Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 1

Annotated Bibliography:

Primary Sources: 42
“Aboriginal Embassy 1st Police Attack 1972.” ​YouTube​, YouTube,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rJiSiOaMcIE​.
This video is a primary source showing what happened on July 20th, 1972, during the
Aboriginal Embassy protest. It was originally posted on Youtube and taken by someone
who was at the event. The Australian government had recently rejected a proposal for
Aboriginal land rights, and many people decided to protest by camping outside of the
Parliament building. This video highlights the tension between Aboriginal people and the
white police, showing an Aboriginal man being tackled and another one being thrown to
the ground and losing consciousness. As a primary source, this video is helpful to us
because it shows what life was like for indigenous people who tried to fight for their rights
and protest discrimination. The use of violence by the Australian police is a significant
part of the conflict throughout the 1900s and shows how difficult it was for Aboriginal
people to be treated as equals.

Aboriginal Prisoners 1930​.

www.thesun.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/nintchdbpict000352632073.jpg?strip=all
&w=960​.
Taken around 1930, this photo depicts the brutality of the Aboriginal prison system that
equated to slavery during this time period. We will use this photo to demonstrate the
inequality and mistreatment that Aboriginal faced. They are wearing chains around their
necks.

Aboriginal Slavery 1897​.

www.thesun.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/nintchdbpict000352632131.jpg?strip=all
&w=960​.
Taken in 1897, this photo also depicts the brutality of Aboriginal slavery. We will use this
photo to establish context on our site and show how poorly Aboriginal people were treated
in this time period.

Aborigines Act of 1905​.

aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/catalogue_resources/52790.pdf​.
This document is the ​Aborigines Act of 1905​, an act implemented by the Australian
Government that restricted the freedoms of Aboriginal Australians by forcing Aboriginal
children into government housing, taking them away from their families. This act is direct
evidence of the conflict of oppression against the Aboriginal people.

Aborigines Protection Act of 1869​.

www.foundingdocs.gov.au/resources/documents/vic7i_72_p1_1869.jpg​.
The Aborigines Protection Act of 1869 is a document published by the Parliament of
Victoria. This document will be used on the website and quotes from the act will be
included on the site, as part of our description of the assimilation conflict throughout the
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 2

19th century, when the government started taking away rights and from Aboriginal people
and separating them from their culture.

Aborigines Protection Act of 1909​.

www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/acts/1909-25.pdf​.
This document is the Aborigines Protection Act of 1909, an act that was passed to allow
the Australian Government to forcibly remove children from their families and place them
in government housing; this marked the beginning of the “Stolen Generation.” This is a
significant example of the discrimination that Aboriginals were faced with.

Aborigines Protection Amending Act of 1915​.

www.findandconnect.gov.au/ref/nsw/objects/thumbs/tn_Aborigines%20Protection%20A
mending%20Act%201915.png​.
This image is the Aborigines Protection Amending Act of 1915. This act established
government policy that allowed the Australian Government to assume control over
Aboriginal children, remove them from their families, and place them into government
homes to provide “care as it thinks best.” This act allowed the Stolen Generation to take
place, which caused major conflict between Aboriginals and the government.

Auchettl, Katie. 8 Jan. 2017.

Katie Auchettl grew up and attended school in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia for over 20
years. Because a large part of our project focuses on the representation and diversity of
Aboriginal people in Australian school systems, we wanted to interview someone who
experienced the school system first-hand. Ms. Auchettl provided us with essential
information regarding what students learn about Aboriginal history and the diversity of
Aboriginal students in schools. This information helped us better understand the quality
of Indigenous education.

Brother Luis Arrufat and Students, St. Mary's Orphanage​. New Norcia, WA, 1930,
www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/social_justice/bth_report/report/image
s/2_ch3.JPG​.
Taken in 1930, this photo is an example of Aboriginal children being taken away from
their families and forced to live in orphanages during the Stolen Generation. In this photo,
six Aboriginal children surround a white man at St. Mary’s Orphanage, a Catholic home
and school from 1861-1974. These children were forced to forget their culture and homes
to assimilate into white society, reflecting the idea of white superiority in Australia.

Calvert, Albert Frederick. ​The Aborigines of Western Australia​.

This book was written by English author Albert Frederick Calvert during the late 1800s
and contains excerpts from the journals of British colonists who settled Western Australia.
Calvert attempts to convince the public that British colonists only wanted to better the
lives of Australian Aboriginal people, and had no intentions of harming them. He claims
that the colonists’ main goal was to influence Aboriginal Australians of British culture;
they wanted to “civilize” them and bestow upon them the idea of Christianity. This book
is a fantastic primary source because it shows the British’s viewpoints on their settlement
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 3

in Western Australia and interactions with Aboriginal Australians. The selections included
in this book describe Aboriginal Australians as benevolent and appreciative beings toward
the British, as the British brought their methods of living to Western Australia. However,
from the other research that has been conducted, Aboriginal Australians were the opposite
of appreciative toward the colonists. This source provides perspective to the “conflict”
aspect of the National History Day theme.

Dornin, Tim. ​Black Lives Matter​. Associated Press, Adelaide, 2017,

http://i.dailymail.co.uk/1/2017/10/31/03/wire-1629150-1509419096-583_634x422.jpg
This is a photo of Aboriginal people holding a “Black Lives Matter” sign. It was taken at a
recent protest against racism and police brutality in Australia, which we will use to show
the legacy of white superiority throughout history. Aboriginal people continue to battle
discrimination and are unfairly targeted by the police, adding to the current conflict in
society.

“Explore the Sorry Books.” ​Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies​,
AIATSIS, 25 May 2017, ​aiatsis.gov.au/explore/articles/explore-sorry-books.
The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS) is a
world-renowned research organization that promote the knowledge of Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander cultures and stories from both the past and present. The organization
is an Australian Government statutory authority established under the ​Public Governance,
Performance and Accountability Act 2013​. This website page from AIATSIS provides
numerous pictures of real-life “Sorry Books” and its handwritten apologies from
thousands of Australians. The Sorry Books are records of the Australian’s public reaction
to the Stolen Generation. These books served as a “people’s apology” to the members of
the Stolen Generation and their affected families. Following the ​Bringing Them Home
report, then Prime Minister John Howard refused to make a formal National Apology. In
these Sorry Books are countless signatures, stories, and condolences from the public.

Herbert, Xavier. ​Capricornia​. Angus and Robertson, 1939.

Xavier Herbert was an Australian writer and is considered one of the elder statesman of
Australian literature. He is the recipient of the Australian Literature Society Gold Medal
for Australia’s best novel in 1939, following the publication of his classic anti-assimilation
protest novel, ​Capricornia​. Hebert was also known for his support of Aboriginal rights
and was appointed the Protector of the Aboriginal people in Darwin in 1935. His book
Capricornia ​was published on Australia Day, which resulted in both mass praise and
criticism for its controversial topic on Australia’s racist government policies. The fictional
novel is based off of his personal experience in Australia’s Northern Territory, and
demonstrates the many struggles Aboriginal people face in a white dominant society.

