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DS185 SEWERAGE, DRAINAGE

& IRRIGATION MASTER PLAN


FOR EMIRATE OF DUBAI

Document No. TN-DS185-10

Irrigation Design Criteria


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

DS185
Irrigation Design Criteria

Main Contributors Aspect/Section Notes


Mritunjay Mallik All aspects
Maissa Aftan All aspects
Melhem Makdessi Hydraulics, Demand pattern
Sudhir Kumar All aspects

Controlled Copy No.


Project No. D480165 Document No. TN-DS185-10
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th
29 April
01 Irrigation Design Criteria SK AP GA
2013

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Document Number: TN-DS185-10

Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION ................................................................... 1
1.1 Planning and Design Horizon ...................................................................... 1
1.2 General Planning ........................................................................................ 2
1.3 Dubai Irrigation Supply System ................................................................... 2
1.3.1 Transmission Pipelines .................................................................. 3
1.3.2 Distribution Pipelines ..................................................................... 3
1.3.3 Storage Tanks/ Reservoirs ............................................................ 3
1.3.4 Pumping Station ............................................................................ 4
1.3.5 Sea Outfall and Ground Water Recharge ...................................... 4
1.4 Irrigation Water Quality................................................................................ 4

2 IRRIGATION WATER DEMAND .............................................................................. 6


2.1 General ....................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Irrigation Rates............................................................................................ 6
2.3 Irrigation Demand........................................................................................ 7
2.3.1 Roads and Junctions Landscaping ................................................ 7
2.3.2 Parks ............................................................................................. 8
2.3.3 Government Institution Landscaping ............................................. 8
2.3.4 Private Consumers and Farms ...................................................... 8
2.4 Irrigation Diurnal Patterns............................................................................ 9

3 DESIGN OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM....................................................................... 13


3.1 Irrigation Supply System - Battery Limit..................................................... 13
3.2 Hydraulic Analysis Software ...................................................................... 14
3.3 Pipe sizing................................................................................................. 14
3.3.1 Hazen-Williams Equation............................................................. 15
3.4 Working Pressure...................................................................................... 16
3.5 Pipe Material ............................................................................................. 16
3.6 Pipes Slope and Minimum Depth of Cover ................................................ 16
3.7 Utility crossings ......................................................................................... 16
3.8 TSE Storage Tanks/ Reservoirs ................................................................ 17
3.9 Irrigation Pumping Stations ....................................................................... 17
3.9.1 General ....................................................................................... 17
3.9.2 Consideration of Pump Selection................................................. 17
3.9.3 Design and Configuration Considerations.................................... 19
3.10 Air-Release Valve, Washout Valve, and Valve Chambers ......................... 21
3.11 Surge protection ........................................................................................ 22
3.11.1 Maximum and Minimum Pressure Criteria ................................... 23
3.12 Thrust blocks ............................................................................................. 24

Document Number: TN-DS185-10 Page i

Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2-1: Average Annual (Year 2012) TSE Supply Diurnal Pattern at Jabel Ali STP ................................... 9
Figure 2-2: Average Annual (Year 2012) TSE Supply Diurnal Pattern at Al Awir STP.....................................10
Figure 2-3: Road Landscaping Demand Pattern ............................................................................................10
Figure 2-4: Mixed User (private consumer, free user, farms) Demand Pattern ...............................................11
Figure 2-5: Major Park (e.g. Safa Park) Demand Pattern ...............................................................................11
Figure 2-6: Typical Park Demand Pattern ......................................................................................................12
Figure 3-1: Typical Irrigation Arrangement along Roads ................................................................................13
Figure 3-2: Typical Irrigation Arrangement for large landscape area ..............................................................14
Figure 3-3: Schematic Diagram Showing Typical Horizontal Centrifugal Pumping Station ..............................18
Figure 3-4: Schematic Diagram Showing Typical Vertical Turbine Pumping Station .......................................19

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1: Asset Design Life .......................................................................................................................... 2


Table 1-2: Design Parameters........................................................................................................................ 5
Table 2-1: Peak Daily Water Demand for different Vegetation ........................................................................ 7
Table 3-1: Design Guidelines for Pipelines ....................................................................................................15
Table 3-2: Recommended coefficient of roughness (C) valve ........................................................................15
Table 3-3: Pipe Material ................................................................................................................................16
Table 3-4: Type of Irrigation Pumping Stations ..............................................................................................20
Table 3-5: Typical Double Orifice Air Valve Selection ....................................................................................21

Document Number: TN-DS185-10 Page ii

Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

Abbreviations

IDC Irrigation Design Criteria


AC Asbestos Cement
DM Dubai Municipality
GRP Glass Reinforced Plastic
HDPE High Density Poly Ethylene
litre/sec Liter Per Second
COD Chemical oxygen demand
BOD Biological oxygen demand
mg/L Milligrams per litre
NTU Nephelometric Turbidity Units
TSS Total suspended solids
WHO World Health Organisation
O&M Operation and Maintenance
ROW Right of Way
RTA Roads and Transport Authority
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
TSE Treated Sewage Effluent
TDH Total Dynamic Head
MPN Most probable number
uPVC Un-plasticised Poly Vinyl Chloride

