Dative case

The dative case (abbreviated DAT, or sometimes D when it is a core argument) is a grammatical case used in some languages to
indicate, among other uses, the noun to which something is given, as in "Maria Jacobo potum dedit", Latin for "Maria gave Jacob a
drink". In these examples, the dative marks what would be considered theindirect object of a verb in English.

Sometimes the dative has functions unrelated to giving. In Scottish Gaelic and Irish, the term dative case is used in traditional
grammars to refer to the prepositional case-marking of nouns following simple prepositions and the definite article. In Georgian, the
dative case also marks the subject of the sentence with some verbs and some tenses. This is called the
dative construction.

The dative was common among early Indo-European languages and has survived to the present in the Balto-Slavic branch and the
Germanic branch, among others. It also exists in similar forms in several non-Indo-European languages, such as the Uralic family of
languages. In some languages, the dative case has assimilated the functions of other, now extinct cases. In Ancient Greek, the dative
has the functions of theProto-Indo-European locative and instrumental as well as those of the original dative.

Under the influence of English, which uses the preposition "to" for (among other uses) both indirect objects (give to) and directions
of movement (go to), the term "dative" has sometimes been used to describe cases that in other languages would more appropriately
be called lative.

Contents
Etymology
English
Set expressions
Relic pronouns
Modern English
German
Latin
Greek
Ancient
Modern
Slavic languages
Baltic languages
Armenian
Sanskrit
Non-Indo-European languages
Hungarian
Finnish
Tsez
See also
References
External links

Etymology
"Dative" comes from Latin cāsus datīvus ("case for giving"), a translation of Greek δοτικὴ πτῶσις, dotikē ptôsis ("inflection for
giving"),[1] from its use with the verb didónai "to give".[2] Dionysius Thrax in his Art of Grammar also refers to it as epistaltikḗ
"for sending (a letter)",[3] from the verb epistéllō "send to", a word from the same root asepistle.

English
The Old English language, which continued in use until after the Norman Conquest of 1066, had a dative case; however, the English
case system gradually fell into disuse during the Middle English period, when the accusative and dative of pronouns merged into a
single oblique case that was also used with all prepositions. This conflation of case in Middle and Modern English has led most
modern grammarians to discard the "accusative" and "dative" labels as obsolete in reference to English, often using the term
"objective" for oblique.[4][5]

Set expressions
The dative case is rare in modern English usage, but it can be argued that it survives in a few set expressions. One example is the
word "methinks", with the meaning "it seems to me". It survives in this fixed form from Old English (having undergone, however,
phonetic changes with the rest of the language), in which it was constructed as "[it]" + "me" (the dative case of the personal pronoun)
+ "thinks" (i.e., "seems", < Old English þyncan, "to seem", a verb closely related to the verb þencan, "to think", but distinct from it in
Old English; later it merged with "think" and lostthis meaning).

Relic pronouns
The modern objective case pronounwhom is derived from the dative case in Old English, specifically the Old English dative pronoun
"hwām" (as opposed to the modern subjective "who", which descends from Old English "hwā") — though "whom" also absorbed the
functions of the Old Englishaccusative pronoun "hwone". It is also cognate to the word "wem" (the dative form of "wer") in German.
The OED defines all classical uses of the word "whom" in situations where the indirect object is not known – in effect, indicating the
anonymity of the indirect object.

Likewise, some of the object forms of personal pronouns are remnants of Old English datives. For example, "him" goes back to the
Old English dative him (accusative was hine), and "her" goes back to the dative hire (accusative was hīe). These pronouns are not
datives in modern English; they are also used for functions previously indicated by the accusative.

Modern English
A grammatical "object" is an object of something, either an object of a preposition or an object of a verb. Objects of verbs can be
either direct or indirect, while objects of prepositions are neither direct nor indirect. The indirect object of the verb is expressed
between the verb and the direct object of the verb: "he gaveme a book" or "he wrote me a poem."

An indirect object can often be re-worded with a prepositional phrase using "to" or "for", but it is then no longer an indirect object.
For example, "He gave a book to me" and "He wrote a poem for me" have the same meaning the examples above, but are now
adverbial prepositional phrases. Of course it is not unusual that two different grammatical structures can describe the same situation;
however referring to theseprepositional objects mistakenly as indirect objects is a common error.