Homes Are Sought for These Children.​ Darwin, 1930,

e4ac.edu.au/units/year-6/images/unit-specific-images/children-clipping.jpg.
This is an image from a newspaper ad from the 1930s. It depicts a group of Aboriginal
children who were sent to the Darwin half-caste home after being stolen from their
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 4

families. We will use this image to show the severity of the Stolen Generation and how the
lives of these children were destroyed by the government.

The Kahlin Compound and Half Caste Home​. Darwin, 1913,

http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/image/4518736-4x3-700x525.jpg
Taken at the Kahlin Compound and Half Caste Home in 1913, this image depicts a group
of Aboriginal children with two white men, who were made their legal guardians. They
are living at an institution created specifically for “half-caste” children who were
considered easier to assimilate into white society. We will use this image to show the
conflict of forced assimilation because these children are wearing Western clothing,
having to leave behind their native culture.

Kilian, Karolina, and Lannon Harley. “Mary Terszak's Story of Surviving Assimilation.” ​Mary
Terszak's Story of Surviving Assimilation | National Museum of Australia​,
www.nma.gov.au/exhibitions/from_little_things_big_things_grow/behind_the_scenes/mar
y_terszaks_story_of_surviving_assimilation​.
This source is a transcript of Mary Terszak’s story of surviving assimilation as an
Aboriginal person. Karolina Kilian and Lannon Harley of the National Museum of
Australia visited Mary Terszak, to publish her story of being part of the Stolen Generation.
She recounts having been forcefully taken from her parents and put into multiple different
homes for children, also affected by the Stolen Generation. Terszak describes the
difficulty of living in these homes, as she lacked family members and friends. When she
turned twenty, she felt marginalized and unable to fit into society, because of her past and
identity. This woman’s story of discrimination represents the ongoing conflict of racism
against the Aboriginal people. Terszak addresses the Australian government’s attempts for
compromise to the Australian Genocide and Stolen Generation with the establishment of
National Sorry Day. She continues to describe how the conflict of discrimination against
Aboriginal people still is prominent in today’s world, which supports the “conflict” matter
of the 2017 history fair theme.

Kinchela Boys Home​.

nnimgt-a.akamaihd.net/transform/v1/crop/frm/daKYqtwfY3kAYFReUQrhde/a9e99038-2
628-498c-bd03-7aed74e4af8f.JPG/r70_45_812_491_w1200_h678_fmax.jpg.
This is a photo from an Aboriginal institution, where children were forced to live after
they were stolen from their families. It depicts a young Aboriginal boy with a his white
guardian at the gate of the institution. We will use this picture to show the forced
assimilation of Aboriginal children.

Larkin, Steve. 27 November 2017.

Steve Larkin is a professor who teaches Indigenous education and research at the
University of Newcastle in Australia. Professor Larkin is a descendant of the Stolen
Generation, and as a Kungarakan Aboriginal man, he has lived through discrimination and
assimilation of culture. He has also experienced first-hand the loss of identity that comes
with the Stolen Generation, making “family history and genealogies...hard to discover.”
Currently, he collaborates with the Healing Foundation, an organization that seeks to
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 5

combat the trauma that exists from the discrimination in Australian society. In an email
interview with Professor Larkin, he discussed how the Healing Foundation is “advocating
for a new policy framework that addresses the effects of intergenerational trauma.” He
also discussed that although the Australian Government has attempted to establish
compromise for the Aboriginal people, Aboriginal people still face “racism,
discrimination, and state apathy.” Professor Larkin has proved to be a tremendous help to
our research efforts with his thoughts on the government’s attempts at compromisation,
which allows us to get a more wholesome perspective on the “compromise” aspect of the
2017 National History Day theme.

McGookin, Malcolm. “How About a Compromise?”

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ba/93/67/ba93679327e5b40b9f3158b3616ddd0a.jpg​.
This source is a cartoon by British cartoonist Malcolm McGookin, who immigrated to
Australia in the 1990s. His cartoon reflects the British indifference toward Aboriginal land
when they first arrived in the country and their failed attempt at “compromise.” We will
use this cartoon to establish context, showing the beginning traces of white indifference
and dominance.

National Sorry Day. ​26 May 2008,

junkee.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/sorryday.jpg.
Since National Sorry Day was implemented in Australia in 1998 as an attempt to
compromise with and apologize to the Aboriginal community, people have shown their
support in various ways. This image, taken in Sydney, Australia on National Sorry Day in
2008, shows the word “Sorry” written in the sky and is one of these forms of apology.

Native Welfare Administration Act of 1937​.

www.findandconnect.gov.au/ref/wa/objects/thumbs/tn_Native%20Welfare%20Act%2019
54.png​.
This image is a primary picture of the official document stating the ​Native Welfare
Administration Act of 1937​, which states, “​...this Conference believes that the destiny of
the natives of aboriginal origin...lies in their ultimate absorption by the people of the
Commonwealth.” ​We will use this quote in our timeline of the Protection Acts to provide
the audience with information about the assimilation policies of the 20th century.

Neville, A. O. “Three Quadroon Sisters.” ​Australia's Coloured Minority: Its Place in the
Community​, Currawong Publishing Co, 1947.
This is a photograph, from A. O. Neville’s book, depicts three Australian siblings who are
one-quarter Aboriginal. Under the photo, the author writes “THREE QUADROON
SISTERS...The large freckles on the face of the centre figure are the only trace of colour
apparent.” As a result, this photo reflects the attempted ethnocide on the Aboriginal
people. We will use it to show the goal of the Stolen Generation, which was to breed out
the Aboriginal race and assimilate them into society.

New Norcia Mission​. Dumbartung Aboriginal Corporation,

www.abc.net.au/news/image/8618262-3x2-940x627.png​.
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 6

In this photo, a nun leads a group of Aboriginal children during the New Norcia Mission.
As shown by this photo, these missions forced Aboriginal children to adopt Western
clothing and Christianity, which we will use to demonstrate the assimilation of Aboriginal
culture during the Stolen Generation.

Northern Territory Aboriginals Ordinance of 1911​.

http://www.abc.net.au/news/image/8572062-3x2-940x627.jpg​.
This source is the Northern Territory Aboriginals Ordinance of 1911, which states that
Aboriginals are to be “absorbed” by the Australian Government, ultimately leaving
Australian Aboriginals without independence and rights. This ordinance treats Aboriginals
as inferiors who are unable to take care of themselves. This source represents an aspect of
the conflict that existed between the Australian Government and the Aboriginals.

“One Word: Stolen Generations.” ​YouTube​, PIAC News, 31 May 2016,

https://youtu.be/VGyijzAX108
This video was released on National Sorry Day in 2016, and it includes a variety of
testimonies from Aboriginal members and descendants of the Stolen Generation. These
people show how the legacy of white superiority is still affecting Aboriginal communities
today, and people are still living with the effects of the Stolen Generation. In addition,
they talk about how the apology was a start toward progress but it was not enough, which
is a central theme of compromise in our project.
 
