NACALA-A-VELHA, MOZAMBIQUE

HYDROLOGICAL STUDIES FOR VARIOUS DAM SITES

T31544-00

OCTOBER 2014
 REVIEW AND ACCEPTANCE

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Louis Aucamp Compiler
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0.0 23-10-2014 First draft for review All Louis Aucamp

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1
2 SCOPE OF WORK ...................................................................................................................................... 1
3 DELIVERABLES .......................................................................................................................................... 1
4 EXISTING INFORMATION .......................................................................................................................... 3
4.1 MAPS AND PLANS ......................................................................................................................................... 3
4.2 REPORTS AND STUDIES .................................................................................................................................. 3
4.3 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 3

5 SITE DESCRIPTION AND RAINFALL DATA .................................................................................................. 4

5.1 THE SITE.................................................................................................................................................... 4
5.2 TOPOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................................................. 5
5.3 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE ................................................................................................................................. 5

6 HYDROLOGY ............................................................................................................................................. 7
6.1 METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................................................... 7
6.2 FLOOD PEAKS .............................................................................................................................................. 8
6.3 INFLOW HYDROGRAPHS ................................................................................................................................. 9
7 RESERVOIRS ............................................................................................................................................. 9
7.1 CAPACITY OF DAM ........................................................................................................................................ 9
7.1.1 Full capacity .................................................................................................................................... 9
7.1.2 Effective capacity .......................................................................................................................... 10
7.2 STAGE STORAGE CAPACITY ........................................................................................................................... 10
7.3 STAGE OUTFLOW CAPACITY .......................................................................................................................... 10
7.4 HYDROGRAPH ROUTING............................................................................................................................... 11
7.5 EVALUATION OF SPILLWAY CAPACITY .............................................................................................................. 11
8 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................... 11
9 ANNEXURE A .......................................................................................................................................... 12
9.1 ANNEXURE A1 – CATCHMENT AREA 698 HA AND DAM 01 ................................................................................ 12
9.2 ANNEXURE A2 – CATCHMENT AREA 223 HA AND DAM 02 ................................................................................ 13
9.3 ANNEXURE A3 – TOTAL CATCHMENT AREA 1 700 HA AND DAM 03 .................................................................... 14
10 ANNEXURE B – PEAK DISCHARGES CALCULATION RESULTS ................................................................ 15
10.1 ANNEXURE B1 – 698 HA CATCHMENT ............................................................................................................ 15
10.1.1 Rational method 698 ha ............................................................................................................... 15
10.1.2 SCS method 698 ha ....................................................................................................................... 16
10.1.3 Alternative rational method 698 ha.............................................................................................. 17
10.1.4 Unit hydrograph method 698 ha .................................................................................................. 18
10.1.5 SDF method 698 ha ....................................................................................................................... 19
10.1.6 Empirical method 698 ha .............................................................................................................. 20
10.2 ANNEXURE B2 – 223 HA CATCHMENT ............................................................................................................ 21
10.2.1 Rational method 223 ha ............................................................................................................... 21
10.2.2 SCS method 223 ha ....................................................................................................................... 22
10.2.3 Alternative rational method 223 ha.............................................................................................. 23
10.2.4 Unit hydrograph method 223 ha .................................................................................................. 24
10.2.5 SDF method 223 ha ....................................................................................................................... 25
10.2.6 Empirical method 223 ha .............................................................................................................. 26
10.3 ANNEXURE B3 – TOTAL CATCHMENT .............................................................................................................. 27
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 10.3.1 Rational method Total catchment ................................................................................................ 27
10.3.2 SCS method Total catchment ........................................................................................................ 28
10.3.3 Alternative rational method Total catchment .............................................................................. 29
10.3.4 Unit hydrograph method Total catchment ................................................................................... 30
10.3.5 SDF method Total catchment........................................................................................................ 31
10.3.6 Empirical method Total catchment ............................................................................................... 32
11 ANNEXURE C – HYDROGRAPHS .......................................................................................................... 33
11.1 ANNEXURE C1 – 698 HA CATCHMENT ............................................................................................................ 33
11.2 ANNEXURE C2 – 223 HA CATCHMENT ............................................................................................................ 35
11.3 ANNEXURE C3 – TOTAL CATCHMENT .............................................................................................................. 37

12 ANNEXURE D – MEAN AND EFFECTIVE ANNUAL RUNOFF ................................................................... 39

12.1 ANNEXURE D1 – 698 HA CATCHMENT ............................................................................................................ 39
12.2 ANNEXURE D2 – 223 HA CATCHMENT ............................................................................................................ 40
12.3 ANNEXURE D3 – TOTAL CATCHMENT .............................................................................................................. 41

13 ANNEXURE E – STAGE STORAGE CAPACITY......................................................................................... 42

13.1 ANNEXURE E1 – 698 HA CATCHMENT ............................................................................................................ 42
13.2 ANNEXURE E2 – 223 HA CATCHMENT ............................................................................................................ 44
13.3 ANNEXURE E3 –TOTAL CATCHMENT ............................................................................................................... 46

14 ANNEXURE F – STAGE OUTFLOW CAPACITY ....................................................................................... 48

14.1 ANNEXURE F1 –698 HA CATCHMENT............................................................................................................. 48
14.2 ANNEXURE F2 –223 HA CATCHMENT............................................................................................................. 50
14.3 ANNEXURE F3 –TOTAL CATCHMENT ............................................................................................................... 52

15 ANNEXURE G – FLOOD HYDROGRAPH ROUTING ................................................................................ 54

15.1 ANNEXURE G1 –698 HA CATCHMENT ............................................................................................................ 54
15.2 ANNEXURE G2 –223 HA CATCHMENT ............................................................................................................ 55
15.3 ANNEXURE G3 –TOTAL CATCHMENT............................................................................................................... 56

LIST OF TABLES

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1 INTRODUCTION
BVi Consulting Engineers were requested to undertake a Hydrological Assessment for a catchment
area situated in the Nacala-a-Velha district in the Nampula province of Mozambique. The catchment
co-ordinates are 14 38' 47" South and 40 23' 49" East. The locality of the catchment is shown on
the map in figure 1.

