WORKED SOLUTIONS

Exponential and logarithmic

4 functions
Answers 2 a x5 ÷ x2 = x5–2 = x3
2
b 2a7 ÷ 2a3 = a7 −3 = a 4
Skills check 2
2 a
4

4 c 2a ÷ (2a) = 2a7 ÷ 8a3 =

7 3
a7–3 =
1 a ⎛3⎞ 81 8 4
⎜ ⎟ = 3 5
⎝4⎠ 256 4x y 4
= x 3−1 y 5− 2 = 2 x 2 y 3
d 2
7 2 xy 2
b
⎛1⎞ 1
⎜ ⎟ = 3 a (x ) = x 3×4 = x12
3 4
⎝2⎠ 128
b (3t2)3 = 33t 2×3 = 27t 6
c 0.0013 = 1 × 10 −9
c 3(x 3y 2)2 = 3x 3×2 y 2×2 = 3x 6 y 4
2 a 7 n  343  73  n  3
d (–y 2)3 = (–1)3y 2×3 = –y 6
b 3n  243  35  n  5
c 5n  625  54  n  4 Exercise 4B
1
3 y 1 a 92 = 9 = 3
1
8 b 1253 = 3 125 = 5

( )
6 2 2

4
c 64 3 = 3
64 = 4 2 = 16
2
( 8)
2
y = x2 2
y = (x – 2) 2 d 83 = 3
= 22 = 4
–4 –2 0 2 4 6 x 2 2
 8 3  3 8   2 
2
e      4
 27   
   27   3 
9
Investigation – folding paper
1 1
Number of Number of Thickness As thick 2 a 2–3 = 3
=
2 8
folds layers (km) as a 2
− 1 1 1
0 1 1 × 10–7 Piece of b 32 5
= = =
( )
2 2
(32 ) 5 4
paper 5 32
1 2 2 × 10–7 −
1
1 1
c 81 4
= =
2 4 4 × 10–7 Credit card 4
81 3
3 8 8 × 10–7 4 4

(2 )
3× −
3 −3 1 1
d =2 3
= 2−4 = =
4 16 1.6 × 10–6 2
4
16
2 2
5 32 3.2 × 10–6 − 2 2
⎛ 64 ⎞ 3 1 ⎛ 125 ⎞ ⎛ 3 125 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞
3
6 64 6.4 × 10 –6 e ⎜ ⎟ = =⎜ ⎟ =⎜ 3 ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎝ 125 ⎠ 2
⎝ 64 ⎠ ⎝ 64 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠
7 128 1.28 × 10 –5 Textbook ⎛ 64 ⎞ 3
⎜ ⎟
8 256 2.56 × 10 –5 ⎝ 125 ⎠
9 512 5.12 × 10–6 =
25
=1
9
16 16
3 a 13 folds
b 15 folds Exercise 4C
4 113 000 000 km 1
1 a ( 64a 6 )2 = 64 a
6× 1
2 = 8a 3
1 1 8 8 1
Exercise 4A b 4
x 8 (16x 8 ) 4  16 4 
16 x4 4
16 x 4 2
x 2 2
x2
1 a x3 × x2 = x3+2 = x5 1 1 1 1
q q q9 q2 9 q21.5 q1.51.5( 1.5)
c   q q 
1.5( 1.5)
q3 q3
b 3p2 × 2p4 q2 = (3 × 2)p2+4 q2 = 6p6 q2 q 1.5 q 1.5 q 1.5
q 1.5 q 1.5
1 1 3 1
1 2 ⎛1 2⎞ 1 3 3  27c 3  3
 
 d 3 3

d

3 d
c ( xy 2 ) × ( x 2 y ) = ⎜ × ⎟ x 1+2 y 2+1 = x y d  
3 1
2 3 ⎝2 3⎠ 3  d3   27c 3  3 27c 3 3c
2 2

d ( x y )( xy ) = x
3 2 4 3 +1
y 2+ 4
=x y
4 6
e  8
p 3 4 p 3

1
2 2 4
 4 p  16 p 4 p 3

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 1
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

2 a
3
a2 1
3
2 2
3  ( 1)
2
5
2 3 8 2x 1   2 2x
 a 2 a 3  b1 a a x
b3 b b a b 32 b 23  2x 1 
2 22
x 2 y 2 x 1 y y 6 x 2 y 2 6 x 2 y 2 3x 3 1 x
b 
4