Document Number: TN-DS185-10 Page iii

Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

1 GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION

This “Irrigation Design Criteria (IDC)” shall be used by design consultants, contractors
and developers when planning, designing and constructing Irrigation supply systems
in the Emirate of Dubai intended to be part of Dubai Municipality (DM) irrigation
system. There shall be no deviations from IDC except where formally agreed with
DM. DM reserves the right not to adopt any irrigation supply system that fails to meet
the minimum standards of these guidelines.

The guidelines address the minimum standards for each aspect of the system and
take into account hydraulic performance, overall civic design, and network planning
philosophy.
In general, an irrigation water supply network acts similarly to a pressurized potable
water supply network with two notable exceptions; for an irrigation system less
importance is placed on water quality and supply reliability.
This IDC was prepared in accordance with internationally recognized best practices,
published standards, and local practices that have been adopted for the unique Gulf
Region environment.

1.1 Planning and Design Horizon

The planning of irrigation supply system for the Emirate of Dubai is undertaken by the
Drainage and Irrigation Department (DID) of Dubai Municipality. A dedicated
Irrigation Department within DM is responsible for undertaking the implementation,
operation and maintenance of the irrigation supply system.

The planning horizon is defined as the period for which the new works would be
required in the future. Some projects may have several stages where the planning
horizons are different. There are many factors to be considered at the project
appraisal stage in defining the planning horizon, namely:
• Initial Asset Life
• Future Developments
• New Technology
• Future Works Extensions
• Energy Costs
• Replacement and Renovation

Design consultant shall be in agreement with Dubai Municipality-Drainage and


Irrigation Department (DM-DID) and Planning Department for the proposed area
planning, and design horizon and phasing concept of the proposed area.

Unless specifically stated otherwise, the designed works shall provide the following
minimum life expectancies as presented in Table 1-1.

Document Number: TN-DS185-10 Page 1

Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

Table 1-1: Asset Design Life


Irrigation Works Design Life
Component
Pressure Pipelines 60 Years
Civil Structures 60 Years
Mechanical & Electrical 15 Years
Works
Instruments & Control 7 Years
system

1.2 General Planning

Projects are normally developed through the following stages with a deliverable
document at the end of each stage:

• Preliminary Study (Survey, preliminary investigation & optioneering)


• Preliminary Design
• Detailed Design Tender Documentation
• Construction and Commissioning

Design consultant shall collect all relevant information relating to the project area.
This includes digital mapping with all topographical features and contours, future
development plans for the area, details of existing irrigation assets both within and
adjacent to the design area, details of other utility assets, hydrological information,
current and projected irrigation demand.

A detailed on site survey may then be required to validate the critical design
information before the initial desktop design is undertaken. During project
optioneering phase, the "life cycle cost" of each alternative or option shall be
estimated for comparison purposes. The best overall design for the area is then
selected leading to the production of final construction drawings.

1.3 Dubai Irrigation Supply System

Design consultant shall refer to the latest Dubai Irrigation Master Plan to
understand the overall concept of irrigation supply system including storage,
pumping station, transmission and distribution systems and accordingly develop the
irrigation supply system for specific area.

Irrigation supply system is defined as a system that conveys treated sewage effluent
(TSE) generated from wastewater treatment works to its downstream distribution
network for landscaping, farming and other reuse. The main component of irrigation
supply system includes:

• Transmission and distribution pipelines


• Storage tanks/reservoirs;
• Pumping stations to supply through the primary distribution pipelines

Document Number: TN-DS185-10 Page 2

Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

1.3.1 Transmission Pipelines

Transmission pipelines transfer water from production sources (wastewater


treatment plants) to areas of concentrated demand or large storage facilities, and
have limited direct consumer connections.
Transmission pipelines are distinct from distribution pipelines in size (typically
transmission pipelines are larger than 500mm in diameter), arrangement, and
operation. Transmission pipelines should be designed such that the bulk transfer
of water to each district or demand cluster can be independently controlled.
During network design an interface between transmission and distribution
pipelines should be made such that the transmission pipelines have a single, or
very few connections to each district or demand cluster. This allows the transfer of
water to each district to be easily controlled and/or isolated. Similarly, a
transmission pipeline should maintain one, or very few discrete (unmixed)
connections from each source or storage.

