50th ASEP Anniversary International Convention & Exposition, “Safer, Smarter & Greener”

Technical Proceedings ISSN 1656-7757, September 28-30, 2011 Makati City, Philippines

THE GREEN REVOLUTION: SUSTAINABLE DESIGN AND

TECHNOLOGIES IN THE 21ST CENTURY AND BEYOND
Arch. Liza Morales Crespo, LEED AP, AIA, UAP
ABSTRACT: A Green Building versus a standard building done conventionally, can reduce
energy use by up to 50%, carbon dioxide emissions by up to 39%, water use by 40% and solid
waste by up to 70%. The challenge for designers in the construction industry is to create
buildings which incorporate sustainable practices in all aspects---from design, to the extraction,
manufacturing, use and disposal of materials and resources consumed, and the provision of a
healthy environment for both the building’s users and the community it serves. Designers,
therefore, need to rethink their approach with regards to designing buildings, since the use of
“brute force” is a mantra from the Industrial Revolution and is not appropriate in meeting the
needs of the present and future generations.
New technologies which claim to be “green” surface daily. An understanding of how these
technologies and products should be evaluated is critical in ensuring that the new
buildings/structures have a minimal carbon footprint. What criteria should be used as gauge?
What is the difference between the terms “Sustainable” and “Green”? Is reduction good
enough?
1. WHY BUILD GREEN?
Buildings currently are the world’s top polluter accounting for an estimated 48% of all green
house emissions. Surprisingly, cars and industry are way behind buildings in this category. This
is due to the amount of Carbon Dioxide emissions generated by the use of electricity and air-
conditioning equipment which contain Ozone Depleting Substances.
Moreover, different construction materials, in the various processes involved from extraction to
manufacturing are responsible for additional emissions of pollutants and exploitation of non-
renewable natural resources.
2. WHAT IS GREEN?
A clear understanding of what the terms “green” and “sustainable” mean is a prerequisite to
designing environmentally responsive buildings. Google “green building” and one will come
across a myriad of definitions, among them:

“Green architecture, or green design, is an approach to building that minimizes harmful

effects on human health and the environment.” 1
“Buildings designed according to energy-saving criteria and the reduction of pollution.”2
None of these definitions, however, accurately define the true essence of designing buildings
which would be beneficial to the environment.
The terms “Green” and “Sustainable” are often used interchangeably, however, they do not mean
the same thing. What can be considered as “Green” may not be necessarily “Sustainable”. Green
can, nevertheless, be a subset of sustainability. And in designing buildings that are good for the
environment, we have to incorporate both practices. One cannot be mutually exclusive of the
other.

1
Craven, Jackie. What Is "Green Architecture" and "Green Design"? http://architecture.about.com/od/greenconcepts/g/green.htm
2
JAMES STEVENS CURL. "Green architecture." A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture.
2000. Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2011

13
 50th ASEP Anniversary International Convention & Exposition, “Safer, Smarter & Greener”
Technical Proceedings ISSN 1656-7757, September 28-30, 2011 Makati City, Philippines

