TEORIA ELECTROMAGNÉTICA Y ONDAS

UNIT 1 STEP 2 RECOGNIZE THE ELECTRODYNAMIC AND WAVES

APPLICATIONS

PRESENTADO POR

MALFER MANUEL MEJIA MENDOZA. COD: 15.682.343

OMAR GOMEZ VASQUEZ COD: 1101682891

GROUP: 203058_1.

TUTOR:
ING. WILMER HERNANDEZ GUTIERREZ

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA COLOMBIA

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA
2018
INTRODUCTION

In the present collaborative work the development of the activity of unit

1 electromagnetic theory and waves is presented, which is divided into
two parts; first, a consolidated statement of the answers given by each
member to 6 questions that were proposed in the activity guide is
presented, which establishes the conceptual bases necessary to
understand the classification and characterization of electromagnetic
waves in different media. topics such as refractive index, phase constant,
wavelength, skin effect among others.

In the second part of this work, the development and solution given to 5
exercises proposed in the activity guide that provide some mathematical
bases that define the behavior of electromagnetic waves are shown.
1. Explain the practical application of the loss tangent with an
example.
By means of the tangent of, the quality of an insulation can be
determined, between the sea and the conduction current compared with
the displacement current better than the quality of the electrical
insulation. The distribution of the means can be taken into account that
between the mayor of the country the priority angle is the driving
current component versus the displacement current, that is, the
conductor is the medium.

Example: the loss per kilometer in a flat sling that propagates on dry
land.

2. What kind of information give us the propagation velocity

in electromagnetic waves propagation?
The speed of the mechanical waves depends on the characteristics of
the medium in which they propagate: in general, it will be greater in
solids than in liquids, and in them greater than in gases. For example,
the speed of sound in air is approximately 340 m / s (1224 km / h),
while in water it reaches 1500 m / s (5400 km / h) and in steel it can
exceed 6000 m / s (21600 km / h). However, some porous solids, such
as cork, have a great absorption power, so they turn out to be good
sound insulators. In fact, the propagation of sound depends on the
rigidity of the medium; the more rigid the union between the atoms or
the molecules, the more quickly they will recover their position in the
vibration.

In contrast, light is an electromagnetic wave, which arises from the

interaction of electric and magnetic fields, and its speed in vacuum
(symbolized by the letter c, which comes from celerity) is a constant
Example: During a thunderstorm, negative charges accumulate in the
clouds that create such a large difference in potential with the Earth's
surface that they cause a lightning strike. We have all found that the
glow (or lightning) caused by the passage of electric current through the
air is observed before we hear the characteristic noise (or thunder).
Both light and sound are wave movements, but it is easy to conclude
that, in the same medium (the air), both propagate at different speeds.

3. Explain how an electromagnetic wave behaves in free

space, perfect dielectrics and good conductors.
The speed of a wave in matter depends on the elasticity and density of
the medium. In a transverse wave along a taut string, for example, the
speed depends on the tension of the string and its linear density or mass
per unit length. The speed can be doubled by quadrupling the voltage, or
reduced by half quadrupling the linear density. The speed of the
electromagnetic waves in the vacuum (including light) is constant and its
value is approximately 300,000 km / s. By traversing a material medium
this speed varies without ever exceeding its value in a vacuum.

When two waves are at a point, the resulting displacement at that point
is the sum of the individual displacements produced by each of the waves.
If the displacements go in the same direction, both waves are reinforced;
if they go in the opposite direction, they weaken each other. This
phenomenon is known as interference.

