Assignment #01: Rana Adnan Rasheed L14-5737

ASSIGNMENT #01
IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING -LAB
RANA ADNAN RASHEED

L14-5737
RANA ADNAN RASHEED L14-5737 1
Table Of Contents
Contents Page Number

Introduction 3
History 4
Triple Canal Project 5
Post-Independence Era 5
Indus Water Treaty 6
Physical System 6
Facts And Figures 7
Salient Features of Barrages 9
 Barrages on Indus River 9
 Taunsa Barrage 9
 Tarbela Barrage 10
 Ghazi Barotha Barrage 10
 Jinnah Barrage 10
 Chashma Barrage 11
 Guddu Barrage 12
 Sukkhur Barrage 12
 Kotri Barrage 12
 Barrages on Jhelum River
 Mangla Barrage 12
 Rasool Barrage 13
 Barrages on Sutlej River
 Sulemanki Barrage 13
 Islam Barrage 14
 Mailsi Siphon 14
 Barrages on Chenab River
 Maralla Head Works 14
 Khanki Head Works 15
 Qadirabad Barrage 15
 Trimmu Barrage 15
 Punjnad Barrage 16
 Barrages on Ravi River
 Balloki Barrage 16
 Sidhnai Barrage 17
Salient Features of Off-Taking Canals

