DEMONSTRATION OF THE BERNOULLI THEOREM AND DISPLAY OF FLOW AND

DETERMINATION OF FLOW RATES IN CHANNELS

Guzmán G. Angie1
Ingeniera mecánica, Universidad Libre de Colombia, angiel.guzmang@unilibrebog.edu.co

RESÚMEN DE BERNOULLI

Durante esta práctica se comprobó la importancia y validez de la aplicación de la ecuación de Bernoulli en

una situación real en la que se pretende establecer la magnitud de las velocidades de un fluido que viaja según
un caudal preestablecido y un volumen controlado, proceso en el cual las diferentes formas de energía
intervienen y se representan de forma conservativa a medida que la presión varía según las energías potencial
y cinética se van expresando.
De esta forma se logró calcular las alturas cinética y piezométrica según los caudales del agua que determinan
la variación o cambio en la energía potencial del fluido hacia una energía cinética con un cambio o una
diferencia de presiones, representado en la ecuación de Bernoulli que relaciona todas estas variables en dos
momentos diferentes pero que a su vez se conservan manteniendo una relación recíproca.

BERNOULLI'S ABSTRACT

During this exercise we also proved the importance and validity of the application of Bernoulli's equation in a
real situation in which we intend to establish the magnitude of the velocity of a fluid that travels according to
to set flow rate and volume controlled, process in which different forms of energy involved and represent
conservative form as the pressure varies with potential and kinetic energies are expressed.
Thus it was possible to calculate the kinetic and piezo metric heights as water flows that determine the
variation or change in the potential energy of fluid into kinetic energy with a change or to pressure difference,
represented by the Bernoulli equation that links all these variables at two different times but Which in turn are
preserved by maintaining a reciprocal relationship.

SUMMARY OF FLOW DISPLAY AND DETERMINATION OF FLOW RATES IN CHANNELS

During this practice it was proved the importance of the implementation of the Bernoulli equation in a real
situation in which it is intended to establish the behavior of a fluid by viewing its flow rate and the location of
"obstacles" in the middle of the channel called wedges and landfills which according to their shape and
position alter or change the flow type, either slice, turbulent or transition, so as to understand the operation of
a volumetric channel and calculate the flow or volumetric flow in each of the cases.
In this way it was able to estimate two flow rates for each case of obstruction of the flow, one theoretical
derived from the Bernoulli equation and one experimental derived from the times and preset angles through
the clearance of that equation. Is so it is observable that the behavior of a fluid along the contour of a solid
exerts a force of friction or friction between the layers of the fluid, i.e. its viscosity, which determines the rate
of flow and therefore the pressure between the layers and the wedge that consequently modify the flow type.

DETERMINATION AND FLOW VISUALIZATION OF FLOW IN CHANNELS 'S ABSTRACT

During this exercise we proved the importance of applying Bernoulli's equation in a real situation in which we
intend to establish a fluid behavior by displaying their wealth and location of "obstacles" in the middle of the
channel called wedges landfills by shape and position alter or change the type of flow, either slice, or
turbulent transition, in order to understand the operation of a channel and calculate volumetric flow rate or
volumetric flow in each of the cases.
Thus it is observable that the behavior of a fluid along the contour of a solid exerts to drag force or friction
between the layers of fluid, ie, STIS viscosity, which determines the flow rate and therefore the Pressure
between the layers wedge and consequently modify the type of flow.
 2. Theoretical aspects- Bernoulli

1. Introduction- Bernoulli Bernoulli Theorem: Describes the behavior of a

fluid moving along a line of current. Was
In the demonstration of the theorem, or also called presented by Daniel Bernoulli in his work
BERNOULLI TRIAD what you want is to check Hydrodynamics (1738) and expresses that in a
the validity that has the equation of the same, fluid ideal (without viscosity or rubbing ) in
through an experimentation of the different regime of movement by a closed passage, the
variables with its corresponding check. This energythat has the fluid remains constant along its
theorem describes the behavior of a fluid moving route.
along a line of current, where also expresses that a
fluid without viscosity or rubbing on movement
through a passage closed, power remains constant,
as in practice that, taking into account a certain
flow is seeks to demonstrate that in a line of two
sections, the energy in both is constant, which is a
main aspect in this theorem. The three
components mainly managed by the energy in this
practice are: the kinetics, gravitational potential
and the energy flow.

