CE 366 – SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS

CANTILEVER FOOTING
Given: Q1 = 1500 kN, Q2 = 2500 kN, qall = 200 kN/m2
Design a cantilever footing for a uniform soil pressure distribution.
B1=2m B

0.8 m 0.8 m
Locate ΣQ = Q1 + Q2
Strap
B2 b=1500 × 8 / 4000=3
B
Select B1=2m
a = 8.0 + 0.4 – 1.0 – 1.0
L=8 m Æ a = 4.40m
R1= (4000 × 3) / 7.4 = 1620kN
Q1 = 1500 kN Q1+Q2 =4000kN
Q2 = 2500 kN R2 = 4000 – 1620 = 2380 kN

0.4m Determine B2,

qall = Q / (2 × B2)
200 = 1620 / (2 × B2) Æ B2 = 4 m

200 kN/m2
200 kN/m2

a=4.40 b=3.0 Similary,

R1=1620 R2=2380 kN
1.0 200 = 2380 / B2 Æ B = 3.45 m
a+b=7.4
Q2-R2=120 kN
Q1=1500

0.6m
R1=1620 Q1+Q2 = R1+R2

1500kN
120kN
SHEAR

MOMENT
1500x0.6 =900 kN-m

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TRAPEZOIDAL FOOTING

Consider weight of footing and determine B1 and B2 of a trapezoidal footing for a uniform soil
pressure of 300 kN/m2. (γconc = 24kN/m3)

M1=600kN-m M2=800kN-m M3=1200kN-m

Q1=3000kN Q2=2000kN Q3=4000kN

2 6 6 2

B1 B2

ΣQ=9000kN
Centroid of the base x

Weight of footing= 16x24x(B1+B2)/2 = 192(B1+B2)

Area of footing = 8(B1+B2)

ΣQ=0 9000+192(B1+B2)=8(B1+B2)x300
B1+B2 = 4.07m ………(1)

ΣM=0 (moment about centroid of the base)

3000(14-x)+600+2000(8-x)+800-4000(x-2)-1200+(wght of ftg)x0=(base pressure)x0
x = 7.36m
1 2B + B 2
x = 7.36 = x16 x 1 B2= 1.63B1 ………. (2)
3 B1 + B 2
From (1) and (2) B1= 1.55m ; B2 = 2.52m

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 MAT FOUNDATION
A mat foundation rests on a sand deposit whose allowable bearing value is 150 kN/m2. Column
loads are given in the figure. The thickness of the mat is 2.0 m (γconcrete = 24 kN/m3). Calculate
base pressures assuming that the lines passing through the centroid of the base and parallel to the
sides are principal axes. Is the mat foundation given safe?

Ä = 12 m

1000 kN 2000 kN 3000 kN

m
2

m
EXISTING

=6
STRUCTURE
m

u
6
m

2500 kN 3500 kN
2500 kN
B = 16

4000 kN 3500 kN
m
6

1000 kN 2000 kN 3000 kN 2000 kN 1000 kN

m
2

m m m m
2 6 m
6 m
6 6 2

m
L = 28

3
 Area of foundation = 28 × 16 – 12 × 6 = 376 m2

Total vertical load = Σ V = Column loads + (376) × 24 × 2 = 49048 kN

* Center of gravity (CG) of base :

28 × 16 × 14 − 6 × 12 × (16 + 6)
= 12.47 m from left
376

28 × 16 × 8 − 6 × 12 × (3 + 10)
= 7.04 m from bottom
376
16 6

•
3
12.47 CG •
•
10
7.04

* Location of ΣQ :

¾ Take moment about the left side:

= (1 / 49048) . [ 2 × (1000+2500+1000) + 8 × (2000+3500+2000) + 14 × (3000 +

+ 4000 + 3000) + 20 × (3500+2000) + 26 × (2500+1000) + 376 × 2 × 24 × 12.47 ]
= 12.95 m from left

¾ Take moment about bottom side :

