Introduction

It’s 7:15AM and you’re stepping into the shower. The cold water sends goose
bumps down your neck and spine. Your alarm sounded a quarter-hour prior but
you won’t have your first meal until noon. Like hundreds before it, your day
begins.

At first glance, it may seem that cold showers and intermittent fasting have no
place in the same book; many consider them to be beneficial, but in different
ways.

Cold showers and intermittent fasting have helped to change my life and those of
thousands of my readers. As of now there are hundreds of comments and
thousands of likes between my two articles about them so I thought it useful to
provide further information on each with research and my own experience.

When starting a business and working a total of 70 – 80 hours per week, any help
is useful; cold showers provided the perfect boost to wake me up and keep me
focused. The intermittent fasting helped my brain function better for much of the
day and saved me time. Aside from the cognitive advantages of both lifestyle
choices, there are a host of others.

Only recently have I discovered the other advantages of using both together in a
fasting and cold exposure protocol. While I used these lifestyle choices as a
method of promoting cognition, there are benefits above and beyond what I ever
expected.

Putting together the cold exposure and intermittent fasting may seem bizarre to
you, but there are two main reasons why they are so important for your long-
term health: cell longevity and hormone balance.

YOUR BODY ON DE-JUNKIFY

The cell longevity is often referred to as “autophagy”, which literally means “to
eat oneself” in Greek. This may not endear readers to the process, but it is a
catabolic mechanism by which the cells in our bodies degrade components that
are deemed unnecessary or dysfunctional. In other words, it helps get rid of
junk / toxins in the body.

By breaking down many of the unnecessary cellular components, it is possible to

live healthier and more optimal lives that are free from many of the autoimmune
diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

To achieve an autophagic state, there are a few different methods. Exercise is a

well-known method of improving periods of autophagy especially when it is done
on an empty stomach. Even a brisk walk in the morning before breakfast can help
the body to increase the amount of autophagy to remove cellular “junk”. However,
the two other methods include calorie restriction and cold temperatures.

Calorie restriction may include eating less food, but it can also be achieved by
restricting the period where food is consumed. By doing intermittent fasting, you
can allow your body to remain active eliminating the cellular junk and focusing on
those cells that can provide energy for survival.

The benefits of cold temperatures required much research on my part. I found

that cold environments helps to “super sensitize” the process of autophagy. Due
to our collective ancestry in cold and dark environments, humans have an
adaptation that increases autophagic activity with cold thermogenesis. According
to Kruse, this is the “metabolic trap door” and one of the keys to cell longevity.

By priming your body with cold exposure, you can improve your sensitivity to
autophagy, start the process, and utilize it best by intermittent fasting throughout
the day or week.
HORMONES – HITTING “RE-SET”

Hormone resets are another factor in our modern environment. The human ability
to adapt to our technology has not come fast enough through the generations;
our mind conceives of food processing methods that our body does not recognize
and thus cannot efficiently handle. Modern lifestyle choices make it difficult to
maintain optimal hormone balances, but cold showers and fasting can help
improve them both.

Leptin is a hormone developed in fat cells, which triggers the hypothalamus to

decrease hunger and increase energy output. The hormone might seem obscure
when compared to things like testosterone, but leptin has a major role to play in
our circadian rhythm and with our overall health.

Problems with current lifestyle choices makes it difficult to maintain optimal leptin
function, which alters our DNA and is linked to a host of diseases like cancer. By
intermittent fasting and burning fat, you can better reset your leptin and maintain
a healthier lifestyle that improves long-term health.

Other hormones like DHEA, testosterone, adrenaline, and human growth hormone
can be optimized with this combination protocol as well.

By involving the cell longevity and hormone reset with the cold therapy and
fasting, humans can see a host of “downstream effects” that are more apparent
in day to day life. You may not care much about autophagy if you don't feel it
helping you at work or improving your life in the short term. Many of the
downstream effects can make you feel and look much better.

WHAT YOU’RE GOING TO FIND HERE

This protocol will provide in-depth scientific analysis in some areas with
explanations for lay people who want to know how it effects their daily lives. I
have no scientific degree and therefore understand when readers want to hear
the simple “how” and “why” without the scientific and / or philosophical
discussion.