1.3.2 Distribution Pipelines

A distribution pipeline is defined in this IDC as a pipeline between 150mm


diameter up to 500mm diameter. Pipelines that are smaller than 150mm in
diameter are typically landscaping feeder lines or are individual consumer
connections. These pipelines run over short distances and can be categorized as
service laterals.
The interface between the distribution network and service lateral must be
separated by an isolation valve such as a small hand-operated ball valve or tap
valve. The interface with landscaping or irrigation feeder lines is called an irrigation
control chamber, which, among other features, contains a small hand operated tap
or valve. At locations where a distribution pipeline interfaces with a transmission
pipeline, an isolation valve must be provided, which preferably will be automated
for ease and flexibility in operational control.
Distribution network pipelines are to be thoroughly looped and interconnected,
providing multiple paths of flow to every consumer connection. This will not only
minimize pressure losses but also will minimize the number of consumers
disrupted during maintenance or repairs to the distribution network.
While the distinction between transmission and distribution pipelines may not be
clear in the existing irrigation network, any changes, upgrades, or new pipes must
follow these guidelines in order to incrementally improve the irrigation system
operations and functionality.

1.3.3 Storage Tanks/ Reservoirs

A TSE storage tank/ reservoir is a covered reservoir of relatively large capacity to


balance the TSE availability and demand. Ideally an irrigation supply system
should have a storage tanks/reservoir of one day storage capacity.

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Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

The existing Dubai Irrigation supply system lacks enough storage and a serious
consideration should be given to increase the TSE storage capacity.

1.3.4 Pumping Station

A pumping station is designed to provide adequate pressure and flow within the
transmission and distribution pipelines to meet the consumer demand. The
existing Dubai Irrigation system includes two major TSE pumping stations at Jabel
Ali STP and Al Awir STP site. In addition there are number of booster stations to
meet the pressure and flow demand of localised area.

1.3.5 Sea Outfall and Ground Water Recharge

Sea outfalls discharge bulk quantities of excess TSE into the sea along the Dubai
coastline. Other discharge points for the excess TSE have been located inland for
the purpose of groundwater recharge, and may be operated as such in the future.
These are to be represented in network hydraulic assessments as open
boundaries controlled by flow or pressure.

1.4 Irrigation Water Quality

It is the intent of the DM to maximize the reuse of all the treated wastewater. Based
upon a review of reuse practices and guidelines for the treatment of wastewater
around the Middle East and UAE, the following recommendations shown in Table
1-2 are made for the final effluent quality.

The key considerations that have been made in selection of the standards are :

• The prescribed end use or discharge point of the treated wastewater,


• Understanding of the basis of standards applied globally for similar use,
• Evaluation of current effluent standards in the other Middle East countries,
• Experience of the existing wastewater treatment plant effluent quality which
provides understanding of the wastewater treatability without excessive pilot
plant trials being completed.
• Compromising between the selection of an appropriate standard which does
not drive the process treatment to complex and untested systems

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Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

Table 1-2: Design Parameters


Parameter Units Value Basis Comments
TCOD mg/L 75 95%ile 24 Hour Composite
TBOD5ATU mg/L 10 95%ile 24 Hour Composite
TSS mg/L 10 95%ile 24 Hour Composite
Turbidity NTU 5 Maximum Averaged 12 minute peak
to compensate backwash
peaks
NH4-N mg/l 2 95%ile 24 Hour Composite
Phosphate mgPO4/l 25 95%ile 24 Hour Composite
Total MPN/100 ml < 20 30 Day Arithmetic Mean
Coliforms
E. Coli MPN/100 ml < 10 30 Day Arithmetic Mean
Salmonella MPN/100 ml <1 30 Day Arithmetic Mean
Viable No/L <1 Arithmetic Mean
Helminth
Eggs
Enteric No/50L <1 Arithmetic Mean
Viruses

The values have been based upon achieving an effluent quality that will meet the
end use requirements for unrestricted irrigation. The effluent quality is achievable
without the requirement to implement sophisticated process technologies therefore
not entails significant capital and operating expenditure. The effluent criteria
comprehensively meet the requirements of the World Health Organisation (WHO).

A phosphorus standard of 25 mgP/l has been proposed to reflect the significant


cost and complexity of achieving phosphorus removal through chemical or
biological means without significant environmental justification. The design of a new
treatment plant should however consider any future phosphorus consent and allow
upgrade without significant capital expenditure. In addition phosphorus is an
essential nutrient for plant growth, and considering the nature of the available soil
for growth would provide some benefit and reduce artificial fertiliser use. Should
marine discharge become an essential driver, an agreement on the Phosphate
parameter will have to be reached to preferably set it at 2mg/l maximum.
Treated effluent disinfection is required to make the effluent harmless and to further
control the growth of bacteria in the pipelines. A total chlorine residual of 1-1.5 mg/l
at source will be required depending on the length of network.