 Ravi River
 Off-Taking Canals 17-18

 Chenab River

 Sutlej River

 Jhelum River

 Indus River
References 32
The Indus Basin

In terms of water usage in Pakistan, domestic use account for around two per cent of total water
usage, industrial about the same and agriculture for close to 97 per cent, a staggering figure that
is well above the global average of about 70 per cent.
The Indus Basin is a very developed watershed in that it has a lot of storage and management
infrastructure. The schematic diagram below shows the major rivers, canals, dams and other
works of the Indus Basin irrigation system. Tarbela, Mangla and Chashma are the three primary
reservoirs on this system. Tarbela is the first regulation device on the Indus and Pakistan’s
largest storage device with 10.93 billion cubic meters of storage capacity.
Schematic diagram of the Indus Basin irrigation system
Water from the Indus empties onto the plains through regulatory structures known as rim
stations. About 173 billion cubic metres pass through the rim stations, about 128 billion cubic
metres of which is diverted for irrigation. But this figure is still insufficient to meet agricultural
irrigation requirements, and the shortfall of about 40 per cent is made up from groundwater
pumping. The associated canal network is massive, with 43,561 kilometres of canals, 18,884
kilometres of seepage/storm water drains and 12,612 kilometres of tile drains, mostly in the
Indus Plain provinces of Punjab and Sindh. This system of reservoirs and canals forms the basis
of the Indus Basin irrigation system and is thus absolutely essential to agriculture.
History
The first canals were constructed some five or six centuries ago and extended under the Mughal
Emperors. The early canals were inundation channels and delivered water to the fields when
rivers were in high flow during the summer. They tended to be unpredictable in operation and
subjected both to frequent breaches and serious siltation problems.
The next stage in the evaluation of the Irrigation System was construction of perennial canals
having permanent headworks. These headworks either did not extend across the entire stream or
allowed the floods to pass over their crests. The first evidence of perennial irrigation on any of
the Indus rivers dates back to early seventeenth century when a 80 Km long canal was
constructed by the Mughal Emperor Jahangir (reigned 1605-27) to bring water from the right
bank of the Ravi to the pleasure gardens of Sheikhupura near Lahore.
The irrigation system which exists today was stated in the nineteenth century under the British
administration. In the early 19th century, there were numerous inundation canals leading from
the Indus River and its tributaries.
The more important of these were the Upper and Lower Sutlej canals, the Shahpur canals, the
Chenab canals and the Indus canals in Punjab and Bahawalpur. In the Sindh, where the Indus
River flows more or less on a ridge, conditions were particularly favorable for inundation canals.
Among Sindh’s 19th century canals were the Desert, the Begari, the Sukkur, the Fuleli, the
Pinyari and the Kalri canals.
From the middle of the 19th century onwards, a large number of inundation canals were
remodelled and fitted with permanent headworks and new canals with weir controlled supply
were constructed for the Sindh, Punjab and NWFP areas.
The first permanent headworks constructed in 1887 was the Marala Barrage, which started
supplying water to the Upper Chenab Canal in 1915. In 1889, a project was prepared for the
irrigation of part of the Rechna Doab. The project envisaged the diversion of the Chenab waters
by means of a weir at Khanki. The project was sanctioned in 1890 and the Chenab Canal, now
called the Lower Chenab Canal, was opened in 1892.
A similar scheme was sanctioned for the irrigation of the area between the Chenab and the
Jhelum (Chaj Doab) from a weir at Rasul on the Jhelum River. Construction was started in 1897
and the Jhelum Canal, now called the Lower Jhelum Canal was opened in 1901.
After World War-I, the Sukkur Barrage Project, the first barrage constructed on the Indus River
was started in 1923 and was commissioned to irrigation in 1932. During 1921 the Sutlej Valley
Project was sanctioned for the development of the Punjab, Bikaner (now in India) and
Bahawalpur states areas. The Project consisting of four (4) weirs on the Sutlej River at
Ferozepur, Sulemanki, Islam and Panjnad and 11 canals were completed by 1933.
The Trimmu Barrage, located below the junction of the Jhelum and the Chenab Rivers was
started in 1837 and completed in 1939, was the last barrage completed prior to World War II. At
the time of independence the Kalabagh Barrage (Jinnah), Kotri Barrage on the Indus River and
the Bhakra Dam in India on the Sutlej River were under construction.
The Triple Canal Project
The Triple Canal Project was sanctioned in 1905 and became the first project to transfer water
from one river to another. The Triple Canal Project involved the diversion of the available waters
in the Jhelum River across the Chaj and Rechna Doabs. The project consisted of a feeder canal
from the Jhelum River at Mangla to the Chenab River above Khanki (Upper Jhelum Canal), a
feeder canal from Marala on the Chenab River to the Ravi River above Balloki (Upper Chenab
Canal) and construction of a barrage (level crossing) on the Ravi River at Balloki to divert the
transferred water into the new Lower Bari Doab Canal (LBDC). The Triple Canal Project
Chenab
Canals are primarily feeder or link canals but they also provide considerable irrigation enroute in
the Upper parts of the Chaj and Rechna Doab.
Post Independence – Pre – Water Treaty (1947-60)
Partition of the Punjab Province left the Bhakra Dam, the headworks of the old Upper Bari Doab
Canal at Madhopur and those at Ferozepur on the Sutlej in India. Pending final settlement of the
Indus Water Dispute, it became urgent for Pakistan to secure a supply of water for the Upper bari
Doab and the Sutlej Valley. Thus the 164 Km Bombanwala-Ravi-Bedian Dipalpur Link and
Balloki-Suleimanki Link I were constructed between 1951 and 1954 and the 101 Km Marala-
Ravi Link was built between 1954 and 1965, all to bring additional water from the Chenab River
to the east.
The Pakistan Government continued the work which had been planned by the British
Administration and completed the kalabagh Barrage in 1947, the Kotri Barrage in 1955 and the
Guddu barrage in 1963.
After independence, the Lower Sindh Inundation Canals were converted into weir-controlled
canals to command culturable area of 809,400 ha (2 million acres) and to serve a local culturable
commanded area of 1.13 million ha (2.8 million acres) of land, with the construction of the Kotri
Barrage at Kotri (1947-1955).
Similarly, the Guddu Barrage built (1953-1962) at the head of Upper Sindh Inundation Canals
system, converted the Upper Sindh Inundation Canals into a controlled perennial canals system
for the irrigation of 1.13 million ha of land.
The Taunsa Barrage built (1953-1958) on the Indus provided weir-controlled irrigation supplies
to culturable commanded area of 687,970 ha. This barrage is multipurpose and also provides
bridges for road and railway and head regulator for the Taunsa-Panjnad Link-Canals.
In 1954, the World Bank put forward a proposal for the equitable distribution of the water
resources available to India and Pakistan.
Indus Water Treaty (1960)

