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Contents
Datums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Project Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
System Datum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Well Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Depth Reference Datum(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Design Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15
General Tab (Design Properties Dialog Box). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Depth Reference Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Workflow—How to Set Up Datums for a Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
Changing the Datum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
How This Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
Inventories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Bit/Hole Sizes Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Casing ODs Inventory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Course Objectives
During this course you should become familiar with:
Licensing
For information regarding Licensing, please refer to the Engineer’s
Desktop Drilling Summary Level Release Notes.
Design Methodology
The quality of the gathered data has a large impact on the appropriate
choice of casing sizes and shoe depths and whether the casing design
objective is successfully met.
A cost-effective design meets all the design criteria using the least
expensive available pipe. Hand designs are possible, but they are
cumbersome and inefficient.
Required Information
Formation Properties
• Pore pressure*
• Formation tensile strength (fracture pressure)*
• Formation compressive strength (borehole failure)*
• Temperature profile*
• Location of squeezing salt and shale zones
• Permeability, Porosity, and ROP*
• Chemical stability/sensitive shales (mud type and exposure time)
• Lost circulation zones*
• Shallow gas*
• Location of fresh water sands*
• Presence of H2S and/or CO2
Directional Data
• Surface location
• Geologic target(s)
• Well interference data
Production Data
• Packer fluid density
• Produced fluid composition
• Worst case loads that may occur during completion, production,
and workover operations
Other
• Available inventory*
• Regulatory requirements*
• Rig equipment limitations*
Preliminary Design
Mud Program
The most important mud program parameter used in casing design is the
mud weight.
• Pore pressure
• Formation strength (fracture and borehole stability)
• Casing shoe depths
• Lithology
• Hole cleaning and cuttings transport capability
• Potential formation damage, stability problems, and drilling rate
• Formation evaluation requirements
• Environmental and regulatory requirements
2000
Mud Weight
Fracture Gradient
16"
4000
6000
Depth, ft
11.75"
8000
9.625"
10000 D
C 7.625"
Pore Pressure B
12000
A
14000
8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00
EMW, ppg
The hole from above point B must be cased; otherwise, the mud weight
required when reaching point A will fracture the formation.
• Regulatory requirements.
The effect of Differential Sticking Limit on the upper design curve (Continued)
TVD Pore Pressure Fracture Gradient Pfrac- Diff Stick Upper Constraints
Ppore limit Curve
Pore pressure, fracture gradient, and the upper constraints curve, all in
EMW, are plotted as a function of depth (feet) in the following graph.
Notice the Upper Constraints curve shifts to the left across the interval
that is highlighted in the previous table. The operating window is
smaller in the center of the graph due to the risk of differential sticking.
Design Plot in Excel
1000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
12000
13000
14000
15000
16000
8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00
EMW, ppg
The previous chart displayed in the Casing and Hole Size Selector
mirrors the content of these two spreadsheets. The “Allowable Hole
Sizes” spreadsheet allows you to specify the hole sizes that can be
drilled out of each acceptable casing, while the “Allowable Casing
ODs” spreadsheet allows you to specify what casing you will accept to
run in each of the aforementioned holes.
• Zonal isolation
• Regulatory requirements
• Prior shoe depths
• Formation strength
• Buckling
• Annular pressure buildup in subsea Wells
Buckling calculations are not performed until the detailed design phase.
Hence, the TOC depth may be adjusted as a result of the buckling
analysis to help reduce buckling in some cases.
Note
Directional Plan
The CasingSeat software uses survey data only for MD–TVD
conversions, to get proper hydrostatic pressures, and for gas
kick calculations.
where:
k = permeability in milliDarcys
tD = dimensionless time
φ = porosity
2
1
5
4
6
7
3
As drilling ahead continues, pit gain (4) and differential flow (5) values
are monitored. When either kick detection criterion is satisfied, drilling
ahead continues for the crew reaction time interval (6). At this point,
drilling is stopped, but flow continues for the valve closure time (7).
During this time, the exposed reservoir face has a fixed thickness (3)
equal to the formation thickness at the end of drilling.
