2.

0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction

The overall structure of this chapter takes the form of six parts, including this
introductory part. The objective of this literature review is to discuss and understanding a little
about the project based on the previous studies.

2.2 Calcium Carbonate

2.2.1 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) from Fish Bones

The fish bone powder product was comprised of approximately 25% calcium, 13%
phosphorus, 25% protein, and 14% collagen, with the remainder being other minerals
(F.M.Wolber, 2016). The fish bone can be transform into nutritive foods or additives for
humans by decreasing its particle size. Every type of fish bone have different composition of
calcium. For example the research that has been done by Fabiola.B in 2015, the amount of
calcium in codfish is 27.79% a little bit higher than in salmon which is 24.92%. The analysis
for this fish bone has been performed by using AA-240 FS spectrometer. This not the only
equipment that can be used to analysed the sample. Furthermore, for this project the
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are used as the equipment to
analyse the fish bone powder sample. To decompose the CaCO3, the fish bone must be in the
powder form. Then, the bone powder has been heat up by the furnace at 800oC in 8 hours. This
process is called calcined process. This process will produce calcium oxide as the product.
Besides that, different types of fish also has different size of granules after the grinding process
but still within 0 to 2.5mm.

2.2.2 Calcium Carbonate in Wastewater Treatment

2.3 Phosphorus
 Phosphorus basically can be found in the water whether in wastewater or natural water
usually as phosphate. Phosphorus that content in water may have played a vital role in term of
water quality. These phosphate can be classified into three types which is orthophosphates,
condensed phosphates and organically bound phosphates. Usually little dose of phosphate are
added in the water when conduct the water treatment experiment. In the factory, phosphate is
largely used in the water boiler treatment. Phosphate also commonly play a major part as a
cleaning agent. But as a large and growing body of literature has investigated, the phosphate
inside water need to be in low content for the daily used (Clesceri, 1999).

Based on some water source, the concentration of phosphorus is low enough to prevent
the growth of algae. In this case, phosphorus called as limiting nutrient. For Under normal
water flows, roughly two to thirds of the total phosphorus load to lakes and rivers comes from
nonpoint sources such as runoff from pasture and croplands, atmospheric deposition and stream
bank erosion. Phosphorus loading contributed by runoff from pastures and croplands is largest
source of nonpoint phosphorus on a statewide basis. Other nonpoint sources include urban
runoff, non-agricultural rural runoff and seepage from individual sewage treatment systems
(Wasley, 2007).

2.4 Eutrophication

Although several studies investigating that phosphate can be very useful to

environmental, there also prove that this kind of compound will affect the ecosystem badly if
present in high quantity. If an excess of phosphate enters the lake or river, algae will grow
wildly, prevent the water flow and use up large amounts of oxygen. This condition is known
as eutrophication. This rapid growth of aquatic plant eventually dies and as it decays it uses up
oxygen. This process in turn causes the death of aquatic life because of the lowering of
dissolved oxygen levels. Phosphates are not toxic to people or animals unless they are present
in very high levels. Digestive problems could occur from extremely high levels of phosphate.
Besides that, phosphate itself does not have notable adverse health effects (Kotoski, 1997).

2.5 Adsorption