= (1 / 49048) . [ 2 × (1000+2000+3000+2000+1000) + 8 × (2500 + 3500 + 4000 +

+ 3500 + 2500) + 14 × (1000+2000+3000) + 376 × 2 × 24 × 7.04 ]
= 7.28 m from bottom

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 Eccentricity :

e1 = 12.95 – 12.47 = 0.48 m

e2 = 7.28 – 7.04 = 0.24 m

8.96

2 • 2
7.04

12.47 15.53

M1 M1 about 1-1 axis:

28 m M1 = ΣQ ⋅ e1 = 49048 ⋅ (0.48) = 23543 kN.m

M2 M2 about 2-2 axis:

16 m M2 = ΣQ ⋅ e2 = 49048 ⋅ (0.24) = 11772 kN.m

⎡ B ⋅ L3 2⎤ ⎡b ⋅ l 3 ⎤
I 1−1 =⎢ + B ⋅ L ⋅ ( D1 ) ⎥ − ⎢ + b ⋅ l ⋅ (d1 ) 2 ⎥ =
⎣ 12 ⎦ ⎣ 12 ⎦

⎡16 × 28 3 ⎤ ⎡ 6 × 12 3 ⎤ 4
=⎢ + 16 × 28 × (14 − 12.47) 2 ⎥ − ⎢ + 6 × 12 × (22 − 12.47) 2 ⎥ = 22915 m
⎣ 12 ⎦ ⎣ 12 ⎦

⎡ L ⋅ B3 ⎤ ⎡l ⋅ b3 ⎤
I 2− 2 = ⎢ + B ⋅ L ⋅ ( D2 ) 2 ⎥ − ⎢ + b ⋅ l ⋅ (d 2 ) 2 ⎥ =
⎣ 12 ⎦ ⎣ 12 ⎦

⎡ 28 × 163 ⎤ ⎡12 × 6 3 ⎤ 4
=⎢ + 16 × 28 × (8 − 7.04) 2 ⎥ − ⎢ + 12 × 6 × (13 − 7.04) 2 ⎥ = 7197 m
⎣ 12 ⎦ ⎣ 12 ⎦

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Note: In soil mechanics compression is taken as positive (+)

ΣQ M 1 ⋅ y1 M 2 ⋅ y 2
q= ± ±
Area I 1−1 I 2− 2

49048 23543 ⋅ y1 11772 ⋅ y 2

q= ± ± = 130.4 ± 1.03 y1 ± 1.64 y 2
376 22915 7197

q A = 130.4 ± 1.03 y1 ± 1.64 y 2 = 130.4 + 1.03 ⋅ (3.53) + 1.64 ⋅ (2.96) = 138.9 kN/m2

q B = 130.4 + 1.03 ⋅ (3.53) + 1.64 ⋅ (8.96) = 148.7 kN/m

2

qC = 130.4 − 1.03 ⋅ (12.47) + 1.64 ⋅ (8.96) = 132.2 kN/m2

q D = 130.4 − 1.03 ⋅ (12.47) − 1.64 ⋅ (7.04) = 106 kN/m2

qE = 134.9 kN/m2

qF = 151.3 kN/m2

ΣQ = 49048 kN 1
C B qB = 148.7 kN/m2
2
qC = 132.2kN/m

qA = 138.9 kN/m2
A
e2 = 0.24 m F qF = 151.3 kN/m2
(MAX)
CG
2 2

e1 = 0.48 m
D E

qE = 134.9 kN/m2

qD = 106 kN/m2
(MIN)

™ Since at all critical points stress values are almost < qall = 150 kN/m2 given mat foundation is
safe.

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COMBINED FOOTING ANALYZED BY RIGID METHOD
A rectangular combined footing which supports three columns is to be constructed on a sandy clay layer whose
allowable bearing value (base pressure) is 84 kN/m2( qall is given in terms of net stresses). The thickness of the
concrete footing is 0.85m. There is a 1.20m thick soil fill on the footing. Unit weight of the soil and the concrete are
20 kN/m3 ans 24 kN/m3 respectively. Analyze the footing by rigid method and plot shear and moment diagrams. (γsoil
= 20 kN/m3; γconc = 24 kN/m3)

800kN 600kN 500kN

1.2

0.85

2m 6m 6m 2m B=?