I have come up with a term that would include all the criteria for creating environmentally
responsible structures:
Eco- architecture is a carbon neutral process of building that incorporates sustainable
practices in all aspects and components---from design, through construction and
occupancy while providing a healthy environment for both the building’s users and its
environment, for this and future generations.
Together with other construction related professions, structural engineers have a significant role
in shaping how sustainable buildings will be. From common construction practices to the
selection of materials, we need to reconsider the traditional means and methods to make this
“Green Revolution” come to fruition.
3. THE GREEN REVOLUTION
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is a rating/certification system for
buildings which was established by the United States Green Building Council or USGBC in
1989 to define "green building" by establishing a common standard of measurement. Different
countries have their own versions, with the UK having its own BREEAM (BRE Environmental
Assessment Method) which actually preceded LEED, however, LEED has surpassed BREEAM
with regards to the amount of Green buildings certified, and now BREEAM looks up to LEED as
a model standard. Of course, the Philippines will not be left behind with the Philippine Green
Building Council also formulating its own BERDE (Building for Ecologically Responsive
Design Excellence) which is in its final review stages and is expected to be rolled out in the near
future.
LEED, with its point based system, has its limitations and is not without its own set of critics.
However, no one can dispute that this is a big step in the right direction. LEED has grown to
cover more than 14,000 projects in the United States and 30 countries covering 10,000 hectares
of development area. Recently, we have seen this wave of buildings locally aspiring to be
branded as “green” and the first step is legitimization through the LEED process.
We can reference the framework from which LEED’s point based system is predicated on for
resource efficient construction practices and guidelines in the proper selection of materials and
systems. Below is a breakdown of the various criteria for LEED.
3.1. Sustainable Sites
LEED Sustainable Sites credits encourage best practice measures through strategies such
as alternative transportation, effective site lighting design, development of high-density
and brownfield sites, and stormwater management. Under this credit, engineers can take a
pivotal role if engaged in site selection, brownfield redevelopment. Limiting disturbance
on the site’s ecosystem is the goal of this credit and to comply, projects must meet the
prerequisite Construction Activity Pollution Prevention which requires the use of erosion
and sediment control plans in the submittal process.
3.2. Water Efficiency
Civil engineers can assist with eliminating potable water use for landscaping by
recommending and designing rainwater catchment systems, wastewater treatment
systems for use in irrigation, and designing stormwater management controls (such as
raingardens) that divert stormwater to landscape areas and provide for landscape water
needs.

14
 50th ASEP Anniversary International Convention & Exposition, “Safer, Smarter & Greener”
Technical Proceedings ISSN 1656-7757, September 28-30, 2011 Makati City, Philippines

3.3. Energy and Atmosphere

Given the amount of potential points that could be achieved under this criteria, it is quite
obvious that LEED makes reduction in energy consumption its top priority. Buildings
that use renewable energy sources and also reduce usage of electricity with the adoption
of efficient and energy saving devices have the most potential to obtain LEED
certification.
3.4. Materials and Resources
To find resource-efficient and environmentally sensitive materials, it is compulsory to
dissect the product down to its raw components and trace sources: where it was extracted,
how it was extracted, where it was manufactured and how it was manufactured to ensure
that the components of these products were sustainably harvested and processed. A
preference for materials that were manufactured locally (within 500 miles or 800 km)
will work to the project’s favor in obtaining LEED points, however, the long term goal is
the reduction of carbon footprint commonly associated with transporting materials from
one location to another. There is also a lot of potential here for strategies such as the use
of reusable formwork as opposed to disposable formwork which are extremely wasteful.
The use of old concrete which are then broken into blocks and used to build retaining
walls or crushed to provide backfill and facilitate good drainage, is another possible
strategy under this criteria.

3.5. Indoor Environmental Quality

The goal in constructing green buildings is not limited to keeping the planet healthy, of
utmost significance as well is the health of the building’s users. The use of materials
which emit few or no harmful substances or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is
encouraged under this credit. Those who play a role in product specifications need to pay
close attention to the various components in materials: paints, adhesives and sealants as
these are known to off-gas and emit cancer-causing elements and reproductive toxicants.
3

4. CASE STUDIES: LEARNING FROM NATURE

Design professionals understand that design is a process. With regards to Eco-Architecture
though, there is a need to re-think this process. This requires an integrative approach to design
and looking at systems and processes as a whole. Consider buildings as holistic processes
comprised of interconnected parts and systems which can function sustainably. It is quite ironic
that in looking to the future direction of green construction, we may need to refer to ancient
examples. This is where we look to Biomimicry. Biomimicry means “to imitate life”. The design
solutions that nature has come up with have gone through almost 3.8 billion years of research
and development. A lot could be learned from these biomimetic examples, wherein processes are
able to sustain themselves, without human intervention. Below are some case studies which use
nature as the precedence in their designs.
4.1. Masdar City
On the masterplan scale, Masdar city, constructed 17 kilometers east-south-east of the city of
Abu Dhabi, designed by the British architectural firm Foster + Partners, was envisioned to be
a closed loop, sustainable, zero-carbon eco-system which relies entirely on solar energy and
3
USGBC (2009). Green Building Design and Construction: LEED Reference Guide for Green Building Design and
Construction. Washington, DC: USGBC.