When two waves of equal amplitude, wavelength and velocity advance in

the opposite direction through a medium, standing waves form. For
example, if the end of a rope is tied to a wall and the other end is swung
up and down, the waves are reflected in the wall and back in the opposite
direction. If we assume that the reflection is perfectly efficient, the
reflected wave will be half a wavelength delayed with respect to the initial
wave. Interference will occur between both waves and the resulting
displacement at any point and time will be the sum of the displacements
corresponding to the incident wave and the reflected wave. At points
where a crest of the incident wave coincides with a valley of the reflected
one, there is no movement; These points are called nodes. Halfway
between two nodes, the two waves are in phase, that is, the crests
coincide with ridges and valleys with valleys; at these points, the
amplitude of the resulting wave is twice as great as that of the incident
wave; therefore, the string is divided by the nodes into sections of a
wavelength. Between the nodes (which do not advance through the
string), the string vibrates transversely.

Stationary waves also appear on the strings of musical instruments. For

example, a violin string vibrates as a whole (with nodes at the ends), by
halves (with an additional node at the center), by thirds ... All these
vibrations occur simultaneously; the vibration of the string as a whole
produces the fundamental tone and the remaining vibrations generate the
different harmonics.

In quantum mechanics, the structure of the atom is explained by analogy

with a system of standing waves. Much of the advances in modern physics
are based on elaborations of wave theory and wave motion.

4. Using the electromagnetic spectrum, explain the practical

application of every type of radiation.
Radio: Within the chapter of wireless networks, the radio network is the
one that uses radio frequency as a means of joining the various stations
of the network, it is a very current type of network, used in different
companies dedicated to the support of networks in situations difficult for
the establishment of wiring, as is the case of old buildings not designed
for the location of the various equipment components of a computer
network.
The wireless devices that allow the constitution of these networks use
different protocols such as wi-fi: The IEEE 802.11 standard. Which is for
wireless networks, what Ethernet for wired local area networks (LANs).
In addition to the IEEE 802.11 protocol there are other standards such
as homerf, bluetooth and zigbee.

Microwave: A microwave network is a type of wireless network that

uses microwave as a transmission medium. The most frequent protocol
is IEEE 802.11b and transmits at 2.4 GHz, reaching speeds of 11 Mbps
(Megabits per second). Other networks use the range of 5.4 to 5.7 GHz
for the IEEE 802.11 protocol. Many companies that offer Internet
services do so through microwaves, achieving data transmission and
reception speeds of 2,048 Mbps ( ETSI standard level, E1), or multiples.
The service uses an antenna that is placed in a clear area without
obstacles of buildings, trees or other things that could hinder a good
reception in the building or the receiver's house and a modem is placed
that interconnects the antenna with the computer. The communication
between the modem and the computer is made through a network card,
which must be installed on the computer.
The communication is made through microwaves, in Spain in the 3.5 or
26

Infrared: Infrared radiation, thermal radiation or IR radiation is a type

of electromagnetic radiation of greater wavelength than visible light, but
less than that of microwaves. Consequently, it has a lower frequency
than visible light and greater than microwaves. Its range of wavelengths
ranges from about 0.7 to 300 micrometers. Infrared radiation is emitted
by any body whose temperatures are greater than 0 Kelvin, that is,
273.15 degrees Celsius.

Visible light: Visible light is one of the ways energy moves. The light
waves are the result of vibrations of electric and magnetic fields, and
that is why they are a form of electromagnetic radiation (EM). Visible
light is just one of the many types of EM radiation, and occupies a small
range of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. However, we can perceive
light directly with our eyes, and because of the great importance it has
for us, we raise the importance of this small window in the spectrum of
EM rays.
The light waves have wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers
(4,000 and 7,000 Å). As the rainbow fills with shades, our eyes perceive
different lengths from light waves. The red light has relatively long
wavelengths, approximately 700 nm (10-9 meters) long. Blue light and
purple light have short waves, approximately 400 nm. The shorter
waves vibrate at higher frequencies, and have higher energies. The red
light has a frequency of approximately 430 terahertz, while the
frequency of the blue light is approximately 750 terahertz. Red photons
have approximately 1.8 electron-Volt (eV) of energy, while each blue
photon transmits approximately 3.1 eV.
The human eye has developed the ability to see better in the type of
light offered by the Sun. Our eyes are more sensitive to the colors of
yellow to green.