The proposal has three essential features:
i. The waters of the three western rivers – the Indus, the Jhelum and the Chenab – were to be
allocated to Pakistan, and the waters of the three eastern rivers, the Ravi, the Beas and the Sutlej
to India.
Requirements of the areas within Pakistan, hitherto fed by the eastern rivers, would in future be
met by waters to be transferred from the western rivers by means of a system of replacement
works. It was estimated that some 17,300 million m3 (14 million acre feet) would be required,
ultimately, to replace the water designated for use in India.
ii. India would make a contribution to the cost of the replacement works.
iii. During the construction phase, India would limit her withdrawals from the eastern rivers in
proportions to match Pakistan’s capacity to replace.
It took eight years of negotiations before an agreement was reached and a Treaty signed on 19
September 1960.
To compensate Pakistan for the loss of the water of the eastern rivers, six friendly countries and
the World Bank together with Pakistan and India agreed to provide funds to enable a system of
replacement works to be constructed which would transfer water from the western rivers to the
areas that were dependent on supplies from the eastern rivers.
PHYSICAL SYSTEM
Pakistan has a unique irrigation system which comprises of five main rivers, i.e. the Indus, the Jhelum,
the Chenab, the Ravi and the Sutlej River. The network of Indus basin Irrigation System consists of the
Dams, Barrages, Headworks, Canals and Interlinks. This system includes Link Canals that were built with
a concept to transfer water from the Western Rivers i.e. Indus, Jhelum and Chenab to the Eastern Rivers,
i.e. Ravi and Sutlej after the Indus water treaty of 1960. Whereas, the feeder canals taken out from
different head works are meant mainly to irrigate the agricultural lands throughout. The waters of the
Indus Basin Rivers are diverted through reservoirs/barrages into canals, classified as the Main Canals.
These main canals then distribute the irrigation water into their command areas through a network of
branch canals.
FACTS AND FIGURES:
We have entered into 21st century with world's largest and unified irrigation system that consists of three
major reservoirs (Chashma, Mangla, and Tarbela); 18 barrages (Ferozepur, Sulemanki, Islam, Balloki,
Marala, Trimmu, Panjnad, Kalabagh, Sukkur, Kotri, Taunsa, Guddu, Chashma, Mailsi, Sidhnai, Rasul,
Qadirabad, and Marala); 12 link canals; 45 irrigation canals; and over 107,000 water courses and millions
of farm channels & field ditches. The total length of main canal system is estimated about 585000
Kilometer (36932 miles) and that of watercourses & field channels exceeds 1.62 million Kilometers (over
1.02 million miles).
Major Irrigation Channels

1. Head works / Barrages 18 No.
2. Main Canal Systems 21 No.
3. Length of Main Canals and Branches 3993 Miles
4. Distributaries and Minors 2794 No.
5. Length of Distributaries and Minors 19291 Miles
6. Total Off-take Capacity 1,20,000 Cfs
7. Total Off-take Outlets 50,000 No.
8. Gross Command Area 23.35 Ma.
9. Culture able Command Area 20.78 Ma.
10. Overall Annual Permissible Irrigation 13.96 Ma.
11. Overall Designed Annual Intensity of Irrigation 67%
12. Actual Irrigation 25.50 Ma.
13. Actual Intensity of Irrigation 122%
14. Length of Inter-river Links 528 Miles
15. Off-take Capacity of Links 1,10,000 Cfs
16. Operable SCARP Tube wells 7943 No.
17. Other Operable Tube wells 1135No.
18. Length of Surface Drains 4900 Miles
19. Length of Flood Embankment 1600 Miles
20. Spurs 500 No.
21. Small Dams 31 No.
Barrages Over Indus River
Tounsa Barrage
Year Of Completion : The Taunsa Barrage was completed in 1958
Location : Taunsa Barrage is located 20 km southeast of Taunsa Sharif city on the Indus river in the
Punjab province of Pakistan
Design Discharge : 750000 cusecs
Length : 4346 feet
No. Of Bays : 53
No. Of Under sluices : 12
Crest Level : 6
Off Taking Canals : 4
Tarbela Dam
Year Of Completion : The dam was completed in 1976
Location : Located about 50km North West of Islamabad at tarbela in Swabi, shortly located at the point
from where the District Haripur, in hazara division starts.
Design Discharge : The main spillway has a discharge capacity of 18,406 cubic metres per second
(650,000 cu ft/s) and the auxiliary spillway, 24,070 cubic metres per second (850,000 cu ft/s).
Length : 2,743.2 metres (9,000 ft)
No. Of Bays :
No. Of Under sluices :
Crest Level :
Off Taking Canals :
Ghazi Barotha Barrage