Document Number: TN-DS185-10 Page 5

Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

2 IRRIGATION WATER DEMAND

2.1 General
Water demand, both the quantity and location, is the basis for the design of the DM
irrigation supply network. Water demand should be determined according to the
following factors:
• Plant type: The amount of water applied should be enough to ensure
growth of the plants.
• Leaching requirements: If the groundwater or soil stratum is such that
leaching cannot occur, the drainage system should be considered to
provide the required downward movement of salts.
• Application losses: Proper equipment and layout must be planned to
minimize losses and ensure the efficient application of irrigation water.
• Soil classification: Water infiltration rate and water retention capacity must
be evaluated.
• Ground water table level: The water table level and associated effects on
the infiltration rate of soil and leaching capability must be addressed.
• Climate: Higher rates of evaporation and plant evapotranspiration due to
climatic conditions must also be considered.
• Irrigation management: The following methods shall be employed.
o Field measurement of soil moisture levels at the beginning and end
of an irrigation cycle.
o Installation of flow meters at certain locations to monitor actual
losses and use.
o Salinity measurements to establish leaching requirements and
actual salt conditions.
o Scheduling of the irrigation cycle.
o Evaluation of irrigation systems performance.
The Roads and Transport Authority (RTA) ROW landscape corridor details and
latest structure plan developed by DM planning department shall be taken as a
guide to assess the green areas and for estimating the irrigation demand.

2.2 Irrigation Rates


The irrigation water required for irrigating public landscape areas and roadside
plantings shall be calculated based on the net area of landscaping and an
assumed planting pattern.
The water demand of the plants is governed by a number of variable factors,
including the climate, soil type, sun exposure, reflected heat, and other factors
particular to individual plant types. For the design of DM irrigation supply system,
the water demand for different type of vegetation as shown in Table 2.1 can be
considered to calculate the irrigation demand.

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Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

Table 2-1: Peak Daily Water Demand for different Vegetation

Plant Type Average Water Demand


Spacing

Palms Trees 15 m 150 litres/day/plant


Ornamental Trees 15 m 100 litres/day/plant
Shrubs and Hedges - 15 litres/m2/day
Ground Cover, Flowers - 10 litres/m2/day
Grass - 15 litres/m2/day

The irrigation demand in the winter season is significantly lower. For most type of
vegetation, the winter irrigation arrangement can be changed to alternative days, or
twice- weekly, to the benefit of the plants.

2.3 Irrigation Demand


Design consultant shall refer to the latest Dubai Irrigation Master Plan and
Structure Plan to understand the planned green area and associated irrigation
demand requirements.
When establishing irrigation water demand, the category of development must be
considered. The various developments can be categorized as follows:
• Roads and Junctions Landscaping
• Parks
• Government Institution Landscaping
• Private Consumers and Farms

The irrigation water demand for each of the above category shall be calculated
separately considering the type of planned vegetation and corresponding water
demand.

2.3.1 Roads and Junctions Landscaping

Different degrees of landscaping along a service corridor may be considered


depending on the width of the right-of-way (ROW), the availability of TSE, and
available space within a road service corridor. Many road junctions (crossings of
main roads) in Dubai have already been landscaped to varying degrees. Due to
the large area of the junctions and interchanges, the irrigation water demand is
considerably more than the demand for roads.
Design consultant shall refer to the RTA’s latest ROW cross sections to estimate
the required landscape area and type of vegetation. The irrigation demand shall
then be calculated using Table 2-1.

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Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

In the absence of specific vegetation type information and subject to DM approval,


an irrigation demand of 12.6 litres/m2/day can be used for roads and junctions
considering mixed vegetation type.
Based on these factors, one of the following landscaping regimes shall be selected
for roads and junctions, which will then be used to estimate the irrigation water
demand:
• Maximum water demand - full (100% landscape area covered) planting with
maximum use of the available landscape corridor/ junction.
• Average water demand – moderate (50-75% landscape area covered)
planting and use of the landscape corridor/ junction.
• Minimum water demand - minimum (up to 50% landscape area covered)
planting with minimum occupancy of the landscape corridor/ junction.

2.3.2 Parks

As per Dubai 2020 spatial structure plan, there are one regional park, ten district
parks and number of community and local parks within emirates of Dubai. The
water demand for the parks shall be calculated based on Table 2-1 depending on
the landscape area and the type of vegetation planned.
In the absence of specific vegetation type information and subject to DM approval,
an irrigation demand of 12.6 litres/m2/day can be used for park landscaping
considering mixed vegetation type.

2.3.3 Government Institution Landscaping

Government institution includes government establishments, government schools,


sports clubs, mosques, horse stable etc. In addition the Rulers Family palaces are
also considered under this category.

The water demand for the government institution shall be calculated based on
landscape area and the type of vegetation. In the absence of specific vegetation
type information and subject to DM approval, an irrigation demand of 15
litres/m2/day can be used considering mixed vegetation type.

