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Austenitic Chromium-Manganese

Stainless Steels – A European Approach

Materials and Applications Series, Volume 12


A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h

Euro Inox

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A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h

Contents

Austenitic Chromium-Manganese Stainless Steels - 1. Introduction 2


A European Approach 2. History of the 200 series and current
First Edition 2012 developments 3
(Materials and Applications Series, Volume 12) 3. The new 200 European grade: 1.4618 5
© Euro Inox 2012 4. Mechanical properties 6
5. Formability 9
6. Corrosion resistance properties 12
7. Physical properties 14
8. Weldability 15
9. Summary 16
10. References 17

Editor
Euro Inox
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1030 Brussels, Belgium
Tel.: +32 2 706 82 67
Fax: +32 2 706 82 69
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Internet: www.euro-inox.org

Authors
J. Charles, La Plaine Saint Denis, France
A. Kosmač, Brussels, Belgium
J. Krautschick, Krefeld, Germany Copyright notice
J. A. Simón, Los Barrios (Cádiz), Spain This work is subject to copyright. Euro Inox reserves
N. Suutala, Espoo, Finland all rights of translation in any language, reprinting, re-
T. Taulavuori, Tornio, Finland use of illustrations, recitations and broadcasting. No
part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
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information presented in this publication is techni- ing or otherwise, without the prior written permis-
cally correct. However, the reader is advised that the sion of the copyright owner, Euro Inox, Luxemburg.
material contained herein is for general information Violations may be subject to legal proceeding and
purposes only. Euro Inox, its members, staff and con- liable for monetary damages per infringement as well
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sibility for loss, damage or injury, resulting from the the Luxemburg copyright law and regulations within
use of the information contained in this document. the European Union.

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A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h

1 Introduction

Replacing nickel in austenitic stainless steels references for these grades has recently
by adding manganese has been considered been pointed out, along with:
for over 50 years. The purpose is to reduce • an over-generalised use of these grades
the impact of nickel-price fluctuations on the as a supposed alternative to grade 1.4301
alloy surcharge. This has resulted in the de- (304);
velopment of the so-called 200 series. These • the emergence of other type 200 steels
grades also have complementary nitrogen with low Cr and Ni contents, high levels
additions, to further stabilise the austenitic of impurities and ill-defined mechanical
phase and provide high-strength properties properties;
necessary in certain applications. Copper • the fact that the non-magnetic nature of
has also been successfully added, to provide these grades means customers can eas-
austenite stabilisation and improve cold- ily mistake them for austenitic chromium-
forming properties. When copper is added, nickel grades.
nitrogen content can be reduced, providing
softer manganese austenitic grades. In Europe, the wish to be less affected by the
alloy surcharge has resulted in the develop-
In Europe and North America, these grades ment of the ferritic grades. However, these
had only limited applications until the end are more difficult to weld, especially beyond
of the last century. They were selected main- a thickness of 6 mm. In some applications,
ly for their combination of high strength and non-magnetic – i.e. austenitic – material is
ductility, for example in the production of preferable. It was therefore desirable to make
conveyor belts. available a type 200 stainless steel with:
• an adequate and consistent level of cor-
In India, due to restrictions on nickel im- rosion resistance;
ports, type 200 stainless steels have been • mechanical properties that make it easier
extensively used since the 1980s, essential- to form than the “classic” grade 1.4372
ly for affordable stainless steel tableware. (201).
As these items are typically washed by hand
and not exposed to the more corrosive con- For CrMn stainless steel to become more ac-
ditions of dishwashers, their corrosion re- ceptable in a European environment, a high
sistance has proved entirely adequate. level of standardisation is required. Provid-
ing technical information has been made a
More recently, large amounts of type 200 priority, to avoid misunderstandings and
stainless steels have been produced in Asia. improper use.
Some of the grades developed have not
met current international standards, since To respond to these needs, a working group
they have been designed to minimize alloy- with representatives of the main European
ing elements – including chromium, which flat stainless steel producers was created,
is a key element in corrosion resistance. under the umbrella of Euro Inox. Its main con-
The lack of international standards and clusions are presented in this publication.