Year Of Completion : 2004
Location : Indus river
Length : 170560 feet
No. Of Bays :
Crest Level :
Jinnah Barrage
Location : Situated at Kalabagh in Mianwali District of the north-west Punjab province, bordering the
Province On the Indus River.

Length : 3360 feet
No. Of Bays : 42
Crest Level :
Chashma Barrage
Year Of Completion : The project was built between 1967 and 1971.
Location : Chashma Barrage wetland site is located Indus Monsoon Forest, some 25 km southwest of
Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan.
Length : 3556 feet
No. Of Bays : 52
Crest Level :
Guddu Barrage
Year Of Completion : The barrage was completed in 1962.
Location : Guddu Barrage is a barrage across river Indus, near Kashmore in Pakistan.
Design Discharge : 1.2 million cubic feet per second (34,000 m³/s) / 1200000cusecs
Length : 3840 feet
No. Of Bays : 64 bays
Crest Level :

Sukkur Barrage
Location : barrage across the Indus river near the city of Sukkur, Pakistan.
Length : 4490 feet
No. Of Bays : 54
Crest Level : 177 S.P.D
Kotri Barrage
Location : Located southeast of Karachi near

Hyderabad
Length : 915 metres (3,000 ft) long
No. Of Bays : 44
Barrages Over Jhelum River

Mangla Dam
Year Of Completion : It was constructed in 1967
Location : Located at the Jhelum River, about 67 miles (100 km) south-east of the Pakistani capital,
Islamabad in[[dadyal Mirpur]] district of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.
Design Discharge : 1.01 million cusecs

Length : 10,300 feet
No. Of Bays :
Crest Level :
Rasool Barrage
Year Of Completion : It was constructed in 1968
Location : is located on the Jehlum River, 4 km downstream of the Rasul Weir and 72 km from the
Mangla Dam.
Design Discharge : 24070 cubic meter per second/876000 cusecs
Length : 3,209 feet
No. Of Bays : 42
Barrages Over Sutlej River

Sulemanki Barrage
Location : Sutlej river
Length : 2220 feet
No. Of Bays : 24

Islam Barrage
Location : Sutlej river
Length : 1650 feet
No. Of Bays : 29
Crest Level : 435.5 S.P.D
Mailsi Siphon
Location : This siphon is located on Sutlej river near Mailsi
Design Discharge : 286 cumecs/429000 cusecs
Length : 1,601 feet
No. Of Bays : 24
Barrages Over Chenab River

Maralla Head Works
Year Of Completion : Marala Barrage was built across the river in 1968.
Location : The Marala headworks is situated at the Chenab River near the city of Sialkot Punjab.
Design Discharge : 1.1 million ft³/s (31,000 m³/s)
Length : 4,472 feet

No. Of Bays : 66
Khanki Head Works

Year Of Completion : It was built in 1889
Location : It is present at river Chenab in Gujrat District.
Length : 4000 feet
No. Of Bays : 48
Crest Level : 726.5-727 S.P.D
Qadirabad Barrage
Location : Located on the river Chenab in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is lies in Phalia tehsil of
Mandi Bahauddin District.
Length : 3,373 feet
No. Of Bays : 50