Bluetooth: It is an industrial specification for Wireless Personal Area

Networks (WPANs) that enables the transmission of voice and data
between different devices through a radio frequency link in the ISM
band of 2.4GHz. The main objectives that are intended to achieve with
this standard are:
Facilitate communications between mobile and fixed equipment.
Remove cables and connectors between them
Offer the possibility of creating small wireless networks and facilitate the
Synchronization of data between personal computers.
The devices that most often use this technology belong to sectors of
telecommunications and personal computing, such as PDAs, mobile
phones, laptops, personal computers, printers or digital cameras.
Bluetooth is the communication protocol designed especially for low
power devices, with low coverage and based on low cost transceivers.

Zigbee: The name of the specification of a set of high-level wireless

communication protocols for use with low-power digital broadcasting,
based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard for personal area wireless
networks (wireless personal area network, WPAN ). Its objective is the
applications that require secure communications with low data
transmission rate and maximization of the useful life of its batteries. In
principle, the scope where this technology is expected to gain more
strength is in home automation, as can be seen in the documents of the
ZigBee Alliance, in the bibliographical references that are given below is
the document (ZigBee and Domotics)

Ultraviolet: The ultraviolet "light" is a type of electromagnetic

radiation. Ultraviolet (UV) light has a wavelength shorter than that of
visible light. Purple and violet colors have shorter wavelengths than
other colors of light, and ultraviolet light has wavelengths even shorter
than ultra violet, so it is a kind of "purple plus purple" light or light that
goes "beyond the violet".
Ultraviolet radiation is found between visible light and X-rays of the
electromagnetic spectrum. The "light" ultraviolet (UV) has wavelengths
between 380 and 10 nanometers.

X-rays: They are an electromagnetic radiation of the same nature as

radio waves, microwave waves, infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet
rays and gamma rays. The fundamental difference with gamma rays is
their origin: gamma rays are nuclear-origin radiation produced by the
excitation of a nucleon from one excited level to another of lower energy
and in the decay of radioactive isotopes, while the rays X arise from
extra nuclear phenomena, at the level of the electronic orbit,
fundamentally produced by deceleration of electrons. The energy of X-
rays in general lies between ultraviolet radiation and naturally occurring
gamma rays. X-rays are ionizing radiation because interacting with
matter produces the ionization of the atoms of the same, that is,
originates charged particles ions.

RAYS RANGE: A type of electromagnetic radiation, and therefore

formed by photons, usually produced by radioactive elements or
subatomic processes such as the annihilation of a positron-electron pair.
This type of radiation of such magnitude is also produced in
astrophysical phenomena of great violence.
Due to the high energies they possess, gamma rays constitute a type of
ionizing radiation capable of penetrating matter more deeply than alpha
or beta radiation.

AM: Modulated amplitude (AM) or amplitude modulation is a type of

non-linear modulation that consists of varying the amplitude of the
carrier wave so that it changes according to the level variations of the
modulating signal, which is the information which is going to be
transmitted.

FM: The frequency modulated (FM) or modulation of frequency is an

angular modulation that transmits information through a carrier wave
varying its frequency (contrasting this with amplitude modulated or
modulation of amplitude (AM), where the amplitude of the wave it is
varied while its frequency remains constant).

Fiber optic: It is a transmission medium commonly used in data

networks; a very fine thread of transparent material, glass or plastic
materials, through which pulses of light are sent that represent the data
to be transmitted. The beam of light is completely confined and
propagates through the core of the fiber with an angle of reflection
above the limit angle of total reflection, according to Snell's law. The
light source can be laser or an LED.

5. What is the refraction index and what kind of information

give us about the electromagnetic waves behavior?
Refraction is the change of direction that a wave experiences when
passing from one material medium to another. It only happens if the
wave hits obliquely on the surface of separation of the medium and if it
has different refractive indexes. The refraction originates in the change
in the speed that the wave experiences. The refractive index is precisely
the ratio between the speed of the electromagnetic waves and their
speed in the medium in question.