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2 History of the 200 series and current developments

The 200 series of stainless steels was de- Simultaneously, Mn and Cu containing
veloped in the early 1930s. Although the grades were developed which made it pos-
first chemical analyses were of the 205 kind sible to produce 4–6 % Ni austenitic grades
(Ni content close to 1 % and stabilisation of (grades 211 and 203) with relatively low ni-
the austenitic phase by simultaneous high trogen content (<0.06 % N). Drawing prop-
manganese and nitrogen additions – see erties equivalent to those of 304 could be
Figures 1 and 2), the first grades to receive achieved. Due to a new Ni shortage, these
the AISI label in the mid-1950s were the grades began to be popular in the early
201 and 202 grades (nickel content around 1970s. The new AOD technology made add-
4–6 % and nitrogen additions below 0.25 %). ing nitrogen to the 200 series easier and
These became more popular during the Ko- more cost-effective (Table 1). Once again the
rean War, due to the need to conserve nickel. nickel shortage ended and, with high avail-
At that time, the use of nickel was mainly res- ability, Ni prices went down again. For more
tricted to military applications. Grade 214, than 30 years, grade 304 was the standard
with less than 1 % Ni and about 0.35 % N was of the stainless steel family, at an average
produced at the end of the 1950s. Auste- yearly growth of 5–6 %.
nitic CrMn grades containing Mo to improve
corrosion resistance appeared in the mid-
1960s, both in the U.S. and Europe.

N Cr
(%) (%) 5 % Ni Austenite + Ferrite
12 % Mn
0,5 4 % Ni
8 % Mn 18
4 % Mn
3 % Ni
0,4 1 % Mn
2 % Ni
16 1 % Ni

0,3 0 % Ni
14 Austenite
0,2 5 4 3 2 1 0 % Ni

Cr Mn
18 20 22 24 26 28 (%) 2 6 9 12 15 (%)

Figure 1. Effects of Cr and Mn additions on N solubility Figure 2. Alloying elements and austenite loop stabili-
in steel ty at 1075 °C (Franks)

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The 200 series still had only marginal appli- began. China, especially, became a major
cations in the eighties and nineties (with the user of 200 series stainless steel. Austenitic
exception of India). With the new century, a CrMn steel was produced locally, the rest
new period of high nickel-price volatility being imported mainly from India.

Table 1 . Chemical analyses of different austenitic CrMn grades in % by mass (200 series)
AISI * UNS ** Cr Ni Mn N C S Others
201 S20100 16.0–18.0 3.5—5.5 5.5—7.5 0.25 max. 0.15 max. 0.030 max.
S20103 16.0–18.0 3.5—5.5 5.5—7.5 0.25 max. 0.03 max. 0.030 max.
201LN S20153 16.0–17.5 4.0—5.0 6.4—7.5 0.10—0.25 0.03 max. 0.030 max. Cu 1.0 max.
S20161 15.0–18.0 4.0—6.0 4.0—6.0 0.08—0.20 0.15 max. 0.040 max.
202 S20200 17.0–19.0 4.0—6.0 7.5—10.0 0.25 max. 0.15 max. 0.030 max.
203 S20300 16.0–18.0 4.0—6.0 5.0—6.5 - 0.08 max. 0.18—0.35 Cu 1.75—2.25
204 S20400 15.0–17.0 1.5—3.0 7.0—9.0 0.15—0.30 0.03 max. 0.030 max.
S20430 15.5–17.5 1.5—3.5 6.5—9.0 0.05—0.25 0.15 max. 0.030 max. Cu 2.0—4.0
205 S20500 15.5–17.5 1.5—3.5 14.0—15.5 0.32—0.40 0.12—0.25 0.030 max.
214 S21400 17.0–18.5 1.0 max. 14.0—16.0 0.35 min. 0.12 max. 0.030 max.
216 S21600 17.5–22.0 5.0—7.0 7.5—9.0 0.25—0.50 0.08 max. 0.030 max. Mo 2.0—3.0
S21603 17.5–22.0 5.0—7.0 7.5—9.0 0.25—0.50 0.03 max. 0.030 max. Mo 2.0—3.0
S24000 17.0–19.0 2.25—3.75 11.5—14.5 0.20—0.40 0.08 max. 0.030 max.
EN*** Cr Ni Mn N C S Others
1.4371 16.0–17.0 3.5—5.5 6.0—8.0 0.15—0.20 0.03 max. 0.015 max.
1.4372 16.0–18.0 3.5—5.5 5.5—7.5 0.05—0.25 0.15 max. 0.015 max.
1.4373 17.0–19.0 4.0—6.0 7.5—10.5 0.05—0.25 0.15 max. 0.030 max.