The site is in the transition area between the coastal plain and the higher plateau to the western
interior of Mozambique. The site is between 25 km and 45 km from the coast line.

2 SCOPE OF WORK

The scope of work are defined as consisting of the following tasks:

1. Obtain and review general information
2. Research climate and rainfall data
3. Hydrological modelling to determine storm water peaks and quantities
4. Determining suitable sites for possible dams
5. Reservoir modelling with respect to stage storage capacity and dam walls
6. Determining hydrographs and routing through the flow network
7. Evaluation of required spillway capacity
8. Report and recommendations

A water balance taking into account the irrigation and animal farming water requirements has not
been conducted due to the absence of local information.

3 DELIVERABLES

The following deliverables have been identified

1. Flood peaks for various catchments and return periods.
2. Inflow hydrographs
3. Reservoir storage curves and capacities
4. Spillway capacity
5. Preliminary dam wall dimensions

1
Figure 1: Locality of the catchment in the Nacala-a-Velha district

2
4 EXISTING INFORMATION
No information that is directly associated with the site has been found.

4.1 MAPS AND PLANS

 Grid plans with contours has been extracted from Google Earth and was used for the high
level overview and calculation of the storm water runoff and hydrographs.
 For the SCS runoff curve number determination and the percentage of pervious/impervious
areas, the following soil maps of Mozambique has been consulted:
o Mozambique National Soil Map, FAO classification, prepared by INA-DTA in 2002
o Annexure to “Soil resources inventory of Mozambique” Ministry of Agriculture, INIA
FAO Project MOZ 75/011, 1982
o Carta dos solos, D Godinho Gouveia and A Sá e Melo Marques, 1972
 Topographical map of Mozambique, prepared by Sadalmelik for Wikipedia commons.

4.2 REPORTS AND STUDIES

 Nacala dam hydrology executive summary, Jeffares and Green, 2009

 Chapter 3 and 4, Support of Agriculture Development Master Plan for Nacala Corridor in
Mozambique, 2013?
 Climate change modelling and analyses for Mozambique, Mark Tadros, March 2009
 Evaluation of monthly precipitation data of Mozambique, R M Westerink, August 1996.
 General climate of Mozambique, S Jeevananda Reddy, 1984
 Nacala Dam Feasibility Study, Environmental and Social Impact Assessment, Design and
Supervision, Volume 5 Environmental Impact Assessment report, Jeffares and Green, July
2010.
 A survey of soil fertility status of four agroecological zones of Mozambique, Ricardo M. Maria
and Russell Yost, November 2006.
 Soil and terrain database of Mozambique, Abdelghani Souirji, February 1997.

4.3 REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

 Dam development options, Appendix A, Guidelines for the preliminary sizing, costing and
engineering economic evaluation of planning options, South Africa, Department of Water
Affairs,
 South Africa, DWA Regulation GN704, 1998
 South Africa, DWA Best Practice Guidelines, G1 – Storm Water Management
 South Africa, SANRAL, Drainage Manual, 2013.
 Small dams, Designs, surveillance and rehabilitation, CIGB/ICOLD, 2011.
 Guide to Hydrological Practices, Volume II, Management of Water Resources and Application
of Hydrological Practices, World Meteorological Organization WMO-168, 2009
 USA department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Engineering hydrology training
services, Reservoir flood routing, September 1989.
 Schmidt, E.J., Schulze, R.E., 1987. SCS-based design runoff. ACRU Report No. 24, Department
of Agricultural Engineering, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, RSA.
 Design of Small dams, United States Bureau of Reclamation, 3rd edition 1987.

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5 SITE DESCRIPTION AND RAINFALL DATA

5.1 THE SITE

The site is situated about 30 km west south west of Nacala town and one of the dam sites within the
catchment area are at co-ordinates 14 38' 47" South and 40 23' 49" East. The Mozambique road no
514 runs diagonally across the western side of the catchment. Figure 2 show the catchment relative
to Nacala and the coast line

Figure 2: Locality of the catchment relative to Nacala and the coast

The catchment consist of various sub catchments which have been identified in association with
different proposed dam positions as follows:
 Dam 01 with catchment of 698 ha. See Annexure A1.
 Dam 02 with catchment of 223 ha. See Annexure A2.
 Dam 03 with catchment of 1 700 ha. See Annexure A3. The original position of Dam 03 was
not viable so the position has been moved about 150 m in a south easterly direction as shown
on the Annexure.

4
5.2 TOPOGRAPHY

The general topography was determined using 5 m contours. Cross sectional data was extracted from
the contour maps to model the water courses. See Annexure A1 to A3 for examples.

The site is reasonably flat with heights varying from 150 m on the eastern side up to 205 m above sea-
level on the western side and no hilly areas evident on the site.

The dominant flora consist of tropical savannah park land with open forest and grass areas. The water
courses are flat and well-defined and mostly devoid of trees. The woodland areas are interspersed
with open areas for villages and agriculture. Substance agriculture for own consumption is mostly
practised in the catchment area.

The catchment is underlain by geology of the Nampula Group of the Nampula Supergroup. The
Nampula Group comprises mostly of granulitic and migmatitic gneisses, migmatites and their
weathered derivatives. Gneiss is a common type of metamorphic rock formed from the local Nampula
Supergroup. Where encountered the Gneiss should be a slightly weathered, coarse grained, hard rock
with tight medium and widely spaced joints.