2.3.4 Private Consumers and Farms

For private consumers and farms, design consultant should approach these
consumers to get the relevant information including landscape/ irrigation area
planning, type of vegetation and required irrigation water demand.
In the absence of relevant data from private developers and for future
developments, irrigation water demand can be calculated based on following
criteria:
Landscape area = 15% of development plot area
Irrigation water demand = 15 litres/m2/day

Document Number: TN-DS185-10 Page 8

Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

2.4 Irrigation Diurnal Patterns


The peak water demands occur during summer, with highest demands typically
observed between June and September. During the cool and moderate months
between October and May, the water requirements are less. The irrigation system
shall be sized to accommodate the peak demand experienced during the summer
months. The actual water requirements must be strictly monitored so that the
irrigation amounts can be adjusted to reflect the seasonal changes. This practice
will save water, decrease energy costs, and promote healthy growth of
landscaping.
The diurnal variation of irrigation demands during a 24-hour cycle will exhibit a
strong confluence of demands during optimum landscaping irrigation times. Where
DM has scheduled an irrigation schedule for a full district, this will be applied for all
consumers in the district during the hydraulic assessment.
Large consumers and their irrigation timings have a strong influence on network
hydraulic assessment results. Any consumer with an average daily demand larger
than 30 l/s is to be studied individually and an irrigation timing pattern will be
applied that reflects its actual settings.
For consumers with large internal storage tanks, demand is to be distributed
evenly for the number of hours storage is provided relative to the consumer’s total
average demand.
Irrigation control is to be represented in a hydraulic model using diurnal patterns.
The average annual TSE supply diurnal patterns for year 2012 at Jabel Ali STP
and Al Awir STP are given below in Figure 2-1 and 2-2. Typical diurnal variations
of irrigation demand for various type of usage is given in Figure 2-3 to 2-6.

Jabel Ali STP TSE Supply


1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

-
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00

Figure 2-1: Average Annual (Year 2012) TSE Supply Diurnal Pattern at Jabel Ali STP

Document Number: TN-DS185-10 Page 9

Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

Al Awir STP TSE Supply


1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

-
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00

Figure 2-2: Average Annual (Year 2012) TSE Supply Diurnal Pattern at Al Awir STP

ROW Landscaping Demand Pattern


1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00

Figure 2-3: Road Landscaping Demand Pattern

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Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

Mixed Use Demand Pattern


1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
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21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00

Figure 2-4: Mixed User (private consumer, free user, farms) Demand Pattern

Major Park Demand Pattern


1.6

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00

Figure 2-5: Major Park (e.g. Safa Park) Demand Pattern

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Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

Typical Park Demand Pattern


2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
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22:00
23:00
0:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9:00

Figure 2-6: Typical Park Demand Pattern

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Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

3 DESIGN OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM

In general Dubai Irrigation System is designed as pressurised ring mains of


transmission and distribution pipelines having two pumped supply source (i.e. Jabel
Ali STP and Al Awir STP TSE pumping stations) without intermediate storage and/ or
booster pumping stations. There are some localised areas of low pressure zones
where booster pumping stations are installed to meet the pressure requirement.

There are some consumers such as private palaces, public parks and private
developers that demands high TSE consumption. These consumers may have
extensive internal feeder lines, local storages, and/or booster pumps; however this
proprietary infrastructure does not need to be considered in the planning and design
of the overall irrigation supply system. For the purposes of future planning and
network design, large TSE consumers need only be represented as a service
connection to the irrigation network.

3.1 Irrigation Supply System - Battery Limit


The Irrigation Supply System includes TSE tank/ reservoir, pumping station,
transmission and distribution pipelines. The battery limit of irrigation supply system
start at the inlet point to TSE storage tank/reservoir and ends at the supply point
identified as main distribution valve chamber. Typical irrigation arrangement along the
roads and large landscape areas is shown in Figure 3-1 and 3-2. The irrigation
pipeline arrangement downstream of main distribution chamber is excluded from the
scope of Irrigation Supply System design and should be designed by landscape
consultant as per area requirement.

Figure 3-1: Typical Irrigation Arrangement along Roads

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Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

Figure 3-2: Typical Irrigation Arrangement for large landscape area

3.2 Hydraulic Analysis Software


InfoWater™ is DM preferred software for the hydraulic analysis of irrigation network.
The latest hydraulic model of the Dubai Irrigation Supply System should be referred
to before starting any modelling work. Design consultant can use any commercially
available software for hydraulic analysis, however the final network model to be
submitted in InfoWater™ format for overall network model update and integration.

3.3 Pipe sizing


Pipe sizing for transmission and distribution network design is to be determined on
the basis of velocity and unit friction head loss.
Hydraulic analysis of the proposed and existing network elements determines flows
in individual pipes. From this flow, the velocities can be calculated in the model
based on known pipe diameters. Furthermore, the head loss can be determined
based on the applied friction head-loss model (Hazen-Williams etc.).

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Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

Table 3-1: Design Guidelines for Pipelines


Parameter Limits
Velocity Lowest maximum = 0.50 m/s
Maximum = 3.00 m/s
Friction unit head-loss 3 - 10 m/km for pipe diameter < 300 mm dia.
3 m/km for pipe diameter > 300 mm dia.