Trimmu Barrage
Location : It is situated some 25 km away from the city of Jhang westwars, at the famous town of
Atharan Hazari where there is the confluence of rivers Chenab and Jhelum.
Length : 3025 feet
No. Of Bays : 37
No. Of Under sluices : No of Left Under Sluice

Portion 5, No of Right Under Sluice Portion 6
Crest Level : Crest Level of Main Weir 477.50,

Crest Level of Under Sluice 472.00
Punjnad Barrage
Location : Chenab river
Length : 2856 feet
No. Of Bays : 47
Barrages Over River Ravi

Balloki Barrage
Location : River ravi
Length : 1644 feet
No. Of Bays : 35
Sidhnai Barrage
Location : Located on Ravi river
Length : 712 feet
No. Of Bays : 15
CANALS
River Ravi
Balloki Barrage
Balloki-Sulemanki Link Canal
Design Discharge: 6,500 cusecs
Length of Canal: 39 miles
Lower Bari Duab Canal
Location: Multan
Design Discharge: Head discharge is 9292 cusecs and tail discharge is 1000 cusecs
Length of Canal: 132.14 miles
Area to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 2130937 and culturable area is 1845974
Sidhnai Barrage
Sidhnai-Mailsi Bahawal Link Canal
Location: Multan
Sidhnai Canal
RIVER CHENAB
Maralla Barrage
Upper Chenab Canal
Location: Lahore Zone
Maralla Ravi Link Canal
BRBD Link Canal (Bambawala-Ravi-Bedian-Dipalpur Canal)
Khanki Headworks
Lower Chenab Canal (LCC)
Location: Faisalabad Zone
Design Discharge: Head discharge is 8143 cusecs
Qadirabad Barrage
Qadirabad-Balloki Link Canal
Location: Hafizabad Zone
Trimmu Barrage
Rangpur Canal
Trimmu-Sidhnai Link Canal
Location: (Sidhnai) Multan
Design Discharge: Head discharge is 12500cusecs and tail discharge is 10000 cusecs
Haveli Canal
Punjnad Barrage
Punjnad Canal
Location: Bahawalpur

Abbasia Canal
Location: Bahawalpur
RIVER SUTLEJ
Sulemanki Barrage
Pakpatan Canal
Location: Multan
Eastern Sadqiya Canal
Location: Multan
Fordwah Canal
Location : Multan
Islam Barrage
Qasim Canal
Location: Multan
Design Discharge: Head discharge is 483.00 cusecs and tail discharge is 61 cusecs
Bahawal Canal
Location: Multan
Area to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 57469and culturable area is 52023
Mailsi Siphon
Sidhnai-Mailsi Bahawal Link Canal
Location: (Baghdad) Bahawalpur
RIVER JHELUM
Mangla Dam
Upper Jhelum Canal
Year of Completion:1915
Rasool Barrage
Rasool Qadirabad Link Canal
Location: It is a main canal located in Rasul Division.

Lower Jhelum Canal
Year of Completion:1901
Location: It is a main canal located in Rasul Division.
Design Discharge: Its authorized head discharge is 5500.00.Its authorized tail discharge is 3705.00
Area to Be Irrigated: Gross command area is 1728349.00.Its Culturable command area is 1485776.00.
INDUS RIVER
Tarbela Dam
Ghazi Barrage
Ghazi Barotha Power Channel
Jinnah Barrage
Thal Canal
The amount of water that it carries is 2.534 MAF. It is divided into 2 different divisions.
Thal canal main line lower
Year of Completion: 1947
Location: It is a main canal located in bhakkar.
Design Discharge: 4100
Gross Area: 3534
Culturable Command Area : 2966
Thal canal main line upper

Year of Completion: 1947
Location: It is a main canal located in kalabagh. It is categorized in the zone of sarghodha.
Design Discharge: 9000
Gross Area: 2460861
Culturable Command Area : 2115931