The Nacala dam EIA performed by Jeffares and Green provides the following soil classifications for the
region:
Binomial classification -
Namib - Sandy type soil, medium to high permeability
Clovelly - sandy to loam - same as above
Hutton - sandy to loam, same as above
From the Mozambique FAO soil map, 1982 the Nacala-a-Velha area is classified as follows:
LF1- ferric luvisols - soils with a high clay content that is washed down from the surface horizons to
form an accumulation at depth
It is assumed that the soil in the areas of interest would mostly be sandy with some loam potential
thus an A, A/B to B type soil according to the SCS classification.

5.3 RAINFALL AND CLIMATE

Nacala-a-Velha has as a tropical climate with two seasons, a wet season from November to April and
a dry season from May to October. Annual precipitation varies from east to west over the Nampula
province with averages of 800 mm along the coast and up to 1 200 mm west of Nampula. The rainfall
is influenced by tropical cyclones from the Mozambique Channel.

The average climatic records are presented in Table 1 below and the description of the columns follow
after the table:

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Table 1: Climate data for Nacala-a-Velha

Latitude: -14.647° Longitude: 40.397° Elevation: 160m

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Prc. Wet Tmp. Tmp. Tmp. Grnd Rel. Sun Wind 12 13
Month 1 Prc. 2 Prc. cv days mean max. min. Frost hum. shine (2m) ETo ETo
mm/m mm/d % days °C °C °C days % % m/s mm/m mm/d
Jan 200 6.4 54.4 16.1 26.8 30.8 22.9 0.0 78.7 54.4 2.2 148 4.8
Feb 176 6.3 52.2 14.4 26.7 30.9 22.5 0.0 79.5 55.3 2.0 130 4.6
Mar 179 5.8 52.9 15.1 26.3 30.4 22.3 0.0 80.7 61.0 1.9 137 4.4
Apr 100 3.3 70.8 10.3 25.5 29.8 21.2 0.0 79.4 69.6 2.1 125 4.2
May 28 0.9 111.7 4.7 23.7 28.4 19.1 0.0 76.1 75.1 2.2 116 3.7
Jun 31 1.0 98.7 4.6 22.0 26.9 17.2 0.0 74.2 72.5 2.5 103 3.4
Jul 34 1.1 112.0 4.5 21.6 26.6 16.6 0.0 74.8 70.9 2.6 107 3.4
Aug 13 0.4 157.4 2.3 22.3 27.4 17.3 0.0 72.4 75.6 2.5 125 4.0
Sep 12 0.4 163.2 1.4 23.6 28.9 18.4 0.0 69.8 78.5 2.5 145 4.8
Oct 11 0.3 141.2 2.6 25.3 30.2 20.4 0.0 68.7 79.1 2.8 174 5.6
Nov 51 1.7 107.7 5.7 26.5 31.2 21.9 0.0 71.2 74.4 2.6 170 5.7
Dec 133 4.3 54.5 11.7 26.9 30.9 22.9 0.0 76.1 60.4 2.4 158 5.1
Total 967 1 637

 1 Precipitation in mm/month
 2 Precipitation in mm/day
 3 Coefficient of Variation of precipitation in percentage
 4 Wet days
 5 Mean temperature in °C
 6 Maximum temperature in °C
 7 Minimum temperature in °C
 8 Days of ground frost
 9 Relative humidity in percentage
 10 Sunshine fraction in percentage
 11 Wind speed at 2 metre above the surface in m/s
 12 Reference evapotranspiration in mm/month.
 13 Reference evapotranspiration in mm/day

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Columns 12 and 13 are superseded by the evaporation figures given in Table 2
Table 2: S-pan evaporation data for the Nampula district area
Average S-pan evaporation for indicated month (mm) Total
Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep (MAE)
157 150 160 156 127 127 104 98 81 91 111 135 1 497
(From - Baker, 2006. Nacala Dam and Reservoir Revised Technical Review and Interim Report 1.
October 2006. Report prepared by Michael Baker Jr, Inc as part of the Millennium Challenge
Corporation (MCC) Mozambique Water & Sanitation Project (Contract W912ER-05-D-0002) for the
Transatlantic Programs Centre US Army Corps of Engineers.)

In order to calculate the runoff hydrographs, the 24 hour storm for various return periods are required.
Data for Nacala has been based on similar data and rainfall from the Kwazulu-Natal coastal and
adjacent inland areas. South African Weather Bureau regions 338, 339, 374, 375 and 411 cover the
area. After inspection and comparison, Hlabisa SAWB station no 0338668, was elected to model the
rainfall for Nacala.

Table 3 – 24 hour rainfall for use at Nacala catchment

MAP 24 Hour Rainfall in millimetres

Station No Description
(mm) 1:2 1:5 1:10 1:20 1:50 1:100
0338668-W Hlabisa 1 056 101 141 172 206 258 302
(From – Design rainfall depth at selected stations in South Africa, SAWB)

6 HYDROLOGY

6.1 METHODOLOGY

Several methods of calculating rainfall runoff peak flows and volumes are available to the engineer
these days. The following methodologies have been utilised to calculate the runoff peaks:
1. The rational method
2. The SCS method
3. The alternative rational method
4. Unit hydrograph
5. Standard Design Flood (SDF)
6. Empirical methods

In order to simulate the conditions at the Nacala catchment, the following assumptions have been
made:
 Generalised veld type region 8 – savannah woodland
 General rainstorm type 2 – Inland summer thunderstorm areas
 Kovac’s number 5.8 for calculating the Regional Maximum Flood (RMF)

In order to evaluate the different methods, test runs were conducted for each catchment. After
carrying out the test runs using alternative methods it has been decided that the rational method and
SCS method is the best for the three catchments being analysed for this report. The rural nature of
the catchments is well suited to the rational method and the original development of the SCS method.
Both are accepted methods for catchments up to 15km² areas, which covers all the catchments. The
results for all the calculations are presented in Annexure B.