2 3
c
3

3

1 2 2x 4  2 2
25 x 5x 5x 8x 2x y
x
x  4 1 
2
Exercise 4D 2x  8  2  x
1 a 2x  32 x = −6
2x  25 Exercise 4E
x=5
1 a 2x 4  162
b 312 x  243
x 4  81
312 x  35
1 2 x  5 x 4  34
x = –2 x = ±3
b x 5  32  0
3x 2 x  27
2
c
x 5  32
3x 2 x  33
2

x 5  25
x 2  2x  3
x=2
x  2x  3 
2
0
c x 2  16
( x  3)( x  1) 0
1  16 x 2
x = 3, –1 1
 x2
d 5  25 
2 x 1
0 16
1
52 x 1  52 x = ±4
2x 1 2
8x 3  8x 
3
d
2x  3
3 8x 3  512 x 3
x= 2 8
1
 x6
e 71 x  512
49 1
 x6
71 x  72 64
1
1 x  2 x = ±2
x=3
e 27 x 2  81x
2 a 3x 3  32 x 27  81x 3
x 3  2  x
27  x 3
2x  5 81
5
x=2 x=3 1
3
b 53 x  25x 2
f 27 x 64 2
53 x  52( x 2)
3
x 2( x  2) 27 64 x 3
3
x 2x  4 27 x 3
x = −4 64
3
x=
c 9 33 x 1   1 4
9x 1
32  33 x 1  32 
x 2 a x3 2
1
33 x 3  32 x  23
( x 3 )3
3x  3  2x x=8
1
5x   3 b 5x 2  125
3 1
x = −5
x 2  25
1
d 223 x  4 x 1  252
( x 2 )2
223 x  22( x 1) x = 625
2  3x  2 x  2 c x
1
4 4
5x  4  1 4
4 ( x )  4 4
4
x=5
1
x
44
1
x = 256

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 2
 WORKED SOLUTIONS
2 2
d x 3  16 d 9x 3 16
3 2
 2 2 3 16
3  16 x
x  2 3
  9

 
3 3
x  16 2 3
2 16 2
x 3

x  43 9
x = 64 3
2
3
e x 5 1 x
8
5 5 3
3 3 1 3
x 5
x
8 3
5
x 8 3
5 27
x 2 x
64
x = 32
f 3x
1
4 6
Investigation – graphs of exponential
x
1
4 2
functions 1
y
1 4 y = 10 x y = 5x
x 4 2 4

1 y = 3x
x 4
2
1
x (0, 1)
16
3 0 x
3 a x 2
125

x
3
2
2
3
125
2
3 Investigation – graphs of exponential
functions 2
x
(1 )
2 x
y= 5
(1 )
3 x
y = 10
1
x 2
5

(1 )
1 x
x y= 3
25
(0, 1)
2
b 6x 3 216 0

2
x 3 36 Investigation – compound interest
3
2 2
x 3 36 ⎛ 1⎞
2

Half-yearly ⎜1 + ⎟ 2.25
⎝ 2⎠

x 3 4
⎛ 1⎞
Quarterly ⎜1 + ⎟ 2.441 406 25
2
⎝ 4⎠

x 3 12
⎛ 1 ⎞
Monthly ⎜1 + ⎟ 2.613 035 290 22…
⎝ 12 ⎠
1
x ⎛ 1 ⎞
52
216 Weekly ⎜1 + ⎟
52 ⎠
2.692 596 954 44…
⎝
2
c 3x  192 3
⎛ 1 ⎞
365

2 Daily ⎜1 + ⎟ 2.714 567 482 02…

⎝ 365 ⎠
x  64
3
3 8760
 32  2 3 ⎛ 1 ⎞
 64 2 Hourly ⎜1 + 2.718 126 690 63…
x  ⎝
⎟
8760 ⎠
 

  Every
3 525 600
x  ⎛
⎜1 +
1 ⎞
⎟ 2.718 279 215 4…
minute ⎝ 525 600 ⎠
x  512
Every ⎛ 1 ⎞
31 536 000

⎜1 + ⎟ 2.718 282 472 54…

second ⎝ 31 536 000 ⎠

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 3
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

Exercise 4F f

1 a
y
g(x) = () 1
e
2x

4
y

10 3
8 2

g(x) = 2x + 3
6 f (x) = ( )
1
e
x
1
4
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 5 x
2 f (x) = 2x
–2
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x –3
–4

y 2 Domain Range
b
5 a x∈R g (x) > 3
4
b x∈R g (x) > 0
g(x) = 3–x 3 f (x) = 3x
2 c x∈R g (x) < 0
1 d x∈R g (x) > 0
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x e x∈R g (x) > 0
f x∈R g (x) > 0
y
c
4
Exercise 4G
3 1 a x = log7 49
f (x) = ( )
1
2
x
2
1
7x = 49
7x = 72
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 5 x
x=2
–2
–3
g(x) = – ( ) 1
2
–x

b x = log5 5
–4
5x = 5
1
5x = 5 2
d y 1
5
x= 2
4 c x = log2 64
3
f (x) = ex 2x = 64
2
g(x) = e x+1
1 2x = 26
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 5 x x=6
–2 d x = log91
–3
–4
9x = 1
–5 9x = 90
x=0
e
1
y 2 a log3 = x
10 81

