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NUS/ECE EE4101

National University of Singapore


Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

EE4101 RF COMMUNICATIONS

Dr. Hon Tat Hui

Hon Tat Hui


1 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations
NUS/ECE EE4101

Revision of Maxwell’s Equations


1 Introduction
1.1 Helmholtz’s Theorem
A vector field (vector function) is uniquely determined
if its divergence and curl are specified everywhere
and its boundary conditions are known.
1.2 Maxwell’s equations state the divergences and curls
of the electric and magnetic fields. When appropriate
boundary conditions are also known, the electric and
magnetic fields are uniquely determined from
Maxwell’s equations.
Hon Tat Hui
2 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations
NUS/ECE EE4101

2 Maxwell’s equations
B
E  -
t
D
H  J 
t
D  
B  0
E (V/m) → electric field intensity
D (C/m2) → electric flux density
B (T) → magnetic flux density
H (A/m) → magnetic field intensity
J (A/m2) → electric current density
 (C/m3) → electric charge density
Hon Tat Hui
3 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations
NUS/ECE EE4101

In the Maxwell’s equations, we treat J and  as known


functions and E, D, B, and H as unknowns. All variable
functions in Maxwell’s equations are functions of time (t)
and space (x, y, z). We also need the constitutive relations
in order to solve Maxwell’s equations.
3 Constitutive Relations
D E
B  H
J  E
 (F/m) → permittivity of the medium
 (H/m) → permeability of the medium
 (S/m) → conductivity of the medium
Hon Tat Hui
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NUS/ECE EE4101

In vacuum or air,
   0  8.854 1012 F/m
  0  4 10 H/m
7

 0

In other media, we can express  and  relative to 0 and


0 and define a relative permittivity r and a relative
permeability r so that

   0 r
  0  r

Hon Tat Hui


5 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations
NUS/ECE EE4101

4 Phasor Form of Maxwell’s equations

  E  -jωB
  H  J  jωD
D  
B  0
Using constitutive parameters,
  E  -jωH
  H  J  jωE
E   /
H  0
Hon Tat Hui
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NUS/ECE EE4101

5 Boundary Conditions for Maxwell’s equations


We need the boundary conditions on the electric and
magnetic fields to solve Maxwell’s equations. When the
region is infinitely large, the boundary conditions on the
electric and magnetic fields are that both the electric and
magnetic fields are zero at infinite distances from the
sources.
When the region is finite and continued by another
different medium, the boundary conditions on the electric
and magnetic fields can be derived from the integral form
of Maxwell’s equations. (See F. T. Ulaby, Chapter 4)

Hon Tat Hui


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E1, H1 n̂1
D1 , B1
Js s medium 1
E2, H2 medium 2
surface current and charge
densities, confined only on D2 , B2 n̂ 2
the interface

For tangential components:


nˆ 1  E1  E2   0
nˆ 1  H1  H 2   J s
For normal components:
nˆ 1  B1  B 2   0
nˆ 1  D1  D2    s
Hon Tat Hui
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NUS/ECE EE4101

To solve a practical problem, the boundary conditions on


the tangential components of E or H are sufficient.

Some special Cases:


1. Infinitely large region (boundary at infinity)
E1  E 2  0
H1  H 2  0
B1  B 2  0
D1  D2  0

Hon Tat Hui


9 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations
NUS/ECE EE4101

2. Interface between 2 lossless dielectric layers (no


charge, no current at the interface)
nˆ 1  E1  E2   0 E ,H 1

1
1

nˆ 1  H1  H 2   J s  0 D ,B 1
J =0
1 dielectric 1
s

nˆ 1  B1  B 2   0
 s=0
dielectric 2
E ,H

nˆ 1  D1  D2    s  0
2 2
D ,B 2 2n̂ 2

3. Interface between a dielectric and a perfect conductor


nˆ 1  E1  0 E ,H n̂ 1
1 1

nˆ 1  H1  J s J
D ,B 1 1 dielectric (air)
→ s→ → → → → → → → → → →
++++++++++++++++++
nˆ 1  B1  0 s
E2=H2=0 perfect conductor (metal)

nˆ 1  D1   s
D2=B2=0 n̂2

Hon Tat Hui


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NUS/ECE EE4101

Example 1
For the figure below, it is given that:
B1  1.2aˆ x  0.8aˆ y  0.4aˆ z (T)
Find H2 and the angle 1, i.e., the angle that B1 subtended
with the horizontal (tangential) direction.

Hon Tat Hui


11 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations
NUS/ECE EE4101

Solution
B1  1.2aˆ x  0.8aˆ y  0.4aˆ z
Then,
B1 1.2aˆ x  0.8aˆ y  0.4aˆ z
H1  
1 150
102

0
8.0aˆ x  5.33aˆ y  2.67aˆ z 
No surface charge density
Using the boundary condition:

nˆ 1   H1  H 2   J s  0
Hon Tat Hui
12 Revision of Maxwell’s Equations
NUS/ECE EE4101

we have,
 H1 x  H 2 x  102  8.0  0
H 2 y  H 2 y  102  5.33 0
Using the boundary condition:
nˆ 1   B1  B2   0
we have,
nˆ 1  B1  nˆ 1  B2
 B1z  B2 z
 0  r1 H1 z  0  r 2 H 2 z
 r1 H1 z 102  2.67 102  40.0
 H2z   15  
r 2 0 0
Hon Tat Hui
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NUS/ECE EE4101

Therefore,

102
H2 
0
8.0aˆ x  5.33aˆ y  40.0aˆ z  (T)

To calculate 1,

B1z 0.4
cos  90  1     0.2673
B1 1.22  0.82  0.42
 90  1  74.5
 1  15.5

Hon Tat Hui


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NUS/ECE EE4101

Example 2

Solution
D can be found easily as the medium is the free space. That is,

To find B, we have from the first Maxwell’s equation, i.e.,

Hon Tat Hui


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NUS/ECE EE4101

The E and H fields are sketched below (assuming that Em and  are positive).

Hon Tat Hui


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NUS/ECE EE4101

References:
1. David K. Cheng, Field and Wave Electromagnetic, Addison-Wesley
Pub. Co., New York, 1989.
2. Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Applied Electromagnetics, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
New Jersey, 2007.
3. Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Elements of Electromagnetics, Oxford
University Press, New York, 2001.
4. C. T. Tai, Dyadic Green Functions in Electromagentic Theory,
IEEE Press, New Jersey, 1994.
5. Robert E. Collin, Field theory of guided waves, IEEE Press, New
York, 1991.
6. Joseph A. Edminister, Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of
Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill, Singapore, 1993.
7. Yung-kuo Lim (Editor), Problems and solutions on
electromagnetism, World Scientific, Singapore, 1993.
Hon Tat Hui
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