German
In general, the dative (German:Dativ) is used to mark the indirect object of a German sentence. For example:

Ich schickte dem Mann(e) das Buch. (literally: I sent "to the man" the book.) – Masculine
Ich gab der Frau den Stift zurück. (literally: I gave "to the woman" the pencil back.) – Feminine
Ich überreiche dem Kind(e) ein Geschenk. (literally: I hand "to the child" a present.) – Neuter
In English, the first sentence can be rendered as "I sent the book to the man" and as "I sent the man the book", where the indirect
object is identified in English by standing in front of the direct object. The normal word order in German is to put the dative in front
of the accusative (as in the example above). However, since the German dative is marked in form, it can also be put after the
accusative: Ich schickte das Buch dem Mann(e). The (e) after Mann and Kind signifies a now largely archaic -e ending for certain
nouns in the dative. It survives today almost exclusively in set phrases such as zu Hause (to the house, lit. going home), im Zuge (in
the course of), and am Tage (in the afternoon), as well as in occasional usage in formal prose, poetry
, and song lyrics.

Some masculine nouns (and one neuter noun, Herz [heart]), referred to as weak nouns or n-nouns, take an -n or -en in the dative
singular and plural. Many are masculine nouns ending in -e in the nominative (such as Name [name], Beamte [officer], and Junge
[boy]), although not all such nouns follow this rule. Many also, whether or not they fall into the former category, refer to people,
animals, professions, or titles; exceptions to this include the aforementioned Herz and Name, as well as Buchstabe (letter), Friede
(peace), Obelisk (obelisk), Planet (planet), and others.

Certain German prepositions require the dative: aus (from), außer (out of), bei (at, near), entgegen (against), gegenüber (opposite),
mit (with), nach (after, to), seit (since), von (from), and zu (at, in, to). Some other prepositions (an [at], auf [on], entlang [along],
hinter [behind], in [in, into], neben (beside, next to), über [over, across], unter [under, below], vor [in front of], and zwischen [among,
between]) may be used with dative (indicating current location), or accusative (indicating direction toward something). Das Buch
liegt auf dem Tisch(e) (dative: The book is lying on the table), but Ich lege das Buch auf den Tisch (accusative: I put the book onto
the table).

In addition the four prepositions [an]statt (in place of), trotz (in spite of), während (during), and wegen (because of) which require
the genitive in modern formal language, are most commonly used with the dative in colloquial German. For example, "because of the
weather" is expressed as wegen dem Wetter instead of the formally correct wegen des Wetters. Other prepositions requiring the
genitive in formal language, are combined with von ("of") in colloquial style, e.g. außerhalb vom Garten instead of außerhalb des
Gartens ("outside the garden").

Note that the concept of an indirect object may be rendered by a prepositional phrase. In this case, the noun's or pronoun's case is
determined by the preposition, NOT by its function in the sentence. Consider this sentence:

Ich sandte das Buch zum Verleger. 'I sent the book to the editor.'
Here, the subject, Ich, is in the nominative case, the direct object, das Buch, is in the accusative case, and zum Verleger is in the
dative case, since zu always requires the dative (zum is a contraction of zu + dem). However:

Ich habe das Buch an meinen Freund a( ccusative) weitergegeben. 'I forwarded the book to my friend.' w
( eitergeben
= lit.: to give further).
In this sentence, Freund is the indirect object, but, because it followsan (direction), the accusative is required, not the dative.

All of the articles change in the dative case.

Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural

Definite article dem der dem den
Indefinite article einem einer einem Ø
Negative articles keinem keiner keinem keinen

Some German verbs require the dative for their direct objects. Common examples are antworten (to answer), danken (to think),
gefallen (to please), folgen (to follow), glauben (to believe), helfen (to help), and raten (to advise). In each case, the direct object of
the verb is rendered in the dative. For example:

Meine Freunde helfenmir. (My friends help me.)

These verbs cannot be used in normal passive constructions, because German allows these only for verbs with accusative objects. It is
therefore ungrammatical to say: *Ich werde geholfen. "I am helped." Instead a special construction called "impersonal passive" must
be used: Mir wird geholfen, literally: "To me is helped." A colloquial (non-standard) and rarely used way to form the passive voice
for dative verbs is the following: Ich kriege geholfen, or: Ich bekomme geholfen, literally: "I get helped". The use of the verb "to get"
here reminds us that the dative case has something to do with giving and receiving. In German, help is not something you perform on
somebody, but rather something youoffer them.