*AISI = American Iron and Steel Institute designations


**UNS = Unified Numbering System designations
***EN = EN 10 088-2 designations

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3 The new 200 European grade: 1.4618

While technical development determines Table 2. Chemical composition and me-


a material’s potential, economic factors chanical properties of 1.4618
often decide its market success. The most Steel number 1.4618
relevant economic factor over the last ten Steel name X9CrMnNiCu17–8–5–2
years has been the volatility of raw-material Chemical composition C <0.10, Si <1.00,
prices – especially that of nickel. In appli- (% by mass) Mn 5.50–9.50, P <0.070,
S <0.010, Cr 16.50–18.50,
cations with strong inter-material compe- Ni 4.50–5.50, Cu 1.00–2.50,
tition, where several materials can qualify N <0.15
for the same end-use, price factors usually Rp0.2 (MPa) min. 220
tip the balance. Rm (MPa) 520–850
A80 (%) min. 40
In the case of the 200-series grades, de- KV (J) min. 100
signed to substitute the classical 300 se-
ries (grades mainly characterized by good The new grade 1.4618 also falls within the
corrosion resistance, low yield strength analysis band of grade 201. However, it is
and high formability properties), the mar- distinct from grade 1.4372 in three respects:
ket lacked a well defined, standardised • It is on the “rich side” of the 201 composi-
offer. Most of the developed grades were tion band, which is beneficial to its corro-
under alloyed, when considering general or sion resistance.
localized corrosion resistance, or suffered • It is low in allowable sulphur content,
from increased sensitivity to delayed crack- which further improves corrosion resist-
ing and stress corrosion cracking. ance.
• Copper is added for metallurgical rea-
The newly-developed austenitic CrMn sons, to obtain mechanical properties
grade (with 16.5 % Cr min.; 4.5 % Ni min.) close to those of grade 1.4301 (304) in
is designed to obtain an optimum compro- terms of elongation to rupture. However,
mise between cost reduction (lower nickel), the yield strength of the 200 series is
high formability and the achieving of corro- higher than that of the 300 series.
sion resistance as close as possible to that
of 1.4301. Improvements in melting practic- Being new, the grade is not yet included
es have made it possible to reduce carbon in standard EN 10088–1:2005. Until the
content and add nitrogen, which improves next revision of EN 10088–1, certificates
formability. Drawability is further increased can be supplied by the mills according to
by copper alloying. ASTM A 240 grade 201 and the agreement of
the customer on copper content.
Table 2 shows the 1.4618 specification,
agreed by European stainless steel produc-
ers. The grade meets the “rich side” of the
AISI 201 specification and is further alloyed
with copper.

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4 Mechanical properties

Table 2 shows typical mechanical properties Figure 4 shows that 1.4618 has much lower
of 1.4618. Grade 1.4618 behaves similarly to Rp0.2 and Rm than 1.4372 (201) and that
1.4310 (301) austenitic grade – i.e. its yield formability is improved. Furthermore, when
strength (Rp0.2) is slightly higher than that cold deformed, alloy 1.4618 exhibits a
of grade 1.4301 (304). very stable austenitic structure, being less