Parker, Kirstie M. 19 Dec. 2017.
Kirstie Parker is a Yuwallarai Aboriginal women from northwest New South Wales. She
is currently ​the CEO of the ​National Centre of Indigenous Excellence (NCIE), the director
of ​Reconciliation Australia​, and a board member of the ​Indigenous Remote
Communications Association (IRCA). Previously, she was a Co-Chair of the ​National
Congress of Australia’s First Peoples for two years. She was also the editor of an
Aboriginal owned newspaper, the Koori Mail. As an Aboriginal woman and someone who
has fought against white superiority her entire life, she is an excellent resource for our
project. She has helped us better understand the struggles of Aboriginal people and how
they are working towards compromise in Australian society.

Ratnayake, Asanka. ​Aboriginal Poverty​. Onya Magazine,

www.onyamagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/img_4467-edit-1024x682.jpg​.
http://www.onyamagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/img_4278-1024x682.jpg
These two images depict the reality of poverty in Aboriginal Australia. Almost 20% of
Aboriginal people live in poverty, and this fact is due to centuries of racism, assimilation,
and discrimination. We will use this image to show how the legacy of white superiority
affects current Aboriginal communities.

Ratnayake, Asanka ​No Pride in Genocide​. 26 Jan. 2017,

www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Images/2017/1/26/02eb915018794b80806ae7b50bc3876e_8.
jpg​.
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 7

This is an image from a recent protest against Australia Day on January 26th, the
anniversary of British arrival and “discovery” of Australia. Many Aboriginal people
protest this day because it reflects the idea of white indifference toward the country’s
Indigenous communities.

Ratnayake, Asanka ​You Are on Stolen Land​. 26 Jan. 2017,

www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Images/2017/1/26/6a055a76c9254a7497100d2cfc4fab0b_8.j
pg​.
This is another image from a recent protest against Australia Day. We will use the photo
to reflect how Aboriginal people are standing up in the face of oppression and challenging
white superiority.

Residents of the Carrolup Mission Gathered for a Photo,

www.abc.net.au/news/image/8602394-3x2-940x627.jpg​.
This image shows a group of Aboriginal children from governmental housing: the
“Carrolup Mission.” These children were removed from their families and forced to
assimilate to white culture, even by their way of dress. It can be seen that the children are
wearing Western clothing. This fits into our argument about the assimilation of Aboriginal
youth during the Stolen Generation.

Rudd, Kevin. ​National Apology to the Stolen Generations​. Youtube, February 13th, 2008,
https://youtu.be/xiLnsFyAVqE​.
This source is a video recording of the Prime Minister of Australia’s apology to the
Aboriginal people, specifically the 50,000 children who were forced to become part of the
Stolen Generation. Issued in 2008 by Kevin Rudd, this is the government’s first formal
apology for their abuse. He says that Australia is taking the first step in reconciliation by
acknowledging the past and making strides to include all Australians in the future. This
source is important to our project because Rudd acknowledges that while this is an
uncomfortable topic to talk about, it is imperative to the nation’s healing process. In
addition, he rejects the common belief that the country should not apologize because the
abuse was perpetrated by older generations. In fact, he says that the Stolen Generation was
going on in the 1970s, and there are current serving members of Parliament who were
elected at this time. This source will be helpful to us as we study the government’s attempt
to compromise and how this has affected the future of Aboriginal people.

“Sorry Book Entry.”

https://www.creativespirits.info/images/uploads/aboriginalculture/politics/sorry-book-entr
y.png​.
This is a photograph of an Australian “Sorry Book” during the sorry movement in
Australia. A Sorry Book is a book of letters written by Australian citizens to express their
condolences for the discrimination and mistreatment of Aboriginals throughout history,
specifically the Stolen Generation. This is a part of the compromise that the Australian
government implemented for Aboriginals.
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 8

Sorry Means You Don't Do It Again​.

http://stopstolengenerations.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/cropped-G20B-W4.jpg​.
This is an image of a protest in Australia, led by the Aboriginal community. The people in
this image are fighting against the Second Stolen Generation happening in Australia,
which reflects the failed compromise and current conflict in the country.

Sorry Scarf during the Government's Formal Apology. ​Time​, Newspix, 13 Feb. 2008,
timedotcom.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/95488744.jpg.
This image depicts Rhonda Randall and Sharon Mumbler, Aboriginal women, holding a
scarf that says “Sorry” during Kevin Rudd’s formal apology to the Aboriginal community.
We will use this image to reflect the compromise aspect of our project because it shows
Aboriginal people fighting for their rights and the government’s attempt at an apology.

Stop Indigenous Deaths in Custody​.

www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Images/2017/1/26/05dbcabaab754ae7ab51972a3cd712ef_8.j
pg​.
This is an image from a recent protest in Australia. The people in this image are fighting
against police brutality toward Aboriginal Australians and the current investigations of
indigenous deaths in custody. We will use this in our “Legacy” argument to show that
Aboriginal communities are still experiencing discrimination.

Strelein, Lisa. 9 Jan. 2017.

Dr. Lisa Strelein is a member of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Studies, and she focuses on how Australian court interacts with Indigenous
Australians and their rights. She works directly with the government on how to eradicate
discrimination in Australian society, so she is an essential part of promoting compromise
between Aboriginal and non Aboriginal people. She also holds the position of “Executive
Director of Research” at the University of Victoria. Dr. Strelein organizes the National
Native Title Conference, which is an annual conference in Australia in which Indigenous
policy is discussed with members of the Australian Government. With this, Dr. Strelein
has a lot of knowledge and first hand experience about the Australian Government’s
attempts at creating compromise with Aboriginal people and their rights.
 
“Telling Our Stories – Our Stolen Generations (Faye Clayton).” ​YouTube​, The Healing
Foundation, 27 Nov. 2014,
www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDs0oTYZqeE​.
In this video, Faye Clayton, a Koori Aboriginal person, tells the story of how she grew up
after being taken from her home. While her parents were at work, the Australian
government took Clayton and five of her siblings and forced them to live and work on
various farms. Clayton ran away from each one because of the abuse she experienced. In
addition, her parents came to see their children many times but were not allowed to see
them, and the children were told that their parents did not want them. They were also told
to avoid other people who were Koori like themselves. This source is important to our
research because it is a first person testimony of what happened to the Stolen Generation.
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 9

In addition to forced assimilation, it exemplifies the abuse and emotional trauma that the
Australian government inflicted on the country’s indigenous people.