An example of this phenomenon is seen when it is immersed in a glass

of water: the pencil seems broken.

Refraction also occurs when light passes through layers of air at

different temperatures, on which the refractive index depends. The
mirages are produced by an extreme case of refraction, total
denomination.

Refraction of light

It occurs when light passes from one medium of propagation to another

with a different optical density, suffering a change in speed and a
change of direction if it does not strike perpendicularly on the surface.
This deviation in the direction of propagation is explained by Snell's law.
This law, as well as the refraction in non-homogeneous media, are a
consequence of the Fermat principle, which indicates that light
propagates between two points following the optical path of least time.
On the other hand, the speed of penetration of light in a medium other
than vacuum is related to the wavelength and, when a beam of white
light passes from one medium to another, each color undergoes a slight
deviation. This phenomenon is known as light scattering. For example,
when reaching a denser medium, shorter waves lose speed over long
ones (eg, when white light passes through a prism). The short
wavelengths are up to 4 times more dispersed than the long ones, which
explains why the sky looks bluish, since for that range of colors the
refractive index is higher and disperses more.

Refraction: change of direction that a wave experiences when passing

from one material medium to another. Refraction of light: occurs when
light passes from one medium of propagation to another with a different
optical density, for example: a glass, refraction of sound: it is the
deviation suffered by the waves when the sound passes from one
material

Refraction of radio waves

The phenomenon of refraction is a phenomenon that is observed in all

types of waves. In the case of radio waves, refraction is especially
important in the ionosphere, which produces a continuous series of
refractions that allow radio waves to travel from one point on the planet
to another.

Refraction of seismic waves

Another example of refraction not linked to electromagnetic waves is

that of seismic waves. The speed of propagation of seismic waves
depends on the density of the propagation medium and, therefore, on
the depth and composition of the region crossed by the waves.
Refraction phenomena occur in the following cases:
• Refraction between the transition between two geological layers,
especially between the mantle and the core.
• In the mantle, by small deviations of density between ascending layers
less dense and descending, more dense.

Refraction Law (Snell's Law)

The relationship between the sine of the angle of incidence and the sine
of the refractive angle is equal to the ratio between the velocity of the
wave in the first medium and the velocity of the wave in the second
medium, or it can be understood as the product of the The refractive index
of the first medium by the sine of the angle of incidence is equal to the
product of the refractive index of the second

Where:

n1 = refractive index of the first medium

θ1 = Incidence angle
n2 = refractive index of the second medium
θ2 = Refractive Angle

6. What is a plane wave and a non-plane wave and where are

they used? What is a magnetic and a nonmagnetic medium and
where are they used? Why do we use plane waves to explain
practical models associated to electromagnetic phenomenon?

Plane wave: Is a wave of constant frequency and amplitude with

wavefronts that are an infinitely long straight line. Plane waves travel in
the direction perpendicular to the wavefronts. The most general
definition of a plane wave is an electromagnetic field having the form:

𝐸 = 𝐸0 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑍) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐻 = 𝐻0 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑍)

Non-plane wave: It is a wave for which its frequency and amplitude are
not constant. Where its phase velocity depends not on the medium but
also on the local geometry of the wave field, especially in the
distribution of amplitudes around the observation point.

The uses of the different bands of the spectrum are determined by the
fact that, the higher the frequency of the wave, the greater the amount
of information it is capable of transporting. This is why higher
frequencies are used in the television that sends image and sound
signals, than in the radio that only sends sound signals.

Magnetic Medium: It is the one that uses electromagnetic waves for its
propagation in space and allows it to travel in a vacuum at a constant
speed. They are used in most of our communications.

Non Magnetic Medium: It is all material medium, either elastic or

deformable that allows a wave to travel. This can be solid, liquid or
gaseous and temporarily disturbed although it is not transported to
another place. They are used in satellite communications for example.