If there are parts that become too involved with the science, skip them and move
on to something that interests you more. This is an exhaustive approach to
combining two great practices in your life and the reasons why it not only feels
great in the short-term, but has drastic long-term implications as well.

This product is meant for you. Hundreds of questions via comments and email
prompted me to write this guide.

IT’S NOT ONLY ME

On The Hacked Mind alone, here are some of the things people are saying about
the short-term benefits of taking cold showers and doing intermittent fasting:

“The benefits are real, I’ve never felt better. People are just afraid of discomfort
so they will discredit them to make themselves feel better.”

“I use to be depressed a lot and lacked motivation and overall happiness. One
morning I decided to take a cold shower and it really lifted my spirits. And my life
has been improving at a wonderful rate. I was so happy with my idea I looked it
up on the internet to see if anyone else knew about this and how it helps them.
Well this was one of the first one I found and I’m glad to tell everyone that this
really works. And to all those negative people, just try it once that’s all it takes. I
start my cold shower by turning it on hot and slowly turning it down till its ice
cold! I hope many more people read this article really helps with depression!”

“Second week of IF and I’ve gone from 175 to 169, belly fat is considerably less
and I don’t even get hungry anymore. Definitely doable long term.”

“After fasting, I found it much easier to control the weight loss through calories
only. I feel better when lifting, and have more energy in the mornings. I’ve also
had high cholesterol my whole life, even back as a teenager and underweight.
After beginning fasting, my liver functions have all gone into the normal ranges,
and my cholesterol has dropped to a (still high) manageable level.”

“I feel great when I’m doing this – the most energy Ive ever had, better
focus/concentration, better moods, etc.”

“I’ve been intermittent fasting for years. When I first tried it, I had an immediate
and profound change in body composition. I’ve been hooked ever since.”
“I’ve tried practically every method of IF there is. And then some. The longer you
practice it, the easier it is to go longer and longer periods without food. I can
easily go a day or two without eating. I’ve even broken your 72 hour rule by
going over 3 full days without food . . . and had next to no hunger during that
fast.”

It isn't just me that sees the benefits of using these two practices. Most of the
benefits described on my blog are discussed in relatively short durations. This
product will touch on that aspect through interviews, the FAQ booklet, and our
quick-start guide, but these are the downstream effects of bigger picture
changes.
Hormone Improvement

The hormones that often get the most attention are those like testosterone and
growth hormone. Both are affected by a cold therapy and intermittent fasting
regimen, but there are far more involved as well. Insulin is a major hormone
causing untold health damage to people worldwide. Leptin is another important
hormone involved with circadian rhythms and homeostasis. Both DHEA and
adrenaline can be incredibly effective for improving your life with the right doses.

Taking cold showers, or using any of the methods from the quick-start guide,
along with an intermittent fasting regimen will help you to reset many of these
hormones and improve your short and long-term health. Many of the added
benefits from these hormones can be felt instantly or within a short window;
unlike autophagy, you can tell when there is a real improvement.

I love to talk about science, but at the end of the day, subjective feelings matter
too. These hormone advantages can be felt strongly; you may feel more
motivated, focused, and your outlook will definitely improve!

Leptin

This hormone is secreted from fat stores and is often used to signal the brain to
stop consuming calories and start being physically active. The more fat one has,
typically the more leptin is being excreted. Only recently have studies shown the
influence of leptin within our circadian cycles, which has even larger implications
for this rather unknown hormone.

The leptin-melanocortin pathway is also important for weight regulation, but has
a cold adaptation to work more optimally. For the best leptin levels, a combination
of cold therapy and intermittent fasting is just what the doctor ordered.

Leptin can be a catch-22 scenario; the less leptin you have, the less fat your body
is told to burn. Sometimes having a cheat day can be psychologically healthy
(who doesn't love a tasty treat?), but also helpful for resetting leptin.

Insulin

The intermittent fasting portion of the regimen will help to improve insulin
sensitivity. Obesity, diabetes and many of the autoimmune diseases that plague
civilization are caused because of insulin resistance or some type of imbalance
with this hormone.

