3/15/2018 Equations

Equations

Exposure Calculation Formulas

Exposure calculation formulas
Equation Description
Geometric unsharpness:

Ug is the geometric unsharpness in millimeters (mm)

S is the source size in millimeters (mm)
t is the object thickness (or top of object to film distance if film is removed from
object) in millimeters (mm)
d is the source (or focus) to object distance in millimeters (mm)

Source to film distance:

D is the source to film (SFD) or focus to film (FFD) distance

d is the source (or focus) to object distance
t is the object thickness

Reciprocity Law:

I1 is the intensity of X-ray radiation at a tube current of M1 milliampere (mA)

I2 is the intensity of X-ray radiation at a tube current of M2 milliampere (mA)

Reciprocity Law:

I1 is the intensity of gamma radiation at activity A1 Gigabecquerel (GBq)

I2 is the intensity of gamma radiation at activity A2 Gigabecquerel (GBq)

X-ray exposure time:

E is the exposure in milliampere minutes (mAm)

M is the tube current in milliampere (mA)
T is the exposure time in minutes

Gamma ray exposure time:

E is the exposure in Gigabecquerel hours or Gigabecquerel minutes (GBq hours or

GBq minutes)
A is the activity in Gigabecqueres (Gbq)
T is the exposure time in hours or minutes

Exponential decay equation:

At is the activity in time 't' in Gigabecquerels (GBq)

A0 is the initial activity in Gigabecquerels (GBq)
e is the exponential constant (2.718)
t is the age of the source in days/weeks/years
H is the half life in days/weeks/years

Inverse square law:

I1 is the intensity of radiation at distance D1

I2 is the intensity of radiation at distance D2

Distance squared law:

E1 is the exposure at distance D1

E2 is the exposure at distance D2

Equivalent steel thickness:

te is the equivalent steel thickness to be used to determine the exposure from the
X-ray or gamma-ray exposure chart for steel
t0 is the actual thickness to be radiographed
REF is the radiographic equivalence factor

Other equations for Radiographic Testing

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3/15/2018 Equations
Table of equations for Radiographic Testing
Equation Description
Duane-Hunt Law (minimum wavelength):

λ is the shortest wavelength in

metres (m)
V is the applied voltage in volts (V)

Lambert's Law:

It is the intensity of transmitted

(emergent) radiation in millisieverts
per hour (mSv/hr)
I0 is the intensity of incident radiation
in millisieverts per hour (mSv/hr)
e is the exponential constant (2.718)
μ is the absorption coefficient per
millimetre of material at a particular
radiation energy
t is the material thickness in
millimetres (mm)

Film density:

I0 is the incident light intensity

It is the transmitted light intensity

Sensitivity formula for wire type IQI.

Sensitivity formula for step-type IQI.

Sensitivity formula for plaque hole IQI:

A is the thickness of the smallest

plaque image visible, expressed as a
percentage of metal thickness
B is the diameter of the smallest hole
visible, expressed as a percentage of
metal thickness

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