Because it allows us to describe many electromagnetic phenomena, all

with very practical purposes and effects. Also the plane waves are
important for several reasons.

- First, the farfield radiation from any transmitting antenna has the
characteristics of a plane wave sufficiently far from the antenna.
The incoming wave field impinging on a receiving antenna can
therefore usually be approximated as a plane wave.
- Second, the exact field radiated by any source in a region of space
can be constructed in terms of a continuous spectrum of plane
waves via the Fourier transform. Understanding the nature of
plane waves is thus important for understanding both the farfield
and the exact radiation from sources.
Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the
solution in the forum. Perform a critical analysis on the group
members’ contributions and reply this in the forum.

1. A dissipative medium has the following parameters:

𝜀𝑟 = 6, 𝜇𝑟 = 1.25 and 𝜎 = 1.5 𝑆/𝑚
Fin the wavelength and the amount of wavelengths that will
penetrate a 9.6MHz signal.

𝜀𝑟 = 6

𝜇𝑟 = 1.25
𝑆
𝜎 = 1.5
𝑚
𝜆 =?
𝑣̅ =?
𝑓 = 9.6𝑀ℎ𝑧
𝑉𝑝 1 1
𝜆= 𝑣̅ = 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 𝜀 = 𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 𝑣̅ =
𝑓 √𝜇𝜀 𝜆
𝜀0 = 8,85𝑥10−12 𝑐 2 /𝑁𝑚2 𝜇0 = 4𝜋𝑥10−7 𝑁𝐴−2 𝜋 = 3,1416
𝜇 = (1,25)(4.3,1416𝑥10−7 ) = 3,927𝑥10−7
𝜀 = (6)(8,85𝑥10−12 ) = 5,31𝑥10−11
1
𝑉𝑝 = = 2,19𝑥108
√(3,927𝑥10−7 )(5,31𝑥10−11 )
2,19𝑥108
𝜆= = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑
9,6𝑥106
1
𝑣̅ = = 𝟒, 𝟑𝟖𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒
2,28𝑥1013
 2. In a medium with the following characteristics, 𝜺𝒓 = 𝟒, 𝝁𝒓 =
𝟏. 𝟔 and 𝝈 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑺/𝒎 find these parameters for a 90MHz
signal:
a. Loss tangent.
b. Propagation constant.
c. Phase velocity.
d. Wavelength.
e. Index of refraction.
Explain the meaning of each found value.
We have to:
𝜀𝑟 = 4 𝜇𝑟 = 1,6 𝜎 = 2,3𝑥10−4 𝑆⁄𝑚 → 𝑓 = 90𝑀ℎ𝑧 =

9,6𝑥106 ℎ𝑧

a) 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =? → 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 𝜔 → 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝜔𝜀

𝜔 = 2 ∗ 3,1416 ∗ 90𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 = 5,655𝑥108 𝐻𝑧

1
𝜀 =4∗ ∗ 10−9 𝐹/𝑚 = 3,537𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚
36 ∗ 3,1416

2,3𝑥10−4 𝑠/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = 0,0115
5,655𝑥108 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 3,537𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚

0,0115 ≤ 0,1 → 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐷𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐

b) 𝑟 =? → 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) =≤ 0,1 → 𝑟 = 𝑗𝜔√𝜇𝜀

𝜇 = 1,6 ∗ 4 ∗ 3,1416𝑥10−7 𝐻/𝑚 = 2,01𝑥10−6 𝐻/𝑚

𝑟 = 𝑗5,655𝑥108 𝐻𝑧√2,01𝑥10−6 𝐻/𝑚 ∗ 3,537𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚 = 𝑗4,768𝑚

|𝑟| = 4,768𝑚 𝑟 = 900

⏟
c) 𝑉𝑝 =? → 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

1
𝑉𝑝 = = 1,186𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
√2,01𝑥10−6 𝐻/𝑚 ∗ 3,537𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚

d) 𝜆 =? → 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ

1,186𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑝 = = 1,318𝑚
90𝑥106 𝐻𝑧

e) 𝑛 =? → 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝐶0
𝑛= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 → 𝐶0 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐶0
𝑉𝑝

= 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠

3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑛= = 2,53
1,185𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠

3. An open medium has the following electromagnetic

characteristics 𝜺𝒓 = 𝟗, 𝝁𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟔 and 𝝈 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝑺/𝒎
Find the power transmitted by a 300MHz signal with a
maximum electric field of 200V/m and find the skin depth of
the signal.