8 3x = 1
81
6 1
( )
f (x) = 1
x
3 = 34
x

( )
3 4
g(x) = 2 1
x

2 3 3x = 3– 4
x = –4
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 x 1
b x = log51252
1
5x = 1252
1
5x = (53 )2
3
5x = 52

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 4
 WORKED SOLUTIONS
3
x= 2
b x = log327
c x = log32 8 3x = 27
32x = 8 c x = log101000
(25)x = 23 10x = 1000
25x = 23 d x = logab
5x = 3 ax = b
3
x= 3 a log4x = 3
5
d x = log33 4
43 = x
3 =3
x 4
x = 64
x=4
b log3x = 4
Exercise 4H 34 = x
1 a x = log66 x = 81
6 =6
x 1
c logx64 = 2
x=1 x2 = 64
b x = log1010 x2 = 82
10x = 101 x=8
x=1 d logx6 =
1
2
c x = lognn 1
x2 = 6
nx = n1 1 1
x 2 = 36 2
x=1
x = 36
d x = log81
e log2x = –5
8x = 1
2–5 = x
8x = 80 1
x=
x=0 25
1
e x = log21 x=
32
2 =1
x

2x = 20 Investigation – inverse functions

x=0 a the function y = 2x
f x = logb1 x −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
bx = 1 1 1 1
y 8 4 2
1 2 4 8
b =b
x 0

x=0 b the inverse function of y = 2x

1 1 1
x 1 2 4 8
Exercise 4I 8 4 2

1 a x = 29 y –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3

9 = log2x c
y
b x = 35 5
y = 2x
4 y=x
5 = log3x 3
c x = 104 2
1
4 = log10x
–3 –2 –1–10 1 2 3 4 5 x
d x = ab
–2 lnx
y=
b = logax –3 ln2

2 a x = log28
d The graphs are reflections of each other in the
2x = 8 line y = x

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 5
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

Exercise 4J h log32 = 0.954

1 a f (x) is shifted down two units Exercise 4L
b f (x) is translated right 2 units 1 a ex = 1.53
c f (x) is stretched by factor 2 parallel with y-axis x= ln1.53
2 y x = 0.425
2
y = –2log (x – 1)x b ex = 0.003
1
0
(2, 0) x= ln 0.003
2 4 6 8 10 x
–1 x = −5.81
–2 c ex = 1
x= ln 1
3 y
5 x=0
4 1
3 y = log2(x + 1) + 2 d ex = 2
x = –1 2 1
1
x x= ln 2
0
–2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x = −0.693
–2
–3 e 5ex = 0.15
ex = 0.03
4 y
x = ln 0.03
(27, 3)
x = −3.51
2 a 10 x = 2.33
x = log 2.33
0 (1, 0) x
x = 0.367
b 10 x = 0.6
y = loga x
x = log 0.6
Sub in point (27,3) x = −0.222
3 = loga 27
c 10 x = 1
a3 = 27
x = log 1
a=3
x=0
5 f (x) = log3 x 1
d 10x = 2
y = log3 x
Interchange x and y x = log 1
2
x = log3 y x = −0.301
Rearrange to make y the subject 3 a log x = 2
y = 3x x = 10 2
f –1(x) = 3x x = 100
f –1(2) = 32 = 9 b log x = –1
x = 10–1
Exercise 4K x = 10
1

1 a log3 = 0.477
c log x = 0
b 4 log2 =1.20
x = 10 0
c ln 5 = 0.805
log 4 x =1
d log 5
= 0.861
d log x = −5.1
ln 4
e
ln 5
= 0.861 x = 10 −5.1
f log 4 = −0.0969 x = 0.00000794
5
g (log3)2 = 0.228 4 a 5log5 12 =12
b 5log 4 = 4
5

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 6
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

= 3
1
c e ln 3
= log 49 2
d e ln 4 = 4 = log 7
5 a ln e5 = 5 e 3 log x − 2 log y
b log 100 = log 102 = 2
= log x 3 − log y 2
c ln 1 = ln e0 = 0
3
d ln e= 1 = log x 2
y
e ln 13 = ln e–3 = –3
e f log x − log y − log z
2 x −1
6 f (x ) = e
= log x − (log y + log z )
y = e2 x −1
= log yzx
x = e2 y −1
ln x = 2 y − 1 g log x + 2log y − 3log xy
y = 1 + ln x = log x + log y 2 − log x 3 y 3
2
f −1 ( x ) = 1 + ln x xy
2
2 = log 3 3
x y
Domain: x > 0
1
7 f (−2) = e−0.5, f (4) = e−1 since f (x) and f –1(x) are = log 2
x y
inverses, f –1(x) has domain [e −0.5 , e −1 ] the range of
f (x); 2 a log 2 6 + 2log 2 3 − log 2 4
and f –1(x) has range [−2, 4] – the domain of f (x). = log 2 6 + log 2 9 − log 2 4
f ( x ) = ln 3 x ⎛ ⎞
8 = log 2 ⎜ 6 × 9 ⎟
y = ln 3 x ⎝ 4 ⎠
x = ln 3 y ⎛ ⎞
= log 2 ⎜ 27 ⎟
⎝2⎠
ex = 3 y
y = 1 ex b log 3 40 − log 3 15 + 2log 3 ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟
3 ⎝5⎠
1 x
f (x) =
–1
3
e = log 3 40 − log 3 15 + log 3 9
25
9 f ( x ) = ln( x − 1), x > 1, g ( x ) = 2e x