3.3.1 Hazen-Williams Equation

The Hazen Williams formula will be used in the hydraulic design. In SI units, the
flow velocity v is given by:

and
S = HL / L
where
= flow velocity (m/s)
C = coefficient of roughness (dimensionless),
R = hydraulic radius (m)
S = slope of energy grade line (m/m)
HL = hydraulic loss (m)
L = Total length of the main (m)
In terms of the flow rate Q, can be expressed as below in SI units:

where
Q = flow rate (m3/s)
D = Pipe diameter (m)

The coefficient of roughness (C) used in the hydraulic model depends upon the
material and conditions of the pipe. The recommended C value for the design of
irrigation network shall be as follows:

Table 3-2: Recommended coefficient of roughness (C) valve


Pipe material C value
uPVC/ AC 130
GRP/ PE 140

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Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

3.4 Working Pressure


The minimum working pressure available at any connection point in the irrigation
network should not be less than 3.5 bars considering downstream valves, strainer,
piping, and irrigation devices (i.e. sprinkler etc.) head losses. The maximum
pressure in the transmission and distribution network shall be limited to 7.0 bars.

3.5 Pipe Material


The pipe material for irrigation main pipelines should be selected based on local
environmental conditions including soil characteristics, external loading conditions
and abrasion. The recommended material for irrigation pipes are presented in
Table 3-3.
Table 3-3: Pipe Material

Pipe Size Pipe Material

Up to 315 mm uPVC/ PE/ GRP

> 315 mm GRP

3.6 Pipes Slope and Minimum Depth of Cover


Wherever possible, irrigation pipes should follow the finished ground level profile
with a minimum depth of cover. Pipes should be laid with slopes between low
points and air valves to facilitate air accumulation and venting at high points during
pipe filling and emptying. Wherever possible, the minimum pipe gradient should
be 3-5 mm/m.
The minimum depth of cover of 1.2m have been proposed to avoid the
requirement of protection against imposed loads (e.g. traffic load, structures, etc.)
and interference with other services.
If circumstances require installation of pipes with cover of less than 1.2m or where
pipes are crossing roads, a concrete slab or a concrete surround is required. The
native soil characteristics and any imposed loads shall be taken into account while
selecting the pipes.
In instances where existing services clash with a proposed irrigation pipeline, the
proposed pipe slope and depth of cover shall be adjusted to accommodate site
conditions. This will also be applicable for deciding suitable location of washout
chambers and air valve chambers along the proposed pipe route.

3.7 Utility crossings


A minimum vertical clearance of 300 mm should be maintained between irrigation
pipeline and other services at crossings. Other service authorities may have their
own requirements which must be followed. Where this vertical clearance is not
possible, it may be reduced, if precautions are taken to ensure that no load is
transferred from one utility to another. In case of irrigation pipeline crossing the
potable water pipeline, potable pipeline should always be kept on top of irrigation
line.

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Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

Irrigation pipelines should be placed in the standard services corridor in


accordance with the latest requirements of the Roads and Transport Authority
(RTA).

3.8 TSE Storage Tanks/ Reservoirs


Due to diurnal and monthly variations in both, TSE production and irrigation
requirement, storage tanks/ reservoirs are required to make the maximum use of
effluent and to optimise the network operation. Reservoir storage capacity consists
of two components, operational storage and surplus storage. Operational storage
is used to buffer daily demand fluctuations, while surplus storage provides a safety
margin and avoids drainage to the bottom of the tank. In case of uniform supply
the operational storage capacity should be 25-35% of the average daily demand.
Surplus storage is calculated as 30 percent of the operational storage.
In order to meet the contingencies as well as hourly and daily variations the
recommended volume of storage should be 0.75 to 1.0 times of average daily
demand.
Reservoir should generally be built with two compartments so that one can be
drained for maintenance without having to put the whole reservoir out of service.
The most common method of construction is reinforced or pre-stressed concrete,
although small tanks can be constructed using steel or glass reinforced plastics.

3.9 Irrigation Pumping Stations

3.9.1 General

Irrigation pumping stations shall be sized to match the requirements of present and
future irrigation water demands, and shall be readily accessible for maintenance
during all weather conditions.
Pumping station structures and electrical and mechanical equipment shall be fully
operational and protected from physical damage.

3.9.2 Consideration of Pump Selection

The selection of irrigation water pumps shall be based on the design flow rate and
the total dynamic head (TDH). The following types of pumps can be considered:

a) Horizontal Centrifugal Pumps


The horizontal centrifugal pumps are used to pumps the water from reservoirs,
lakes, streams and shallow wells. Centrifugal pumps are designed for either
horizontal or vertical operation. The horizontal centrifugal pump has a vertical
impeller connected to a horizontal drive shaft. Horizontal centrifugal pumps
are the most common in irrigation systems. They are generally less costly,
require less maintenance, easier to install and more accessible for inspection
and maintenance than other options.
The main drawback of centrifugal pumps is that it requires priming before
operation. The suction lines as well as the pumps have to be filled with water
and free of air. Air tight joints and connections are extremely important on the

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Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

suction pipe. A schematic diagram showing the horizontal centrifugal pumps is


shown in Figure 3-3 below.