7
The Utility Programs for Drainage developed by the University of Pretoria and distributed by Sinotech
cc have been created to carry out the calculation methods used in the South African National Road
Agency Limited (SANRAL) Drainage Manual except for the SCS method. This software has been used
to generate the calculation results presented in Annexure B. The methodology for the various
calculations are well known and fully documented in the SANRAL manual so will not be repeated here.
The parameters chosen for the applicable variables form part of the calculation printouts provided.

The TR 55 program, developed by the NRCS of the USA department of Agriculture has been utilised to
model the SCS method. The SCS results are presented in Annexure B with the results of the other
calculations. The methodology for the SCS method is well known and documented in various
publications. For the methodology utilised in this report please refer to the “Small Watershed
Hydrology, WinTR–55 User Guide” and the general SCS references documented in Section 4.3.

Various rainfall input methods are available for run-off flows. The triangular hyetograph using the
relationship i = (7, 5 + 0,034 MAP) R0,3 / (0, 24 + td) 0,89 for the inland region

Where i is the average rainfall intensity in mm/h over time td

MAP is the mean annual precipitation in mm
R is the recurrence interval in years
td is the storm duration in hours
has been used.

It should be noted that a complete, or exact correlation of flow results between different calculation
methods is not possible. The parameters for the various methods are not directly interchangeable and
so the flows do differ. In terms of this report the average results of the “Rational Method” and the
“SCS Method for all the catchments are intended for general use for broad planning purposes. For
the detail design of specific structures in depth calculation and modelling would need to be carried
out.

6.2 FLOOD PEAKS

For the purposes of this report the flood peaks calculated by the Rational and SCS methods have been
averaged and is presented in Table 4 below.

Table 4: Catchments Peak Flows (m3/s)

RETURN PERIOD (YEARS)
CATCHMENTS
2 5 10 20 50 100
698 ha 9.30 17.89 29.27 45.24 78.72 115.53
223 ha 4.79 9.44 15.82 24.82 42.83 62.44
Total catchment 12.33 24.02 39.53 61.56 106.18 155.53

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6.3 INFLOW HYDROGRAPHS

For the sizing and high level design of the three proposed dams, the inflow hydrograph that will be
routed through the reservoir needs to be calculated. To meet the requirements for the recommended
design flood (RDD) and the safety evaluation flood (SED) for freeboard and spillway design, only the
1:50 year and 1:100 year hydrographs are presented in Table 5.

The calculations and Hydrograph charts are presented in Annexure C.

The dimensionless unit hydrographs are based on the SCS standard UDH.

Table 5: Hydrograph details

Volumes m3 Peak flows m3/s Time to Run-off
Catchments
1:50 1:100 1:50 1:100 peak h time h
698 ha 2 011 798 2 952 528 78.72 115.53 5.32 26.59
223 ha 1 094 580 1 595 740 42.83 62.44 2.23 11.16
Total catchment 2 713 576 3 974 783 106.18 155.53 9.19 45.94

7 RESERVOIRS
The dam and reservoirs need to be designed with reference to maximum capacity, depth at maximum
capacity (full service level FSL), height of dam wall, freeboard and spillway size and capacity.

7.1 CAPACITY OF DAM

7.1.1 Full capacity

The assumption is made that the dams and the reservoirs that they form will be sized to contain the
average annual run-off for each catchment. Table 6 has been extracted from Chapter 4 of the Support
documents for "The Agriculture Development Master Plan for Nacala Corridor in Mozambique" to
show the average run-off associated with Nampula province. The average of Monapo and Muecate
of 106 mm/year will be used for Nacala-a-Velha as being the closest to Nacala.

The annual results for the three catchment areas are summarised in Table 7 and the monthly
calculations are presented in Annexure D.

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Table 7 – Mean Annual Runoff
Catchment Mean Annual Runoff m3
698 ha 739 880
223 ha 312 700
Total catchment 1 240 412

7.1.2 Effective capacity

Due to the evaporation of water from the reservoirs only a portion of the water will be available for
use. The evaporation from Table 2 has been used to calculate the monthly evaporation and the
theoretical minimum available capacity for each month based on the runoff of each month. The
effective annual runoff is summarised in Table 8 and the calculations are presented as part of
Annexure D.
Table 8 – Effective Annual Runoff
Catchment Effective Annual Runoff m3
698 ha 412 037
223 ha 133 060
Total catchment 716 462

7.2 STAGE STORAGE CAPACITY

The stage storage capacity has been determined from the site contour maps at 5 m intervals and
interpolated for 1 m intervals. A summary of results is presented below in Table 9 and the detail
information and staging curves are presented in Annexure E.
Table 9 – Stage storage capacity at selected FSLs
Volumes (m3) at different FSL heights
Catchment
5m 6m 10 m
698 ha 139 400 898 680
223 ha 265 209 386 729
Total catchment 285 297 1 494 942

7.3 STAGE OUTFLOW CAPACITY

In order to route the flood hydrographs through the reservoirs a stage outflow capacity must be
generated for each of the dams. The stage outflow curve is a function of the spillway design. The
following assumptions will be made:
 Recommended design flood RDD: Routed 1:100 flood peak
 Recommended safety evaluation curve SED: Regional maximum flood RMF (routed?)
 Recommended freeboard – 2.1 m (Table 6.8 P 258 Design of Small Dams USBR)

The stage outflow curve calculation was performed by using the online calculator presented by the
San Diego State University of the USA at
http://onlinecalc.sdsu.edu/onlineogeerating.php
and is presented in Annexure F with maximum outflow at full (overtopping) height presented in Table
10 below.