The dative case is also used with reflexive sich)

( verbs when specifying what part of the self the verb is being done to:

Ich wasche mich. - accusative (I wash myself.)

Ich wasche mir die Hände. - dative (I wash my hands, literally "I wash for myself the hands")
Cf. the respective accord in French: "Les enfants se sont lavés" (the children have washed themselves) vs. "Les enfants se sont lavé"
[uninflected] "les mains" (... their hands).

German can use two datives to make sentences like: Sei mir meinem Sohn(e) gnädig! "For my sake, have mercy on my son!"
Literally: "Be for me to my son merciful." The first dative mir ("for me") expresses the speaker's commiseration (much like the
dativus ethicus in Latin, see below). The second dativemeinem Sohn(e) ("to my son") names the actual object of the plea. Mercy is to
be given to the son for or on behalf of his mother/father.

Adjective endings also change in the dative case. There are three inflection possibilities depending on what precedes the adjective.
They most commonly use weak inflection when preceded by a definite article (the), mixed inflection after an indefinite article (a/an),
and strong inflection when a quantity is indicated (many green apples).

Adj. in dative case Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural

Weak inflection -en -en -en -en
Mixed inflection -en -en -en -en
Strong inflection -em -er -em -en

Latin
There are several uses for the dative case D
( ativus):

Dativus finalis (dative of purpose), e.g. non scholae sed vitae – "[we learn] not for school, but for life",auxilio
vocare - "to call for help", venio auxilio - "I'm coming for help",accipio dono - "I receive [this] as a gift" orpuellae
ornamento est - "[this] is for the girl's decoration", or "... for decoration for the girl"puellae
( could be either dative or
genitive)
Dativus commŏdi (incommodi), which means action for (or against) somebody , e.g., Graecis agros colere - "to till
fields for Greeks"; Combination of Dativus commodi and finalisdouble ( dative): tibi laetitiae "to you for joy"
Dativus possessivus (possessive dative) which means possession, e.g.angelis alae sunt - literally "to (or for) the
angels are wings", this is typically found with acopula and translated as "angels have wings".
Dativus ethicus (ethic dative) indicates that the person in the dative is or should be especially concerned about the
action, e.g. Quid mihi Celsus agit?"What is Celsus doing for me?" (expressing the speaker being especially
interested in what Celsus is doing for him or her); [6] or Cui prodest? "Whose interest does this serve?" (literally "T o
whom does this do good?")
Dativus auctoris, meaning; 'in the eyes of', e.g., 'vir bonus mihi videtur' 'he seems to me to be a good man'.
,[7]
The dative expresses agency with thegerundive when the gerundive is used to convey obligation or necessity
e.g., 'haec nobis agenda sunt,' 'these things must be done by us.'

Greek

Ancient
In addition to its main function as the dativus, the dative case has other functions in Classical Greek:[8] (The chart below uses the
Latin names for the types of dative; the Greek name for the dative is δωτική πτώση, like its Latin equivalent, derived from the verb
"to give"; in Ancient Greek, δίδωμι.)
 Dativus finalis: The dativus finalis, or the 'dative of purpose', is when the dative is used to denotethe purpose of a
certain action. For example:

"τῷ βασιλεῖ μάχομαι"

"I fight for the king".

"θνῄσκω τῇ τιμῇ"

"I die for honour".

Dativus commŏdi (incommodi): The dativus commodi sive incommodi, or the 'dative of benefit (or harm)' is the dative
that expresses the advantage or disadvantage of somethingfor someone. For example:

For the benefit of: "πᾶς ἀνὴρ αὑτῷ πονεῖ" (Sophocles, Ajax 1366).

"Every man toils for himself".

For the harm or disadvantage of: "ἥδε ἡ ἡμέρα τοῖς Ἕλλησι μεγάλων κακῶν ἄρξει." (Thucydides 2.12.4).

"This day will be the beginning of great sorrowsfor the Greeks (i.e., for their disadvantage)".
Dativus possessivus: The dativus possessivus, or the 'dative of possession' is the dative used to denotethe
possessor of a certain object or objects. For example:

"ἄλλοις μὲν γὰρ χρήματά ἐστι πολλὰ καὶ ἵπποι, ἡμῖν δὲ ξύμμαχοι ἀγαθοί." (Thucycdides 1.86.3).