⎛ ⎞
( g  f )( x ) = 2eln( x −1) = log 3 ⎜ 40 × 9 ⎟
⎝ 15 25 ⎠
= 2( x − 1) ⎛ ⎞
= 2x − 2 = log 3 ⎜ 24 ⎟
⎝ 25 ⎠
c log a 4 + 2log a 3  log a 6
Exercise 4M
1 a log 5 + log 6 = log a 4 + log a 9 − log a 6
= log(5 × 6) = log 30 ⎛ ⎞
= log a ⎜ 36 ⎟
⎝6⎠
b log 24 − log 2
= log a 6
= log(24 ÷ 2) = log 12
c 2log 8 − 4log 2 d 2ln3 – ln18 = ln9 – ln18 = ln ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟ or – ln2
⎝2⎠
 log 8  log 2 ln ⎛⎜ 82 ⎞⎟
2 4
e 3ln2 – 2 = ln8 – lne = 2
⎝e ⎠
 log 64  log16 f
1
4log2x + 3 log2 y – 5log2 z
 log  64  1
 16  = log 2 x 4 + log 2 y 3 − log 2 z 5
 log 4 ⎛ y3 ⎞ 4
1

= log 2 ⎜⎜ x5 ⎟
⎟
d 1
log 49 ⎝ z ⎠
2
3 a 
log 6 2 + log 6 18 
log 6 36 
log 66
2
2
b log224 − log23 = log28 = log223n = 3

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 7
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

c 
log 8 2 + log 8 32 
log 8 64 
log 88
2
2 Exercise 4O
d 2log6 3 + log6 24 = log6 (9 × 24) 1 a log 2 7 = log 7 = 2.81
log 2
= log6216 = log 663 = 3
⎛1⎞
1 log ⎜ ⎟
e log 36 − log 15 + 2log 5 b log5 ⎜ ⎟ = ⎝ ⎠ =
⎛1⎞ 7
−1.21
2 ⎝7⎠ log 5
= log 6 − log 15 + log 25
c log3 (0.7) = log 0.7 = −0.325
⎛ 6 ⎞ log 3
− log15 + log25 ==log
log6 ⎜⎝ 15 × 25 ⎟⎠ = log10 = 1
d log7 e = ln e = 1
= 0.514
ln 7 ln 7
Exercise 4N e log3 77 = 7 log 7 = 12.4
log 3
1 a log 2 ab = log 2 a + log 2 b = p + q
2 log9 x = log3 x =y
b log 2 a3 = 3 log 2 a = 3p log 3 9 2

c log 2 ba  log 2 b  log 2 a  q – p 

log log a 6
 y
3 a 26
log a 2 x
q
d log 2 b = 1 log 2 b = log a 2 x
2 2 b log 6 2
2 1 log a 6 y
e log 2 b = log 2 b 2 − log 2 a = 2 log 2 b − 1 log 2 a = 2q − p
2
log a 36 log a 62 2 log a 6 2y
a 2 2 c log
2 36   
log a 2 log a 2 log a 2 x
3
2 a
 P2 
log 
 P2 
 3log  d  log a (6  4)
log a 24  log a 6  log a 4
2  2 
 QR   QR   log a 6  2 log a 2
= 3 ⎡⎣ log P − log ( QR ) ⎤⎦
2 2
 2x  y
log a 2  log a 6 xy
= 3 ⎡⎣2 log P − ( log Q + log R 2 ) ⎤⎦
log a 12
e log
6 12  
log a 6 log a 6 y

= 3 [ 2 log P − log Q − 2 log R ] 6

log a  
log a 3 2
= 6 log P − 3 log Q − 6 log R
f 
log 23 
log a 2 log a 2
= 6x − 3 y − 6z  log a 6  log a 2
log a 2
3 a log 10 x = log 10 + log x = 1 + log x  yx
x
b log 1002 = log100 − log x 2 = 2 − 2 log x 4 a
x 2 log x
y=
log 4
c log 10 x = 1 log10 x = 1 (log10 + log x ) = 1 + 1 log x 1
2 2 2 2