“Telling Our Stories – Our Stolen Generations (Lorraine Peeters).” ​YouTube​, The Healing
Foundation, 4 Dec. 2014,
https://youtu.be/p-kVgJ2i6MY
This is a video of Lorraine Peeters, an Aboriginal woman who was stolen from her home
as a child. Her testimony is important to our project because we will use it to show the
abuse that Aboriginal children faced. Her trauma was so severe that she has forgotten two
years of her life during this time because of the mistreatment she experienced. Lorraine is
also a strong advocate today for other Aboriginal people, encouraging them to share their
stories in order to heal. This is an important part of our compromise argument.

We Are the Stolen Generation​. SBS,

www.sbs.com.au/nitv/sites/sbs.com.au.nitv/files/styles/body_image/public/90997953-59ce
-4a6e-86a4-0ec211a94ba6_1496119838.jpeg?itok=FQVTHDwu&mtime=1496119916​.
This is an image of two Aboriginal women holding a sign that says, “We are the Stolen
Generation, kidnapped from happiness, a mum and dad we never knew. Still lingers in my
heart. Why? Why do you deny our past?” We will use this image to show the effects that
the Stolen Generation had on its victims, and how they are still hurting today. It also
shows the government’s denial of their suffering.

We Want Land Not Handouts​. Canberra, 1972.

https://i0.wp.com/nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3256026-v​.
Taken in 1972, this image is from the Aboriginal Embassy Protest. It reflects the conflict
between Aboriginal people and the government because they were protesting for
Aboriginal land rights. We will use this image to show how Aboriginal people fought for
compromise with the government and recognition of their basic human rights.

White Australia Has Black History.

http://howlandechoes.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/r0_147_3000_1834_w1200_h678
_fmax.jpg​.
This image is from a recent protest in Australia, showing how Aboriginal people are
standing up to the whitewashing of black history in their country. We will use this image
in our “Reclaiming Rights” section to reflect the conflict between white Australia and the
Indigenous community.
 
Wilson, Sir Roland, and Mick Dodson. “Bringing Them Home Report (1997).” ​Australian
Human Rights Commission​, Australian Human Rights Commission, 13 Dec. 2012,
www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/bringing-them-home-report-1997​.
Bringing Them Home​, also known as the Stolen Generation, is the official Australian
Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of ​Aboriginal and ​Torres Strait Islander
Children from Their Families. The report was commissioned in April 1997 by ​Sir Ronald
Wilson​, President of the ​Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission​, and ​Mick
Dodson​, the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner. It marked
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 10

a pivotal moment in the Stolen Generation controversy in the 20th century. This report
provides direct insight into the Australian government’s attitude towards the Australian
Genocide and its past treatment of Aboriginal people.

Secondary Sources: 42

“Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders Flag.” ​AIATSIS​, 3 July 2017,

aiatsis.gov.au/sites/default/files/view_images/explore/aboriginal_flag.png​.
This picture depicts the flag of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. The flag is symbolic
of Aboriginal Australians being in touch with their land and the sun. This picture will be
used to provide background information on the Aboriginal Australian community.

Agency, Digital Transformation. “Reconciliation.” ​Australia.gov.au​, Digital

Transformation Agency, 5 May 2015,
www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/reconciliation​.
This resource was published by the Australian government, and provides insight into the
reconciliation techniques that the government implemented in order to resolve lingering
tensions with Aboriginal peoples. While the Australian government’s perspective of the
Indigenous peoples’ struggles may be biased, this source allows the reader to view every
point of view on the Australian genocide, which is a key part of historiography. This
source discusses the civil rights campaigns that took place between 1957-1967, which
resulted in Aboriginal peoples being granted citizenship and voting rights. These newly
acquired rights demonstrated significant progress towards the equality of Indigenous
Australians. In entirety, the article discusses the resolution of the inequality between
Australians and Aboriginal peoples, which describes the “compromise” part of the
“conflict and compromise” history fair theme.

Bardon, Jane. “Indigenous Families Battling against Becoming Second Stolen Generation.” ​ABC
News​, 20 Mar. 2017,
www.abc.net.au/news/2017-03-20/indigenous-families-battling-second-stolen-generation/
8365072​.
Written by Jane Bardon, a member of the National Reporting Team for ABC (Australian
Broadcasting Corporation) News, this news report focuses on the recent “Second Stolen
Generation” occurring in the Northern Territory (NT) of Australia. Bardon interviews an
Aboriginal family from NT that fought the government to return their two children from
Territory Families. The family explains how the two boys were suddenly removed from
their care without an any explanation of why or where they were being taken. Similar to
the Stolen Generation in the 1900s, the children were not allowed to speak in their native
language and were not called by their Aboriginal birth names. The article also provides
statistics on NT children in and out of home care during the past 5 years and the
percentage of those that were of Aboriginal descent.

“British Colonization of Australia.” ​Wikipedia​,

upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/The_Founding_of_Australia._By_
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 11

Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg/220px-The_Founding
_of_Australia._By_Capt._Arthur_Phillip_R.N._Sydney_Cove%2C_Jan._26th_1788.jpg​.
This image depicts British settlers of Australia hoisting the British flag. This source can be
used to represent how the British immediately claimed Australian land, without
recognizing the Aboriginal population already living there. We will use this image to
establish context of British settlers and the first traces of white superiority.

“Chapter 2 - Life under the Protection Acts.” ​Parliament of Australia​, Commonwealth

Parliament, 15 Apr. 2013,
www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/senate/legal_and_constitutional_affa
irs/completed_inquiries/2004-07/stolen_wages/report/c02​.
This source is found on the official website of the Australian Parliament. This webpage
discusses the harsh living conditions brought upon the Australian Aboriginal community
through the Protection Acts, restricting legislation passed in the 19th century to regulate
Aboriginal lives. It covers common features of the protectionist regimes, and
governmental control of employment, wages, and conditions. This source allows us to
gain insight regarding the effects of the Protection Acts that served as a precursor to the
ethnocide of the Stolen Generation.

Chesterman, John, and Heather Douglas. “'Their Ultimate Absorption': Assimilation in 1930s
Australia.” ​Journal of Australian Studies​, vol. 28, no. 81, 2004, pp. 47–58.,
doi:10.1080/14443050409387937,
https://minerva-access.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/33427​.
Dr. John Chesterman graduated in Law and Arts from the University of Melbourne, and is
a Research Fellow at the University of Melbourne's Centre for Public Policy. He is the
author of journal articles published in ​Australian Journal of Legal History and ​Law in
Context​. Professor Heather Douglas is a professor and researcher at the University of
Queensland, Australia in the TC Beirne School of Law. Douglas studies the relationship
between Indigenous people and criminal law, as well as domestic violence. She was
appointed as a Member to the Australian Research Council's College of Experts in 2016.
Chesterman and Douglas’ collaboration article “Their Ultimate Absorption” focuses on
the issue of Australia’s assimilation policy in the 20th century with reference to Xavier
Herbert’s classic novel, ​Capricornia. They explore the complex definition of
“assimilation” and its forced integration into Australian society. This journal article
provides a clear understanding of the victims, intentions, and justification behind the
assimilation policy when administered in the 1930s.