15
 50th ASEP Anniversary International Convention & Exposition, “Safer, Smarter & Greener”
Technical Proceedings ISSN 1656-7757, September 28-30, 2011 Makati City, Philippines

other renewable energy sources. It will be utilizing various types of non-conventional energy
sources: a 200 megawatt solar power plant, wind farms will be established outside the city's
perimeter capable of producing up to 20 megawatts, and a geothermal power plant as well. In
addition, Masdar plans to host the world's largest hydrogen power plant.
Water management is taken seriously with the use of a solar-powered desalination plant
which will be used to provide Masdar city's water needs, claiming to be 60 percent lower
than similarly sized communities. Approximately 80 percent of the water used will be
recycled and waste water will be reused over and over again with this greywater being used
for crop irrigation and other purposes. Biological waste will be used to create nutrient-rich
soil and fertilizer, and some may also be utilized through waste incineration as an additional
power source. Industrial waste, such as plastics and metals, will be recycled or re-purposed
for other uses.
4.2. EastGate Project in Harare Zimbabwe
One of the most famous examples of biomimicry is this mid-rise building in Zimbabwe,
designed by architect Mick Pearce in conjunction with engineers at Arup Associates. In spite
the fact that it is located in a warm-dry climate, it uses no conventional air-conditioning or
heating, yet the temperature stays regulated year round using design methods inspired by -
cooling mounds of African termites. Termites in Zimbabwe build gigantic mounds inside of
which they farm a fungus that is their primary food source. The fungus must be kept at
exactly 87 degrees F, while the temperatures outside range from 35 degrees F at night to 104
degrees F during the day. The termites achieve this by constantly opening and closing a
series of heating and cooling vents throughout the mound over the course of the day. With a
system of carefully adjusted convection currents, air is drawn in at the lower part of the
mound, down into enclosures with muddy walls, and up through a channel to the peak of the
termite mound. These hardworking termites constantly dig new vents and plug up old ones in
order to regulate the temperature. In a similar fashion, the Eastgate project uses a raised floor
system within the individual offices which allows for air movement originating from the
atrium.4
4.3. Doha Building
The Minister of Municipal Affairs & Agriculture (MMAA) in Qatar is a new office building
that takes the form of a towering cactus. Designed by Aesthetics Architects, the modern
office and adjoining botanical dome take cues from cacti and the way that they successfully
survive in hot, dry environments. Qatar is fairly barren, covered by sand, and receives and
average annual rainfall of 3.2 inches. MMA’s new building is designed be very energy
efficient and utilizes sun shades on its windows. Depending on the intensity of the sun during
the day, the sun shades can open or close to keep out the heat when it is too much. This is
similar to how a cactus chooses to perform transpiration at night rather during the day in
order to retain water
4.4. New Songdo City

New Songdo City in South Korea is a 200 hectare masterplanned development and the client
had commissioned the U.S. based architectural firm HOK to design a contemporary, iconic
skyscraper. HOK had envisioned a number of twisting towers which has been in vogue for
contemporary skyscrapers. The structural engineers, Arup, were then challenged by the
architects to design a logical structural system which integrates with the iconic twisting form
of the building. A conventional approach would have been to express the supporting columns
4
Brown, GZ. (2000) Sun, Wind and Light: Architectural Design Strategies. Canada: John Wiley and Sons.

16
 50th ASEP Anniversary International Convention & Exposition, “Safer, Smarter & Greener”
Technical Proceedings ISSN 1656-7757, September 28-30, 2011 Makati City, Philippines

on the façade which would have been inefficient and expensive, so Arup looked the other
way. The design team referred to the configuration of the honeycomb which retains its
structural integrity while twisting. 5

What they have designed is a system comprising of staggered supporting walls cantilevered
from the core. This allows for each floor plate to pivot around the center of the building
while it twists as the floors move up higher. 6