"For others have a lot of money and ships and horses, but we have good allies (i.e.,oTothers there is a lot
of money...)".
Dativus ethicus: The dativus ethicus, or the 'ethic or polite dative,' is when the dative is used to signify that the
person or thing spoken of is regarded with interest by someone. This dative is mostly , if not exclusively, used in
pronouns. As such, it is also called the "dative of pronouns." For example:

"τούτῳ πάνυ μοι προσέχετε τὸν νοῦν." (Demosthenes 18.178).

"Pay close attention to this,I beg you (i.e., please pay..)".

"ὦ μῆτερ, ὡς καλός μοι ὁ πάππος." (Xenophon, Cyropaedia 18.178).

"Oh, mother, how handsome grandpa is (I've just realized!)".

Dativus auctoris: The dativus auctoris, or the 'dative of agent,' is the dative used to denotethe doer of an action.
Note, however, that in Classical Greek, the agent is usually in the genitive after ὑπό (by, at the hands of). The agent
is in the dative only with theperfect and pluperfect passive, and after the verbal adjective in -τέος. For example:

"πολλαὶ θεραπεῖαι τοῖς ἰατροῖς εὕρηνται." (Isocrates 8.39)

"Many cures have been discoveredby doctors."

Dativus instrumenti: The dativus instrumenti, or the 'dative of instrument,' is when the dative is used to denote an
instrument or means of a certain action (or
, more accurately, as the instrumental case). For example:

"με κτείνει δόλῳ." (Homer, Odyssey 9.407)

"He kills me with a bait (i.e., by means of a bait)."

Dativus modi: The dativus modi, or the 'dative of manner,' is the dative used to describe the manner or way by which
something happened. For example:

"νόσῳ ὕστερον ἀποθανόντα." (Thucydides 8.84)

"having died of (from) a disease."

Dativus mensurae: The dativus mensurae, or the 'dative of measurement,' is the dative used to denotethe
measurement of difference. For example:

"τῇ κεφαλῇ μείζονα." (Plato, Phaedo 101a)

"taller by a head."
"μακρῷ ἄριστος." (Plato, Laws 729d)

"by far the best."

The articles in the Greek dative are

 Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Plural Feminine Plural Neuter Plural
Definite article ΤΩΙ (τῳ) ΤΗΙ (τῃ) ΤΩΙ (τῳ) ΤΟΙΣ (τοις) ΤΑΙΣ (ταις) ΤΟΙΣ (τοις)
Indefinite article ΩΙ (ῳ) ΗΙ (ῃ) ΩΙ (ῳ) ΟΙΣ (οις) ΑΙΣ (αις) ΟΙΣ (οις)

Nouns as well as adjectives receive suffixes. These vary according to thedeclension.

Modern
The dative case, strictly speaking, no longer exists in Modern Greek, except in fossilized expressions like δόξα τω Θεώ (from the
ecclesiastical τῷ Θεῷ δόξα, "Glory to God") or εν τάξει (ἑν τάξει, lit. "in order", i.e. "all right" or "OK"). Otherwise, most of the
functions of the dative have been subsumed in theaccusative.

Slavic languages
In Russian, the dative case is used for indicating the indirect object of an action (that to which something is given, thrown, read, etc.).
In the instance where a person is the goal of motion, dative is used instead of accusative to indicate motion toward. This is usually
achieved with the prepositionκ + destination in dative case;К врачу, meaning "to the doctor."

Dative is also the necessary case taken by certainprepositions when expressing certain ideas. For instance, when the preposition по is
used to mean "along," its object is always in dative case, as inПо бокам, meaning "along the sides."

Other Slavic languages apply the dative case (and the other cases) more or less the same way as does Russian, some languages may
use the dative in other ways. The following examples are fromPolish:

after certain verbs (dziękowaćkomuś "to thank someone", pomóckomuś "to help someone", wierzyćkomuś "to
believe someone")
in certain expressions (Czy podobaci się piosenka? "Do you like the song?", Jestmi zimno "I'm cold", Jestnam
smutno "We're feeling sad", Będziewam trudniej... "It will be more difficult for you guys"), Śniło jej się, że... "She
dreamt that"
dativus commodi to indicate action for somebody (Zbuduję emut człowiekowi dom "I will build a house for this
person")
when something is taken away or something occurs to someone (Zdechł im pies "Their dog died"; Zabralimu
komputer "They took away his computer"; Zepsułnam się samochód "Our car broke down"; Cośmi się
przypomniało "I just remembered something")
Some other kinds of dative use as found in the Serbo-Croatian languageare: Dativus finalis (Titaniku u pomoć "to Titanic's rescue"),
Dativus commodi/incommodi(Operi svojoj majci suđe "Wash the dishes for your mother"), Dativus possessivus (Ovcama je dlaka
gusta "Sheep's hair is thick"), Dativus ethicus (Šta mi radi Boni? "What is Boni doing? (I am especially interested in what it is)") and
Dativus auctoris (Izgledami okej "It seems okay to me").