Intermittent fasting can “increase insulin-mediated glucose uptake rates,” which

points towards better insulin sensitivity and overall health. Cold shower therapy
can work synergistically with the fasting because of the adinopectin hormone,
which helps to shuttle glucose into muscles.

Testosterone

This hormone is one of the most important for healthy males and females to
maintain adequate cognitive and physical function. Lifestyle choices, such as
drinking alcohol, avoiding high intensity exercise, and others can lead to a
reduction in testosterone. There are a variety of different methods to improve
testosterone, but cold therapy and fasting can have that effect.

Cold therapy has an instant response that can increase the natural “fight or flight”
reflex, which improves testosterone. Some believe that our Mammalian diving
reflex can help to improve testosterone levels as well. Luckily, the benefits with
testosterone can last the entire day. From a subjective perspective, take a cold
shower and tell me you don't feel more invigorated!

Adrenaline

Fasting and cold showers have been used to improve adrenaline since the late
1970s. Tracking urinary adrenaline excretion, studies showed that fasting men
greatly improved adrenaline levels and cold therapy aids in this as well.

Through the same “fight or flight” response that improves testosterone, you can
see tremendous adrenaline improvements that can help improve focus and
attention. It also helps to improve mood in many individuals.

Many people use cold showers to wake up in the morning; this is why. Adrenaline
will wake you up whether you are tired or not!
Growth Hormone

For improving muscle mass and healing injuries, growth hormone is an imperative
hormone to optimize. Even though the downstream IGF-1 effects have been tied
to reduced longevity, optimizing growth hormone through natural methods like
fasting and cold therapy can ensure it does not get too high.

Fasting helped to provide “a pronounced increase in the blood levels of growth

hormone,” in healthy men. Pig studies provide evidence that colder adapted
mammals can improve growth hormone with cold therapy.

Adinopectin

This is a little known hormone, but it has huge implications for cold therapy. In a
cold environment, the adinopectin is released, which is used to break down
specific types of fat and helps to lower blood sugar by shuttling glucose into
muscles. The adiponectin hormone has been associated with better insulin
sensitivity, which can help to prevent obesity and diabetes.

From a recovery respective, adinopectin is great as it can supply muscles with

glucose much quicker than usual.

DHEA

This is supposed to be the most abundant hormone circulating throughout the

human body, which is used as a intermediate for testosterone or estrogen. Cold
exposure improves DHEA, which has a positive impact on the autophagic process.
Clearing out the metabolic “junk” isn't the only thing DHEA is useful for.

Telomere length is used to measure age and added DHEA can reduce the length
and improve aging. More importantly, DHEA is involved in enhanced memory
benefits.

Ghrelin

While there are dozens of other hormones influenced downstream, ghrelin is the
last of the major ones I will discuss. It is important because it makes you feel
hungry; it is a hormone that could keep you alive in ancient times, but acts as an
excuse to overeat today. T

he cells that produce ghrelin actually operate on a circadian rhythm, which means
they are active when they are used to being active. When you start to skip
breakfast, you will find them producing more of this hormone. After a few weeks,
they'll stop expecting the morning food and will be a lot easier.
Fat On Fire – Burn It, Baby

Now we can get back to what many of you are really interested in learning about.
How is it possible for fasting and cold exposure protocols to aid in fat burning?

For cold showers, the main benefit is through BAT activation. The BAT stands
for “brown adipose tissue,” which is primarily found around your collar bones,
neck, and upper back. While it can be found in other places, it is a different type
of fat than what is found around your waist and legs. BAT can provide heat, has
many mitochondria, and is generally healthier.

This is one of the most important aspects of fat burning that has gotten attention
in the past decade. The National Institute of Health in the USA has offered nearly
$5 million in financial grants since 2010 in order to study BAT activation; in a
country with half the people overweight, it makes sense!

Intermittent fasting is a great way of activating and producing new BAT, but cold
therapy is best; combining the two helps aid the fat burning process even more.
In rats, combining cold exposure and fasting improved glucose uptake into
skeletal muscles by 126 – 326% (as an alternative to glucose uptake into fat
cells!) It also helped improve BAT stores by 95-fold indicating that of the fat
stored, less was white and more was of the heat producing brown variety.