𝜀𝑟 = 9 𝜇𝑟 = 1.6 𝜎 = 1.2𝑥10−5 𝑆/𝑚

𝑃𝑜 =? → 𝑓 = 300𝑀ℎ𝑧 = 300𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 𝐸𝑥𝑝

= 200𝑉 ⁄𝑚 𝛿𝑝 =?
 |𝐸𝑥𝑜 2 | 𝐸𝑥𝑝 1
𝑃𝑜 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃𝜂 𝐸𝑥𝑜 = = 𝐸𝑥𝑝 ∗ 0,707 𝛿𝑝 =
2|𝜂| √2 𝛼

𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 𝜀 = 𝜀𝑟 𝜀0
𝜔𝜀

𝜔 = 2 ∗ 3,1416 ∗ 300𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 = 1,885𝑥10−9 𝐻𝑧

1
𝜀 =9∗ ∗ 10−9 𝐹/𝑚 = 7,96𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚
36 ∗ 3,1416

1,2𝑥10−5 𝑠/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = 7,998𝑥10−5
1,885𝑥109 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 7,96𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚

𝜇 𝜎𝜂
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) ≤ 0,1 → 𝜂=√ 𝛼= 𝜃𝜂 = 00 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0
𝜀 2

𝜇 = 1,6 ∗ 4 ∗ 3,1416𝑥10−7 𝐻/𝑚 = 2,01𝑥10−6 𝐻/𝑚

2,01𝑥10−6 𝐻/𝑚
𝜂=√ = 158,91
7,96𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚

200𝑉/𝑚
𝐸𝑥𝑜 = = 141,42𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑚
√2

|(141,42𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑚)2 |
𝑃𝑜 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠00 = 62,93 𝑤
2 ∗ |158,91|

1,2 ∗ 10−5 𝑚/𝑠 ∗ 158,91

𝛼= = 9,5346 ∗ 10−4
2
1
𝛿𝑝 = = 1.048,8𝑚
9,5346 ∗ 10−4
4. For a medium with the same electromagnetic characteristics
than the third problem, find the losses per length unit for a
500MHz signal. If the original signal has an electric field of
120Vrms/m. Find the losses in watts when the signal travels
10m in the medium.

𝜀𝑟 = 9 𝜇𝑟 = 1.6 𝜎 = 1.2𝑥10−5 𝑆/𝑚

𝑢
𝑃0 =? 𝑓 = 300𝑀ℎ𝑧 = 300𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 𝐸𝑥𝑝 = 200𝑉 ⁄𝑚 Ƞ=√
∈
=?
𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝜔𝜀
Solution
1.2 ∗ 10−5
tan(𝛿) = = 0.000048
6 1 −9
)
2𝝅(500)(10 ∗ (36𝝅) ∗ 10 ∗ (9)

𝐻
(1.6) ∗ (4𝝅) ∗ 10−7
Ƞ=√ 𝑚 = 158.9534122527376𝛺
1 𝐹
(36𝝅) ∗ 10−9 ∗ (9) 𝑚

𝜎Ƞ
𝛼=
2
(158.9534) ∗ 1.2 ∗ 10−5 𝑆/𝑚
𝛼= = 0.0009537204
2

% 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 1 − 𝑒 (−2∗𝛼𝑥)

% 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 1 − 𝑒 (−2∗(0.0009537204)
% 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 0.1905%

The power losses

% 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 1 − 𝑒 (−2∗10∗(0.0009537204)
% 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 = 1.89%
 |120𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑚|2 90.59𝑊
𝑃0 = =
|158.9534|𝛺 𝑚2

90.59𝑊
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = ∗ 0.01889
𝑚2
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 1.7116𝑊/𝑚2

5. For a 2.5GHz signal, traveling in seawater find the attenuation

per length unit. How long does the signal have to travel, in order
to have an attenuation greater than 3dB?