1
1 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
d log = log1 − log10 x 2 = −[log10 + 1 log x ] –1
10 x 2
–2
= −1 − 1 log x b y
2
a 2 log x2
4 y  log3 27 1
log 5
81

y = log 3 27 a − log 3 81 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 x
–1
y = a log 3 27 − log 3 81
–2
y = 3a − 4
5 a y = log 4 a 2
1
5 log 3 y = 2 log 4 a
27x 2
y = 2b
= log 3 1 − [log 3 27 + log 3 x 2 ]
b y = log16 a
= −[log 3 27 + 2 log 3 x ]
log 4 a
= −3 − 2 log 3 x y=
log 4 16

6
x
e x ln 2 = e ln 2 = 2 x y=b
2

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 8
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

c y = log 1 a2 f 22 x −1 = 3.2 × 10 −3
4
2 (2 x  1) log 2  log(3.2  10 3 )
y = log 4 a1
log 4 2 x log 2  log 2 log(3.2  10 3 )
4
y= 2 log 4 a 2 x log 2 log(3.2  10 3 )  log 2
−1 3
y = −2b x  log(3.2  10 )  log 2
2log 2
d y = log 1 a x  3.64
16
g ex = 6
y = log 4 a
log 4
1 ln ex = ln 6
16
x = 1.79
1
log 4 a x
y=2 h e 5 = 0.11
−2 x
b ln e 5 = ln 0.11
y=−
4 x
= ln 0.11
5
Exercise 4P
x = 5 ln 0.11
1 a 2x  5
x = −11.0
log2x  log5
x log2  log5 2 a 2 x + 2 = 5 x −3
x  log 5 ( x + 2) log 2 = ( x − 3) log 5
log 2
x  2.32 x log 2 + 2 log 2 = x log 5 − 3 log 5
b 3x = 50 2 log 2 + 3 log 5 = x log 5 − x log 2
log 3x = log 50 x (log 5 − log 2) = (2 log 2 + 3 log 5)
x log 3 = log 50 x = (2 log 2 + 3 log 5)
(log 5 − log 2)
x = log 50
log 3 x = 6.78
x = 3.56
b 32 − x = 4 2 x − 5
−x
c 5 = 17 (2 − x ) log 3 = (2 x − 5) log 4
log 5− x = log 17 2 log 3 − x log 3 = 2 x log 4 − 5 log 4
− x log 5 = log 17 2 log 3 + 5 log 4 = 2 x log 4 + x log 3
− x = log 17 x (2 log 4 + log 3) = (2 log 3 + 5 log 4 )
log 5
x = −1.76 x = (2 log 3 + 5 log 4 )
(2 log 4 + log 3)
d
x +1
7 = 16 x = 2.36
x
( x + 1) log 7 = log 16 c 3 3 = 5x + 3

x log 7 + log 7 = log 16 x

log 3 = ( x + 3)log 5
3
x log 7 = log 16 − log 7 x
log 3 = x log 5 + 3 log 5
3
x = log 16 − log 7 x
log 7 log 3 − x log 5 = 3 log 5
3
x = 0.425
x ⎛⎜ 1 log 3 − log 5 ⎞⎟ = 3 log 5
1 7
x ⎝3 ⎠
e    3 log 5
3 9 x=
⎛1 ⎞
1
x log    log 7 ⎜ log 3 − log 5 ⎟
⎝3 ⎠
3 9
7 x = −3.88
log
x  91
log
3
x  0.229

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 9
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

d 7 x = (0.5) x −1 c 3 × 2 x = 4 × 5x
x log 7 = ( x − 1) log 0.5 log 3 + log 2 x = log 4 + log 5x
x log 7 = x log 0.5 − log 0.5 log 3 + x log 2 = log 5 + x log 5
log 0.5 = x logg 0.5 − x log 7 x log 2 − x log 5 = log 5 − log 3
x (log 0.5 − log 7 ) = log 0.5 x (log 2 − log 5) = log 5 − log 3
x= log 0.5 x  (log 5  log3)
(log 0.5 − log 7 ) (log 2  log 5)
x = 0.263 x  0.557

e e3 x −1 = 3x d 5 × 2 x −1 = 3 × 7 2 x
(3x −1)ln e = x ln 3 log 5 + ( x − 1) log 2 = log 3 + 2 x log 7
3x −1 = x ln 3 log 5 + x log 2 − log 2 = log 3 + 2 x log 7
3x − x ln 3 = 1 log 5 − log 2 − log 3 = 2 x log 7 − x log 2
x (3 − ln 3) = 1 x (2 log 7 − log 2) = log 5 − log 2 − log 3
1
x=
(3 − ln 3) x = (log 5 − log 2 − log 3)
(2 log 7 − log 2)
x = 0.526
x = −0.0570
f 4e3 x − 2 = 244 e 3x 4 x −1 = 2 × 7 x + 2
e3 x − 2 = 61
log 3x + log 4 x −1 = log 2 + log 7 x + 2
(3 x − 2) ln e = ln 61
x log 3 + ( x − 1) log 4 = log 2 + ( x + 2) log 7
3 x − 2 = ln 61
x log 3 + x log 4 − log 4 = log 2 + x log 7 + 2 log 7
3 x = ln 61 + 2
x (log 3 + log 4 − log 7 ) = log 2 + 2 log 7 + log 4
x = ln 61 + 2
3 x = (log 2 + 2 log 7 + log 4 )
x = 2.04 (log 3 + log 4 − log 7 )
x = 11.1
g 35e −0.01x = 95
2 a 2 x + 2 = 5 x −3
e −0.01x = 19 ( x + 2) ln 2 = ( x − 3) ln 5
7