4.5. Meghalaya Bridges in India

In the forests of Meghalaya, India, the War-Khasis people have discovered a patient way of
crossing the many rivers of their wet region. They have created a living system of bridges
which can support the weight of as much as 50 people by guiding the roots of an abundant
species of rubber tree. The roots are woven and guided in hollowed out betel nut trunks until
they reach and grab onto the opposite banks. Over time, these root systems become stronger,
supporting the daily movement of people across the rivers.
4.6. 525 Golden Gate Avenue.
This building, aiming for LEED Platinum rating (the highest rating possible in LEED
standards), generates a portion of its own electricity using solar and wind power, and
contains a natural wetland integrated in its lobby. The wetland will cleanse the gray and
blackwater generated by the building, so that it can be used for toilet and urinal flushing.
However, these green features are not what make this building unique. Located in San
Francisco where earthquakes are quite common, the building will suffer negligible damage
after powerful and almost statistically unlikely event called a Maximumcredible Earthquake
(MCE) which is said to return once every 2,475 years. This feature goes over and beyond
code requirements, and is not covered by any LEED criteria. However, the architects and
owners believe that sustainability will be its enduring legacy. Relying on post-tensioned
concrete slabs and two vertically post tensioned concrete cores, the building integrates a
“rocking mechanism” in its design wherein the elements will return to their original positions
after the tremors that accompany an earthquake. The tensioned tendons contain ducts within
the rebars which will close the cracks that will develop in the concrete after the event.
5. MATERIALS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY AND BEYOND
Concrete has been cited as a major culprit for raising the levels of Greenhouse Gas Emissions,
causing acid rain and other environmental disasters. However, there are a number of innovators
out there, who are looking to reverse this notoriety by creating new varieties of concrete.
5.1. Fly Ash Concrete
At present, US power plants produce 130 million tons of fly ash and bottom ash during the
coal combustion process. What has been done was to capture these through a filtration
system and dumped in landfills.
Jeffery Volz, assistant professor of civil, architectural and environmental engineering at
Missouri Science and Technology, believes that fly ash, a by-product of combustion in
industrial coal plants, has a lot of potential in being a greener alternative to cement.

5
http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=668152

6
John Gendall. Architecture That Imitates Life. http://harvardmagazine.com/2009/09/architecture-imitates-life

17
 50th ASEP Anniversary International Convention & Exposition, “Safer, Smarter & Greener”
Technical Proceedings ISSN 1656-7757, September 28-30, 2011 Makati City, Philippines

“Traditional specifications limit the amount of fly ash to 35 or 40 percent cement

replacement,” said Volz. “Recent studies have shown that higher cement replacement
percentages – even up to 75 percent – can result in excellent concrete in terms of both
strength and durability.”7

It is during the manufacturing of cement, limestone and other materials when they are heated
to extreme temperatures and release tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which make
it one of the world’s worst polluters. “If fly ash could replace cement, it would not only
reduce the amount of fly ash that ends up in ponds and landfills but carbon dioxide emissions
as well,” 8 says Volz.

An admixture that is currently being researched is rice hull ash, trademarked under the name
Agrosilica. This has a lot of potential in the Philippines, which is a major consumer of rice.
When mixed with fly ash, the result is a much stronger concrete with low permeability. There
is a growing demand for fine amorphous silica in the production of special cement and
concrete mixes for use in bridges, marine environments , and other structural concrete
applications.

5.2. “Negative Carbon Footprint” Cement

A California-based company, Calera, claims it has discovered a cement-manufacturing

process with a negative carbon footprint. Referencing the Biomimicry concept discussed
earlier, Calera’s technique was inspired by how some corals produce reefs. These corals filter
carbon dioxide emissions through seawater to create a chalky carbonate byproduct. This
cement substance is then mixed with aggregate and water to create concrete, eliminating
carbon emissions and avoiding the need to heat the ingredients.

5.3. Superior walls

XI wall by Superior Walls, a prefabricated foundation wall system manufactured in

Pennsylvania, uses reduced amounts of concrete as compared to standard foundation walls,
which the manufacturer claims to be 80% less. This system is comprised of steel, a built-in
insulation layer and some concrete. These panels are then cast in a configuration similar to
stud walls, and allows for basements to be erected at a much shorter period of time while
requiring minimal coordination.

5.4. CO2 Sucking Precast Concrete

A Canadian environmental consulting firm, Carbon Sense Solutions, through a process

known as concrete carbonation, purports that they have devised a carbon storage method that
could reduce global carbon dioxide emissions by as much as 1% a year. CO2 Accelerated
Concrete Curing, a method that applies to precast concrete, accelerates the curing process
and stores carbon dioxide at the same time.