10
Table 10 – Stage outflow capacity at selected heights above spillway sill
Selected Spillway parameters
Catchment Flow volume m3 at selected heights
Length m
1.05 m 2.1 m
698 ha 35 78.19 243.71
223 ha 30 67.02 208.89
Total catchment 40 89.36 278.52

7.4 HYDROGRAPH ROUTING

The 1:100 year hydrographs have been routed through the 3 different dams by using the level pool
routing (modified Puls) technique and a Runge Kutte technique in a spreadsheet developed by Chris
Brooker of CBA Specialist Engineers.

The results and hydrographs are presented in Annexure G and summarised in Table 11 below. The
spreadsheet determines a runoff hydrograph using the method of James (Estimation of Urban Flood
Hydrographs, Proc 2nd Intl Conf Urban Storm Drainage, Illinois '81) and the inflow hydrographs values
calculated differ marginally from the hydrographs values presented in Table 5. The biggest difference
is 7% which is deemed as acceptable.

Table 11 – Routing of 1:100 year hydrographs

Flow volume m3
Catchment Outflow
Inflow
Modified Puls Runge Kutte
698 ha 107.24 45.77 43.55
223 ha 61.65 21.00 20.48
Total catchment 163.80 95.56 90.34

7.5 EVALUATION OF SPILLWAY CAPACITY

The spillway capacities with no free board is presented in Table 10.

The Regional Maximum Flood has been calculated as 250 m3/s, 115 m3/s and 354 m3/s for the 698 ha,
223 ha and Total catchment areas respectively.

Based on the spillway capacities in Table 10 all the spillways can pass both the 1:100 and the regional
maximum floods without overtopping the embankment.

8 CONCLUSION
A hydrological model has been developed for 3 different dam sites in the same area at Nacala-a-Velha.
The results show that each of the 3 sites can be utilised for a reasonable dam. To determine the
optimum and efficient size and dam height an in depth study will have to be conducted.

11
9 ANNEXURE A

9.1 ANNEXURE A1 – CATCHMENT AREA 698 HA AND DAM 01

12
9.2 ANNEXURE A2 – CATCHMENT AREA 223 HA AND DAM 02

13
9.3 ANNEXURE A3 – TOTAL CATCHMENT AREA 1 700 HA AND DAM 03

14
10 ANNEXURE B – PEAK DISCHARGES CALCULATION RESULTS

10.1 ANNEXURE B1 – 698 HA CATCHMENT

10.1.1 Rational method 698 ha

15
10.1.2 SCS method 698 ha

16
10.1.3 Alternative rational method 698 ha

17
10.1.4 Unit hydrograph method 698 ha

18
10.1.5 SDF method 698 ha

19
10.1.6 Empirical method 698 ha

20
10.2 ANNEXURE B2 – 223 HA CATCHMENT

10.2.1 Rational method 223 ha

21
10.2.2 SCS method 223 ha

22
10.2.3 Alternative rational method 223 ha

23
10.2.4 Unit hydrograph method 223 ha

24
10.2.5 SDF method 223 ha

25
10.2.6 Empirical method 223 ha

26
10.3 ANNEXURE B3 – TOTAL CATCHMENT

10.3.1 Rational method Total catchment

27
10.3.2 SCS method Total catchment

28
10.3.3 Alternative rational method Total catchment

29
10.3.4 Unit hydrograph method Total catchment

30
10.3.5 SDF method Total catchment

31
10.3.6 Empirical method Total catchment

32
11 ANNEXURE C – HYDROGRAPHS

11.1 ANNEXURE C1 – 698 HA CATCHMENT

Nacala-a-Velha Hydrographs and volumes from TR 55 modeling - 698 ha catchment

Tc 0.91 hr
Return periods (years) 2 5 10 20 50 100
qp m3/s 9.3 17.89 29.27 45.24 78.72 115.53
D = 0.12103 hr L 3265 m
Tl = 5.257083 hr S' 323.2727
tp = 5.32 hr y 1.1 %
tr = 8.88 hr

Volume m3 237 674 457 204 748 035 1 156 170 2 011 798 2 952 528

SCS Dimensionless unit hydrograph 2 5 10 20 50 100

t/tp q/qp T Q
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0.03 0.532 0.279 0.5367 0.8781 1.3572 2.3616 3.4659
0.2 0.1 1.064 0.93 1.789 2.927 4.524 7.872 11.553
0.3 0.19 1.595 1.767 3.3991 5.5613 8.5956 14.9568 21.9507
0.4 0.31 2.127 2.883 5.5459 9.0737 14.0244 24.4032 35.8143
0.5 0.47 2.659 4.371 8.4083 13.7569 21.2628 36.9984 54.2991
0.6 0.66 3.191 6.138 11.8074 19.3182 29.8584 51.9552 76.2498
0.7 0.82 3.722 7.626 14.6698 24.0014 37.0968 64.5504 94.7346
0.8 0.93 4.254 8.649 16.6377 27.2211 42.0732 73.2096 107.4429
0.9 0.99 4.786 9.207 17.7111 28.9773 44.7876 77.9328 114.3747
1 1 5.318 9.3 17.89 29.27 45.24 78.72 115.53
1.1 0.99 5.849 9.207 17.7111 28.9773 44.7876 77.9328 114.3747
1.2 0.93 6.381 8.649 16.6377 27.2211 42.0732 73.2096 107.4429
1.3 0.86 6.913 7.998 15.3854 25.1722 38.9064 67.6992 99.3558
1.4 0.78 7.445 7.254 13.9542 22.8306 35.2872 61.4016 90.1134
1.5 0.68 7.976 6.324 12.1652 19.9036 30.7632 53.5296 78.5604
1.6 0.56 8.508 5.208 10.0184 16.3912 25.3344 44.0832 64.6968
1.7 0.46 9.040 4.278 8.2294 13.4642 20.8104 36.2112 53.1438
1.8 0.39 9.572 3.627 6.9771 11.4153 17.6436 30.7008 45.0567
1.9 0.33 10.103 3.069 5.9037 9.6591 14.9292 25.9776 38.1249
2 0.28 10.635 2.604 5.0092 8.1956 12.6672 22.0416 32.3484
2.2 0.207 11.699 1.9251 3.70323 6.05889 9.36468 16.29504 23.91471
2.4 0.147 12.762 1.3671 2.62983 4.30269 6.65028 11.57184 16.98291
2.6 0.107 13.826 0.9951 1.91423 3.13189 4.84068 8.42304 12.36171
2.8 0.077 14.889 0.7161 1.37753 2.25379 3.48348 6.06144 8.89581
3 0.055 15.953 0.5115 0.98395 1.60985 2.4882 4.3296 6.35415
3.2 0.04 17.016 0.372 0.7156 1.1708 1.8096 3.1488 4.6212
3.4 0.029 18.080 0.2697 0.51881 0.84883 1.31196 2.28288 3.35037
3.6 0.021 19.143 0.1953 0.37569 0.61467 0.95004 1.65312 2.42613
3.8 0.015 20.207 0.1395 0.26835 0.43905 0.6786 1.1808 1.73295
4 0.011 21.270 0.1023 0.19679 0.32197 0.49764 0.86592 1.27083
4.5 0.005 23.929 0.0465 0.08945 0.14635 0.2262 0.3936 0.57765
5 0 26.588 0 0 0 0 0 0