(−0.01x )ln e = ln 19 x ln 2 + 2 ln 2 = x ln 5 − 3 ln 5
7
2 ln 2 + 3 ln 5 = x ln 5 − x ln 2
−0.01x = ln 19
7 ln 4 + ln 125 = x (ln 5 − ln 2)
19
x = ln ÷ (−0.01) x ln 5 = ln 500
7
2
x = −99.9 ln 500
x = 5
Exercise 4Q ln
2
1 a 7 × 3x = 25 b 5 × 3x = 8 × 7 x
3x = 25 ln 5 + ln 3 x = ln 8 + ln 7 x
7
ln 5 + x ln 3 = ln 8 + x ln 7
x log 3 = log 25
7 x ln 3 − x ln 7 = ln 8 − ln 5
25
log
x= 7 x (ln 3 − ln 7 ) = ln 8 − ln 5
log 3 8
ln
x = 1.16 x = 35
ln
b 4 × 3x = 52 x −1 7

log 4 + log 3x = log 52 x −1

log 4 + x log 3 = (2 x − 1) log 5
log 4 + x logg 3 = 2 x log 5 − log 5
log 4 + log 5 = 2 x log 5 − x log 3
x (2 log 5 − log 3) = (log 4 + log 5)
(log 4 + log 5)
x=
(2 log 5 − log 3)
x = 1.41

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 10
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

c 5 × 3x +1 = 2 × 63− 2 x d log22 (2x

log (2 x ++ 33)) ++log
log22((x
x −−11)
) ==loglog (x + 1)
2 (2x + 1)

ln 5 + ( x + 1)ln 3 = ln 2 + (3 − 2x )ln 6 2 x ++33)(x

log 2 ([(2x )( x −−1)1)]
= log
=log
2 (x
2
+ 1+) 1)
(x
ln 5 + x ln 3 + ln 3 = ln 2 + 3 ln 6 − 2x ln 6 2 x 2 + 3x − 2 x − 3 = x + 1
x ln 3 + 2x ln 6 = ln 2 + 3 ln 6 − ln 5 − ln 3 2x 2 = 4
x (ln 3 + 2 ln 6) = ln 2 + ln 216 − ln 5 − ln 3
x2 = 2
x ln108 = ln 144
5 x= 2
144
ln
x= 5 We cannot have x = – 2 , since then
ln 108
log2(x – 1) would be undefined.
d (6 x )(2 x −1 ) = 2( 4 x + 2 )
e
x ln 6 + ( x −1)ln 2 = ln 2 + ( x + 2)ln 4 log 3 x  log 3 ( x 
1) log 3 ( x  1)
x ln 6 + x ln 2 − ln 2 = ln 2 + x ln 4 + 2 ln 4  x 
x ln 6 + x ln 2 − x ln 4 = ln 2 + 2 ln 4 + ln 2 log 3
  log 3 ( x  1)
 x 1 
x (ln 6 + ln 2 − ln 4 ) = ln 2 + ln16 + ln 2  x 
  x 1
x ln 3 = ln 64  x 1 

x = ln 64 x( x  1) ( x  1)
ln 3

x x2 1
2x x
3 a e 2e 0
0  x2  x 1
2x x
e 2e 2
 ( 1) ± ( 1)  4(1)( 1)
ln e 2x
ln 2 ln e x x
2(1)
2 x ln 2 x 1 5
x ln 2 x since we can’t have log 3 x when x < 0.
2
b 4 x − 3(2 x ) = 0 x = 1.62
4 = 3(2 )
x x

x ln 4 = ln 3 + x ln 2 Exercise 4S
x (ln 4 − ln 2) = ln 3 1 a log 9 ( x − 2) = 2
x = ln 3 x − 2 = 92
ln 2
x = 81 + 2 = 83
Exercise 4R
b log 3 (2 x − 1) = 3
1 a log 2 ( x ) = log 2 (6 x − 1)
2 x − 1 = 33
x = 6x − 1
2 x − 1 = 27
5x = 1
2 x = 28
x=1
5 x = 14

b ln( x + 1) = ln(3 − x ) c log 1 (3 − x ) = 5

2
x +1= 3 − x 5

3 − x = ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞⎟
2x = 2 ⎝2⎠

x =1 3− x = 1
32
95
c log 5 (2 − x ) = log 5 (6 x − 1) x=
32
2 − x = 6x − 1 2 a log 6 ( x 5) log 6 x 2
3 = 7x
log 6 [x(x − 5)] = 2
x=3
7 x 2 5x 62
x 2 5 x 36 0
( x 9)( x 4) 0
x 9
We can’t have x = –4, since then log6x is
undefined.