Wellbore pressures are investigated for the gas bubble positions across
the full range between the last casing setting depth and the influx depth.
Either the casing setting depth or the hole TD is automatically assumed
by the code, depending upon the type of analysis mode: Bottom-Up
Design or Top-Down Design.
By varying the length of the open hole section, a minimum gas volume
required to fracture the formation at the assumed casing setting depth is
calculated and compared against the allowable gas-kick volume.
Algorithm
The following algorithm describes in detail the kick tolerance
calculations in the CasingSeat software. In this example, it is assumed
that there are no other operating constraints other than the kick tolerance
for which a fixed kick influx volume is assumed. All depths used in the
calculation are expressed in TVD.
ΔP
H kick =
( ρ kick − ρ mud )
where,
3. Assuming a gas kick density at the bottom of the bubble, while the
bubble is at bit depth, the height of the bubble is calculated (step 2
above). This height is then used to calculate the average gas density
(at the mid-point of the bubble) as a function of PVT-z. This new
density is used to recalculate the bubble height, and this iterative
process continues until a convergence for the average gas density
is attained.
8. Once the shoe depth is fixed, the same calculations are repeated to
get the next casing shoe depth, assuming this depth as the bit depth
and so on until you reach the first casing setting depth.
• Become familiar with the basic casing design workflow used in the
CasingSeat™ software, as shown in “CasingSeat™ Software
Workflow” on page 3-2
• Use the Instant Design feature and create a new Prototype Design in
the CasingSeat software
Calculate results
See “Calculating Results” on page 7-4
The User
field
defaults to
the last
username
entered.
After you log into the CasingSeat software, the main window displays,
as shown below. At this time, few menu options are available and most
of the toolbar buttons are disabled.
You can select an item from the menu using the mouse or the keyboard
quick keys. To use the quick keys to select an item, press and hold the
Alt key while pressing the underlined character in the menu item. For
example, to open the File menu, press Alt-F.
You must open an existing Design or create a new Design to expand the
menu bar options or to activate additional toolbar buttons.
Title Bar
Menu Bar
Toolbars
Filter
Recent Bar
Well
Explorer
Associated
Data Viewer
Well
Configuration
Diagram
Reference
Datum
Diagram
Select File > New > Instant Design. Keep the default settings, and
click OK.
Wizard Toolbar
Views Toolbar Results Toolbar
Title Bar
The Title bar is located at the top of the main window. The Title bar
displays the name of the active Design, and the name of the active
spreadsheet, table, plot, or schematic (if the active window
is maximized).
Menu Bar
The Menu bar displays a number of additional options after you open or
create a Design. Prior to opening or creating a Design, the only options
available are File, View, Tools, and Help.
File Menu
The File menu contains commands that allow you to create and open
Companies, Projects, Sites, Well, Wellbores, and Designs. You can also
open and save templates, import Transfer file (*.xml) and CasingSeat
flat files (*.pdi), send the active Design (as a PDI file) by using the
system’s default email client, and import and export data using the
DEX™ software.
Edit Menu
The Edit menu has commands used to undo changes; cut, copy, and
paste information; insert and delete rows in spreadsheets; view the
selected Well Explorer node’s properties; find Well data, and
manipulate OLE objects.
Well Menu
The Well menu has commands used to enter general Well and wellpath
data, allowable hole sizes, allowable casing outside diameter, Well
configurations, design parameters, and drilling parameters. You can
also manage bit/hole size and casing outside diameter inventories.
Geology Menu
The Geology menu has commands used to specify formation lithology
properties, pore pressure, fracture pressure, and define the geothermal
gradient as a function of depth.
View Menu
The View menu is used to toggle on/off display of the Well Explorer, to
calculate the results using data defined through the Geology and Well
menus, and to display the results in plots, schematics, and tables.
Tools Menu
The Tools menu is used to customize the CasingSeat software. Use this
menu to access the Toolbars dialog box to select the toolbars you want
to view, configure tabs, specify plot options, configure reports, and
access the unit system.
Window Menu
The Window menu is used to arrange and select windows.