Introduction- Flow display

In this practice you want to observe and analyze

the behavior of a fluid in the presence of different The energy of a fluid at any time consists of three
devices, to different positions and flow rates. In components:
where you can see what happens when a fluid
flows to the outline of a solid, in which it
originates a speed decrease due to the frictional
force exerted by the solid, as well as there is a 1.-kinetic: is the energy due to the speed that
decrease of speed, there is also a growing the possesses the fluid.
same when there is a departure from the walls of 2.- gravitational potential: is the energy due to the
some points located on a perpendicular around the altitude that a fluid possesses.
solid. 3.- Energy Flow: is the energy that a fluid
contains due to the pressure that it possesses.
In this is also involved the Bernoulli theorem in
the phenomenon of spill from a liquid when it The Bernoulli equation can be expressed as:
overflows from above a wall, with which you can
associate the flow with the height as on the
landfill, has the water.
P 1 + ½ ρ 1 V 1 + g p 1 and 1 = p 2 + ½ ρ 2 V 2 + g p 2
and 2

Where,

P= Pressure
Ρ= Density
V= Speed
And= Height
G= Gravity
To apply the equation must be performed the
following assumptions:
 The viscosity, the same internal friction
should be zero; i.e., it considers that the
current line on which it is applied is
located in an area 'no viscose' of the
fluid.
 The flow must be constant.
 Incompressible fluid - ρ is constant.
Some applications of the principle of Bernoulli
are:
Airsoft
Replicas used in this game can usually include a
system called HopUp that causes the bullet is
projected by performing a circular effect, which
increases the effective range of the replica.
Fireplace
Fireplaces are high to take advantage of the fact
that the wind speed is more constant and elevated
to greater heights. The faster the wind blows on
the mouth of a fireplace, lower the pressure and
the greater the pressure difference between the
base and the mouth of the fireplace, accordingly,
the combustion gases are extracted better.
Line
The Bernoulli equation and the equation of
continuity also tell us that if we reduce the cross-
sectional area of a pipe in order to increase the
speed of the fluid passing through it, will reduce
the pressure.
Sustaining Aircraft
The Bernoulli Effect is also in part the origin of
sustainability of the aircraft. Thanks to the shape
and orientation of the aerodynamic profiles, the
wing is curve at its upper face and is angled with
respect to the lines of current incidents. Therefore,
the current lines above the wing are more together
than below, so that the air velocity is greater and
the pressure is less at the top of the wing; the
higher the pressure below the wing, generates a
force net upwards call lift.
Movement of a ball or ball with effect
If we throw a ball or a ball with effect, i.e. rotating
if same is diverted to one side.
Car Carburetor
In a carburetor car, the pressure of the air that
passes through the body of the carburetor
decreases when passing through a bottleneck. To
decrease the pressure, gas flows, vaporizes and
mixes with the air stream.
The demonstration equipment of the Bernoulli
theorem is formed by a passage of circular cross-