Unusual in other Indo-European branches but common among Slavic languages, endings of nouns and adjectives are different based
on grammatical function. Other factors are gender and number. In some cases, the ending may not be obvious, even when those three
factors (function, gender, number) are considered. For example, in Polish, 'syn' ("son") and 'ojciec' ("father") are both masculine
singular nouns, yet appear assyn → synowi and ojciec → ojcu in the dative.

Baltic languages
Both Lithuanian and Latvian have a distinct dative case in the system of nominal declensions.

Lithuanian nouns preserve Indo-European inflections in the dative case fairly well: (o-stems) vaikas -> sg. vaikui, pl. vaikams; (ā-
stems) ranka -> sg. rankai, pl. rankoms; (i-stems) viltis -> sg. vilčiai, pl. viltims; (u-stems) sūnus -> sg. sūnui, pl. sūnums; (consonant
stems) vanduo -> sg. vandeniui, pl. vandenims.
Adjectives in the dative case receive pronominal endings (this might be the result of a more recent development): tas geras vaikas ->
sg. tam geram vaikui, pl. tiems geriems vaikams.

The dative case in Latvian underwent further simplifications - the original masculine endings of both nouns and adjectives have been
replaced with pronominal inflections: tas vīrs -> sg. tam vīram, pl. tiem vīriem. Also, the final "s" in all Dative forms has been
dropped. The only exception is personal pronouns in the plural: mums (to us), jums (to you). Note that in colloquial Lithuanian the
final "s" in the dative is often omitted, as well: time geriem vaikam.

In both Latvian and Lithuanian, the main function of the dative case is to render the indirect object in a sentence: (lt) aš duodu vyrui
knygą; (lv) es dodu [duodu] vīram grāmatu -I am giving a book to the man.

The dative case can also be used with gerundives to indicate an action preceding or simultaneous with the main action in a sentence:
(lt) jam įėjus, visi atsistojo - when he walked in, everybody stood up, lit. to him having walked in, all stood up; (lt) jai miegant, visi
dirbo - while she slept, everybody was working, lit. to her sleeping, all were working.

In modern standard Lithuanian, Dative case is not required by prepositions, although in many dialects it is done frequently: (dial.) iki
(+D) šiai dienai, (stand.) iki (+G) šios dienos -up until this day.

In Latvian, the dative case is taken by several prepositions in the singular and all prepositions in the plural (due to peculiar historical
changes): sg. bez (+G) tevis (without thee) ~ pl. bez (+D) jums (without you); sg. pa (+A) ceļu (along the road) ~ pl. pa (+D) ceļiem
(along the roads).

Armenian
In modern Eastern Armenian, the dative is attained by adding any article to the genitive:

dog = շուն

GEN > շան (of the dog; dog's) with no articles

DAT > շանը or շանն (to the dog) with definite articles (-ն if preceding a vowel)

DAT > մի շան (to a dog) with indefinite article

DAT > շանս (to my dog) with 1st person possessive article

DAT > շանդ (to your dog) with 2nd person possessive article

There is a general tendency to view -ին as the standard dative suffix, but only because that is its most productive (and therefore
common) form. The suffix -ին as a dative marker is nothing but the standard, most common, genitive suffix -ի accompanied by the
definite article -ն. But the dative case encompasses indefinite objects as well, which will not be marked byին:
-

Definite DAT > Ես գիրքը տվեցի տղային: (I gave the book to the boy)

Indefinite DAT> Ես գիրքը տվեցի մի տղայի: (I gave the book to a boy)

The main function of the dative marking in Armenian is to indicate the receiving end of an action, more commonly the indirect object
which in English is preceded by the preposition to. In the use of "giving" verbs like give, donate, offer, deliver, sell, bring... the dative
marks the recipient. With communicative verbs like tell, say, advise, explain, ask, answer... the dative marks the listener. Other verbs
whose indirect objects are marked by the dative case in Armenian areshow, reach, look, approach...