1.43071.4307
/ 304L/ 304L 1.46181.4618
Rm Rm Rp0,2 Rp0,2 Rm Rm Rp0,2 Rp0,2
1600 1600 A80 A80 70 70 1600 1600 A80 A80 70 70
1400 1400 60 60 1400 1400 60 60
1200 1200 50 50 1200 1200 50 50
Rp0,2, Rm (MPa)

Rp0,2, Rm (MPa)

Rp0,2, Rm (MPa)

Rp0,2, Rm (MPa)
1000 1000 40 40 1000 1000 40 40
800 800 30 30 800 800 30 30
A80 (%)

A80 (%)

A80 (%)

A80 (%)
600 600 20 20 600 600 20 20
400 400 20 20 400 400 20 20
200 200 0 0 200 200 0 0
0 10
0 10
20 20
30 30
40 40
50 50
60 60 0 10
0 10
20 20
30 30
40 40
50 50
60 60

cold deformation
cold deformation
(%) (%) cold deformation
cold deformation
(%) (%)

Figure 3. Mechanical properties versus cold deformation for 1.4307/304L (left) and 1.4618 (right)

Mechanical properties remain very similar, sensitive to martensitic phase transforma-


although grade 1.4618 shows slightly high- tion than CrNi austenitic grade 1.4307.
er mechanical properties in the cold worked
state than 1.4307 (304L).

In certain environments, grade 1.4618 is


sometimes considered as a lower-cost al-
ternative to 1.4301 or 1.4307. Figures 4 and 5
show that in terms of mechanical properties,
1.4618 is similar to 1.4301 (304) and 1.4307
(304L) and much softer than 1.4372 (201).

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Figure 4. Comparison of the mechanical properties of


several austenitic stainless steels at room tempera-
ture (2B, 3 mm)

One of the factors determining the form- Typical room temperature and sub-zero
ability of a steel grade is its alloying com- temperature mechanical properties are pre-
position. The characteristics affecting the sented for 1.4372, for general information.
formability of stainless steel include yield Tensile strength increases substantially
strength, tensile strength, ductility and the with decreasing temperature and this ef-
effect of work hardening on these proper- fect can also be found with chromium-nickel
ties. The yield strength of 1.4618 is modest austenitic stainless steels. Yield strength
and only slightly higher than that of auste- also increases, but to a lesser extent.
nitic CrNi grades. The drawing ratio, how-
ever, is comparable to that of austenitic Some reduction in ductility can be observed,
CrNi grades. as measured by elongation. However, duc-
tility values remain high down to –100 °C.

1600 80
1400 70
1200 A5 60
Rp0,2, Rm (MPa)

1000 50
A5 (%)

800 Rm 40
600 30
400 Rp0,2 20
Figure 5. Mechanical
200 10
properties at sub-zero
0 0 temperatures for 1.4372
-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 (N = 20, thickness
2 mm, Ni 3.6–4.5 %,
T (°C) C 0.03–0.06 %)

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Figure 6. Mechanical 800 80


properties at elevated
temperatures for 1.4372 700 70
(N = 20, thickness Rm
2 mm, Ni 3.6–4.5 %, 600 A5 60
Rp0,2, Rm (MPa)

C 0.03–0.06 %)
500 50

A5 (%)
400 40
300 Rp0,2 30
200 20
100 10
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
T (°C)

For some applications, the effect of sub- Like all austenitic stainless steel, 1.4618 has
zero temperatures must also be considered exceptional toughness and does not exhibit
in materials selection. Austenitic stain- the ductile to brittle transition temperature
less steels are very often used in sub-zero (DBTT) behaviour that characterises ferritic
temperature applications. It is important and martensitic stainless steels. The varia-
for safe service that a high level of fracture tion of impact toughness with temperature
toughness is maintained at all exposure is therefore minor and the steel can be suc-
temperatures. cessfully used at sub-zero temperatures.
Figure 7 shows impact toughness results at
different temperatures.