section in the shape of a truncated cone,
transparent and with seven keys of pressure that
can measure, simultaneously, the static pressure
values that corresponds to each of the seven
different sections.
All the keys of pressure are connected to a
pressure gauge with a pressurized water manifold
or not pressurized.
The flow rate in the computer can be changed by
adjusting the control valve and using the supply
valve of the hydraulic bank.
Theoretical aspects-Flow display
When a fluid flows along the contour of a solid,
the frictional force exerted by this
On the fluid resulting in a decrease in the speed of
the fluid in contact with the solid. If you are
considered a series of points located on a
perpendicular to the contour of the solid, as it
moves away from the walls of this, the
distribution of speed is growing. The region in
which it is produced the speed change is called
boundary layer.
One of the applications of the Bernoulli theorem
is the phenomenon of spill or discharge of a liquid
when overflows from above a wall, that in our
particular case is a landfill (device in different
ways - rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, etc. -
that are used as obstruction of the flow of fluids in
channels or slopes and serves to measure flow
rates). For certain simple geometries (such as
those that are to be used in the laboratory),
through the application of the theorem of
Bernoulli, the flow is correlated with the height as
on the landfill has water, upstream (before passing
through the landfill).
Flow in landfill of thin wall.
Both in landfills of thin wall and thick wall is met
the upstream flow is subcritical, accelerates to
critical near the top of the landfill and overflowing
in the form of a supercritical foil, which flapping
the flow downstream. In both cases, the flow per
unit of width is proportional to H3/2, where H is
the depth of the current upstream measured from
the crest of the landfill (as shown below).
Flow in landfill of thick wall
The landfill is a free download, i.e. not influenced
by the conditions of downstream. For that the
landfill will behave like a thick wall it is necessary
that the thickness b of the crest is greater than two
thirds of the load. B 2H3³
Because if this condition is not fulfilled the
landfill could be thin wall or mid-wall. It is
considered that the maximum length of b should
be around 15 H.
Inquiry
Bernoulli principle:
Diagram of the Bernoulli Principle.
The principle of Bernoulli, also known as
Bernoulli equation or Bernoulli Triad, describes
the behavior of a fluid moving along a line of
current . Was presented by Daniel Bernoulli in his
work Hydrodynamics (1738) and expresses that in
a fluid ideal (without viscosity or rubbing) in
regime of movement by a closed passage, the
energy that has the fluid remains constant along
its route. The energy of a fluid at any time consists
of three components:
1. Kinetics: it is the energy due to the speed
that possesses the fluid.
2. Gravitational potential: is the energy due
to the altitude that a fluid possesses.
3. Flow energy: it is the energy that a fluid
contains due to the pressure that it
possesses.
The following equation known as "Bernoulli
Equation" (Bernoulli Triad) consists of these same
terms.