This BAT is used to produce heat in extremely cold environments; every second
you spend in a cold shower or ice bath is more fat your body is using to keep your
body temperature higher. It also can improve your metabolism through the same
mechanism.

Human and animal studies of BAT indicate low levels are correlated with obesity
and insulin resistance (which often adds to weight problems).

This is one of the reasons why rodents, such as rats and hibernating mammals,
have a lot of BAT. Staying warm is imperative for small mammals underground.
Humans are born with BAT and maintain it from childhood until long into
adulthood.

New evidence suggests we not only maintain BAT into adulthood, but may be able
to manufacture it ourselves. Also, a process known as “mitochondrial uncoupling”
stimulates the production of heat through skeletal muscle.

BAT activation in cold environments lasts for minutes after the exposure; Ray
Cronise tests for 20 – 30 minutes after cold exposure to determine how much
additional fat (or glucose) is burned.

The most important takeaway about BAT activation is not only that it can help to
burn fat, but it is as or more efficient a way of expending energy than
exercise. From an evolutionary perspective, the response to ever-present cold
environments was a lot more important than rare physical exertion!

Adiponectin is another hormone important for fat burning as well. Similar to BAT,
a low level of adiponectin is associated with obesity and being overweight. It can
increase fatty acid oxidation, which is ideal for losing weight.

Considering the importance of insulin and blood glucose levels on body

composition and weight loss, the intermittent fasting and cold exposure effects
are profound. Alternate day fasting regimens decreased fasting glucose
concentrations; after 20 – 24 weeks, the subjects were able to properly regulate
sugar and avoid weight gain due to insulin-related problems. Here is the great
part: even when people ate as much as they wanted during the eating
window, so long as they spent 16 – 20 hours fasting they could increase
insulin sensitivity. This is one of the reasons I am such a big advocate of
fasting and taking cold showers – it's an easy win!

The blood glucose benefits of fasting added to those from adiponectin activation
and cold exposure can almost assure a healthier metabolism and better regulated
glucose. These are the first steps in getting to and maintaining your ideal weight.

Burning fat requires fatty acid oxidation. This is the process by which your body
breaks down stored energy (fat) and uses it. A Louisiana study proved that
patients using intermittent fasting protocols could maintain the same metabolic
rate and still lose 4% (+/- 1%) of their body fat as a result of an intermittent
fasting regimen. Especially for people who are trying to get from 20% body fat
down to 10 – 15%, this is a great method.

Cold exposure and fasting have a profound effect on body composition. Many of
the world's elite athletes are genetic anomalies, but Michael Phelps is a perfect
example of how cold therapy can increase metabolism. He works out for hours at
a time in a below body temperature pool, which requires him to need 12,000
calories a day for survival. He is physically active, but almost no amount of
activity would require this type of diet – unless cold exposure from the pool was
increasing the rate his body burned fat!
Cell Longevity and Authophagy
Humans are resilient creatures made for survival in some of the most harsh
environments. Millions of years of evolution developed mechanisms, such as
autophagy, that helps us to clear cellular waste and improve the overall health.

Cells are incredibly small units when discussing overall health; a paper cut
involves millions of cells and you are made up of approximately 3.72 x 10 13 cells.
Providing your cells with more time to eradicate the metabolic waste can help
improve their health.

Autophagy is a constant bodily function, but modern diets and lifestyles have
made the process dysfunctional. The importance of autophagy for cellular health
is most evident with the rise of autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes,
cardiovascular disease, and cancer. It also leads to quicker aging.

Both calorie restriction (fasting) and cold therapy can help to improve autophagy
and remove cellular waste for more optimal functioning.

Cancer

Any type of cancer is an uncontrolled growth of cells, which divide and spread
throughout the body. Because of this relationship with cells, it is no wonder that
most research shows striking correlations between cancer and the process of
autophagy.

Paradoxically, autophagy plays an important role in the prevention of cancer and

the growth of cancer. Cancerous cells are often isolated and destroyed during
autophagy in patients with early stages. When autophagy is healthy and
uninterrupted, it can suppress tumors by removing damaged proteins and other
organelles that limit the cellular stability.