33
 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
T
0
0.532
1.064
1.595
2.127
2.659
3.191
3.722

2
4.254
4.786
5.318

5
5.849
6.381
6.913

10
7.445

34
7.976
8.508

20
9.040
9.572
698 ha Hydrographs

10.103

50
10.635
11.699
12.762
13.826

100
14.889
15.953
17.016
18.080
19.143
20.207
21.270
23.929
26.588
11.2 ANNEXURE C2 – 223 HA CATCHMENT

Nacala-a-Velha Hydrographs and volumes from TR 55 modeling - 223 ha catchment

Tc 0.401 hr
Return periods (years) 2 5 10 20 50 100
qp m3/s 4.79 9.44 15.82 24.82 42.83 62.44
D = 0.053333 hr L 1600 m
Tl = 2.203513 hr S' 323.2727
tp = 2.23 hr y 2%
tr = 3.72 hr

Volume m3 122 415 241 252 404 302 634 309 1 094 580 1 595 740

SCS Dimensionless unit hydrograph 2 5 10 20 50 100

t/tp q/qp T Q
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0.03 0.223 0.1437 0.2832 0.4746 0.7446 1.2849 1.8732
0.2 0.1 0.446 0.479 0.944 1.582 2.482 4.283 6.244
0.3 0.19 0.669 0.9101 1.7936 3.0058 4.7158 8.1377 11.8636
0.4 0.31 0.892 1.4849 2.9264 4.9042 7.6942 13.2773 19.3564
0.5 0.47 1.115 2.2513 4.4368 7.4354 11.6654 20.1301 29.3468
0.6 0.66 1.338 3.1614 6.2304 10.4412 16.3812 28.2678 41.2104
0.7 0.82 1.561 3.9278 7.7408 12.9724 20.3524 35.1206 51.2008
0.8 0.93 1.784 4.4547 8.7792 14.7126 23.0826 39.8319 58.0692
0.9 0.99 2.007 4.7421 9.3456 15.6618 24.5718 42.4017 61.8156
1 1 2.230 4.79 9.44 15.82 24.82 42.83 62.44
1.1 0.99 2.453 4.7421 9.3456 15.6618 24.5718 42.4017 61.8156
1.2 0.93 2.676 4.4547 8.7792 14.7126 23.0826 39.8319 58.0692
1.3 0.86 2.899 4.1194 8.1184 13.6052 21.3452 36.8338 53.6984
1.4 0.78 3.122 3.7362 7.3632 12.3396 19.3596 33.4074 48.7032
1.5 0.68 3.345 3.2572 6.4192 10.7576 16.8776 29.1244 42.4592
1.6 0.56 3.568 2.6824 5.2864 8.8592 13.8992 23.9848 34.9664
1.7 0.46 3.791 2.2034 4.3424 7.2772 11.4172 19.7018 28.7224
1.8 0.39 4.014 1.8681 3.6816 6.1698 9.6798 16.7037 24.3516
1.9 0.33 4.237 1.5807 3.1152 5.2206 8.1906 14.1339 20.6052
2 0.28 4.460 1.3412 2.6432 4.4296 6.9496 11.9924 17.4832
2.2 0.207 4.906 0.99153 1.95408 3.27474 5.13774 8.86581 12.92508
2.4 0.147 5.352 0.70413 1.38768 2.32554 3.64854 6.29601 9.17868
2.6 0.107 5.798 0.51253 1.01008 1.69274 2.65574 4.58281 6.68108
2.8 0.077 6.245 0.36883 0.72688 1.21814 1.91114 3.29791 4.80788
3 0.055 6.691 0.26345 0.5192 0.8701 1.3651 2.35565 3.4342
3.2 0.04 7.137 0.1916 0.3776 0.6328 0.9928 1.7132 2.4976
3.4 0.029 7.583 0.13891 0.27376 0.45878 0.71978 1.24207 1.81076
3.6 0.021 8.029 0.10059 0.19824 0.33222 0.52122 0.89943 1.31124
3.8 0.015 8.475 0.07185 0.1416 0.2373 0.3723 0.64245 0.9366
4 0.011 8.921 0.05269 0.10384 0.17402 0.27302 0.47113 0.68684
4.5 0.005 10.036 0.02395 0.0472 0.0791 0.1241 0.21415 0.3122
5 0 11.151 0 0 0 0 0 0

35
 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
T
0
0.223
0.446
0.669
0.892
1.115
1.338
1.561
1.784