Where:
 V = velocity of the fluid in the section in
question.
 G = gravitational acceleration
 Z = height in the direction of gravity
from a benchmark.
 P = pressure along the line of current.
 Ρ = density of the fluid.
To apply the equation must be performed
the following assumptions:
 Viscosity (internal friction) = 0 that is to
say, it is considered that the current line
on which it is applied is located in an
area 'no viscose' of the fluid.
 Constant Flow
 Incompressible flow, where ρ is constant.
 The equation applies along a line of
current or in a flow irrotacional
Although the name of the equation is due to
Bernoulli, the shape up exposed was
presented in the first place by Leonhard
Euler.
An example of application of the principle
can be found in the flow of water in line.
Types of flow.
 Critical Flow:
This type of flow is a combination of gravitational
and inertial forces that make it unstable,
converting it in a certain way in an intermediate
state and changing between the other two types of
flow. Due to this is quite unacceptable and little
recommendable, use in the design of hydraulic
structures. For this type of flow the Froude
number is equal to 1 and in this condition are not
generated bosses (hydraulic power sinks).
 Supercritical Flow:
In this type of flow the inertial forces have a much
greater influence that the gravitational forces. In
addition to this, the flow occurs at speeds and
higher slopes, and smaller depths. When there is a
flow of this type in a channel an increase in the
amount of energy causes a decrease in the depth
of the sheet of water. The Froude number, in this
case, is greater than 1. This state of flux is
conducive to the formation of hydraulic
cushioning; these increase its capability of
dissipation of energy at certain intervals, reaching
the greater capacity for flows with Froude greater
than 9.
 Subcritical Flow:
For this flow regime the inertial forces are
surpassed in importance by the gravitational; in
the flow will have outstanding speeds and low, but
the depths of the sheet of water, on the contrary,
are higher than those presented in the supercritical
flow. For this type of flow an increase in the
energy translates into an increase in the depth of
the sheet of water. The Froude number in this
state is less than 1.
To calculate the number of Froude and determine
the state in which is located the flow is used the
following relationship:
It relates the speed, seriousness and the hydraulic
depth; the latter is defined as the quotient between
the wet area and the width of the surface of the
channel.
3. EXPERIMENTAL ASPECT-Bernoulli
The equipment used in this practice was:
 Stopwatch
 Hydraulic Bank
 According to the design team
After you have all the materials ready must be put
in place the water pump and open in a regulated
manner the VRC valve the same as the valve VB
until a stable flow. Determine the flow rate
through the volume measurement tank filling
manifold with its corresponding time (fill time of
5 liters). It is convenient to make a measure at the
beginning and at the end of each test and take its
average value. Open the valve of the first tube and
the sections to work (Do not forget to note any
areas of the corresponding sections). Subscribe to
the corresponding heights.
Re-level height of the tubes (following the
procedure indicated). Change the flow by opening
or closing the valves VRC and VB to obtain a
stable flow (different to above) and repeat steps 2
and 3.
EXPERIMENTAL ASPECT-Flow display
The equipment used in this practice was:
 Team (see assembly design) flow display
in channels and their corresponding
connections.
 Set of shims and landfill (selected by the
teacher)
 Game of squadrons of 45° and 60°
(brought by the members of the group).
 Clamps of laboratory.
 Stopwatch.
 Test piece or collection container of
water.
 Fluorescina
 Water
 Cloths or towels
When you have all the materials ready, the team is
initially connected to the power supply of water
(2) and already has prepared a landfill or a wing in
the position with which you work. However, in
the case of the wing is necessary to adjust, with
the help of the clamps, one of the angles are
assigned to the group.
Check that overflow, located at the end of the
channel (5), this conveniently open, (6) and (7a),
at the bottom (if you have installed the landfill) or
at the top (if this installed the wing).
Check that the ink reservoir and the needles (8)
and (11) are clean, by passing water current
through the tank and opening the regulating valve
(9) until clean water by the needles. Fully
evacuate the water and close the regulating valve,
Add the fluorceina the ink reservoir (8).Open the
water supply valve to the computer to fill the
buffer tank (3) and channel (4), avoiding that the
water overflows through the top (when this
installed a wing) or exceeds the lower opening of
the overflow (when installed a landfill).
Adjust the power flow with the water supply valve
to the computer, seeking to maintain a constant
flow (preferably low flow rates). From this
moment should not be touching the valve supply
(not to be that the teacher decides otherwise) or
make sudden movements (strike the inn, move the
computer, etc) because the computer is very
sensitive and generates dispersion in the lines of
display.
Slowly open the regulating valve (9) until they
display the flow lines with the dye. Record,
describe and/or draw the behavior of the flow
lines through the obstructions (landfill or wing).
Close the regulating valve (9). Measure the flow
rate, collecting the water that comes out of the
overflow (5) into the measuring and taking the fill
time. Remember that it is desirable to make at
least three measures to find an average flow.
 -3 3
Volume = 10 L. = 10x10 m (for all flows are
Volume Heights read h 0
Time (s) (taken in Area (m2)
liters) (mm)