Help Menu
The Help menu has commands to access the online Help system, view
the release notes, and obtain information about the CasingSeat software.
Work Area
The Work Area displays the active view, such as a plot or Well
Schematic. To split the work area into two panes, select either the
vertical or horizontal splitter controls as seen below. To split the view
into four panes, select Window > Split or use both of the
splitter controls.
In this section, you will learn what files the CasingSeat software uses to
manipulate Well data and transfer information to other users of the
application. Also, the concept of CasingSeat templates is discussed.
A list of existing
template files display.
Saving Templates
All templates saved by the CasingSeat software are stored in the
database, as described below. To save user-defined and system
templates to a file, right-click the template type root folder in the Well
Explorer, and select Export from the menu.
Helpful Features
This section includes information about CasingSeat features that are not
discussed in the general workflow but are helpful during everyday use
of the application.
Online Help
The context-sensitive Help system can be accessed in several ways:
Setting Options
To open the Options dialog box, select Tools > Options. This dialog
box is useful to set general plot view, printing, spreadsheet and table
layout, and depth display (MD or TVD) in the application.
Options are not stored as part of the active Design in the Windows
registry, and affect all Designs analyzed with the CasingSeat software
until the options are changed. For additional information, see the
CasingSeat Help.
Configuring Units
In this section, you will learn how to use the Unit Systems Editor
dialog box, and set up unit conversions.
The API, SI, API - US Survey Feet, and Mixed API unit
systems are included with the CasingSeat installation.
Select the unit
system you
want to use in
the analysis
from the drop-
down list.
Click Import to
import a unit
system.
Click New to
create a unit
system.
Click Delete to
delete a unit
system.
Use the Unit Systems Editor dialog box to add, remove, edit, and
switch unit systems. You can also import and export custom unit
systems. The unit system for the Design on which you are working is
stored at the Well level. All unit systems are stored in the database
Note
Be careful when you delete unit systems. Other users may want to use the unit
system you are planning to delete!
The Status bar at the bottom of the screen displays the name of the unit
system currently in use. Unit system is set at the Well level, and it affects
all Wellbores, Designs, and cases below it.
For example, you may be working in the Design Parameters dialog box
and only know the cost of K-55 Steel in $/kg, but the current unit system
shows K-55 Steel cost as $/ton. You can click the K-55 Steel field and
press F4, select the $/kg unit, and then enter the value you know for the
steel. When you click OK, the value entered as $/kg is converted to the
equivalent $/ton unit of measurement and displays in the Cost of K-55
Steel field. For more information about the unit systems and
conversions, see CasingSeat Help.
Overview
• Learn about the EDM data structure, common data, data locking,
and how to import and export data
Database
Well
Wellbore
Design
Case
Note
The Case level applies to the WELLPLAN software only and is not discussed in
this manual.
Database level
Company level
Project level
Site level
Well level
Wellbore level
Design level
Templates
Workspaces
Catalogs
For more information about the specific Well Explorer components and
associated features, see CasingSeat Help.
In this section, you will learn some basic operations performed with the
Well Explorer. For a detailed list of all features available in the Well
Explorer, see CasingSeat Help.
Drag-and-drop Rules
“Drag-and-drop” in the Well Explorer functions somewhat like the
Microsoft Windows Explorer. You can use drag-and-drop to copy
Projects, Sites, Wells, Wellbores, and Designs, as well as associated
data items and attached documents.
All drag-and-drop operations copy the data; data is never cut or moved.
To copy data, drag and drop the item from one location, and paste it into
another. The item and all of its associated data are copied and pasted.
You can drag and drop associated items from the Associated Data
Viewer at the base of the Well Explorer (Wellpaths, Pore Pressures,
Fracture Gradients, Geothermal Gradients, Hole Sections, Assemblies,
and so on) into a level of the hierarchy that stores that type of data (for
example, Wellpath is stored at the Design level, so it can only be
dropped into a Design).
Note
Instant Design
To access the Instant Design dialog box, select File > New > Instant
Design; or right-click the Database level and select Instant Design from
the menu. This dialog box allows you to quickly and easily create the
hierarchy required to start a Design, from the Company to the Design.