Chashma Barrage
Chashma Right Bank Canal (CRBC)
Design Discharge: 2500 cusecs
Area to Be Irrigated: 261,000 acres
Chashma Jhelum Link Canal
Tonsa Barrage
Kachi Canal (Under Construction)
LOCATION : Punjab: Muzaffar Garh, D.G.Khan, Rajanpur Distts
Balochistan: Dera Bugti, Naseerabad, Bolan, Jhal Magsi Districts
Length : 500 Km (300 Km Lined in Punjab 200 Km Unlined in Balochistan)
Capacity : 6000 Cusecs
Distributaries & Minors 2000 KM, 713000 Acres
Command Area: PHASE-I: 102,000 CCA
PHASE-II: 267,000 CCA
PHASE-III: 344,000 CCA
Dera Ghazi Khan Canal (DGK Canal)
Location: It is a main canal located in D.G Khan
Design Discharge: Head discharge is 8900 and tail discharge is 5514
Area to Be Irrigated: Gross area is 947874 and cultural command area is 901984
Taunsa Punjnad Canal (TP Canal)
Location: DG Khan (Lashari)

Design Discharge: Head discharge 1200
Muzaffargarh Link Canal
Location: Muzaffargarh Zone
Design Discharge: Head discharge is 8901 and tail discharge is 2776
Guddu Barrage
Pat Feeder
Desert Feeder
Design Discharge:419 cumecs
Area to Be Irrigated: 185000 acres
Begari Sindh Feeder
Design Discharge: 372 cumecs
Ghotki Canal
Raine Canal
Sukkhur Barrage
Nara Canal
Mirwah Canal
Rohri Canal
Abul Wah
Right side canals are
Dadu Canal
Rice Canal
Khirthar Canal
Kotri Barrage
Kotri Baghar Feeder
Phuleli
Pinjari
Akram Wah

REFERENCES
1. www.paki-history.blogspot.com
2. www.pndpunjab.gov.pk
3. www.pbirrigation.gov.in
4. Www.pida.punjab.gov.pk
5. www.aboutcivil.com
6. www.wikipedi.org
7. www.defence.pk
8. www.scribd.com

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ASSIGNMENT #01

IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING -LAB

RANA ADNAN RASHEED

Contents Page Number

 Ghazi Barotha Barrage 10

 Barrages on Jhelum River

 Barrages on Sutlej River

 Barrages on Chenab River

 Maralla Head Works 14

 Khanki Head Works 15

 Barrages on Ravi River

Salient Features of Off-Taking Canals

 Off-Taking Canals 17-18

 Off-Taking Canals 18-21

 Off-Taking Canals 21-23

 Off-Taking Canals 23-24

 Off-Taking Canals 24-31

The Indus Basin

Schematic diagram of the Indus Basin irrigation system

The Triple Canal Project

Post Independence – Pre – Water Treaty (1947-60)

Indus Water Treaty (1960)

FACTS AND FIGURES:

Major Irrigation Channels

Barrages Over Indus River

Design Discharge : 750000 cusecs

Length : 4346 feet

No. Of Under sluices : 12

Off Taking Canals : 4

Length : 2,743.2 metres (9,000 ft)

No. Of Under sluices :

Off Taking Canals :

Ghazi Barotha Barrage

Location : Indus river

Design Discharge : 500000 cusecs

Length : 170560 feet

No. Of Under sluices :

Off Taking Canals : 1

Design Discharge : 950000 cusecs

Length : 3360 feet

No. Of Under sluices :

Off Taking Canals : 1

Design Discharge : 1176000 cusecs

Length : 3556 feet

No. Of Under sluices : 11

Off Taking Canals : 2

Length : 3840 feet

No. Of Bays : 64 bays

No. Of Under sluices :

Off Taking Canals : 5

Design Discharge : 1500000 cusecs

Length : 4490 feet

No. Of Under sluices : 12

Crest Level : 177 S.P.D

Off Taking Canals : 7

Location : Located southeast of Karachi near

Design Discharge : 750000 cusecs

Length : 915 metres (3,000 ft) long

No. Of Under sluices :

Crest Level : 48 S.P.D

Off Taking Canals : 4

Barrages Over Jhelum River

Design Discharge : 1.01 million cusecs