Neglecting column weights;

ΣQnet=800+600+500+(24-20)x16xBx0.85 = 1900+54.4B

ΣM 800 x6 − 500 x6 1800

e= = =
ΣV 1900 + 54.4 B 1900 + 54.4 B

ΣV 6e
q max = (1 + ) = 84kN / m 2
BxL L

1900 + 54.4 B 6 x1800

84 = (1 + ) ⇒ B = 2.0m
Bx16 (1900 + 54.4 B ) x16

Use B=2.0m qmax = 84 kN/m2 ; qmin = 41.6 kN/m2

Downward uniform pressure = 0.85 × (24-20) = 3.4 kN/m2

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 These are the diagrams related to forces and moments acting on the foundation. Explanations are
at the next page;

800kN 600kN 500kN

2m 6m 6m 2m

3.4 3.4
41.6
84

7.7
1.01 4.2
a A b B e C g
59.4 43.5 41.6 - 3.4 = 38.2
84– 3.4 75.2 h
≅ 80.5 f
c d

311.4 319.2 336

+ j m Shear
_
164 (shear diagram is
280.8 parabolic in fact,
488.6 but we linearized
-507 it for simplicity)
-444

_ -99.4
Moment
+

167
315

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 80.5 + 75.2
VA = x 2 x 2 = 311.4 kN
2
area (abcd) B=2

VA’ = 311.4 – 800 = – 488.6 kN

To find the centroid of a trapezoid on the horizontal axis;

L 2B1 + B2
x B2 x= x: distance from shorter dimension
B1 3 B1 + B2

2 2x80.5 + 75.2
x (abcd) = =1.01 m
3 80.5 + 75.2
MA = 311.4 x 1.01 = 315 kN.m

80.5 + 59.4
VBA = x 8 x 2 − 800 = 319.2 kN
2
VBC = 319.2 – 600 = -280.8 kN
8 2 x80.5 + 59.4
x (aefc) = = 4.2 m
3 80.5 + 59.4

⎡ 80.5 + 59.4 ⎤
MB = ⎢ x 8 x 2⎥ x 4.2 − 800 x 6 = − 99.4 kN.m
⎣ 2 ⎦

80.5 + 43.5
VCB = x 14 x 2 − 800 − 600 = 336 kN
2
VC = 336 – 500 = -164 kN

80.5 + 38.2
Check the end point; x 16 x 2 − 800 − 600 − 500 = 0 OK
2

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 14 2x80.5 + 43.5
x (aghc) = = 7.7 m
3 80.5 + 43.5

⎡ 80.5 + 43.5 ⎤
MC = ⎢ x 14 x 2⎥ x 7.7 − 800 x 12 − 600 x 6 = 167 kN.m
⎣ 2 ⎦

Slope of V b/w x = 2 and x = 8 m Æ (488.6+319.2)/6=134.6 kN/m

Equation of V b/w x = 2 and x = 8 m Æ V(x) = -488.6 + 134.6 (x) for V(x)=0 Æ x=3.6 m

Base pressure @ x = 2 + 3.6 = 5.6 m Æ 65.6 kN/m2

Similarly @ x = 10.7 m V = 0

Base pressure @ x =10.7 m Æ 52.2 kN/m2

maximum points of the moment diagram;

a A b j e m g
B C
65.6 52.2
h
f n
c d k

j and m are the points where shear forces are equal to zero (i.e. moment is max)

the distance between point b and point j

(2 + 3.6) 2x80.5 + 65.6

x (ajkc) = = 2.9 m
3 80.5 + 65.6

⎡ 80.5 + 65.6 ⎤
M AB = ⎢ x (2 + 3.6) x 2⎥ x 2.9 − 800 x 3.6 = − 507 kN.m
⎣ 2 ⎦

x (amnc) = 5.73 m
MBC = -444 kN.m

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