Modern technology has allowed scientists to manipulate gene expression in rats

and mice to test the theory that autophagy can prevent cancer. The “Beclin1”
protein regulates autophagy; scientists increased autophagy in some mice, which
showed fewer tumors. Conversely, when they decreased autophagy in mice, they
were more prone to cancer.

Autophagy can also help to recycle energy to keep cancerous cells alive, but living
with cold therapy and calorie restriction can prevent this chronic disease from
occuring.

Heart Failure

In 2007 four scientists published a groundbreaking study in Trends in Molecular

Medicine that claimed autophagy was a major pathway that helped to degrade
and recycle components important for normal cardiovascular function. Essentially,
they concluded that the process of autophagy was helping to remove much of the
junk causing heart attacks across the globe.

The rise in heart failure is directly attributed to modern lifestyle choices, such as
constantly eating high sugar and carbohydrate laden foods throughout the day.
While eating unhealthy foods is a major part of heart attacks, the availability of
food at all times of the day disrupts the autophagic process and leaves us all
vulnerable to disease.

Diabetes

A study performed in 2010 suggested that autophagy played a critical role in

mitochondrial function and thus prevented type 2 diabetes. The study on mice
showed that autophagy helped to maintain the structure of “beta-cells”, which
helped to improve insulin sensitivity and repair glucose tolerance.

Back to the Real World

Cellular health is real and important; most chronic illnesses that have plagued
humankind are the cause of disruptions to our natural autophagic process. One of
the most evident examples is found on the subcontinent of India.

As someone of Indian descent, my knowledge of the geography and cultural

norms in this country is greater than the average world citizen. The country offers
a tremendous opportunity to see the benefits of cold therapy and fasting in
action.

In the north of India is the tallest mountain range in the world with some of the
coldest winter conditions. The Himalayas stretch into neighboring Nepal where
tribal peoples have lived for thousands of years. Living in the coldest conditions,
many of the Sherpas and Buddhist monks are able to live for over a hundred
years with relative ease.

Many of these northern Indians and Nepalese live on high fat diets for optimal
health in frigid conditions. Yak butter tea is a staple for many tribes across the
region with some drinking up to 6 cups per day. While many of these herders and
tribes people do not actively practice a fasting ritual, life at high altitudes has
remained the same for thousands of years; there are often periods where they
naturally fast (due to food restrictions) whereas you or I must force ourselves to
do so.

Many in these northern communities are robust and healthy individuals at their
time of death; they live longer in harsher cold environments, but they also have
reduced autoimmune disorders like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

By contrast, the rest of the Indian subcontinent is of a much warmer climate with
plenty of food. The tropical climate allows for more staple crops, such as rice,
potatoes, and others, which can be consumed during all parts of the day. With
plenty of food and lacking the cold therapy provided naturally in the Himalayas,
there are major health problems attributed to a lack of autophagy.

Analyzing millions of people in India, one major study showed the vast difference
in heart attacks from north to south. In the northern regions of India, the
mortality rate due to heart attacks was six times lower than the southern part of
the country. It was also the lowest in India with the mortality increasing the
further south you go.

Regions of southern India have worse rates of diabetes and heart failure than
even the United States, which is one of the world's leaders.

This real world example is a profound example of why intermittent fasting and
cold therapy is so important in the western world. While it can help improve the
life of anyone, the comforts and modern luxuries of the western world create
sickness by preventing proper autophagic processes to take place.
Brain Function
REMEMBER…
I'm pretty partial to brain function when it comes to my lifestyle choices. Cold
exposure and fasting provide plenty of cognitive advantages to keep me focused,
improve my memory, and enhance my mood.

The ease of performance enhancing drugs can be appealing, but rarely do most
people want to inject anything in order to improve brain function. With the natural
lifestyle changes that include cold exposure and fasting, you can easily improve
your cognition beyond many drugs that could give you side effects.

Even though conventional wisdom points towards eating small meals every 3
hours while awake, the medical evidence refutes this. The cellular process of
autophagy can reduce oxidative stress, which has a profound impact on memory.
This memory enhancement has been noted with decreased incidence of
Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease.

In addition to reducing oxidative stress, cold exposure can increase glutathione,

which is a powerful anti-oxidant. It is one of the most important peptides
responsible for enhancing optimal brain and immune function. Many people
supplement with glutathione, but it turns out to be ineffective.