1D, 5 mm
Figure 7. Impact tough- 400 2D, 3 mm

ness results for steel 350


grade 1.4618 (1D – hot 300
KCV ( J/cm2 )

rolled, annealed and


250
pickled, 2D – cold rolled,
annealed and pickled) 200
150
100
50
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60
T ( °C )

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5 Formability

Austenitic stainless steels are almost with- nickel and copper content improves drawa-
out exception well suited to deep-drawing bility. This is also why 1.4618 performs very
operations. The most important properties well in terms of formability.
affecting drawability are yield strength, ten-
sile strength and ductility. Composition is
another important factor. In general, higher

ø
ø
1 6
1 6
2 R
4 4 2
5 5
1
6 5 8 3

6 3 1
3 R
R Figure 8. Stretchforming
4 (left) and drawing
3 1 - Punch 9
2 - Punch support 4 process (right)
3 - Die 7
4 - Hold-down ring
5 - Blank 5 - Hold-down ring
6 - Part 1 - Punch 6 - Hold-down ring support
2 - Punch support 7 - Ejector plate
3 - Die 8 - Blank
4 - Die support 9 - Part

Figure 9. Erichsen test


sample (left) and swift
cup test samples (right)

D
Expansion - Erichsen (mm) Limit Drawing Ratio - LDR =
d

Figure 10. Comparison of


formability

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Figure 11. The forming limit diagram, also known as


The Limit Drawing Ratio
the forming limit curve, is a direct and useful
(LDR) = D/d.
Typical LDR values for
representation of formability. The diagram
stainless steels are illustrates the biaxial combination of strain
between 1.8 and 2. that can occur without failure. The area be-
low this curve encompasses all the combina-
tions of strain that 1.4618 can withstand.

To construct a forming limit diagram, an ar-


ray of circles, often 2.5 mm in diameter, is
imprinted on the surface of the sheet metal
before forming. The individual circles be-
come ellipses wherever deformation occurs,
LDR values are improved compared with the except in areas of pure biaxial deformation.
classic 1.4372 (201) grade. The combination The major and minor axes of the ellipses
of minimum 1 % Cu additions and optimum are then compared with the circles of origi-
nitrogen content obviously significantly nal grid to determine the major and minor
improves the formability properties of strain at each location. The forming limit
grade 1.4618 compared to other 200 series curve is defined by strain combinations that
grades. produce failure.

1.4301 1.4372 (4,5 % Ni) 1.4618 (4,5 % Ni, 2,5 % Cu)

0,6

0,5
True major strain

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

-0,3 -0,2 -0,1 0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5


Figure 12. Forming limit
diagram (thickness 1 mm) True minor strain

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Delayed cracking is reduced by the chemical (small crevices, pits, etc.). This is consist-
composition of 1.4618. The grade performs ent with results presented earlier that show
almost like grade 1.4301 (AISI 304). Salt a slight decrease in localised corrosion re-
spray tests performed on cups have shown, sistance when comparing grade 1.4618 with
in the most critical areas, crack propaga- grade 1.4301 (304).
tions for grade 1.4618 that are not observed
for type 1.4301 (AISI 304) grades. Metallo-
graphic investigations have identified that
cracks mostly initiate in corroded areas

Table 3. Sensitivity to delayed cracking of some austenitic steels as a function of the deep
drawing ratio, measured in Swift cup tests
Swift cup test / Deep drawing ratio
Grade Ni (%) Cu (%) 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.12 2.14
1.4301 8.1 0.5 + + + + + +
1.4618 4.7 2.4 + + + + +
1.4372 4.4 0.3 + + + -- -- --
1.4372 3.6 0.3 + + -- -- -- --
“204Cu” 1.1 1.7 + -- -- -- --
+ = Successful -- = Delayed cracking

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6 Corrosion resistance properties

The pitting corrosion resistance of grade than that of classical 201 grade but slightly
1.4618 has been investigated by poten- lower than that of austenitic grade 1.4307
tiodynamic-curve tests performed in a (304L). This is the result of a slight reduction
0.02 M NaCl (23 °C, pH 7) solution (Figure 13). in Cr content, partially offset by N additions,
The grade behaves like grade 1.4310 (301), which enhance pitting corrosion resistance.
its pitting corrosion resistance being better