30,25' 10 lt 78.52 x 10 -5 mm 2 500mm

88.41 x 10 -5 mm 2 73mm

98.87 x 10 -5 mm 2 160mm

121.73 x 10 -5 mm 2 305mm

174.35 x 10 -5 mm 2 500mm

490.87 x 10 -5 mm 2 500mm

31.56' 10 lt 78.52 x 10 -5 mm 2 500mm

88.41 x 10 -5 mm 2 58mm

98.87 x 10 -5 mm 2 182mm

121.73 x 10 -5 mm 2 313mm

174.35 x 10 -5 mm 2 500mm

490.87 x 10 -5 mm 2 500mm

28.89' 10 lt 78.52 X 10 -5 mm 2 500mm

88.41 x 10 -5 mm 2 152mm
4. Discussion and results-Bernoulli
98.87 x 10 -5 mm 2 227mm

use the same volume) 121.73 x 10 -5 mm 2 360mm

Flow Rate = volume / Time (v/t)

174.35 x 10 -5 mm 2 393mm
Flow 1 = 10x10 m / 30,25s = 3.3 x10 -5 m 3 /s
-3 3

-3 3
490.87 x 10 -5 mm
-5
2
3
500mm
Flow 2 = 10x10 m / 31,56 s = 3.1 x 10 m /s

Flow 3 = 10x10 -3 m 3 / 28.89 s = 3.4 x10 -5 m 3 /s

Section M 2 . 1mm 2
1x10 -6

m2

S 1 = 78.52 mm 2 * 1x10 -6 m 2 / 1mm 2 = 7,852

x10 -5 m 2
S 2 = 88.41 mm 2 * 1x10 -6 m 2 / 1mm 2 = 8.841 Kinetic height (h c ) = (speed) 2 / 2(GRAVITY)
x10 -5 m 2 v 2 /2g

S 3 = 98.87 mm 2 * 1x10 -6 m 2 / 1mm 2 = 9.887 Flow rate 1.

x10 -5 m 2
H c1 = (0.42 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.009 m
2 -6 2 2
S 4 = 121.73 mm * 1x10 m / 1mm = 1.22
x10 -4 m 2 H c2 = (0.37 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.007 m

S 5 = 174.35 mm 2 * 1x10 -6
m 2 / 1mm 2 = 1.74 H c3 = (0.33 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.005 m
x10 -4 m 2
H c4 = (0.27 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.003 m
2 -6 2 2
S 6 = 490.87 mm * 1x10 m / 1mm = 4.91
x10 -4 m 2 H c5 = (0.19 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.001 m

Average speed m/s = flow / Area (Q/A) H c6 = (0.06 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 1.8x10 -5 m

Flow rate 1. 2. Flow.

V 1 =3,3x10 -5 m 3 /s / 7.8 x10 -5 m 2 = 0.42 m/s H c1 = (0.39m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.007m

V 2 =3,3x10 -5 m 3 /s / 8.8 x10 -5 m 2 = 0.37 m/s H c2 = (0.35 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.006 m

V 3 =3,3x10 -5 m 3 /s / 9.9 x10 -5 m 2 = 0.33 m/s H c3 = (0.31m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.004m

V 4 =3,3x10 -5 m 3 /s / 1.2 x10 -4 m 2 = 0.27 m/s H c4 = (0.25 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.003m

V 5 =3,3x10 -5 m 3 /s / 1.7 x10 -4 m 2 = 0.19 m/s H c5 = (0.18 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.001 m

V 6 =3,3x10 -5 m 3 /s / 4.9 x10 -4 m 2 = 0.06 m/s H c6 = (0.06 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 1.8x10 -5

Flow rate 2. Flow rate 3.

V 1 =3,1x10 -5 m 3 /s / 7.8 x10 -5 m 2 = 0.39 m/s H c1 = (0.43 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.009 m

V 2 =3,1x10 -5 m 3 /s / 8.8 x10 -5 m 2 = 0.35 m/s H c2 = (0.38 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.007 m

V 3 =3,1x10 -5 m 3 /s / 9.9 x10 -5 m 2 = 0.31 m/s H c3 = (0.34 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.005 m

V 4 =3,1x10 -5 m 3 /s / 1.2 x10 -4 m 2 = 0.25 m/s H c4 = (0.28 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.004 m

V 5 =3,1x10 -5 m 3 /s / 1.7 x10 -4 m 2 = 0.18 m/s H c5 = (0.2 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 0.002 m

V 6 =3,1x10 -5 m 3 /s / 4.9 x10 -4 m 2 = 0.06 m/s H c6 = (0.07 m/s) 2 / 2 (9.8 m/s 2 ) = 2.5 x10 -5 m

Flow rate 3.