Figure 3-3: Schematic Diagram Showing Typical Horizontal Centrifugal Pumping Station

b) Vertical Turbine Pumps


The vertical turbine pumps are used in cased wells or where the water surface
is below the practical limits of a centrifugal pump. Turbine pumps are also
used with surface water systems. Since the intake for the turbine pump is
continuously under water, priming is not a concern. Turbine pump efficiencies
are comparable to or greater than most centrifugal pumps. They are usually
more expensive than centrifugal pumps and more difficult to inspect and
repair. A schematic diagram showing the arrangement of vertical turbine
pumps is shown in Figure 3-4 below.

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Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

Figure 3-4: Schematic Diagram Showing Typical Vertical Turbine Pumping Station

When selecting the pumping equipment, the following must also be considered:
• Pumps with impeller combinations that will allow for the greatest flexibility in
increasing capacity as flows increase over the years.
• Split casing type with double entry impellers.
• Construction material for the parts in contact with the TSE is resistant to
corrosion from the chlorine content.
• Trouble free operation of equipment.
• Availability of spare parts and easy maintenance of equipment by
operators.

3.9.3 Design and Configuration Considerations

The following must be considered in the design of DM irrigation system


infrastructure:
• Pumping station should be designed to ensure a safe working environment
for operation and maintenance staff
• Design should include features to maximize performance while minimizing
operation cost
• Planned capacity in relation to the development phasing with easy
upscaling of capacity.
• Provisions should be made to facilitate removing pumps, motors, and other
mechanical and electrical equipment for maintenance and replacement.
• Pump operation should be automatically controlled using a level sensing
system to facilitate sequential pump operation.

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Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

• Design should include efficiency features, with all flanged pipe works to
include the following:
o Proper anchorage and robust pipework support.
o Drainage facilities for emptying pumps and pipe works.
o Flexible and dismantling couplings.
o Good access facilities to all equipment with adequate working
space.
o Adequate ventilation to all areas that have to be accessed.
o Provision of adequate lighting and electrical power points for
portable lights and tools.

Pumping station types have been categorized according to their design flow.
Type 1 – Design flow up to 100 l/s
Type 2 – Design flow greater than 100 l/s to 500 l/s
Type 3 – Design flow greater than 500 l/s
The requirements for each type of irrigation pumping station are given in Table 3-4
below:
Table 3-4: Type of Irrigation Pumping Stations

General requirements Type 1 Type 2 Type 3


Minimum number of 2 or more
1 2
duty pumps depending on flow
1-2 depending on
Minimum number of
1 1 number of duty
standby pumps
pumps
Total number of pumps Dependant on flow requirement
Service rating for civil
60 years design life
structure
Service rating for
15 years design life
pumps
Inlet Control Penstock motorised or manual
Suction line control Isolation valves required
Delivery line control Isolation valves and NRVs
Station pipework Protective coatings internally and externally
Portable Monorail with
Lifting equipment Gantry Crane
davit electric hoist
Guard Guard house with Guard house with
Guard house facilities house kitchen and toilet kitchen and toilet
with facilities facilities
kitchen

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Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

General requirements Type 1 Type 2 Type 3


and toilet
facilities
Storage facilities for
Not spare parts and
Store Not required
required tools for the
equipment
Required
Administrative
Not Building for Site
Administrative Building Not required
required Staff office with
meeting, kitchen
and toilet facilities
Fire Fire detection, Fire detection,
Fire protection and
detection alarm and optional alarm and fire
detection
and alarm fire fighting system fighting system

3.10 Air-Release Valve, Washout Valve, and Valve Chambers


Air-release valves and washout arrangement shall be installed on irrigation
transmission and distribution mains as necessary to improve the hydraulic
performance and achieve system stability. In general, devices shall be installed at
the following locations:
Air valves: High points to allow for air venting during the normal venting
conditions and to permit the entry of air during pipe draining. At each high point, a
double-orifice air valve with a separate isolating gate valve shall be installed. The
size of the air valve will normally be from 50mm to 200mm, depending on the pipe
diameter, the predicted flow rate of air, and the configuration of the system.
Table 3-5: Typical Double Orifice Air Valve Selection
Pipe Bore ( mm ) Nominal Air Valve Size ( mm )

<= 250 50- 65

250 - 600 80 – 100

600 - 900 150

1000 - 1200 200

1200 - 1600 2 X 200

The maximum distance between the air-release valves should not exceed 800m,
or 1000m along flat runs.
Washouts: Washouts will be provided to facilitate drainage of pipeline segments
for maintenance and repairs. Washout valves will generally be installed at all low

