Dynamics is the branch of mechanics which deals with the study of bodies in motion.

Branches of Dynamics
Dynamics is divided into two branches called kinematics and kinetics.
Kinematics is the geometry in motion. This term is used to define the motion of a
particle or body without consideration of the forces causing the motion.
Kinetics is the branch of mechanics that relates the force acting on a body to its mass
and acceleration.

Symbols and Notations

s = distance
x = horizontal displacement
y = vertical displacement
v = velocity
vf = final velocity
vi = initial velocity
a = acceleration
g = acceleration due to gravity
t = time

Kinematics
Motion of a Particle
Particle is a term used to denote an object of point size. A system of particles which
formed into appreciable size is termed as body. These terms may apply equally to the
same object. The earth for example may be assumed as a particle in comparison with its
orbit, whereas to an observer on the earth, it is a body with appreciable size. In general,
a particle is an object whose size is so small in comparison to the size of its path.

Rectilinear Translation (Motion Along a Straight Line)

Motion with constant velocity (uniform motion)

s=vt

Motion with constant acceleration

vf=vi+at
 s=vit+12at2
vf2=vi2+2as

Free-falling body

v=gt
h=12gt2
v2=2gh
Note: From motion with constant acceleration, set vi = 0, vf = v, s = h, and a = g
to get the free-fall formulas.

Motion with variable acceleration

a=dvdt
v=dsdt
vdv=ads

Where
s = distance
h = height
v = velocity
vi = initial velocity
vf = final velocity
a = acceleration
g = acceleration due to gravity (g = 9.81 m/s2 in SI = 32.2 ft/s2 in English)
t = time

Note:
• a is positive (+) if v is increasing (accelerate).
• a is negative (-) if v is decreasing (decelerate).
• g is positive (+) if the particle is moving downward.
• g is negative (-)if the particle is moving upward.

Useful conversion factors:

 From To Multiply by
Kilometers per hour (kph) Meter per second (m/sec) 1 / 3.6
Meter per second (m/sec) Kilometers per hour (kph or km/hr) 3.6
Miles per hour (mph) Feet per second (fps or ft/sec) 22 / 15
Feet per second (ft/sec) Miles per hour (mph or mi/hr) 15 / 22

Problem 1002
On a certain stretch of track, trains run at 60 mph (96.56 kph). How far back of a
stopped train should be a warning torpedo be placed to signal an oncoming train?
Assume that the brakes are applied at once and retard the train at the uniform rate of 2
ft/sec2 (0.61 m/s2).

Solution
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English System
Initial velocity
vi=60 mph=60(2215)vi=60 mph=60(2215)
vi=88 ft/secvi=88 ft/sec

vf2=vi2+2asvf2=vi2+2as
02=882−2(2)s02=882−2(2)s
s=1936 fts=1936 ft answer

SI units
Initial velocity
vi=96.56 kph=96.56(13.6)vi=96.56 kph=96.56(13.6)
vi=26.82 m/secvi=26.82 m/sec

vf2=vi2+2asvf2=vi2+2as
02=26.822−2(0.61)s02=26.822−2(0.61)s
s=589.7 ms=589.7 m answer

Problem 1003
A stone is thrown vertically upward and return to earth in 10 sec. What was its initial
velocity and how high did it go?
Solution
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Return in 10 seconds = 5 seconds upward + 5 seconds downward

SI Units

Going upward (velocity at the highest point is zero):

vf=vi−gtvf=vi−gt
0=vi−9.81(5)0=vi−9.81(5)
vi=49.05 m/secvi=49.05 m/sec answer

Going downward (initial velocity is zero; free-fall):

h=12gt2h=12gt2
h=12(9.81)(52)h=12(9.81)(52)
h=122.625 mh=122.625 m answer

English System
Going upward (velocity at the highest point is zero):
vf=vi−gtvf=vi−gt
0=vi−32.2(5)0=vi−32.2(5)
vi=161 ft/secvi=161 ft/sec answer

Going downward (initial velocity is zero; free-fall):

h=12gt2h=12gt2
h=12(32.2)(52)h=12(32.2)(52)
h=402.5 fth=402.5 ft answer

Problem 1004
A ball is dropped from the top of a tower 80 ft (24.38 m) high at the same instant that a
second ball is thrown upward from the ground with an initial velocity of 40 ft/sec (12.19
m/s). When and where do they pass, and with what relative velocity?