Taking a glutathione supplement for anti-oxidant properties does not work well
because it is instantly digested into component amino acids. It can increase
glutathione through alternative pathways in the body, but it is indirect and far too
expensive. In contrast, getting added glutathione produced from the body during
cold exposure has a much more profound effect.
…THE BRAIN’S GOTTA BREATHE
The main reason glutathione is so impactful for human brains is due to our
oxygen usage. Despite constituting only 2% of the human body weight, the brain
requires 20% of the oxygen we consume. Because glutathione specifically
detoxifies toxins in oxygen (called “oxygen species”), it is even more important
for the brain as an anti-oxidant than the rest of the body.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is like fertilizer for the brain and is
responsible for memory formation and synaptic plasticity. Physical activity can
improve BDNF in the brain, but fasting can have a similar impact. The BDNF can
help to increase the resistance of neurons in the brain, which prevent neurological
disorders and neuro degeneration.

Due to the importance of hormones on brain function, the downstream effects of

cold exposure and fasting are tremendous. Obviously testosterone and adrenaline
have profound impacts on the brain.

Adrenaline can improve improve mood, reduce tension and depression, and even
can help to reduce anger. There is a limit of adrenaline that is healthy for this
purpose, but cold showers and fasting will keep you firmly within the limit!

I have had first-hand experience of the importance of testosterone for brain

health and memory. For my grandfather's prostate cancer, doctors artificially
reduced his testosterone and memory fell dramatically. He couldn't remember
things he had just said, he was only interested in discussing the 1930s and it was
painful to watch. Once he was able to allow his natural testosterone to rise,
memory and overall cognitive abilities improved considerably.

There is a reason why doctors provide testosterone therapy for older men! Poor
cognitive performance is a serious side effect of low testosterone, which cold
therapy and fasting can improve.

Finally, the impacts of additional DHEA are great for cognitive performance. DHEA
improves learning and memory formation in animal studies. It seems it also has a
powerful neuroprotective effect as well. The impacts of DHEA are so useful that it
has even become one of the most well-known and used nootropic compounds.

Higher DHEA levels are associated with better responses to stress; given how
many familial and work responsibilities we all have, this can be a mitigating
factor. Both DHEA and prenenolone (which is converted into DHEA) are used for
short-term memory retrieval. This may be due to the excitability of neurons in the
hippocampus, which is the region of the brain responsible for memory formation.

Supplementing with DHEA can come with higher chances of cancer or heart
problems, but naturally producing this hormone can safely limit the quantity and
provide optimal results without the risk.
Conclusion

If you are serious about your health, there are plenty of lifestyle factors that you
can change. Eating healthy, real foods, exercising, and getting adequate sleep
among the highest priorities no matter what age, body composition or gender.

For those that want to optimize their health with the biggest bang for their
biohacking buck, cold exposure and fasting are the two best choices, which work
synergistically to improve many facets of your life.

While not apparent, the process of autophagy is vital for cellular health and thus
the performance of your entire body. You may not see or feel autophagy or this
metabolic “cleanup”, but it goes on when fasting and during cold exposure. When
combining the two of these, you can increase the longevity of your cells and your
life.

Hormones govern everything from sleep to fat loss and even brain function. By
optimizing your hormones you can achieve greater attention and focus with
maximum memory retention. Instead of overdoing supplements that may have a
risk of side effects, using natural methods like fasting and cold therapy can prove
more reliable and safe.

Both practices work together to improve processes that are missing from modern
diets and lifestyles. As technology has grown, our bodies are struggling to keep
pace. Using these natural methods can help improve every aspect of your life.

Now that you have a fundamental understanding of the benefits (and the
raw research to prove it), it is time to get started improving your life.

Instructions: Read the “Quick Start” guide to get a few guided methods of
incorporating fasting and cold exposure into your daily routine. If you have
questions, consult the “F.A.Q. Guide” and if you want to check the sources for
yourself, see them in alphabetical order below!
 Sources

Awazawa M1, Ueki K, Inabe K, Yamauchi T. Adiponectin enhances insulin

sensitivity by increasing hepatic IRS-2 expression via a macrophage-derived IL-6-
dependent pathway. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21459325

Carroll JA1, Buonomo FC, Becker BA, Matteri RL. Interactions between
environmental temperature and porcine growth hormone (pGH) treatment in
neonatal pigs. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10219520

Charles A. Morgan, Ann Rasmusson, Robert H. Pietrzak, Vladimir Coric.