V 1 =3,4x10 -5 m 3 /s / 7.8 x10 -5 m 2 = 0.43 m/s Piezometrica height (h p ) =h 0 -h f / 2 , and

conversions.
V 2 =3,4x10 -5 m 3 /s / 8.8 x10 -5 m 2 = 0.38 m/s
Flow rate 1.
-5 3 -5 2
V 3 =3,4x10 m /s / 9.9 x10 m = 0.34 m/s
H P1 = (500 mm - 480 mm ) / 2 = 10 mm
V 4 =3,4x10 -5 m 3 /s / 1.2 x10 -4 m 2 = 0.28 m/s 0.01 m

V 5 =3,4x10 -5 m 3 /s /1.7 x10 -4 m 2 = 0.2 m/s H P2 = (73 mm - 53 mm) / 2 = 10 mm

0.01m
V 6 =3,4x10 -5 m 3 /s / 4.9 x10 -4 m 2 = 0.07m/s
H P3 = (160 mm - 145 mm) / 2 = 7.5 mm
7.5x10 -3 m
H P4 = (305 mm - 290 mm) / 2 = 7.5 mm
7.5x10 -3 m
H P5 = (500 mm - 480 mm) / 2= 10 mm
0.01 m
H= 0.009 m + 0.01 m = 0.019 m
H=0.007 m + 0.01 m = 0.017 m
H=0.005 m + 7.5x 10-3 m = 0.08 m

H P6 = (500 mm - 480 mm) / 2= 10 mm H=0.003 m + 7.5x 10-3 m = 0.078 m

0.01 m
H= 0.001 m + 0.01 m = 0.011 m
2. Flow.
H= 1.8x10 -5 m + 0.01 m = 0.010 m
H P1 = (500 mm - 475 mm) / 2 = 12.5 mm
0.012 m Flow rate 2.

H P2 = (58 mm - 38 mm) / 2 = 10 mm H= 0.007 m + 0.012 m = 0.019 m

0.01 m
H=0.006 m + 0.01 m = 0.016 m
H P3 = (182 mm - 162 mm) / 2 = 10 mm
0.01 m H=0.004 m + 0.01 m = 0.014 m

H P4 = (313 mm - 293 mm) / 2 = 10 mm H=0.003 m + 0.01 m = 0.013 m

0.01 m
H= 0.001 m + 7.5x 10-3 m = 0,085m
H P5 = (500 mm - 485 mm) / 2 = 7.5 mm
H= 1.8x10 -5 m + 0.012 m = 0.012 m
7.5x10 -3 m
Flow rate 3.
H P6 = (500mm - 475mm) / 2 = 12.5 mm
0.012 m H= 0.009 m + 5x 10-3 m = 0.059 m
Flow rate 3. H=0.007 m + 5x 10-3 m = 0.057 m
H P1 = (500 mm - 490) / 2 = 5 mm H=0.005 m + 2.5x10 -3 m = 0.03 m
5x10 -3 m
H=0.004 m + 2.5x10 -3 m = 0.029 m
H P2 = (152 mm - 142 mm) / 2 = 5 mm
5x10 -3 m H= 0,002m + 2.5x10 -3 m = 0,027m
H P3 = (227 mm - 222 mm) / 2 = 2.5 mm H= 2.5x10 -5 m + 5x10 -3 m = 0,050m
2.5 x10 -3

H P4 = (360 mm - 355 mm) / 2 = 2.5 mm

5x10 -3 m

H P5 = (393 mm - 388 mm) / 2 = 2.5 mm

5x10 -3 m

H P6 = (500 mm - 490 mm) / 2 = 5 mm

5x10 -3 m

Kinetics + HEIGHT PIEZOMETRICA

HEIGHT = H

Flow rate 1.
 HEIGHT PIEZOM. (h Alt C. + Alt Part. (H)
KINETIC
Flow (m 3 section Average p)
HEIGHT =
/s) (m 2 ) Speed (m/s) (m)
h c (m)
(m)