2
2.007
2.230

5
2.453
2.676
2.899

10
3.122

36
3.345
3.568

20
3.791
4.014
4.237
223 ha Hydrographs

50
4.460
4.906
5.352
5.798

100
6.245
6.691
7.137
7.583
8.029
8.475
8.921
10.036
11.151
11.3 ANNEXURE C3 – TOTAL CATCHMENT

Nacala-a-Velha Hydrographs and volumes from TR 55 modeling - Total catchment

Tc 1.595 hr
Return periods (years) 2 5 10 20 50 100
qp m3/s 12.33 24.02 39.53 61.56 106.18 155.53
D = 0.212135 hr L 5900 m
Tl = 9.081434 hr S' 323.2727
tp = 9.19 hr y 0.95 %
tr = 15.34 hr

Volume m3 315 110 613 864 1 010 243 1 573 250 2 713 576 3 974 783

SCS Dimensionless unit hydrograph 2 5 10 20 50 100

t/tp q/qp T Q
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.1 0.03 0.919 0.3699 0.7206 1.1859 1.8468 3.1854 4.6659
0.2 0.1 1.838 1.233 2.402 3.953 6.156 10.618 15.553
0.3 0.19 2.756 2.3427 4.5638 7.5107 11.6964 20.1742 29.5507
0.4 0.31 3.675 3.8223 7.4462 12.2543 19.0836 32.9158 48.2143
0.5 0.47 4.594 5.7951 11.2894 18.5791 28.9332 49.9046 73.0991
0.6 0.66 5.513 8.1378 15.8532 26.0898 40.6296 70.0788 102.6498
0.7 0.82 6.431 10.1106 19.6964 32.4146 50.4792 87.0676 127.5346
0.8 0.93 7.350 11.4669 22.3386 36.7629 57.2508 98.7474 144.6429
0.9 0.99 8.269 12.2067 23.7798 39.1347 60.9444 105.1182 153.9747
1 1 9.188 12.33 24.02 39.53 61.56 106.18 155.53
1.1 0.99 10.106 12.2067 23.7798 39.1347 60.9444 105.1182 153.9747
1.2 0.93 11.025 11.4669 22.3386 36.7629 57.2508 98.7474 144.6429
1.3 0.86 11.944 10.6038 20.6572 33.9958 52.9416 91.3148 133.7558
1.4 0.78 12.863 9.6174 18.7356 30.8334 48.0168 82.8204 121.3134
1.5 0.68 13.781 8.3844 16.3336 26.8804 41.8608 72.2024 105.7604
1.6 0.56 14.700 6.9048 13.4512 22.1368 34.4736 59.4608 87.0968
1.7 0.46 15.619 5.6718 11.0492 18.1838 28.3176 48.8428 71.5438
1.8 0.39 16.538 4.8087 9.3678 15.4167 24.0084 41.4102 60.6567
1.9 0.33 17.456 4.0689 7.9266 13.0449 20.3148 35.0394 51.3249
2 0.28 18.375 3.4524 6.7256 11.0684 17.2368 29.7304 43.5484
2.2 0.207 20.213 2.55231 4.97214 8.18271 12.74292 21.97926 32.19471
2.4 0.147 22.050 1.81251 3.53094 5.81091 9.04932 15.60846 22.86291
2.6 0.107 23.888 1.31931 2.57014 4.22971 6.58692 11.36126 16.64171
2.8 0.077 25.725 0.94941 1.84954 3.04381 4.74012 8.17586 11.97581
3 0.055 27.563 0.67815 1.3211 2.17415 3.3858 5.8399 8.55415
3.2 0.04 29.400 0.4932 0.9608 1.5812 2.4624 4.2472 6.2212
3.4 0.029 31.238 0.35757 0.69658 1.14637 1.78524 3.07922 4.51037
3.6 0.021 33.075 0.25893 0.50442 0.83013 1.29276 2.22978 3.26613
3.8 0.015 34.913 0.18495 0.3603 0.59295 0.9234 1.5927 2.33295
4 0.011 36.750 0.13563 0.26422 0.43483 0.67716 1.16798 1.71083
4.5 0.005 41.344 0.06165 0.1201 0.19765 0.3078 0.5309 0.77765
5 0 45.938 0 0 0 0 0 0

37
 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180

T
0
0.919
1.838
2.756
3.675
4.594
5.513
6.431

2
7.350
8.269

5
9.188
10.106
11.025
11.944

10

38
12.863
13.781
14.700

20
15.619
16.538
17.456

50
18.375
Hydrographs Total catchment

20.213
22.050

100
23.888
25.725
27.563
29.400
31.238
33.075
34.913
36.750
41.344
45.938
12 ANNEXURE D – MEAN AND EFFECTIVE ANNUAL RUNOFF

12.1 ANNEXURE D1 – 698 HA CATCHMENT

Nacala-a-Velha dam 01 698 ha catchment

1. Average runoff 106 mm/yr

2. Average runoff 98.7 Very similar to figure above , use 1

Rainfall Runoff Approx Evaporation Effective

Month
(mm) m3 Area m2 mm m3 Runnoff m3
January 208 155 922 70 000 156 10 920 145 002
February 186 139 430 55 000 127 6 985 132 445
March 182 136 432 50 000 127 6 350 130 082
April 96 71 964 39 000 104 4 056 67 908
May 26 19 490 18 000 98 1 764 17 726
June 28 20 990 21 000 81 1 701 19 289
July 29 21 739 22 000 92 2 024 19 715
August 13 9 745 14 000 111 1 554 8 191
September 12 8 996 14 000 135 1 890 7 106
October 12 8 996 14 000 157 2 198 6 798
November 55 41 229 28 000 150 4 200 37 029
December 141 105 697 45 000 160 7 200 98 497
Year 987

