Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Supatra A. Bhumiwat
Independent HV Diagnostics Consultant
www.kea-consultant.com
CIGRE Thailand
29th November 2013, Bangkok
Agenda
2
The Nature of Electrical Insulation
• Ability to be polarized
(Polarization)
4
Polarization
5
Polarization
7
Polarization Conduction
1 The charges linked with 1 The free charges (carriers) can
definite molecules of matter are move through the entire thickness
brought into motion. These of a dielectric from one electrode
charges cannot leave the to the other.
confines of a given molecule.
2 “Polarization” takes place in all 2 “Conduction” is often determined
the molecules of a dielectric by the presence of impurities or
and causes chemical change or contaminants. It is not attributed
deterioration to its basic substance
3 When the voltage applied to a 3 The return (or recovery) voltage
dielectric is discontinued, the never happens to the phenomenon
displaced charges may tend to of electrical conduction.
return to their initial positions
4 The absorption current due to 4 The conduction current exists and
polarization decays to zero keeps constant so long as a direct
slowly under a direct voltage. voltage is applied to a dielectric.
8
From B. Tareev “Physics of Dielectric Materials”, MIR Publishers, Moscow, 1975
Each problem in a dielectric is produced by
the mechanism of
either “Conduction” or “Polarization” or both.
9
Classification of problems
in Transformer Insulation
Polarization Conduction
10
Deterioration of Oil by Oxidation
11
Identification of Aging in Transformer dielectrics
by Oil analysis
• Fault (DGA)
• Normal Aging of Oil
- Contaminants which cause Conduction
Moisture, Particles, Metal-in-oil,
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage
- Deterioration products, acid or non-acid type
which cause Polarization
Conductivity & DDF by IEC61620 (since previous decade),
Acid, IFT, Inhibitors, etc.
13
Oil Test Results showing the Independency of
Moisture-in-Oil & Oil-Conductivity (IEC61620)
ID Oil Condition Oil temperature (oC) Moisture-in-oil (ppm) Conductivity at 20oC (pS/m) Acidity
when sample is taken (Karl-Fischer method) (oil test: IEC61620) (mgKOH/g
Tx-001 A 37.6 35 7.06 0.086
C 40.0 37 1.30 0.029
B+C 17.0 23 0.47 0.013
Tx-002 A 40.7 36 4.81 0.082
C 39.7 37 1.54 0.019
B+C 17.0 25 0.50 0.012
Tx-003 A 16.0 21 10.06 0.082
B 10.0 10 7.88 0.080
B+C 11.0 5 0.83 0.007
Tx-004 A 14.0 14 18.6 0.129
D 9.0 7 19.5 0.128
E 5 5 0.858 -
Note: A: Before treatment, B: after vacuum dehydration, C; after clay treat, D after on-line drying, E: after oil replacement
Oil Conductivity / DDF based on the new IEC61620 allows the identification
of Polarisation phenomena in the insulation.
So we can solve oil problem correctly.
14
Moisture-in-oil VS
Conductivity based on IEC61620
(Data from 1,207 oil samples)
o
M oisture VS Conductivity at 20 C
(Data from 1,207 oil samples)
1.E+02
Moisture (ppm)
1.E+01
1.E+00
1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02
Conductivity (pS/m)
15
DDF (IEC60247) VS
Conductivity based on IEC61620
(Data from 1,066 oil samples)
o o
DDF (60247) at 90 C VS Conductivity (61620) at 20 C
(Data from 1,066 oil samples
1.E+00
DDF (60247) at 90 o C
1.E-01
1.E-02
1.E-03
1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02 1.E+03
s at 20 C (pS/m)
o
16
Acidity (Neutralization Number) VS
Conductivity based on IEC61620
(Data from 1,066 oil samples)
o
Acidity VS Conductivity at 20 C
(Data from 1,066 oil samples)
1.E+00
1.E-01
Acidity
1.E-02
1.E-03
1.E-02 1.E-01 1.E+00 1.E+01 1.E+02
Conductivity (pS/m)
17
Oil analysis results of
New and Young transformers
Oil from Rating of Age Water content s at 20oC Acidity IFT at 25oC DDF
transformer transformer in service (ppm) (PS//m) (mg KOH/g) (dynes/cm) at 90oC
no. (MVA) ASTM-D1533 IEC-61620 ASTM-D974 ASTM-D971 IEC60247
[35 max] [0.03 max] [40 min]
NT-001 22 5 months 3 5.03 0.004 39.00 -
NT-002 13 0 3 3.299 0.003 39.7 -
10 1 month 9 3.644 0.005 37.6 -
NT-003 13 3 months 3 3.914 0.005 37.6 -
NT-004 25 2 years 7 5.50 0.01 35.4 0.0177
NT-005 25 4 years 6 16.39 0.01 46.4 0.0483
NT-006 20 0 5 0.03 0.003 39.4 -
NT-007 20 1 month 3 0.03 0.001 41.0 -
NT-008 20 1 year 7 0.12 0.001 35.7 -
NT-009 20 1 year 3 0.10 0.001 39.0 -
18
Classification of oil according to its
Conductivity (Test method of new IEC61620)
19
Identification of Aging in
Transformer dielectrics by Electrical Test
It is very important that test voltage for in-service transformer
(or any in-service power equipment) is non-destructive because
insulating materials are service-aged more or less and we do not
want any diagnosis to further deteriorate or shorten its life.