Eastern Armenian also uses the dative case to mark the time of an event, in the same way English uses the preposition at, as in Meet
me at nine o' clock.
Sanskrit
The dative case is known as the "fourth case" (chaturthi-vibhakti) in the usual procedure in the declension of nouns. Its use is mainly
for the indirect object as Sanskrit has seven other cases including an instrumental. The term "dative" is grammatically similar to the
Sanskrit word "datta". "Datta" means "gift" or "the act of giving".

Non-Indo-European languages

Hungarian
As with many other languages, the dative case is used in Hungarian to show the indirect object of a verb. For example, Dánielnek
adtam ezt a könyvet (I gave this book to Dániel).

It has two suffixes, -nak and -nek; the correct one is selected by vowel harmony. The personal dative pronouns follow the -nek
version: nekem, neked, etc.

This case is also used to express "for" in certain circumstances, such as "I bought a gift for Mother".

In possessive constructions the nak/nek endings are also used but this is NOT the dative form (rather, the attributive or possessive
case)[9]

Finnish
Finnish does not have a separate dative case. However, the allative case can fulfill essentially the same role as dative, beyond its
primary meaning of directional movement (that is, going somewhere or approaching someone). For example: He lahjoittivat kaikki
rahansa köyhille (They donated all their moneyto the poor.)

Tsez
In the Northeast Caucasian languages, such as Tsez, the dative also takes the functions of the lative case in marking the direction of
an action. By some linguists, they are still regarded as two separate cases in those languages, although the suffixes are exactly the
same for both cases. Other linguists list them separately only for the purpose of separating syntactic cases from locative cases. An
example with the ditransitive verb "show" (literally: "make see") is given below:

Кидбā ужихъор кIетIу биквархо.

kidb-ā uži-qo-r kʼetʼu b-ikʷa-r-xo
girl:OBL-ERG boy-POSS-DAT/LAT cat:[III]:ABS III-see-CAUS-PRES
"The girl shows the cat to the boy."

The dative/lative is also used to indicate possession, as in the example below

, because there is no such verb as "to have".

Кидбехъор кIетIу зовси.

kidbe-qo-r kʼetʼu zow-si
girl:OBL-POSS-DAT/LAT cat:ABS be:PST-PST
"The girl had a cat."

As in the examples above, the dative/lative case usually occurs in combination with another suffix as poss-lative case; this should not
be regarded as a separate case, however, as many of the locative cases in Tsez are constructed analytically; hence, they are, in fact, a
combination of two case suffixes. See Tsez language#Locative case suffixes for further details.
Verbs of perception or emotion (like "see", "know", "love", "want") also require the logical subject to stand in the dative/lative case.
Note that in this example the "pure" dative/lative without its POSS-suf
fix is used.

ГIалир ПатIи йетих.

ʻAli-r Patʼi y-eti-x
Ali-DAT/LAT Fatima:[II]:ABS II-love-PRES
"Ali loves Fatima."

See also
Dative construction
Declension in English
Double dative

References
1. δοτικός (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=dotiko/s). Liddell, Henry
George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexiconat the Perseus Project
2. διδόναι (http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=dido/nai)in Liddell and
Scott
3. Dionysius Thrax. τέχνη γραμματική (http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/graeca/Chronologia/S_ante02/DionysiosThr
ax/dio_tech.html) (Art of Grammar), section ιβ´ (10b): περὶ ὀνόματος (On the noun). Bibliotheca Augustana.
4. "Objective case (grammar)"(http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/objcaseterm.htm). (about) education. Retrieved
2016-01-29.
5. "Personal pronoun" (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/personal-pronoun#personal-pronoun__5)
.
Oxford Dictionaries. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2016-01-29.
6. "Generating & parsing clitics with getarun".CiteSeerX 10.1.1.28.10 (https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?
doi=10.1.1.28.10) .
7. Wheelock, Frederic (2011),Wheelock's Latin, New York: HarperCollins, p. 195,ASIN 0061997226 (https://www.ama
zon.com/dp/0061997226), ISBN 978-0-06-199722-8
8. Morwood, James. Oxford Grammar of Classical Greek. Oxford University Press, 2002.ISBN
( 0-19-521851-5)
9. Ignatius Singer, 'Simplified Grammar of the Hungarian Language', 1882.

External links
German dative case A lesson covering the dative case in the German language
Hungarian dative case from www. HungarianReference.com
Russian Dative: [1], [2], [3]

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