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Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

points in the pipeline profile and on uphill sides of mainline valves. The minimum
diameter of washout valve and associated piping shall be 100 mm. Following
guidelines shall be used for the sizing of washout pipe as minimum requirement:-

• Up to 400 mm – 100 mm washout pipe


• 500 mm to 800 mm – 150 mm washout pipe
• 900 mm to 1200 mm – 200 mm washout pipe
• 1200 mm and above – 300 mm washout pipe
Washouts shall be located inside the concrete chambers. All chambers shall be
large enough to allow access for maintenance. Where possible, valve chamber
shall be located to allow vehicular access. Proper ventilation should be provided
for the Washout chamber.
Network isolation: Valves will be installed at strategic locations to enable
isolation of portions of the network.
Flow meters: Flow meter shall be provided at pumping stations, bulk supply
connections, and other strategic locations to monitor consumption and irrigation
efficiencies.

3.11 Surge protection


Water hammer or surge or hydraulic transients is a phenomenon that occurs in
closed conduit or pipe flows, caused by with rapid changes in discharge in the pipe
due to the unplanned activities. The rapid change in discharge and the associated
velocity is accompanied by a change in pressure, which is propagated through the
pipe. The water hammer wave is propagated at acoustic speed, which varies with
the material and wall thickness of the pipe. Sudden changes in flow and velocity
occurs in the system due to the unplanned activities such as power failure at
pumping station, pump failure, rapid closing of a valve, pump start, and pump
shutdown, which generates the pressure transients. These pressure waves may
lead to the unacceptable conditions such as

a. High Pressure – may rupture the pipelines, damage fittings


b. Low Pressure – may collapse the pipeline
c. Reverse flow – may damage pump seal, brush gear on motors
d. Pipeline Movement – may lead to overstressing and failure of pipe support,
failure of pipelines
In order to fully understand the potential impact of transient pressures due to the
unplanned activities in the system it is mandatory to conduct software based
Transient Analysis of the system. Transient analysis software such as InfoSurge,
Flowmaster, Hammer, Surge 2000, Mike Urban can be used for detailed
investigation.

Pressure changes can be calculated based on Joukowskey equation

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Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria


∆  ∆

Where
∆  
   
  
 

    /
    
    
  /  
∆  
  !   /

“c” is the variable which is dependent on the physical properties of the pipe, and
the liquid being conveyed.

3.11.1 Maximum and Minimum Pressure Criteria

The primary output from the surge analysis model is the predicted changes in
pressure and flow at any point in the system as a result of a transient event.

The operation limits for the system are:

a. Vapour cavities and column separation shall not occur in the system.

b. Minimum pressure in the system shall not exceed the allowable limit specified
by the pipe manufacture or a maximum negative pressure of 0.5 bars below
atmospheric, pressures whichever is highest.

c. Maximum Pressure shall not exceed the hydraulic test pressure of the pipeline
or rated maximum pressure of any of the components such as valve fittings
etc. in the system, whichever is the lowest.

Following points shall be considered while designing the surge protection devices:

i) Anti-Surge Air Valves can be used as surge protection devices


ii) Air Valves provided along the pressure main are not to be included in the
surge analysis
iii) Installation of bypass with check valve from suction side to the delivery side
iv) Pressurised surge arresting vessels connected to the pumping main to
force water into the pressure main in the event of pump shutdown to
convert a rapid fluid transient event into a controlled mass oscillation.
Adequate balancing pressure shall be achieved in the vessels either by
pressurised membrane bladder or by compressors. Total volume of vessel
is determined by the extent to which the air expands as the pressure falls
plus a minimum allowance of 20% or more to ensure that the vessel does
not drain down completely.
Total Volume >= Maximum expanded Volume + 20%
v) Addition of Flywheel to pump to increase the inertia of pump-motor, the
combined unit in turn prolong the run down time of pumps and reducing the

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Status: Issue No 01 April 2013


Dubai Municipality
DS185 Sewerage, Drainage & Irrigation Master Plan
Irrigation Design Criteria

initial down surge after the surge event associated with instantaneous
pump stop.
vi) Regulating Valves, consider only as a final option
vii) In addition to the technical suitability and relative cost of the available
options following factors shall be analysed,
a. Reliability of the Protection device
b. Space requirement
c. Power consumption
d. Maintenance and supervision
e. Need of skilled labour to install and operate

3.12 Thrust blocks


Thrust protection, as per CIRIA 128, will be provided for all bends along the
pipelines. Thrust protection will be provided by one of the following means,
depending on available service corridor and soil conditions:
• Concrete mass thrust block;
• Piled concrete thrust block;
• Anchored joint.
Anchored joints can be specified at locations where technically and economically
justified. They are to be designed in accordance with manufacturer’s
specifications, and with the minimum adjacent pipe lengths.
A standard drawing is to be provided for each thrust block arrangement, and their
placements are to be indicated on the general layout. Thrust protection is not
required for HDPE pipelines.

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