Davidson, Helen. “John Howard: There Was No Genocide against Indigenous Australians.” ​The
Guardian​, Guardian News and Media, 22 Sept. 2014,
www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/22/john-howard-there-was-no-genocide-against-in
digenous-australians​.
This article was written by Helen Davidson of the Guardian news outlet, and contains
material from interviews with former Australian prime minister John Howard, and the
chief executive, Richard Weston, of the national Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Healing Foundation. This article focuses on the former prime minister’s denial of the
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 12

Australian genocide and the practice of discrimination against Indigenous Australians.

Howard refused to formally apologize for the Aboriginal peoples’ mistreatment and
discrimination. This is significant because it demonstrates how discrimination for
Aboriginal peoples has been overlooked, and even the former prime minister refused to
solve problems involving racial inequality. Furthermore, Richard Weston shares his views
on Howard’s denial of the genocide, discussing how the stolen generations policy was not
“designed to support the continuance of [Indigenous peoples’] 60,000-year-old culture.”
The information in this article supports the “compromise” part of the “conflict and
compromise” theme by showing the lack of compromise for the manipulated and
mistreated Indigenous peoples by the former prime minister.

Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. “European Discovery and the Colonisation of
Australia.” Australia.gov.au, Digital Transformation Agency, 1 Apr. 2015,
www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/european-discovery-and-colonisatio
n​.
This source is provided by the Australian Government, and provides us with information
about the European discovery of Australia and its early years of colonization. In this
article, brief overviews are given about European mariners and leaders of colonization, as
well as the establishments of British colonies on Australian lands. Using this government
source, we are able to collect crucial historical context about the beginning of “white
Australia” and further our argument about white dominance in modern society.

Finkel, Michael. “First Australians.” ​National Geographic​, 3 June 2013,

www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2013/06/australia-Aboriginals-tradition-cultural-
preservation/​.
“First Australians” was written by Michael Finkel, a professional journalist for​ National
Geographic ​who has traveled the world to study different cultures. In addition, the
photographer of this article, Amy Toensing, has created a documentary through ​National
Geographic focusing on the cultural struggle of the Aboriginal people. We are hoping to
use this documentary as a source for project as well. This article is helpful for us because
not only does it describe the unique cultural practices and lifestyles of the Aboriginal
people, it also talks about the many problems they face today. By traveling to Australia
and living with an Aboriginal nation, Finkel’s research gives us insight into their lives that
will help us to better understand their struggle.

Gray-Reuters, David. “Aboriginal Man.” ​Newsweek​,

s.newsweek.com/sites/www.newsweek.com/files/2015/04/21/rtx14pwn.jpg​.
This photo, taken by David Gray-Reuters, depicts an Aboriginal man during a traditional
ceremony in Sydney. We will use this photo to introduce the Australian Aboriginal
community and provide context about their culture and lifestyle.

Haebich, Anna. “The Encyclopedia of Women & Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia.”

Aboriginal Women - The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in
Twentieth-Century Australia​, Australian Women's Archives Project 2014,
http://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/biogs/WLE0022b.htm
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 13

The author of this encyclopedia article, Anna Haebich, is an Australian writer and
professor at Curtin University. She has written numerous award-winning books and
articles focusing on the indigenous people of Australia and the government’s
discrimination policies. This resource is useful to us because it goes into detail about the
racial and gender discrimination faced by Aboriginal women, specifically through laws
passed by the Australian government. For example, it describes how Aboriginal women
were excluded from the women’s suffrage movement when only white women were
granted the right to vote. It also talks about the improvements Aboriginal women have
made and continue to make over time, which will be helpful for our research on the
compromise aspect of History Fair.

“Inclusive Language.” ​Monash University​,

www.monash.edu/about/editorialstyle/writing/inclusive-language​.
This source provided by Monash University discusses the proper terminology when
referring to the Aboriginal people of Australia. Because many of the terms used to refer to
the Aboriginal people are deemed negative or condescending, it is important to understand
which terms are appropriate for usage. The source says the terms “Aboriginal
Australians,” “Indigenous Australians,” “Aboriginal people,” and “First Australians” are
proper words to describe these people. Terms that refer to specific tribes, such as Koori
and Nyoongar, should be avoided when referring to Aboriginal people because they are
specific subsections of the Aboriginal people, and are often confused when referring to all
Indigenous Australians. As the healing process for Aboriginal Australians continues, it is
important to use correct terminology when referring to these people in the history fair
project. The misuse of certain terms for Aboriginal people is a significant issue in the
conflict of their discrimination and provides another connection to the “conflict and
compromise” theme.

“Indigenous Disadvantage in Australia.” ​Australians Together​,

https://www.australianstogether.org.au/discover/the-wound/indigenous-disadvantage-in-au
stralia/
Australians Together is part of a social movement based in Australia that strives to build a
better future for Indigenous Australians. The leaders behind this movement believe in
looking at the current Aboriginal crisis through a “different perspective,” arguing that the
problem results from a lack of relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous
Australians. The Australians Together organization hosts many events throughout
Australia in attempt to celebrate Aboriginal culture and share their stories. In this article,
the organization focuses on the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians,
specifically the differences in physical/mental health, education, employment, poverty,
incarceration, and child abuse. The statistics, which will help us when comparing the
quality of life of Aboriginal and white Australians, prove that Aboriginal people have a
significant disadvantage in society. For example, Aboriginal adults are imprisoned at a
rate thirteen times that of non-indigenous adults, and they have an unemployment rate that
is 5 times higher than average. These statistics are important to our project because they
show that the conflict is ongoing. Despite advances, Aboriginal Australians do not have
the same resources or standard of living as non-Indigenous people.
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 14

“Indigenous Youth Suicide.” ​Australians Together​.

This source is another article from Australians Together, the social movement trying to
build relationships between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians in addition to
closing the gap between them. This article talks about the inequality that Aboriginal
people face, specifically focusing on mental health. In 2010, Indigenous people comprised
only 3% of the population, but made up 50% of the total Australian suicide rate and 80%
of the youth suicide rate. On the other hand, non-Indigenous people comprised 97% of
population, but made up only 50% of total suicide rate and 20% of youth suicide.
Indigenous adults are 3 times more likely to suffer from mental illness. Clearly,
Aboriginal people have a much higher risk of mental health issues but do not receive the
support they need. This article is important to our project because it explains how these
mental health issues stem from European colonialism, trauma from the Stolen Generation,
and current discrimination. As a result, we can see that the original conflicts have created
ongoing problems in today’s society.

James Cook Discovering Australia​. 1770

This is a painting from 1770 depicting James Cook’s “discovery” of New South Wales. It
glorifies and celebrates his conquer of the Aboriginal people. We will use this painting to
establish context on our site, showing how Aboriginal culture was destroyed by white
settlers.

