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DS185
Irrigation Design Criteria
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION ................................................................... 1
1.1 Planning and Design Horizon ...................................................................... 1
1.2 General Planning ........................................................................................ 2
1.3 Dubai Irrigation Supply System ................................................................... 2
1.3.1 Transmission Pipelines .................................................................. 3
1.3.2 Distribution Pipelines ..................................................................... 3
1.3.3 Storage Tanks/ Reservoirs ............................................................ 3
1.3.4 Pumping Station ............................................................................ 4
1.3.5 Sea Outfall and Ground Water Recharge ...................................... 4
1.4 Irrigation Water Quality................................................................................ 4
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2-1: Average Annual (Year 2012) TSE Supply Diurnal Pattern at Jabel Ali STP ................................... 9
Figure 2-2: Average Annual (Year 2012) TSE Supply Diurnal Pattern at Al Awir STP.....................................10
Figure 2-3: Road Landscaping Demand Pattern ............................................................................................10
Figure 2-4: Mixed User (private consumer, free user, farms) Demand Pattern ...............................................11
Figure 2-5: Major Park (e.g. Safa Park) Demand Pattern ...............................................................................11
Figure 2-6: Typical Park Demand Pattern ......................................................................................................12
Figure 3-1: Typical Irrigation Arrangement along Roads ................................................................................13
Figure 3-2: Typical Irrigation Arrangement for large landscape area ..............................................................14
Figure 3-3: Schematic Diagram Showing Typical Horizontal Centrifugal Pumping Station ..............................18
Figure 3-4: Schematic Diagram Showing Typical Vertical Turbine Pumping Station .......................................19
LIST OF TABLES
Abbreviations
This “Irrigation Design Criteria (IDC)” shall be used by design consultants, contractors
and developers when planning, designing and constructing Irrigation supply systems
in the Emirate of Dubai intended to be part of Dubai Municipality (DM) irrigation
system. There shall be no deviations from IDC except where formally agreed with
DM. DM reserves the right not to adopt any irrigation supply system that fails to meet
the minimum standards of these guidelines.
The guidelines address the minimum standards for each aspect of the system and
take into account hydraulic performance, overall civic design, and network planning
philosophy.
In general, an irrigation water supply network acts similarly to a pressurized potable
water supply network with two notable exceptions; for an irrigation system less
importance is placed on water quality and supply reliability.
This IDC was prepared in accordance with internationally recognized best practices,
published standards, and local practices that have been adopted for the unique Gulf
Region environment.
The planning of irrigation supply system for the Emirate of Dubai is undertaken by the
Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID) of Dubai Municipality. A dedicated
Irrigation Department within DM is responsible for undertaking the implementation,
operation and maintenance of the irrigation supply system.
The planning horizon is defined as the period for which the new works would be
required in the future. Some projects may have several stages where the planning
horizons are different. There are many factors to be considered at the project
appraisal stage in defining the planning horizon, namely:
• Initial Asset Life
• Future Developments
• New Technology
• Future Works Extensions
• Energy Costs
• Replacement and Renovation
Unless specifically stated otherwise, the designed works shall provide the following
minimum life expectancies as presented in Table 1-1.
Projects are normally developed through the following stages with a deliverable
document at the end of each stage:
Design consultant shall collect all relevant information relating to the project area.
This includes digital mapping with all topographical features and contours, future
development plans for the area, details of existing irrigation assets both within and
adjacent to the design area, details of other utility assets, hydrological information,
current and projected irrigation demand.
A detailed on site survey may then be required to validate the critical design
information before the initial desktop design is undertaken. During project
optioneering phase, the "life cycle cost" of each alternative or option shall be
estimated for comparison purposes. The best overall design for the area is then
selected leading to the production of final construction drawings.
Design consultant shall refer to the latest Dubai Irrigation Master Plan to
understand the overall concept of irrigation supply system including storage,
pumping station, transmission and distribution systems and accordingly develop the
irrigation supply system for specific area.
Irrigation supply system is defined as a system that conveys treated sewage effluent
(TSE) generated from wastewater treatment works to its downstream distribution
network for landscaping, farming and other reuse. The main component of irrigation
supply system includes:
The existing Dubai Irrigation supply system lacks enough storage and a serious
consideration should be given to increase the TSE storage capacity.
