade 1.4301 (304) is sensitised.
Number of cracks /
Steel grade LDR
Number of samples tested
1.83 0/3
1.4301
1.94 0/3
Figure 15. Stress corrosion cracking on the cup after
1.83 2/3
testing 1.4618
1.94 3/3
13
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
7 Physical properties
Physical properties important for the suc- Table 6. The coefficient of thermal expansion
cessful implementation of stainless steels Mean thermal expansion
include coefficient of thermal expansion, EN ASTM coefficient between 20 °C
and °C (10-6 K-1)
electrical resistivity and specific heat.
200 400
1.4618 - 17.4 18.5
The coefficient of thermal expansion is the
1.4372 201 16.6 17.9
change in unit of length (or volume) accom-
1.4301 304 17.0 18.5
panying a unit change of temperature, at a
specified temperature.
Table 7. Electrical resistivity
The electrical resistivity properties of grade EN ASTM
Electrical resistivity
(Ω·mm2/m)
1.4618 rank between those of 1.4372 and
0 °C 25 °C 50 °C 100 °C
1.4301 austenitic alloys.
1.4618 - 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.85
1.4372 201 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.89
Specific heat is the quantity of heat required
1.4301 304 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.81
to change by one degree the temperature of
a body of material of unit mass. Specific heat
Table 8. Specific heat
values for selected austenitic stainless steels
Specific heat
are given in Table 8. EN ASTM
(J/g·K)
39 - 41 °C
1.4618 - 0.51
1.4372 201 0.51
1.4301 304 0.48
14
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
8 Weldability
Table 9 shows typical welding conditions and in most cases the same welding filler
for grade 1.4618. Grade 1.4618 behaves materials as for 1.4301 (304) or 1.4310
almost like grade 1.4301 (304). No specific (301) can be used.
welding parameters need to be observed
15
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
9 Summary
Extensive data on the newly-designed Grade 1.4618 is designed to offer end users
1.4618 grade has been presented. It is a grade that can replace grades similar to
concluded that grade 1.4618, as a repre- 1.4301 (304) in numerous cases. The higher
sentative of the 200 series, has an optimum carbon content than is present in 1.4307
chemical composition that makes it less (304L) restricts its use for thicker welded
dependent on alloy-surcharge cost fluctua- sections.
tions while obtaining mechanical and corro-
sion resistance properties similar to those The grade has been jointly developed by
of grades 1.4301 (304) and 1.4310 (301). Acerinox, Aperam, Outokumpu and Thyssen-
Krupp Stainless under the umbrella of Euro
Good deep drawing properties can be ob- Inox.
tained without significant sensitivity to
delayed cracking. Although long-term ex-
perience is not available, initial experience
indicates that grade 1.4618 has very simi-
lar weldability to grade 1.4301 (304). Weld-
ing can be performed with the same filler
material.
16
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h
10 References
[1] New 200-series’ steels: an opportunity or a threat to the image of stainless steel?, Brussels: ISSF,
2005
[2] CHARLES, Jacques, “The new 200-series: an alternative answer to Ni surcharge?”, Proceedings
of the Stainless Steel USA Int. Conf., Houston, 2006
[3] The Ferritic Solution, Brussels, ISSF, 2007
[4] CHARLES, Jacques, ‘’A new European 200 series standard to substitute 304 austenitics?’’,
Proceedings, 6th European Stainless Steel Science and Market Conference, Helsinki, Jernkontoret,
2008, pp. 427-436
[5] TAULAVUORI, Tero, OHLINGSCHLÄGER, T., SÄYNÄJÄKANGAS, J.: ‘’A novel view on material selec-
tion of stainless steels by optimizing material costs and product properties’’, Proceedings,
6th European Stainless Steel Science and Market Conference, Helsinki, Jernkontoret, 2008,
pp.335-341
[6] ASM Specialty Handbook, Stainless Steels, Davis, J.R. (ed.), ASM International, 1996
17
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