Juvenile Detention Rates​. Australians Together,

impakter.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/gap06_500.jpg.
This image shows the gap between juvenile detention rates for non-Indigenous youth vs
Indigenous. We will use this image to show Aboriginal children are at a serious
disadvantage in current Australian society, as a result of centuries of racism and
assimilation.

“Kirkus Review.” Review of ​Capricornia​. ​Kirkus Reviews​,

www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/xavier-herbert/capricornia/​.
Kirkus Reviews is an American magazine that focuses on book reviews, founded in 1933.
The magazine reviews over 7,000 titles every year and is home to one of the richest
literary awards in the world. This critical review of the novel ​Capricornia written by
Xavier Herbert explores the dense story behind Aboriginal Australians and their realistic
relationship with white people. It calls the story “ruthlessly honest” and “an important
addition to our too slim knowledge of a not so very distant ally.” With this review, we can
better implement the source into our research.

Korff, Jens. “Stolen Generations—Effects and Consequences.” ​Creative Spirits​, 18 Oct. 2017,
www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/politics/stolen-generations-effects-and-consequ
ences​.
Creative Spirits, ​created by Korff Jens, celebrates and brings awareness to Aboriginal
culture and customs. In addition, he also focuses on current injustice and the gap in
Australian society. In this article, the author describes the effects and consequences of the
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 15

Stolen Generation on its victims and their family members. He includes a series of quotes
about loss of identity and culture, mental health issues, and substance abuse, which we
will use to better understand the aftermath of the Stolen Generation and the legacy it has
left on its victims.

Larson, Ann, et al. “It's Enough to Make You Sick: the Impact of Racism on the Health of
Aboriginal Australians.” ​Wiley Online Library​, 2 Aug. 2007,
doi:10.1111/j.1753-6405.2007.00079.x.
This scholarly article is written by Professor Ann Larson of the Combined Universities
Centre for Rural Health in Western Australia. In this article, she focuses on the racial bias
that Aboriginal Australians experience and how this affects the mental and physical
wellbeing of the victims. Her data shows that Aboriginal people reported experiencing
negative treatment that is racially biased 3.6 times as often than non-Aboriginal people:
“the odds of Aboriginal people reporting racially based negative treatment were 3.6 times
greater than the odds for non-Aboriginal people.” This is an important statistic to consult
when writing the legacy page of our website because it discusses how discrimination from
a white-dominant world leads to the decline in mental (and often physical) health of
Aboriginal Australians. Additionally the unemployment rate of Aboriginals is higher than
that of non-Aboriginals, which creates the problem of Aboriginals being unable to receive
proper health care and lead healthy lives; this affects the physical wellbeing of
Aboriginals. This article supplies data that can be used on the site to demonstrate the
disparity between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal lives regarding their lifestyles. This
article is helpful for the project because it provides hard facts for how Aboriginal
Australians continue to experience discrimination, even after the Australian Government’s
attempts to compromise for the past Genocide and mistreatment of native Australians.

Marlow, Karina. “Explainer: the Stolen Generations.” ​NITV​, 23 Nov. 2016,

http://www.sbs.com.au/nitv/explainer/explainer-stolen-generations​.
The author of this article, Karina Marlow, is an Aboriginal person from the Kamilaroi
nation of Australia. NITV News, or National Indigenous Television, is a news source
produced primarily by indigenous people with the goal of educating the world about their
struggle. This article focuses on the Stolen Generation, which is helpful to us because it
discusses the forced assimilation of the Aboriginal people told from the perspective of
someone who has close personal ties to this event. In addition to the loss of culture and
physical abuse, the author focuses on the psychological and emotional trauma these
children suffered from. To emphasize this, the author includes links to videos where
Aboriginal children who were taken from their families share their experiences. Finally,
this article includes information about The Healing Foundation, implemented by the
Australian government as part of their apology. This foundation attempts to address
trauma and promote cultural leadership groups, which is an important aspect of
compromise as Aboriginal people move forward.

Maybury-Lewis, David, and Wade Davis. “Oceania.” ​Peoples of the World​, National Geographic,
2001, pp. 48–79.
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 16

This source is published by National Geographic, and contains cultural information on

many different areas of the world. The section that is being used for this project is
“Oceania,” which describes the past events that have shaped the Oceanic region and made
it the way it is today. It discusses how British colonists conquered Australia and the
islands off the coast of northern Australia, and that many Aboriginal Australians have
been affected by radiation exposure from nuclear test sites established by the government.
It also states that despite Aboriginal people’s mistreatment, some of their cultural
traditions survived the genocide. This source includes much information about British
colonization, and their negative actions toward the Indigenous people, which is a
significant factor of the conflict portion of our History Fair argument.

“National Sorry Day 2016.” ​Ahrc.admin​, Australian Human Right Commission, 25 May 2016,
www.humanrights.gov.au/news/stories/national-sorry-day-2016​.
This source was published by the Australian Human Right Commission, which is an
Australian group that continually advocates for the Aboriginal peoples’ rights and
recognition of their suffering. The Commission discusses the implementation of
Australia’s National Sorry Day, which is a significant day in Australia that serves to
acknowledge the hardships that the natives have endured. National Sorry Day serves as a
compromise for the mistreatment and discrimination that the Indigenous peoples had faced
throughout much of history, especially during the genocide; this directly connects with the
2017 history fair theme of “conflict and compromise.”

Neubauer, Ian Lloyd. “Australian Child Protection Accused of Repeating Sins of 'Stolen
Generations'.” ​Time​, Time, 10 Mar. 2014,
time.com/19431/australian-child-protection-accused-of-repeating-sins-of-stolen-generatio
ns/​.
The writer of this Time article, Ian Neubauer, includes interviews from Aboriginal people
who have had their children removed by authorities and placed into other homes. The
interviewees state that their children were forcefully removed and escorted by large
numbers of police officers. Additionally, no previous notice of their children’s removal
was given to the families. It is said that 10% of indigenous children have been removed
from their families, while only 1.6% of non-indigenous children have been placed in
out-of-home care. The Department of Family and Community Services (FaCS) states that
neglect is the primary cause of many indigenous-child removals; 40% of Aboriginal
children are removed due to deemed “neglect.” About 50,000 Australian Aborigines and
Torres Strait Islanders “suffer poorer health, worse housing, shorter life spans, higher
unemployment and higher incarceration rates” than other indigenous Australians. This
article discusses that a second stolen generation appears to be occurring because the rate of
Indigenous Australian children being removed by authorities continually increases
(increasing by an average of 495 indigenous children annually). This supports our thesis
that white supremacy is still a prominent issue in current-day Australia, and represents this
ongoing conflict.