Among their claims is that their concrete is more durable, more resistant to shrinking and
cracking, and less permeable to water and that the process “has the potential to sequester or

7
Timon Singh. Fly Ash Pollution Could Be Used as a Construction Material. http://inhabitat.com/fly-ash-pollution-could-be-
used-as-a-construction-material/volz/
8
Pollution may be key in concrete. http://www.aggregateresearch.com/articles/21367/Pollution-may-be-key-in-concrete-.aspx

18
 50th ASEP Anniversary International Convention & Exposition, “Safer, Smarter & Greener”
Technical Proceedings ISSN 1656-7757, September 28-30, 2011 Makati City, Philippines

avoid 20% of all cement-industry carbon dioxide emissions.” If all these claims do hold true,
this innovation would have a huge impact on delaying the effects of global warming.

5.5. Self Healing Concrete

Learning from nature’s examples, A University of Michigan Professor, Victor Li, has come
up with a recipe for self healing bendable concrete after 15 years of research. Performing in
the same manner the skin heals after a wound, his mixture uses water and carbon dioxide to
heal itself, without the need for external intervention. When there is a crack in a roadway
deck and it gets wet, and dries up, the additional cement paste in the mixture seals the cracks,
like a scar. Having been designed to bend and crack in thin hairlines as opposed to wider
gaps, which is a trait common to concrete, will lead to safer and stronger infrastructure.
According to Mr. Li, self-healing bendable concrete remains intact and safe to use at tensile
strains up to 5 percent. Traditional concrete fractures and can’t hold weight at .01 percent
tensile strain.

5.6. Bricks made of Urine and Cow Manure

Brick, like concrete, emits a huge amount of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when tossed
into a coal powered kiln. Each brick is responsible for 1.3 pounds of carbon dioxide spewed
out into the atmosphere. With 1.23 trillion bricks manufactured each year in the U.S., there is
significant amount of air pollution associated with it. Ginger Krieg Dosier, an assistant
architecture professor at the American University of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates,
proposed a radical shift from the way brick is typically manufactured. She is introducing a
brick making process that uses bacteria, sand and urine. Instead of baking the brick, she has
created a method wherein the brick is bound together by Microbial Induced Calcite
Precipitation. However this process is still subject to further investigation, and needs to deal
with the issue that among its by-product is large amounts of ammonia which can contaminate
groundwater supplies.

In Prasetiya, Indonesia, students have capitalized on the abundance of cow dung by

developing EcoFaeBrick. According to the team, this brick is 20% lighter than the standard
clay brick and 20% stronger in compressive strength. By using cow dung instead of firewood
1,692 tons of carbon dioxide are prevented from being spewed out into the atmosphere.
Switching clay with the cow manure prevents the massive damage to the earth that is
associated with clay excavation. This has a lot of potential for developing countries wherein
brick is commonly used.

5.7. Solar Masonry Unit

In an attempt to harness the potential of building facades given their exposure to the sun,
Alexander Keller, a graduate student at the Rhode Island School of Design, conceived the
Solar Masonry Unit. Depending on the size of the brick, it holds photovoltaic cells, with an
inverter, and a battery into a recycled plastic shell. They bind together, like Lego pieces,
without the use of mortar and allow the building’s users to plug into its outlet to power low
energy devices such as laptops, TVs etc.

5.8. Green Aggregate

A feasible new alternative to traditional structural aggregate material is synthetic lightweight

aggregate material developed from various environmental waste processes (i.e. fly ash etc.).
Among the compelling benefits of using lightweight concrete is that it reduces the volume of

19
 50th ASEP Anniversary International Convention & Exposition, “Safer, Smarter & Greener”
Technical Proceedings ISSN 1656-7757, September 28-30, 2011 Makati City, Philippines

various components associated with it: by using thinner sections of used for structural
members. Among the many advantages of using green aggregates are: reduction of dead
load, improved cyclic loading structural response, longer spans, better fire ratings, and lower
foundation costs. Even if the weight of lightweight concrete is typically 25% to 35% lighter,
its strength is comparable to normal weight concrete. The compact external shell of the
aggregate contributes to the higher strength resistance than the traditional lightweight
aggregate without coating and also helps in controlling the water absorption of aggregate
during mixing, reducing the slump loss of concrete with time. 9