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 11
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

b log 2 ( 4 x − 8) − log 2 ( x − 5) = 4 Exercise 4T

1 a 450 × 1.032n
log 2 4 x − 8 = 4
x −5
b 450 × 1.032n > 600
4x − 8
= 24 4
x −5 1.032n >
3
4 x − 8 = 16( x − 5)
4 x − 8 = 16x − 80 n log 1.032 > log 4
3
72 = 12x
4
x =6 log
3
n>
log 1.032
c log 7 (2 x  3)  log 7 (4 x  5) 
0
log 7 (2 x 
 3) log 7 (4 x  5) n > 9.133..
2x  3 4 x  5 n = 10 years
2x  2 2 a i 100 × 1.12 = 121
x 1 ii 100 × 1.17 = 195
When x =1, (2x − 3) < 0 and (4x − 5) < 0, so b 100 × 1.1n = 250
there are no solutions. 1.1n = 2.5
3 log 2 x + log 2 (2 x + 7 ) = log 2 A n = log 2.5
log 1.1
log 2 [x(2x + 7)] = log2 A
= 9.6 days (10 days)
2x 2 + 7x = A
3 10 × 1.15 n = 10000
When log2A = 2, then A = 2 = 4 2
n log1.15 = log1000
2x 2 + 7x = 4 n = log 1000
log 1.15
2x 2 + 7x − 4 = 0
49.4 hours
(2 x − 1)( x + 4 ) = 0
4 a s
x = 0 .5 45
40
35
4 log 4 x log x 4 2 30
25
log 4 4 20 s = 9 + 29e–0.063t
log 4 x 2 15
log 4 x 10
2 5
log 4 x log 4 4 2log 4 x 0
0 t
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2
log 4 x 2log 4 x 1 0
b 9 + 29e−0.063(0) = 38 ms–1
Let a = log4x. Then
c as t→∞, s→9 ms–1
a2 – 2a + 1 = 0
(a – 1)2 = 0 d 9 + 29e−0.063(45) = 10.7 ms–1
a=1 e His initial speed was 38 ms–1. We need to find
so log4x = 1 the time at which s = 19 ms–1.
∴x=4 9 + 29e−0.063t = 19
5 log 2 x 2 + log 4 x = 9 29e−0.063t = 10
1
e−0.063t = 10
log 2 x 2 + log 2 x = 9
2

29
log 2 4
1
−0.063t = ln 10
2 log 2 x + log 2 x = 9
2
29
2
t = 16.9...
2 log 2 x + log 2 x = 9
4 t = 17 sec
8 log 2 x + log 2 x = 36
9 log 2 x = 36 5 x  a  nb
log 2 x = 4 32 a  2b (1)
x = 16 108 a  3 b
(2)
(1)  ln32 ln a  b ln 2
(2)  ln108  ln a  b ln3

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 12
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

Solve simultaneously 4 x − 7 = e2
(2)  (1) ln108  ln32  b ln3  b ln2 4x = e 2 + 7
ln108  ln32  b (ln3  ln2) 2
x=e +7

b  ln108  ln32 4
ln3  ln 2 x = 3.60
b 3, a 32
log 2 ( x 2 ) = (log 2 x )2
4
23 d

2 log 2 x = (log 2 x )2
Review exercise
(log 2 x )2 − 2 log 2 x = 0
1 x = log5 287
log 2 x (log 2 x − 2) = 0
x = log 287 = 3.52
log 5 log 2 x = 0,log 2 x = 2
2 a 3 2 x +3
= 90 x = 1 and 4
(2 x + 3) log 3 = log 90 e log10 x = 4 log x 10
2 x log 3 + 3 log 3 = log 90 log x = 4 log 10
log x
2 x log 3 = log 90 − 3 logg 3
( log x )
2
=4
x = log 90 − 3 log 3 log x = 2, − 2
2 log 3
1
= 0.548 x = 100,
100
4 a f (x) > 0, range of g(x) is all real numbers
b 5 x −1 = 33 x
b Inverses as 1-1 functions;
( x − 1) log 5 = 3 x log 3
x log 5 − log 5 = 3 x log 3 f ( x ) = e2 x
y = e2 x
x (log 5 − 3 log 3) = log 5
x = e2 y
x= log 5 ln x = 2 y
log 5 − 3 log 3
x = −0.954 y = 1 ln x
2
f ( x ) = 1 ln x
−1
c 2 × 32 x = 5 x 2

log 2 + 2 x log 3 = x log 5 g ( x ) = 3 ln x

2
log 2 = x (log 5 − 2 log 3) 3
y = ln x
2
log 2 3
x= x = ln y
log 5 − 2 log 3 2
2
x = −1.18 x = ln y
3
2x
3 a log x + log(3 x − 13) = 1 y = e3
log[x(3x − 13
log x (3 x − ) ==
13)] 11 2x
g −1 ( x ) = e 3
3 x − 13 x = 10
2 1

