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Underground Course Underground Metal Mining > Module Artificially supported methods for Course
Metal Mining : Underground Metal Mining > Unit M6 U3 Stope reinforcement by rock bolts and
cable bolts : Summary
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Course: Underground
Last updated at Fri Sep 25 2015 10:31:42 GMT+0700 (SE Asia Standard Time)
Metal Mining
Course Overview
Unit's Summary
Course Objectives
Course modules Last updated at 05:42 PM on July 19, 2011Complete Current Stage:
Module:Exploration

and Mining Geology
Module:Mining
Methods and Method
selection for Course :
Underground Metal Rock bolting and cable bolting:
Mining
Module:Preparatory A fall of rock into excavation may occur through separation and / or shear. Separation of a rock element from the mass of self
development for supporting rock is opposed by tensile resistance of the bolts. This is achieved by anchoring the bolt in the self supporting rock. There
stoping for Course : are cases when there is no self supporting rock from which anchoring can be done. Under such conditions separate layers of rock
Underground Metal
can be reinforced by bolting. Thus rock bolts reinforce rock through a fiction effect. Due to its advantage for reinforcement and easy
Mining
Module:Unit availability rock bolting has been the main support system both in development and stoping operations.
operations for Course

: Underground Metal
Mining
The bolt parameters such as type of bolt anchor, length and diameter of the bolt, pattern of bolting and the torque to be applied on
Module:Naturally
supported methods the bolts should be decided after proper examination of rock conditions and geological disturbances. Three different types of bolts
for Course : namely wedge type, expansion type and grouted bolts are in common use.
Underground Metal
Mining
Module:Artificially
supported methods The wedge type bolts are normally 25 mm in diameter and 1.5 m long with a slot of 15 cm on one end and 15 cm long BSW
for Course : threading on the opposite end. The dimensions of the wedge depend on diameter of drill hole. These bolts are available in the
Underground Metal market, but they can be easily fabricated in any mine workshop. The wedge bolts can be easily installed by means of jack hammer
Mining using a doly.
Module:Caving
methods for Course :

Underground Metal
Mining The expansion shell type bolts, similar to that of Pattin shell type, are also readily available in the market. This bolt consists of 20
Course Problems mm diameter and 1.5 m long mild steel rod. A hexagonal nut is forged on one end and 20 mm BSW threading of 15 cm length is
made on the other end. A tapered wedge, having an internal thread (20 mm), can be moved over the threaded length. Two shell
halves, with serrations on the outer surfaces, are connected by means of a bent spring steel to engage the shell halves on either
side of the tapered wedge. As the rod is rotated for tightening, the wedge comes down expanding the two shell halves and thus a
grip is provided on the rock surface for firm anchorage. As the expansion shell is to be made by malleable casting, it will not be
possible to fabricate these bolts at the mine workshop. The expansion bolts should be installed in 37/38 mm diameter drill holes.
The advantages with the expansion bolts are (i) they can be recovered for reuse (ii) the length of the drill hole need not be exact
as in the case of wedge type bolt (the hole can be drilled 2 or 3 cm longer than the bolt) and (iii) the bolt end will not protrude
below the roof and hence less chances of getting damaged due to blasting.
The third type of bolt available in the market is a wire mesh grouted bolt for soft strata. In this method, the bolt is grouted through
out its length whereas the other two types bolts are anchored at the top portion of the bolt. The technique used is similar to that of
Perfo bolting. In this method, flexible wire mesh sleeve is used instead of the expensive perforated tube. The wire mesh as well as
the perforated tubes is readily available in the market for grouting the bolts. The advantage with the grouting system is that the
bolts are prevented from rusting and corrosion and hence could be used for permanent support.
A special type of fully grouted nontensioned bolt consists of a pair of perforated steel half slurs of length approximately equal to
that of the drill hole which are filled with a quick setting morter wired together and inserted in the drill hole. A reinforcing bar with
rounded end is driven through the mortar filled sleeve to the bottom of the hole extruding the mortar to fill the space out side the
sleeve.
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In the wire mesh grouted bolt similar procedure is followed. To insert the cement mortar into the drill hole a wire mesh sleeve is
used. The sleeve filled with cement mortar is inserted into the drill hole and a ribbed steel rod is driven inside the morter. The moter
came out through the mesh and the drill hole is filled providing a firm contact to the rock surface rise of chemical additives for the
stabilization of ground support is new technology and proved a more exact basis for roof support in difficult areas and forms a more
permanent and dependable support.
Initially epoxy resin was used but present commercial use is with polyester resin. This is considerably less expensive, bonding is
sufficient to break steel, stronger than most rocks and cures much faster. The setting rate of polyester resin can be varied by
adding an accelerator to the mixture of resin and hardener. When put a decrease in volume of less than 2% occurs when the resin
paste becomes solid and is depended on the degree of cure. However this volumetric shrinkage around a rock bolt is not detrimental
to its effectiveness.
The commercial development of the limited injection technique has led to the fully or partially grouted smooth bolts or deformed
reinforcement bars (rebars). Full column resin bolting has become popular with packaged resin. For full columnar grouting several
cartridges can be used with the number varied to obtain any desired length: No expansion shell or mechanical anchor is necessary
while using resin capsules because of its rapid setting time:
The conventional rock bolt assembly consists of a smooth bolt threaded on one end with an integral head on the other a plate and
an expansion shell. Loss of anchorage at either end can render the entire unit ineffective whereas failure of the anchorage at one
point in a full column grouting is localized and most of the length of the bolt remain effective.
Figure Different components of mechanically anchored bolts ( Brady and Brown)
Figure Resign bolts (Brady and Brown)
Figure : Grouted dowel in a grout â
filled hole

Figure : Fully grouted cable bolt
Figure Summary of development of different cable bolting systems in underground metal mines (Windsor, 1992, Brady & Brown)
Figure Summary of development of different cable bolting systems in underground metal mines (Windsor, 1992, Brady & Brown)
Figure : alternative Methods of grouting cable bolts
The Rock bolting is applicable for smaller length of hole but where a longer length of hole is drilled for bolting cable bolting is
practiced. Longer length is followed to ascertain anchoring of fractured rock at the back. This method has been developed during
post pillar method of stoping.
For cable bolting a 8 10 m long hole is drilled at the back of the stope. A used wire rope with open strands at the top is inserted
into the hole along with a plastic breathing tube fastened to the wire rope. Then a tube for pushing the mortar is placed at the lower
portion of the hole and the mouth is subsequently sealed. After this mortar is pumped into the hole and as the hole is being filled
the entrapped air is released through the breathing tube. Once the hole is completely filled it is left for curing of the mortar. Cable
bolts are used in addition to normal rock bolts.
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