Total runoff 739 880 m3 219 000 1 497 327 843 412 037

39
12.2 ANNEXURE D2 – 223 HA CATCHMENT

Nacala-a-Velha dam 02 223 ha catchment

1. Average runoff 106 mm/yr

2. Average runoff 98.7 Very similar to figure above , use 1

Rainfall Runoff Approx Evaporation Effective

Month
(mm) m3 Area m2 mm m3 Runnoff m3
January 208 65 898 48000 156 7 488 58 410
February 186 58 928 45000 127 5 715 53 213
March 182 57 661 44000 127 5 588 52 073
April 96 30 415 30000 104 3 120 27 295
May 26 8 237 17000 98 1 666 6 571
June 28 8 871 17000 81 1 377 7 494
July 29 9 188 18000 92 1 656 7 532
August 13 4 119 9000 111 999 3 120
September 12 3 802 9000 135 1 215 2 587
October 12 3 802 9000 157 1 413 2 389
November 55 17 425 25000 150 3 750 13 675
December 141 44 671 38000 160 6 080 38 591
Year 987

Total runoff 312 700 m3 120000 1 497 179 640 133 060

40
12.3 ANNEXURE D3 – TOTAL CATCHMENT

Nacala-a-Velha dam 03 Total catchment

1. Average runoff 106 mm/yr

2. Average runoff 98.7 Very similar to figure above , use 1

Rainfall Runoff Approx Evaporation Effective

Month
(mm) m3 Area m2 mm m3 Runnoff m3
January 208 261 404 92000 156 14 352 247 052
February 186 233 755 88000 127 11 176 222 579
March 182 228 728 87000 127 11 049 217 679
April 96 120 648 65000 104 6 760 113 888
May 26 32 675 33000 98 3 234 29 441
June 28 35 189 35000 81 2 835 32 354
July 29 36 446 36000 92 3 312 33 134
August 13 16 338 23000 111 2 553 13 785
September 12 15 081 22000 135 2 970 12 111
October 12 15 081 22000 157 3 454 11 627
November 55 69 121 55000 150 8 250 60 871
December 141 177 202 80000 160 12 800 164 402
Year 987

Total runoff 1 240 412 m3 350000 1 497 523 950 716 462

41
13 ANNEXURE E – STAGE STORAGE CAPACITY

13.1 ANNEXURE E1 – 698 HA CATCHMENT

698 ha Catchment
Area behind dam wall at different contour heights
Contour level m Area m2 Volume m3
160 0 0
165 55 760 139 400
170 247 952 898 680
175 589 258 2 991 705
180 1 167 984 7 384 810

Interpolate for 1 m contours

160 0 0
161 11 152 5 576
162 22 304 22 304
163 33 456 50 184
164 44 608 89 216
165 55 760 139 400
166 94 198 214 379
167 132 637 327 797
168 171 075 479 653
169 209 514 669 947
170 247 952 898 680
171 316 213 1 180 763
172 384 474 1 531 106
173 452 736 1 949 711
174 520 997 2 436 578
175 589 258 2 991 705
176 705 003 3 638 836
177 820 748 4 401 711
178 936 494 5 280 332
179 1 052 239 6 274 699
180 1 167 984 7 384 810

42
43
13.2 ANNEXURE E2 – 223 HA CATCHMENT

223 ha Catchment
Area behind dam wall at different contour heights
Contour level m Area m2 Volume m3
160 0 0
165 0 0
170 88 403 265 209
175 237 968 1 081 137
180 419 572 2 724 987

Interpolate for 1 m contours FSL m Volume m3

160 0 0 0
161 0 0 0
162 0 0 0
163 0 0 0
164 0 0 0
165 0 0 0
166 17 681 1 8 840
167 35 361 2 35 361
168 53 042 3 79 563
169 70 722 4 141 445
170 88 403 5 265 209
171 154 637 6 386 729
172 220 871 7 574 483
173 287 104 8 828 470
174 353 338 9 1 148 691
175 419 572 10 1 081 137
176 419 572 11 1 500 709
177 419 572 12 1 920 281
178 419 572 13 2 339 853
179 419 572 14 2 759 425
180 419 572 15 2 724 987

44
45
13.3 ANNEXURE E3 –TOTAL CATCHMENT

Total Catchment (Dam 03)

Area behind dam wall at different contour heights
Contour level m Area m2 Volume m3
150 0 0
155 95 099 285 297
160 388 759 1 494 942
165 984 763 4 928 747
170 1 761 694 11 794 889
175 2 752 744 23 080 984
Interpolate for 1 m contours FSL m Volume m3
150 0 0 0
151 19 020 1 9 510
152 38 040 2 38 040
153 57 059 3 85 589
154 76 079 4 152 158
155 95 099 5 285 297
156 153 831 6 409 762
157 212 563 7 592 959
158 271 295 8 834 888
159 330 027 9 1 135 549
160 388 759 10 1 494 942
161 507 960 11 1 943 301
162 627 161 12 2 510 862
163 746 361 13 3 197 623
164 865 562 14 4 003 584
165 984 763 15 4 928 747
166 1 140 149 16 5 991 203
167 1 295 535 17 7 209 045
168 1 450 922 18 8 582 274
169 1 606 308 19 10 110 889
170 1 761 694 20 11 794 889

46
 Total catchment rating curve
14000000

12000000

10000000

8000000
Volume m3

6000000

4000000

2000000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
FSL m

47
14 ANNEXURE F – STAGE OUTFLOW CAPACITY

14.1 ANNEXURE F1 –698 HA CATCHMENT

48
49
14.2 ANNEXURE F2 –223 HA CATCHMENT

50
51
14.3 ANNEXURE F3 –TOTAL CATCHMENT

52
53
15 ANNEXURE G – FLOOD HYDROGRAPH ROUTING

15.1 ANNEXURE G1 –698 HA CATCHMENT

54
15.2 ANNEXURE G2 –223 HA CATCHMENT

55
15.3 ANNEXURE G3 –TOTAL CATCHMENT

56