0.42 0.009
7.8 x
3.3x10 -5 0.01
10 -5
0.019

0.37 0.007
8.8 x
0.01
10 -5
0.017

9.9 x 0.33 0.005 0.008

7.5x10 -3
10 -5

1.2 x 0.27 0.003 0.078

7.5x10 -3
10 -4

1.7 x 0.19 0.001 0.011

0.01
10 -4

4.9 x 0.06 1.8x10 -5 0.010

0.01
10 -4

0.39 0.007 0.019

7.8 x
3.1 x10 -5 0.012
10 -5

0.35 0.006 0.016

8.8 x
0.01
10 -5

0.31 0.004 0.014

9.9 x
0.01
10 -5

1.2 x 0.25 0.003 0.013

0.01
10 -4

0.18 0.001 0.085

1.7 x
7.5x10 -3
10 -4

0.06 1.8x10 -5 0.012

4.9 x
o.o12
10 -4

5
0.43 0.009 x
7.8 X 1
3.4x10 -5 0.059
10 -5 0

5
x
0.38 0.007 1 0.057
The results that presupposed before carrying out
the practice were guided toward the readings of
Calculate the theoretical flow rate derived from
the heights obtained according to the cross
the Bernoulli equation
sections of each one of the hoses and the preset
flow, since it resulted in a higher height as a
relatively greater cross sectional area, this premise
was found at the end in the relationship of all
Q (0.577)x(0.666)x(4.42) xH 3/2
heights obtained in the right way, it is assumed
that the greater the flow rate greater speed equally
Q 1.61 x H 3/2
the potential energy determined by the height of
liquid proposed greater initial pressure and *Q 1.61 x (.058) 3/2 = 1.61 x (0.013) =
therefore a higher final pressure with the energies 0.022 m³/s
kinetic and potential high due to more cross-
sectional area, all these assumptions proved to be *Q 1.61 x (0.068) 3/2 = 1.61 x (0.017)
certain at the end of any The practice because the = 0.028 m³/s
experimental calculations demonstrated
empirically that these variables are completely *Q 1.61 x (0.057) 3/2 = 1.61 x (0.013)
= 0.021 m³/s
certain due to its proportionality.
Comparison: The results obtained theoretically
Discussion and results-Flow display differ too much with the flow rates obtained
experimental since the experimental we had into
Experimental flow rates for landfill account the time and the volume.
Q= V/t With the experimental flows average, clear in the
-5 equation (4) The coefficient of the landfill (CW)
A. - (0.00025 m³ / 3.87 s)= 6.45x10 m³/s
and calculate it for the three flows
- (0.00025 m³ / 3.56 s) = 7.02x10 -5 m³/s

- (0.00025 m³ / 3.86 s) = 6.47x10 -5 m³/s

B . - (0.00025 m³ / 3.33 s) = 7.50x10 -5 m³/s Q (0.666) C w (4.42)

- (0.00025 m³ / 3.30 s) = 7.57x10 -5 m³/s

- (0.00025 m³ / 3.12 s) = 8.01x10 -5 m³/s

* (6.64x10 -5 ) / (0.061) = 1.08x10 -3
Experimental flows to Wedge

A. 180° - (0.001 m³/ 17.61 s) = 5.67x10 -5 m³/s * (1.69x10 -4 ) / (0.078) = 2.16x10 -3

- (0.001 m³/ 17.33 s) = Bag 5.77x10 -5 * (7.69x10 -5 ) / (0.060) = 1.28x10 -3

m³/s

- (0.001 m³/ 17.47 s) = Bag 5.77x10 -5

m³/s Comparison: The results obtained when clearing
the flow in the equation 4, differ in few decimas,
B. 30° - (0.001 m³/ 8.88 s) = 1.12x10 -4 m³/s this is due to the decimal places that are not taken
completely
- (0.001 m³/ 0948 s) = 1.05x10 -4 m³/s

- (0.001 m³/ 0930 s) = 1.07x10 -4 m³/s

 ANGULO TIEMPO(s) VOLUMEN CAUDAL CAUDAL MEDIO

Cm3 m3 (m3/s)