Relationships Among Plasma Dehydroepiandrosterone and
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, Cortisol, Symptoms of Dissociation, and
Objective Performance in Humans Exposed to Underwater Navigation Stress.
http://www.biologicalpsychiatryjournal.com/article/S0006-3223(09)00446-
6/abstract

Dringen R. Metabolism and functions of glutathione in brain.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10880854

Furuya, N., Liang, X.H., and Levin, B. 2004. Autophagy and cancer. In Autophagy.
D.J. Klionsky editor. Landes Bioscience. Georgetown, Texas, USA. 244-253.

Halberg N1, Henriksen M, Söderhamn N, Stallknecht B. Effect of intermittent

fasting and refeeding on insulin action in healthy men.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16051710

Kadowaki T1, Yamauchi T, Kubota N, Hara K, Adiponectin and adiponectin

receptors in insulin resistance, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16823476

Krista A Varady and Marc K Hellerstein. Alternate-day fasting and chronic disease
prevention: a review of human and animal trials.
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/86/1/7.full#

Marcello, Patricia Cronin (2003). The Dalai Lama: A Biography, Greenwood

Publishing Group. pg. 7

Martinet W1, Knaapen MW, Kockx MM, De Meyer GR. Autophagy in cardiovascular
disease. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18029229

Mathew R, Karp CM, Beaudoin B, Vuong N. Autophagy suppresses tumorigenesis

through elimination of p62. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19524509

Mattson MP1, Duan W, Guo Z. Meal size and frequency affect neuronal plasticity
and vulnerability to disease: cellular and molecular mechanisms.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12558961

Mattson MP. Energy intake, meal frequency, and health: a neurobiological

perspective. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16011467

Mattson MP, Wan R. Beneficial effects of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction
on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15741046

Orentreich N, Brind JL, Rizer RL, Vogelman JH. Age changes and sex differences
in serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations throughout adulthood.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6235241

Oswal A1, Yeo GS. The leptin melanocortin pathway and the control of body
weight: lessons from human and murine genetics.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17578380

Palmblad J, Levi L, Burger A, Melander A. Effects of total energy withdrawal

(fasting) on thelevels of growth hormone, thyrotropin, cortisol, adrenaline,
noradrenaline, T4, T3, and rT3 in healthy males.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/835366

Qu X1, Yu J, Bhagat G, Furuya N. Promotion of tumorigenesis by heterozygous

disruption of the beclin 1 autophagy
gene.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14638851

Racchi M1, Balduzzi C, Corsini E. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and the aging

brain: flipping a coin in the "fountain of youth".
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595910

Shibata H1, Pérusse F, Vallerand A, Bukowiecki LJ.

Cold exposure reverses inhibitory effects of fasting on peripheral glucose uptake
in rats. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2665523

Siems WG1, van Kuijk FJ, Maass R, Brenke R.

Uric acid and glutathione levels during short-term whole body cold exposure.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8063192

S. L. MALHOTRA. Epidemiology of Ischamic Heart Disease in India with Special

Reference to Causation. Brit. Heart J., 1967, 29, 895.

Stephen E Borst and Thomas Mulligan. Testosterone replacement therapy for

older men. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2686341/

Ukkola O1, Santaniemi M. Adiponectin: a link between excess adiposity and

associated comorbidities?http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12436346
Véronique Ouellet, Sébastien M. Labbé, Denis P. Blondin, Serge Phoenix. Brown
adipose tissue oxidative metabolism contributes to energy expenditure during
acute cold exposure in humans. http://www.jci.org/articles/view/60433

Yoon MJ1, Lee GY, Chung JJ, Ahn YH. Adiponectin increases fatty acid oxidation in
skeletal muscle cells by sequential activation of AMP-activated protein kinase,
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and peroxisome proliferator-activated
receptor alpha. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16936205