800
1.4521 (444)

700 1.4404 (316L)

600
Vpit (mV/SCE)

1.4301 (304)
1.4372 (201)
1.4509 (441) 1.4526 (436)
500
1.4618
1.4510 (439)
400
1.4016 (430)
Figure 13. Pitting cor-
rosion resistance prop- 300
erties (critical pitting
1.4512 (409)
potential, pH 7).
200
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26

PREN (% Cr + 3,3 % Mo + 16 % N)

4,0 1000
1.4016/430
Resistance to crevice initiation

1.4016/430
3,5
100 1.4510/439
Propagation rate (µA/pH)

Figure 14. Left: crevice 3,0 1.4510/439 1.4372/201

corrosion on a stainless 1.4372/201


2,5 1.4318 10
pHd

1.4318/301LN
steel part after disas-
1.4618 1.4301/304
sembly. Right: crevice 2,0 1.4618
1 1.4301/304
corrosion resistance in
1,5
correlation with pitting
corrosion resistance 1,0 1
14 15 16 17 18 19 0,1 1 10
Cr (%) Ni (%)

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The crevice corrosion resistance (crevice ini- best-performing grade among the 200 se-
tiation) of grade 1.4618 is significantly bet- ries grades investigated.
ter than that of other 200 series grades. It is
equivalent to that of 1.4310 (301) and very Intergranular corrosion resistance was
close to grade 1.4307 (304L). investigated by means of EN ISO 3651-2
(Strauss tests). Reducing nitrogen and car-
With crevice corrosion, Ni has a power- bon content improves the steel’s behaviour.
ful effect in reducing its propagation. With Only sensitising treatments at 700 °C for
4.5 % Ni, grade 1.4618 is more resistant to 30 minutes followed by slow cooling induc-
crevice corrosion than grades with lower es intergranular cracks, after Strauss test
nickel content. For both pitting and crevice and bending operations. In these condi-
corrosion resistance, grade 1.4618 is the tions, even grade 1.4301 (304) is sensitised.

Table 4. Intergranular corrosion testing conditions and results (Strauss test)


Grade EN ISO 3651-2
700 °C, 30 min + 650 °C, 10 min + 700 °C, 30 min +
water cooling water cooling cooling 60o °C/h
1.4618
pass pass fail
(0.05 % C, 4.5 % Ni)
1.4301
pass pass fail
(0.05 % C, 8.1 % Ni)
1.4307
pass pass pass
(0.02 % C, 8.1 % Ni)
1.4372
pass pass fail
(0.05 % C, 4.5 % Ni)

Stress corrosion cracking was tested in salt


spray (fog), in accordance with ASTM B 117.
With stress corrosion cracking, the initia-
tion and propagation of cracks under the
combined action of tensile stresses and a
corrosive environment is described.

Table 5. Stress corrosion cracking results


after 1000 h of exposure, in a salt spray
(fog) test, according to ASTM B 117

Number of cracks /
Steel grade LDR
Number of samples tested
1.83 0/3
1.4301
1.94 0/3
Figure 15. Stress corrosion cracking on the cup after
1.83 2/3
testing 1.4618
1.94 3/3

13
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h

7 Physical properties

Physical properties important for the suc- Table 6. The coefficient of thermal expansion
cessful implementation of stainless steels Mean thermal expansion
include coefficient of thermal expansion, EN ASTM coefficient between 20 °C
and °C (10-6 K-1)
electrical resistivity and specific heat.
200 400
1.4618 - 17.4 18.5
The coefficient of thermal expansion is the
1.4372 201 16.6 17.9
change in unit of length (or volume) accom-
1.4301 304 17.0 18.5
panying a unit change of temperature, at a
specified temperature.
Table 7. Electrical resistivity
The electrical resistivity properties of grade EN ASTM
Electrical resistivity
(Ω·mm2/m)
1.4618 rank between those of 1.4372 and
0 °C 25 °C 50 °C 100 °C
1.4301 austenitic alloys.
1.4618 - 0.76 0.77 0.79 0.85
1.4372 201 0.80 0.81 0.84 0.89
Specific heat is the quantity of heat required
1.4301 304 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.81
to change by one degree the temperature of
a body of material of unit mass. Specific heat
Table 8. Specific heat
values for selected austenitic stainless steels
Specific heat
are given in Table 8. EN ASTM
(J/g·K)
39 - 41 °C
1.4618 - 0.51
1.4372 201 0.51
1.4301 304 0.48