21
Principle of Test arrangement
for PDC measurement
1.E-07
Te st Voltage 100V
Current (A)
1.E-08
1.E-09
Polarisation Current
1.E-10 Depolarisation Current
Time (s)
1.E-11
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
23
Influence of Oil conductivity
ipol
soil = 1.6 pS/m idepol
1E-7
soil = 0.4 pS/m
Current (A)
measured
1E-7 ipol
idepol
m. c.: 2.5%
Current (A)
1E-8
m. c.: 1.0%
new 3-phase power transformer
Uc = 1'000 V
1E-9 measured
Tc = 5'000 s
q ~ 15 °C
m. c.: 0.2%
soil = 0.4 pS/m
1E-10 .
25
Insulation between windings
Power Transformers
26
Insulation between windings
3f, 20 MVA, 33/11 kV Transformer
PDC Test on Transformer without oil
(Teat Voltage 100 V)
27
Some PDC Measurement results
1.E-0 7 1.E-0 7 1.E-0 8
PDC at 100V, 18 o C PDC at 500V, 5 o C PDC at 100V, 25 o C
Current (A)
Current (A)
Current (A)
1.E-0 8
Current (A)
Current (A)
1.E-0 7 1.E-0 7 1.E-0 7
I pol. I pol.
1.E-0 8 1.E-0 8 1.E-0 8
I depol. I depol. I pol.
1.E-0 9 1.E-0 9 1.E-0 9 I depol.
(5.4) (5.5) (5.6)
1.E-10 1.E-10 1.E-10
1 10 10 0 1,0 0 0 10 ,0 0 0 1 10 10 0 1,0 0 0 10 ,0 0 0 1 10 10 0 1,0 0 0 10 ,0 0 0
T ime (s) T ime (s) T ime (s)
(no oil)
Current (A)
(no oil)
Current (A)
1.E-0 8 1.E-0 8 (no oil)
1.E-0 9
1.E-0 9 1.E-0 9
1.E-10 T4 I pol. I pol.
1.E-10 1.E-10
T5 I depol. I depol.
(5.7) (5.8) (5.9)
1.E-11 1.E-11 1.E-11
1 10 10 0 1,0 0 0 10 ,0 0 0 1 10 10 0 1,0 0 0 10 ,0 0 0 1 10 10 0 1,0 0 0 10 ,0 0 0
T ime (s) T ime (s) T ime (s)
31
Evaluation of
Insulation Resistance between windings and P.I.
1.E+12
Resistance ( W )
1.E+11
Time (s)
1.E+10
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Polarisation Current
32
Insulation between windings
Power Transformers
34
Capacitance and DDF
tand
400 unaged (m.c.: 4.0%)
tand
300 unaged (m.c.: 2.5%)
unaged (m.c.: 0.2%)
unaged (m.c.: 1.0%)
1E-2
unaged (m.c.: 0.2%)
200
2mm pressboard, q = 20 °C
. 1E-3 .
C & tan delta is more sensitive at lower frequencies than at 50 Hz for the diagnosis
of aging in dielectrics. Tan delta tells you good / bad but does not tell you why.
Deterioration in insulating materials increase Capacitance at low frequencies.
Since previous decade (at the same time of PDC), there has been a diagnostic tool
which determines moisture in paper/pressboard based on frequency domain.
35
PDC Evaluation results of DDF and C ratio
1.E+0 2 1.E+0 1 1.E+0 0
T 4 at 15 o C T 4 (no oil)
o
1.E+0 1 T 5 at 23 o C 1.E+0 0
T 6 at 26 C T 5 (no oil)
DDF
DDF
DDF
1.E+0 0 1.E-0 1
1.E-0 1
1.E-0 1
(6.1) (6.2) (6.3)
1.E-0 2 1.E-0 2
1.E-0 2
1.E-0 4 1.E-0 3 1.E-0 2 1.E-0 1 1.E+0 0 1.E-0 4 1.E-0 3 1.E-0 2 1.E-0 1 1.E+0 0
1.E-0 4 1.E-0 3 1.E-0 2 1.E-0 1 1.E+0 0
Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz) Frequency (Hz)
1.E+0 2 1.E+0 2 1.E+0 1
T4 T6
C ratio
C ratio
C ratio
1.E+0 1 T5 1.E+0 1 T 4 (no oil)
T 5 (no oil)
37
THANK YOU
38