∝= 0.0173√𝑓 ∗ 𝜎; 𝑡 = 1/𝑓
𝜎 = 4 𝑆/𝑚; 𝛼 = 𝑑𝐵/𝑚; 𝑓 = 2.5𝐺ℎ𝑧

Attenuation per length unit.

𝑆
∝= 0.0173√2.5 𝐺ℎ𝑧 ∗ 4 → ∝= 1.73 𝑑𝐵/𝑚
𝑚

How long does the signal have to travel, in order to have an attenuation
greater than 3dB?
∝ (∝)2 2
∝= 0.0173√𝑓 ∗ 𝜎 → = √𝑓 ∗ 𝜎 → = (√𝑓 ∗ 𝜎) →
0.0173 (0.0173)2
(∝)2 (∝)2 (3 𝑑𝐵)2
=𝑓∗ 𝜎 → =𝑓 →𝑓=
(0.0173)2 (0.0173)2 ∗ 𝜎 𝑆
(0.0173)2 ∗ 4
𝑚
𝑓 = 7517.79 𝐻𝑧
let's find the time based on the frequency
1
𝑡= → 𝑡 = 133 𝜇𝑠
7517.79 𝐻𝑧
In group solve the following practical exercise

In an excel document make the following actions:

1. In a sheet put the following table, assigning an average frequency for
every type of radiation.
MEDIUM

Medium 𝝈 (S/m) 𝜺𝒓 𝝈 (S/m) Electric conductivity

Aluminio 3820000 1 𝜺𝒓 Constant dielectric
Cobre 5800000 1
Agua de mar 4 80
Suelo vegetal 0.01 14
Suelo seco 0.0001 3
Agua dulce 0.001 80
Aceite dielectrico 0.55 4.5
Mica 1E-11 5.7
Suelo humedo 0.01 10
Vidrio 1E-10 5.6
Parafina 3.3E-17 2.1

LOSS TANG

MEDIUM 𝝈 (S/m) 𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝟎
Suelo vegetal 0.01 14 8.84643E-12

Frequency loss tan

16.5 779220.7792
165 77922.07792
1650 7792.207792
16500 779.2207792
165000 77.92207792
1650000 7.792207792
16500000 0.779220779
165000000 0.077922078
1650000000 0.007792208
16500000000 0.000779221
1.65E+11 7.79221E-05
FREQUENCY

Acronym Meaning Selected frequency R -frecuencia 1 R-frecuencia 2

ELF Extra Low Frequency 16.5 3 30
SLF Super Low Frequency 165 30 300
ULF Ultra Low Frequency 1650 300 3000
VLF Very Low Frequency 16500 3000 30000
LF Low Frequency 165000 30000 300000
MF Medium Frequency 1650000 300000 3000000
HF High Frequency 16500000 3000000 30000000
VHF Very High Frequency 165000000 30000000 300000000
UHF Ultra High Frequency 1650000000 300000000 3000000000
SHF Super High Frequency 16500000000 3000000000 30000000000
EHF Extra High Frequency 1.65E+11 30000000000 3E+11
CONCLUSIONS

During the realization of this work, you can reach conclusions such as:

The importance of appropriating the concepts and skills needed to solve

the problems raised for this activity was known

It was understood that in order to characterize a medium, it is very

important that the tangent of losses is known.

We identified the variables required to find the depth of penetration of a

signal such as conductivity, electrical permissiveness and magnetic
permeability

It was realized that as the conductivity of a material decreases the

penetration depth increases
BIBLIOGRAPHY

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