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A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h

8 Weldability

Table 9 shows typical welding conditions and in most cases the same welding filler
for grade 1.4618. Grade 1.4618 behaves materials as for 1.4301 (304) or 1.4310
almost like grade 1.4301 (304). No specific (301) can be used.
welding parameters need to be observed

Table 9. Typical 1.4618 welding conditions


Without filler
With filler material
material
Welding
Protective gas
process Typical Filler metal
Thickness
thickness Wire rod Coil
Spot welding <2mm
Seam welding <2mm
ER 308 L (Si) ER 308 L (Si) Ar
GTAW / TIG <1.5 mm >0.5 mm 1.4370 1.4370 Ar + 5 % H2
ER 347 (Si) ER 347 (Si) Ar + He
Ar
ER 308 L (Si)
Ar + 5 % H2
PAW / plasma <1.5 mm >0.5 mm ER 310 1.4370
Ar + He
ER 347 (Si)
Ar + 2 % CO2
Ar + 2 % O2
ER 308 L (Si)
Ar + He
GMAW /MIG >0.8 mm 1.4370
Ar + 3 % CO2 +
ER 347 (Si)
1 % H2
ER 308 L
SAW >2 mm
ER 347 (Si)
E 308
Electrode repairs E 308 L
E 347
He Restricted:
Laser <5 mm
Ar–N2

15
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h

9 Summary

Extensive data on the newly-designed Grade 1.4618 is designed to offer end users
1.4618 grade has been presented. It is a grade that can replace grades similar to
concluded that grade 1.4618, as a repre- 1.4301 (304) in numerous cases. The higher
sentative of the 200 series, has an optimum carbon content than is present in 1.4307
chemical composition that makes it less (304L) restricts its use for thicker welded
dependent on alloy-surcharge cost fluctua- sections.
tions while obtaining mechanical and corro-
sion resistance properties similar to those The grade has been jointly developed by
of grades 1.4301 (304) and 1.4310 (301). Acerinox, Aperam, Outokumpu and Thyssen-
Krupp Stainless under the umbrella of Euro
Good deep drawing properties can be ob- Inox.
tained without significant sensitivity to
delayed cracking. Although long-term ex-
perience is not available, initial experience
indicates that grade 1.4618 has very simi-
lar weldability to grade 1.4301 (304). Weld-
ing can be performed with the same filler
material.

16
A u stenitic C h r o mi u m - M anganese S tain l ess S tee l s – A E u r o p ean A p p r o ac h

10 References

[1] New 200-series’ steels: an opportunity or a threat to the image of stainless steel?, Brussels: ISSF,
2005
[2] CHARLES, Jacques, “The new 200-series: an alternative answer to Ni surcharge?”, Proceedings
of the Stainless Steel USA Int. Conf., Houston, 2006
[3] The Ferritic Solution, Brussels, ISSF, 2007
[4] CHARLES, Jacques, ‘’A new European 200 series standard to substitute 304 austenitics?’’,
Proceedings, 6th European Stainless Steel Science and Market Conference, Helsinki, Jernkontoret,
2008, pp. 427-436
[5] TAULAVUORI, Tero, OHLINGSCHLÄGER, T., SÄYNÄJÄKANGAS, J.: ‘’A novel view on material selec-
tion of stainless steels by optimizing material costs and product properties’’, Proceedings,
6th European Stainless Steel Science and Market Conference, Helsinki, Jernkontoret, 2008,
pp.335-341
[6] ASM Specialty Handbook, Stainless Steels, Davis, J.R. (ed.), ASM International, 1996

17
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