A pumping station is designed to provide adequate pressure and flow within the
transmission and distribution pipelines to meet the consumer demand. The
existing Dubai Irrigation system includes two major TSE pumping stations at Jabel
Ali STP and Al Awir STP site. In addition there are number of booster stations to
meet the pressure and flow demand of localised area.
Sea outfalls discharge bulk quantities of excess TSE into the sea along the Dubai
coastline. Other discharge points for the excess TSE have been located inland for
the purpose of groundwater recharge, and may be operated as such in the future.
These are to be represented in network hydraulic assessments as open
boundaries controlled by flow or pressure.
It is the intent of the DM to maximize the reuse of all the treated wastewater. Based
upon a review of reuse practices and guidelines for the treatment of wastewater
around the Middle East and UAE, the following recommendations shown in Table
1-2 are made for the final effluent quality.
The key considerations that have been made in selection of the standards are :
The values have been based upon achieving an effluent quality that will meet the
end use requirements for unrestricted irrigation. The effluent quality is achievable
without the requirement to implement sophisticated process technologies therefore
not entails significant capital and operating expenditure. The effluent criteria
comprehensively meet the requirements of the World Health Organisation (WHO).
2.1 General
Water demand, both the quantity and location, is the basis for the design of the DM
irrigation supply network. Water demand should be determined according to the
following factors:
• Plant type: The amount of water applied should be enough to ensure
growth of the plants.
• Leaching requirements: If the groundwater or soil stratum is such that
leaching cannot occur, the drainage system should be considered to
provide the required downward movement of salts.
• Application losses: Proper equipment and layout must be planned to
minimize losses and ensure the efficient application of irrigation water.
• Soil classification: Water infiltration rate and water retention capacity must
be evaluated.
• Ground water table level: The water table level and associated effects on
the infiltration rate of soil and leaching capability must be addressed.
• Climate: Higher rates of evaporation and plant evapotranspiration due to
climatic conditions must also be considered.
• Irrigation management: The following methods shall be employed.
o Field measurement of soil moisture levels at the beginning and end
of an irrigation cycle.
o Installation of flow meters at certain locations to monitor actual
losses and use.
o Salinity measurements to establish leaching requirements and
actual salt conditions.
o Scheduling of the irrigation cycle.
o Evaluation of irrigation systems performance.
The Roads and Transport Authority (RTA) ROW landscape corridor details and
latest structure plan developed by DM planning department shall be taken as a
guide to assess the green areas and for estimating the irrigation demand.
The irrigation demand in the winter season is significantly lower. For most type of
vegetation, the winter irrigation arrangement can be changed to alternative days, or
twice- weekly, to the benefit of the plants.
The irrigation water demand for each of the above category shall be calculated
separately considering the type of planned vegetation and corresponding water
demand.
2.3.2 Parks
As per Dubai 2020 spatial structure plan, there are one regional park, ten district
parks and number of community and local parks within emirates of Dubai. The
water demand for the parks shall be calculated based on Table 2-1 depending on
the landscape area and the type of vegetation planned.
In the absence of specific vegetation type information and subject to DM approval,
an irrigation demand of 12.6 litres/m2/day can be used for park landscaping
considering mixed vegetation type.
The water demand for the government institution shall be calculated based on
landscape area and the type of vegetation. In the absence of specific vegetation
type information and subject to DM approval, an irrigation demand of 15
litres/m2/day can be used considering mixed vegetation type.
For private consumers and farms, design consultant should approach these
consumers to get the relevant information including landscape/ irrigation area
planning, type of vegetation and required irrigation water demand.
In the absence of relevant data from private developers and for future
developments, irrigation water demand can be calculated based on following
criteria:
Landscape area = 15% of development plot area
Irrigation water demand = 15 litres/m2/day
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Figure 2-1: Average Annual (Year 2012) TSE Supply Diurnal Pattern at Jabel Ali STP
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Figure 2-2: Average Annual (Year 2012) TSE Supply Diurnal Pattern at Al Awir STP
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Figure 2-4: Mixed User (private consumer, free user, farms) Demand Pattern
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There are some consumers such as private palaces, public parks and private
developers that demands high TSE consumption. These consumers may have
extensive internal feeder lines, local storages, and/or booster pumps; however this
proprietary infrastructure does not need to be considered in the planning and design
of the overall irrigation supply system. For the purposes of future planning and
network design, large TSE consumers need only be represented as a service
connection to the irrigation network.