Nieves, Evelyn. “Australia's 'Stolen Generations' Tell Their Stories.” ​The New York Times​, The
New York Times, 24 May 2017,
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 17

lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2017/05/24/australias-Aboriginal-stolen-generation-tells-its-storie
s/?mcubz=1​.
Evelyn Nieves is a writer for ​The New York Times​, focusing on photography, video, and
visual journalism. In her article “Australia's 'Stolen Generations' Tell Their Stories,”
Nieves discusses Australia’s Stolen Generation through Matthew Sherwood’s, a Canadian
photojournalist, documentation of first-hand survivors. The article explains how
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children were forcefully sent to boarding schools in
order to remove all traces of their indigenous culture. Nieves outlines the interviews in
Sherwood’s documentation with numerous boarding school survivors and provides photos
of the survivors depicting their emotions. Her article also provides a insight into the
increasing Australian acknowledgement towards the assimilation era.

Perkins, Rachel, director. ​First Australians​. ​Youtube.com​, SBS, 2008,

www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTJG8AJ_tDs​.
First Australians is an award-winning mini series documentary that describes what life
was like for Indigenous Australians during British invasion. The director, Rachel Perkins,
has created multiple films with Indigenous Australians at its focus, and has also served as
president for the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. The
first episode of the film includes historians discussing the events of the British settling in
Sydney, Australia. Once the British arrived, many Indigenous Australians became ill with
Smallpox, which the British were immune to, which wiped out most of the First
Australians. Fast forward in time, the remaining Aboriginal Australians were kidnapped
and forced into concentration camps by the British. Many women and children, especially,
were kidnapped and executed. They were also forced to assimilate to British culture by
forced dress, among many other things regarding their removal of culture. An important
selection of the film includes the following narration: “One of the largest holders of sheep
in the colony maintained at a public meeting at Bathurst that the best thing that could be
done would be to shoot all the blacks and manure the ground with their carcasses which
was all the good they were fit for. It was recommended likewise that the women and
children should especially be shot as the most certain method of getting rid of the race.
Shortly after this declaration, martial law was proclaimed and sad was the havoc made
upon the tribes at Bethesda. A large number were driven into a swamp and mounted police
rode round and round and shot them off indiscriminately until they were all destroyed. 45
heads were collected and boiled down for the sake of their skulls” (1:01:22-1:02:14). This
selection is quite descriptive and demonstrates bloodthirstiness of the British; this is a
significant piece of the “conflict” part of the 2017 History Day theme. This documentary
included an abundant supply of information that we will be able to use in our projects, that
otherwise we would not have been able to find. Adding to this, the documentary displayed
many historians and Aboriginal peoples who we can potentially contact for interviews
(Allen Madden and Bruce Pascoe, among others).

Perlez, Jane. “Aboriginal Literature.” Review of ​Carpentaria​. ​The New York Times​,
www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/books/review/Perlez-t.html.
Jane Perlez is a long time London correspondent for The New York Times and is also a
currently serving as Beijing Bureau Chief in China. In her critical review, Perlez analyzes
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 18

the novel Carpentaria by Alexis Wright and its “tale of tortured relations.” She calls the
book a “sweeping social protest novel” that “​described the subjugation of Aborigines at
the hands of white settlers.” Perlez’s critical review provides us with a deeper, more
well-rounded understanding of the novel’s background and its importance to the
reconciliation movement of Aboriginal Australians.
 
Pilger, John. “Another Stolen Generation: How Australia Still Wrecks Aboriginal Families | John
Pilger.” ​The Guardian​, Guardian News and Media, 21 Mar. 2014,
www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/21/john-pilger-indigenous-australian-fam
ilies​.
This news article is written by John Pilger, an Australian journalist and documentary
filmmaker. He is the youngest journalist to receive Britain’s highest award for journalism,
Journalist of the Year​. His documentaries revealing Australia’s indigenous history won
him both an Emmy and a BAFTA, as well as numerous international documentary awards.
His article in ​The Guardian highlights the recent events within the Australian Aboriginal
community; to this day, the Australian government continues the assimilation policy
where almost 14,000 Aboriginal children had been removed as of June 2013. Aboriginal
grandmothers who survived the Stolen Generation in the 20th century now have stolen
grandchildren with no explanation as to why. This has been called the “Second Stolen
Generation,” providing proof that the Australian government continues to disregard the
rights of the Aboriginal people in Australia.

Polya, Gideon. “Aboriginal Genocide by Apartheid Australia.” ​Aboriginal Genocide by

Apartheid Australia | Sovereign Union - First Nations Asserting Sovereignty​, 16 Feb.
2014,
http://nationalunitygovernment.org/content/Aboriginal-genocide-apartheid-austra
lia​.
Dr. Gideon Polya is an Australian author, professor, and scientist who has written about
many lesser known genocides across the world, including the Aboriginal genocide and the
Palestinian genocide. He has taught at several notable universities such as Cornell,
Australian National University, and La Trobe University. This article contains statistics
and results from research studies, which will help us with the scientific aspect of our
project. These statistics will allow us to justify our claims with proven facts. Through
information about poor health care, poor education, poverty, and unemployment, Polya
describes the mistreatment of Aboriginal people and how the actions of the Australian
government greatly impacted their future. Most importantly, however, the author includes
ways that we, as a society, can improve the lives of Aboriginal people today. Again, this
will be significant to our theme as we continue to discuss compromise and justice for
Australia’s indigenous population.

Poster, Jem. “Down among the Yinbirras.” Review of ​Carpentaria​. ​The Guardian​,
www.theguardian.com/books/2008/apr/26/featuresreviews.guardianreview29​.
Jem Poster is a frequent writer and book reviewer for The Guardian, a British daily
newspaper based in London, England. In the critical review of ​Carpentaria​, an
award-winning novel written by Aboriginal Alexis Wright, Poster describes it as ​“in part a
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 19

chronicle of dispossession” that deals with topics like “lethal racism.” Poster recommends
the book to all those who seek a rewarding end that has individual literary style. The
source allows us to further our comprehension of the book at hand, and its greater
meaning in society.

Saban, Sinem and Damien Curtis, directors. ​Our Generation​. ​Our Generation Media​, 2011.
Our Generation is a documentary directed by Sinem Saban and Damien Curtis. Saban
holds BA in Media Studies, Legal Studies, and Aboriginal Studies, and she has worked
closely with Aboriginal people advocating for social justice. Damien Curtis has worked
for Indigenous rights for the past fifteen years, and he has an MA Hons degree in
Religious Studies and Social Anthropology. He also holds Masters in Environment and
Development from Cambridge University and has worked for the United Nations. This
documentary, winner of ​the "Best Campaign Film" at the London International
Documentary Festival in 2011, ​focuses on the cultural struggle of the Aboriginal people. It
stresses the conflict that many aspects of their traditional lifestyles are becoming extinct.
As a result of forced assimilation, they have lost nearly half of their native languages. By
showing us how Aboriginal people in specific tribes across Australia live, this
documentary gives us insight into the significant inequality and poverty that they face. It
also provides the opinions and thoughts of Aboriginal people, which is important to us
because we get first-person perspectives about their situation and how the government is
responding to it.
“The Stolen Generation.” ​Australians Together​,
www.australianstogether.org.au/stories/detail/the-stolen-generations​.
Australians Together is a social movement organization that aims to rebuild relationships
between Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal people in Australia. The organization highlights
the disparity between the two groups of people, and encourages the rehabilitation between
the two communities. The article “The Stolen Generation” discusses the policy of
assimilation and how it consequently led to what is known as the Stolen Generations
between 1910 and 1970. The article also provides a short interview of a woman named
Ruth Hegarty, now an Aboriginal author, telling her story of how she had been separated
by her mother at age 4 and forced to live alone in a Aboriginal women’s dormitory. The
article and video gives direct insight into how the events of the Stolen Generations was a
violation of basic human rights.