5.9. Recycled Aggregates

Recycled-aggregates collected from crushing demolished concrete can be used to create
pavements, sidewalks, structural grade concrete etc. after it has been filtered. The surface is
highly porous and rough which causes it to have a lower specific weight than that of natural-
aggregates. To deliver high flowing concrete using recycled aggregates it is important to
ensure that the compressive strength of the demolished concrete from which it was obtained
should be at least 210 kgf/cm.
5.10. Steel

In green construction industry circles, steel is perceived to be favored among green

professionals, having recycled content of as much as 40%. Recent advances in industrial
manufacturing technologies have allowed a much higher recycled content in U.S. mills which
now averages to 88% for structural steel beams and columns. The recycling rate hovers
around 98%. Various steel mills all over the world are also working towards the formulation
of high strength steel. This has the potential to make a global impact since the use of less
material is always beneficial to the environment.

In the Philippines, the absence of government monitoring of recycled content in material

components makes it difficult to determine the percentage. However, there is a lot of
potential in this aspect, and there needs to be a push from professionals within the industry to
make this happen.

6. CONCLUSION

Civil and Structural engineers have an important role in the design of green buildings. However,
a re-evaluation of current methods of buildings together with a re-organization of the hierarchy
of priorities needs to materialize to create this shift. There are a lot of new innovations and
technologies present claiming to help achieve sustainability in the built world. However, most of
these are still in their infancy and still needs to go through rigorous tests and evaluation to
determine if all criteria are being met. Government regulation is also necessary to assist the
construction industry and design professionals in evaluating the sustainability and viability of
these new materials.

9
Tommy Y. Lo and H.Z. Cui, PROPERTIES OF GREEN LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE,
Department of Building and Construction, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

20
 50th ASEP Anniversary International Convention & Exposition, “Safer, Smarter & Greener”
Technical Proceedings ISSN 1656-7757, September 28-30, 2011 Makati City, Philippines

REFERENCES

Brown, GZ. (2000) Sun, Wind and Light: Architectural Design Strategies. Canada: John Wiley and
Sons.
Craven, Jackie. What Is "Green Architecture" and "Green Design"?
http://architecture.about.com/od/greenconcepts/g/green.htm
Curl, James Stevens. "Green architecture." A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape
Architecture. 2000. Encyclopedia.com. 18 Jul. 2011
Gendall, John. Architecture That Imitates Life. http://harvardmagazine.com/2009/09/architecture-
imitates-life
LaBarre, Suzanne. The Better Brick. Metropolis Magazine. May 2010: 114-117.
Lo, Tommy and Cui, H.Z., Properties of Green Lightweight Aggregate Concrete. Department of
Building and Construction, Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong.
Singh, Timon. Fly Ash Pollution Could Be Used as a Construction Material. http://inhabitat.com/fly-
ash-pollution-could-be-used-as-a-construction-material/volz/
Pollution may be key in concrete. http://www.aggregateresearch.com/articles/21367/Pollution-may-be-
key-in-concrete-.aspx
USGBC (2009). Green Building Design and Construction: LEED Reference Guide for Green
Building Design and Construction. Washington, DC: USGBC.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Arch. Liza Morales-Crespo is a sustainable design consultant who, for over ten years, has worked on 5
star hotel projects and luxury residential developments all over the world as an associate at the award
winning New York City firm, Brennan Beer Gorman Architects. In 2008, she was certified as a LEED
(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Accredited Professional by the U.S. Green Building
Council. After obtaining two masters degrees (MS Architecture & Urban Design from Columbia
University and Master in Infrastructure Planning from the New Jersey Institute of Technology), she is
now pursuing her Certificate in Green Building Design from the Cooper Union. Among many accolades,
she graduated cum laude from the University of the Philippines College of Architecture in 1995 and
ranked 6th place in the PRC Licensure Exam for Architecture. Now based in Manila as a sustainable
design consultant and a professor at De La Salle University School of Design and Arts, she has delivered
numerous lectures to various organizations such as the Philippine Concrete Industry Association,
architecture schools and various multinational corporations. She also co-owns Philippine GeoGreen Inc.,
a provider of Green design solutions for the building industry. Email: liza.crespo@philgeogreen.com

21