⎛3 ⎞
2 ⎜ ln x ⎟
3 x 2 − 13 x − 10 = 0 c ( f  g )( x ) = e ⎝2 ⎠
= e3 ln x = eln x
3

(3 x + 2)( x − 5) = 0 = x3
x =5
( g  f )( x ) = 3 ln(e 2 x ) = 3 (2 x)
b log 5 ( x + 6) − log 5 ( x + 2) = log 5 x 2 2
= 3x
log5 x  6  log5 x
x 2 d x 3 = 3x
x 6
x
x 2 x 3 − 3x = 0
x + 6 = x 2 + 2x x ( x 2 − 3) = 0
x + x −6=0
2
x= 3
( x + 3)( x − 2) = 0
x =2 5 a n = 4000e0.08t

c ln ( 4 x − 7 ) = 2 n = 4000e0.08(50) = 218 393 insects

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 13
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

b t = 0; n = 4000e0.08(0) = 4000 b logx(2x − 1) = 2

We want to find the time at which the x2 = 2x − 1
population reaches 8000. x2 − 2x + 1 = 0
(x − 1)2 = 0
4000e0.08( t ) 8000 x=1
0.08( t )
e 2 c logx(5x − 4) = 2
0.08t ln 2 x2 = 5x − 4
t ln 2
8.66 x2 − 5x + 4 = 0
0.08
(x − 4)(x + 1) = 0
8.66 days. x = 1, 4
d log 2 ( x − 2) + log 1 ( x −1) = 3
Review exercise
✗ 1 254 x −3 = ⎛⎜ 1 ⎞
⎟
⎝ 125 ⎠
x +1
log 2
2
2

log 2 ( x − 2) + log 2 ( x 1− 1) = 3

log 2 ( x − 2) − log 2 ( x −1) = 3

(5 )2 4 x −3
= (5 )
−3 x +1
log 2 x − 2 = 3
x −1
58 x − 6 = 5−3 x −3 x −2
=8
x −1
8 x − 6 = −3 x − 3 x − 2 = 8x − 8
11x = 3 7x = 6
x= 3 x=6
7
11

x +1 2 x +1
6 a log 4 8 = log x 8 = n
2 (5 )(7 ) = 3
x log x 4 m
b log x 2 
log x 8  log x 4 
nm
log 5x +1 + log 7 x = log 32 x +1
( x + 1) log 5 + x log 7 = (2 x + 1) log 3 c log x 16 = log x 4 2 = 2 log x 4 = 2m
x (log 5 + log 7 − 2 log 3) = log 3 − log 5 d log8 32 = log x 32 = log x 4 + log x 8 = m + n
log x 8 log x 8 n
⎛3⎞
log ⎜ ⎟ 1
x= ⎝5⎠ 7 Shift one unit to the right, stretch factor parallel
3
⎛ 5×7 ⎞ to x-axis, shift 2 units up.
log ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 32 ⎠ 8 a f ( x ) = 3e2 x
⎛3⎞
log ⎜ ⎟
⎝5⎠
y 3e2 x
x= x 3e2 y
⎛ 35 ⎞
log ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 9 ⎠ x
e2 y
3
1
log3 3 ln x 2 y
3 2log3 27 log3 3
3
1
1 y ln x
3 −1 2 2 3
= 2log 3 (3 ) + log 3 (3 ) − log 3 3
1
f 1( x ) ln x
2 3
= 2(3) + ( −1) − (0.5) = 4.5
b f ( x ) = 103 x
1
4 4 log 3 x  log 3 y  5log 3 z
3 y = 103 x
log 3 x  log 3 3 y  log 3 z
4 5
x = 103 y
43
= log3 x y log x = log 103 y
z5
3 y = log x
5 a log 3 ( 4 x − 1) = 3
y = 1 log x
3
4x −1 = 3 3

f ( x ) = 1 log x
−1
4 x = 28 3

x =7

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 14
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

c f ( x ) = log 2 ( 4 x )
y = log 2 4 x
x = log 2 4 y
2x = 4 y
x
y=2
4
x
f −1( x ) = 2 = 2x −2
4

9 log a 64  log a b 
8 
log b a  1 
2

from 
1
a  b 2  b  a2
sub in 
log a 64  log a a 2 
8
log a 64  2 8
log a 64  6
a6  64
a 6  26
a2
from 

b a
2
4

a 2,
b 4

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 4 15