Solution in English System

HideClick here to show or hide the solution
h = 80 ft
vA = 0
vB = 40 ft/s
g = 32.2 ft/s2

From A to C (free-fall)
h1=12gt2h1=12gt2
h1=12(32.2)t2h1=12(32.2)t2
h1=16.1t2h1=16.1t2

From B to C (upward motion)

From the formula s = vit + ½ at2
h2=vBt−12gt2h2=vBt−12gt2
h2=40t−12(32.2)t2h2=40t−12(32.2)t2
h2=40t−16.1t2h2=40t−16.1t2

A to C plus B to C is equal to height of the tower

h1+h2=hh1+h2=h
16.1t2+(40t−16.1t2)=8016.1t2+(40t−16.1t2)=80
40t=8040t=80
t=2 sect=2 sec

h1=16.1(22)h1=16.1(22)
h1=64.4 fth1=64.4 ft

They pass each other after 2 seconds at 64.4 ft from the top of the tower. answer

Velocity at C of stone from A (after 2 seconds)

vC1=gt=32.2(2)vC1=gt=32.2(2)
vC1=64.4 ft/svC1=64.4 ft/s

Velocity at C of stone from B (after 2 seconds)

vC2=vB−gt==40−32.2(2)vC2=vB−gt==40−32.2(2)
vC2=−24.4 ft/svC2=−24.4 ft/s → the negative sign indicates that the stone is moving
downward

Relative velocity:
vr=vC1+vC2=64.4−24.4vr=vC1+vC2=64.4−24.4
vr=40 ft/secvr=40 ft/sec answer

Problem 1005
A stone is dropped down a well and 5 sec later, the sounds of the splash is heard. If the
velocity of sound is 1120 ft/sec (341.376 m/s), what is the depth of the well?

Solution
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tstone+tsound=5tstone+tsound=5

For tstone (free-falling body):

h=12gt2h=12gt2
t=2hg−−−√t=2hg

For tsound (uniform motion):

h=vth=vt
t=hvt=hv
Thus,

2hg−−−√+hv=52hg+hv=5

English System

2h32.2−−−−√+h1120=52h32.2+h1120=5
2h32.2−−−−√=5−h11202h32.2=5−h1120
2h32.2=(5−h1120)22h32.2=(5−h1120)2
10h161=25−h112+h2125440010h161=25−h112+h21254400
11254400h2−1832576h+25=011254400h2−1832576h+25=0
h=88759.73 and 353.31h=88759.73 and 353.31

For h = 88 759.73 ft
t=2(88759.73)32.2−−−−−−−−−−√t=2(88759.73)32.2
t=74.2 sec >5 sect=74.2 sec >5 sec (not okay!)

For h = 353.31 ft
t=2(353.31)32.2−−−−−−−−√t=2(353.31)32.2
t=4.68 sec <5 sect=4.68 sec <5 sec (okay!)

Thus, h = 353.31 ft → answer

SI Units

2h9.81−−−−√+h341.376=52h9.81+h341.376=5
2h9.81−−−−√=5−h341.3762h9.81=5−h341.376
200h981−−−−−√=5−125h42672200h981=5−125h42672
 200h981=(5−125h42672)2200h981=(5−125h42672)2
200h981=25−625h21336+15625h21820899584200h981=25−625h21336+15625h2
1820899584
156251820899584h2−16267756976872h+25=0156251820899584h2−16267756976
872h+25=0
h=27065.05 and 107.64h=27065.05 and 107.64

For h = 27 065.05 m
t=2(27065.05)9.81−−−−−−−−−−√t=2(27065.05)9.81
t=74.2 sec >5 sect=74.2 sec >5 sec (not okay!)

For h = 107.64 m
t=2(107.64)9.81−−−−−−−−√t=2(107.64)9.81
t=4.68 sec<5 sect=4.68 sec<5 sec (okay!)

Thus, h = 107.64 m → answer

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