The Hazen Williams formula will be used in the hydraulic design. In SI units, the
flow velocity v is given by:
and
S = HL / L
where
= flow velocity (m/s)
C = coefficient of roughness (dimensionless),
R = hydraulic radius (m)
S = slope of energy grade line (m/m)
HL = hydraulic loss (m)
L = Total length of the main (m)
In terms of the flow rate Q, can be expressed as below in SI units:
where
Q = flow rate (m3/s)
D = Pipe diameter (m)
The coefficient of roughness (C) used in the hydraulic model depends upon the
material and conditions of the pipe. The recommended C value for the design of
irrigation network shall be as follows:
3.9.1 General
Irrigation pumping stations shall be sized to match the requirements of present and
future irrigation water demands, and shall be readily accessible for maintenance
during all weather conditions.
Pumping station structures and electrical and mechanical equipment shall be fully
operational and protected from physical damage.
The selection of irrigation water pumps shall be based on the design flow rate and
the total dynamic head (TDH). The following types of pumps can be considered:
Figure 3-3: Schematic Diagram Showing Typical Horizontal Centrifugal Pumping Station
Figure 3-4: Schematic Diagram Showing Typical Vertical Turbine Pumping Station
When selecting the pumping equipment, the following must also be considered:
• Pumps with impeller combinations that will allow for the greatest flexibility in
increasing capacity as flows increase over the years.
• Split casing type with double entry impellers.
• Construction material for the parts in contact with the TSE is resistant to
corrosion from the chlorine content.
• Trouble free operation of equipment.
• Availability of spare parts and easy maintenance of equipment by
operators.
• Design should include efficiency features, with all flanged pipe works to
include the following:
o Proper anchorage and robust pipework support.
o Drainage facilities for emptying pumps and pipe works.
o Flexible and dismantling couplings.
o Good access facilities to all equipment with adequate working
space.
o Adequate ventilation to all areas that have to be accessed.
o Provision of adequate lighting and electrical power points for
portable lights and tools.
Pumping station types have been categorized according to their design flow.
Type 1 – Design flow up to 100 l/s
Type 2 – Design flow greater than 100 l/s to 500 l/s
Type 3 – Design flow greater than 500 l/s
The requirements for each type of irrigation pumping station are given in Table 3-4
below:
Table 3-4: Type of Irrigation Pumping Stations
The maximum distance between the air-release valves should not exceed 800m,
or 1000m along flat runs.
Washouts: Washouts will be provided to facilitate drainage of pipeline segments
for maintenance and repairs. Washout valves will generally be installed at all low
points in the pipeline profile and on uphill sides of mainline valves. The minimum
diameter of washout valve and associated piping shall be 100 mm. Following
guidelines shall be used for the sizing of washout pipe as minimum requirement:-
∆ ∆
Where
∆
/
/
∆
!
/
“c” is the variable which is dependent on the physical properties of the pipe, and
the liquid being conveyed.
The primary output from the surge analysis model is the predicted changes in
pressure and flow at any point in the system as a result of a transient event.
a. Vapour cavities and column separation shall not occur in the system.
b. Minimum pressure in the system shall not exceed the allowable limit specified
by the pipe manufacture or a maximum negative pressure of 0.5 bars below
atmospheric, pressures whichever is highest.
c. Maximum Pressure shall not exceed the hydraulic test pressure of the pipeline
or rated maximum pressure of any of the components such as valve fittings
etc. in the system, whichever is the lowest.
Following points shall be considered while designing the surge protection devices:
initial down surge after the surge event associated with instantaneous
pump stop.
vi) Regulating Valves, consider only as a final option
vii) In addition to the technical suitability and relative cost of the available
options following factors shall be analysed,
a. Reliability of the Protection device
b. Space requirement
c. Power consumption
d. Maintenance and supervision
e. Need of skilled labour to install and operate