Cuña 17.61 5.67x10 -5

180° 17.33 5.77x10 -5 5.73 x10-5

17.31 5.77x10 -5

8.88 1.12x10-4

30° 9.48 1000 0.001 1.05x10-4 1.08x10-4

9.30 1.07x10-4

Vertedero Altura1 cm m 6.45x10-5

De Pared H+Y 9.8 0.093 3.76 7.02x10-5 6.64x10-5

gruesa
H 5.8 0.058 6.47x10 -5

Altura2 cm m 1.77x10 -4

H+Y 10.3 0.103 1.48 250 0.00025 1.76x10 -4 1.69x10-4

H 6.8 0.068 1.55x10 -4

Altura3 cm m 7.50x10 -5

H+Y 9.2 0.092 3.25 7.57x10 -5 7.69x10-5

H 0.57 0.057 8.01x10 -5

DATA TABLE

Channel Width; in cm: ____0156__________ , in meters: 0.0156 ________________

Height of the landfill (AND); in cm: ____3.5_______ , in meters: ____0.035_____________

Determine the coefficient of the landfill, using the equation (5), for each of the Flows

C w (0.65) / 1+(0.058/0.035) ½ = (0.65) / (2.28) =

0.28

C w (0.65) / 1+(0.068/0.035) ½ = (0.65) / (2.39) =

0.27

Cw (0.65) / 1+(0.057/0.035) ½ = (0.65) / (2.27) =

0.28

Comparison: between the results obtained with the

equation 5 we see that they are very similar, since it
was not changed the height and the Decimal places are approximate

With the coefficients of the landfill calculated in the

previous paragraph to determine the coefficient of the
landfill average, replace it in the equation (4) and
calculate the flow rates of the three flows

Cw average = (0.28 + 0.27 + 0.28) / 3

= 0.276

Q (0.66) x (0.276) x (19.6) x (0.5) x (.058) 3/2

Q 1.78 x 0.013 0.023
Q (0.66) x (0.276) x (19.6) x (0.5) x (0.068) 3/2
Q 1.78 x 0.017 0.030
Q (0.66) x (0.276) x (19.6) x (0.5) x (0.057) 3/2
Q 1.78 x 0.013 0.023

Comparison: With the results obtained with the

equation 4 we can observe that in comparison with the
above are very similar, which varies was given by the
way of taking the data, the decimal place of the
calculator; in conclusion we can say that by any method
with which we find the flow, we will give the same or
very similar.
 horizontal, in consequence of a decrease in their
flow and therefore a difference in pressure
between the layers and below and above the
wedge which would cause a change of a laminar
Flow display
flow toward a turbulent flow or transition
Angle = 30° depending on the magnitude of the flow, all of
these premises are found to reflect the calculations
and measurements In the Bernoulli equation
which in this case presents a modification due to
the width and height of the wedges and landfills
that determine the pressure change. In the case of
Angle = 180°
the wedge is noted a difference of pressures being
this increased under the "wing" or wedge as in the
case of aircraft which allows the plane sustained
in the air, which is known as the principle of float,
generating a turbulent flow under the wedge and a
flow bordeante or slice on this.

In the case of the landfill for thick wall assumed a

greater speed and therefore flow due to the height
of the same for the flow of fluid and logically and
thus a difference in pressure due to the variation
in the potential energy, in the same way an
attempt was made to compare with the case of the
behavior of the flow in the middle of a landfill of
thin wall which is a step more continuous and free
of the fluid that is to say with a lower outlet
pressure and lower flow rate; however at the end
of the practice and after performing the respective
calculations was discovered that at a higher speed
The results that presupposed before carrying out
less is the output pressure of a fluid, In this case
the practice were guided toward the type of flow
determined by the variation of the height of drop
that is visualizaría according to the variation of
of the same.
the angle of the wedge, when passing from 180°
to 30° with respect to the horizontal, since there
has been a noticeable decrease in the speed
according to the elevation of the wedge from the