Sydney, Robert Milliken. “Australia Accused of Genocide against Aborigines.” ​The Independent​,
Independent Digital News and Media, 23 May 1997,
www.independent.co.uk/news/world/australia-accused-of-genocide-against-Aborigines-12
63163.html​.
This article was written by Robert Milliken Sydney, an author for Independent news
media, and includes direct quotes from Sir Ronald Wilson, a well-respected, former judge
of Australia. Sir Ronald conducted interviews for his report on the stolen generation and
the genocide that took place in Australia. In the interviews, many Indigenous Australians
told stories of physical and sexual assault that they and their loved ones experiences by
white officers who removed Aboriginal peoples from their families. Sir Ronald’s report
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 20

was a significant step for the country’s acknowledgement of the Australian genocide, and
also served to discredit the former prime minister’s rejection of the genocide. Sir Ronald
Wilson’s findings helped to pave the way for Australian government to create a
compromise for the Indigenous peoples.

Talmadge, Algernon. ​The Founding of Australia​. 1937, State Library of NSW.

The Founding of Australia is a painting by Algernon Talmadge. The picture depicts
Sydney Cove as its setting, and the governor at its center. The raising of the Union Jack in
the image represents official British colonization of Australian lands.

Tatz, Colin. ​Aboriginal Suicide Is Different: a Portrait of Life and Self-Destruction​. Aboriginal
Studies Press, 2001.
Dr. Colin Tatz was the Professor of Politics at the University of New England, Armidale,
and Macquarie University, Sydney. He is now the director of the Australian Institute for
Holocaust and Genocide Studies, and the author of numerous books and articles about
race politics, antisemitism, and racism. His book ​Aboriginal Suicide Is Different: a
Portrait of Life and Self-Destruction studies young Aboriginal men and women who feel
as though they have no purpose in life and consequently seek freedom through death. Tatz
explores how Australian Aboriginal history contributes to high rates of suicide among
Aboriginal youth, and looks into the “soul of suicide” beyond simple statistics. Through
his book, he discusses the failure of Australia as a nation to provide incentives and support
indigenous communities.

“Timeline: Stolen Generations.” ​SBS News​, SBS, 24 May 2012,

www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2012/05/25/timeline-stolen-generations​.
The Special Broadcasting Service (SBS) is a hybrid-funded public broadcasting radio,
online, television, and news network based in Sydney, Australia. This news article
highlights the major events that took place before, during, and after the Stolen Generations
and the legal steps that were taken to allow the forced removal of Aboriginal children
from their families. It lists the key dates, events, and acts starting from the Aborigines
Protection Act of 1869 up to the Australian government’s endorsement of the UN
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People in 2009.

Toensing, Amy. ​Djinang Boy​. New York Times, Gatji, 2013.

www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2013/06/australia-aboriginals-tradition-cultural-p
reservation/#/MM7901_121013_32198.jpg​.
This is an image of a young Djinang Aboriginal boy. We will use it to establish context on
our page about who the Aboriginal people are. It is the cover photo for our site.

Toensing, Amy. ​Yolngu Aboriginal Girl​. New York Times, 2013,

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2013/06/australia-aboriginals-tradition-cul
tural-preservation/#/MM7901_091206_01512.jpg
This is an image of Mawunmula Garawirrtja, a Yolngu Aboriginal girl. We will use this
image to establish context on our website about who the Aboriginal people are. In
addition, we will use it to reflect Aboriginal youth today, because a large part of our
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 21

project focuses on how white superiority and the Stolen Generation have had significant
effects on Aboriginal children.

Together, Australians. “Colonisation.” ​Australians Together​,

https://www.australianstogether.org.au/discover/australian-history/colonisation/​.
Australians Together is a social movement organization that aims to rebuild relationships
between Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal people in Australia. This organization highlights
the disparity between the two communities and encourages rehabilitation through its
efforts. Their article “Colonisation” provides historical context regarding the start of
British colonization and the negative effects that took place following British arrival. The
source also cites relevant quotes from British settlers about the inhumane treatment of
Aboriginal people during colonization.

Van Krieken, Robert. “Rethinking Cultural Genocide: Aboriginal Child Removal and
Settler-Colonial State Formation.” ​Oceania​, vol. 75, no. 2, 2004, pp. 125–151. ​JSTOR​,
JSTOR, ​www.jstor.org/stable/40331967​.
Robert Van Krieken is an Australian author and professor at the University of Sydney.
Much of his research focuses on cultural genocide and the study of civilization vs
decivilization, and he has written several books about sociology. In this article, Krieken
describes the forced assimilation of Aboriginal people through the foster care system,
where Aboriginal children were stolen from their homes. These children were forced to
live with white families in attempt to “civilize” them. The goal of the Australian
government was to eventually breed out the Aboriginal race. Since the government is still
reluctant to apologize, this article is useful to us because it shows proof surrounding their
attempt to destroy indigenous culture.

Williams, Jacqueline. “Fitzroy Fights Australia Day and Demands Respect for Indigenous
History.” ​The New York Times​, The New York Times, 6 Sept. 2017,
www.nytimes.com/2017/09/06/world/australia/australia-day-rejected-Aboriginal.html?mc
ubz=1​.
Jacqueline Williams is a reporter for ​The New York Times based in Sydney, Australia. The
contents of this article discuss the significance of Fitzroy, Australia in the Australian
indigenous community. The local Yarra City Council voted against the recognition on
January 26th as Australia Day, as it marks the arrival of the first British settlers in 1788.
Various Aboriginal artists and activists from Fitzroy are speaking up against the
suppression of indigenous culture and political rights. Williams signifies how the
Aboriginal people demand respect for their history and challenge Australia’s white
establishment.

Wright, Alexis. ​Carpentaria​. Bolinda Audio, 2006.

Alexis Wright is an Aboriginal Australian writer and a distinguished Research Fellow at
the University of Western Sydney. Wright’s first book ​Plains of Promise was nominated
for several awards. Her most successful book, ​Carpentaria​, focuses on the non-European
vision of people’s place in the world in the Gulf of Carpentaria, in Northwest Queensland.
The book exposes the harsh reality of the lives of Australian Aboriginals, and the battle
 Byun, Hekimian, Pitner 22

between loyalty and power. Carpentaria allows us to better understand the experiences
Aboriginal people face in a white dominant society, and provides insight on the efforts
they made to fight for what is rightfully theirs.