Instant Design allows you to enter minimal information rather than
creating individual nodes for each level of the hierarchy.
Import
To access the Import dialog box, select File > Import > Transfer File
(or PDI File); or right-click the Database level and select Import from
the menu. The Import command allows you to import data into the
database that was exported by using the Export command. The import
file contains the entire hierarchy of the Well (Company, Project, and
Site, and any child data, such as Wellbore, and Design).
When you select Import, the Import Well dialog box opens and
prompts you for the XML or PDI filename to import. Enter the file name
or browse for the file, and then click Open. The Well hierarchical data
is then imported into the EDM database.
Export
The Export command allows you to export the selected node’s data in
XML format. It includes any child information that is associated with
the node. A dialog box opens to allow you to supply a directory and file
name for the XML file.
Attachments
You can associate a folder or a file, such as a document or a picture
(Word, Excel, text file, JPG, and so on) as an attachment. Attached files
can be of any type with a recognized extension. Folder attachments will
open any accessible directory and display the contents of the folder. To
access the Attachment Properties dialog box, right-click any data
hierarchy node and then select New Attachment from the menu.
Select the Save attachment as a link/shortcut only check box if you want to save the attachment
as a link only. If you select this check box, only the link to the disk file is stored in the database. Any
edits you make are saved to the original disk file. You can edit the document directly from the Well
Explorer, or you can edit the disk file from its disk location; the changes are reflected in both places.
In the Associated Data Viewer, the icon representing a Linked document is shown as a paperclip
with a small arrow in the lower left corner.
General Tab
The General tab contains data locking features such as the Company is
Locked check box and Locked Data and Company Level password
buttons, which are discussed below. All Well Explorer node Properties
dialog boxes, with the exception of the Database level, contain the
“[Node Type] is Locked” check box.
Company is Locked
Select this check box to prevent editing of the Company data. If this box
is selected and either a Company Level or Locked Data password has
been specified, you will be prompted for the password before you can
deselect this check box.
Passwords
• Locked Data - Click to specify a password that will be required to
unlock any data associated with the Company, including all
Projects, Sites, Wells, Wellbores, and Designs.
Datums
Datum terms are defined below and are grouped by the Properties dialog
box in which they are found.
Project Properties
The Project Properties dialog box contains the General tab in which
you can specify System Datum and Elevation.
System Datum
The System Datum represents absolute zero. It is the surface depth
datum from which all Well depths are measured, and all Well depths are
stored in the database relative to this datum. Usually the System Datum
is Mean Sea Level, Mean Ground Level, or Lowest Astronomical Tide,
but it can also be the wellhead, rig floor, RKB, and so on.
Elevation
The Elevation represents the elevation above Mean Sea Level. (If Mean
Sea Level is selected as the System datum, Elevation is grayed out.)
Well Properties
The Well Properties Depth Reference tab is used to specify and define
Wellbore datums.
A drop-down list below the label contains all defined Depth Reference
datums. Select the Depth Reference datum you want to use to view and
calculate data. If you do not specify a Depth Reference datum here, a
“Default Datum” with zero elevation above System datum will be used.
• Default - When selected, this check box indicates that this is the
default datum. All Designs created below this Well inherit the
default datum.
• Date - Type the date on which the datum was created. The program
uses the date field to determine the newest datum, and then uses that
datum as the default for new Wellbores.
Configuration
• For a Land Well - If the Well is a land Well, type the value for the
Ground Elevation above the System Datum (must be a positive
number). Leave the Offshore check box deselected.
— Select the Subsea check box. (The Offshore check box must be
selected before this option becomes available.)
Summary
In the Summary area, a graphic depicts the selected configuration
(onshore, offshore, or offshore subsea), and displays current values. The
following values are calculated and/or displayed:
• Air Gap - This is the distance from ground level/sea level to the rig
floor. It is used in some calculations for hydrostatic head. Air Gap
is always positive. The application calculates Air Gap as follows:
Note
If you change the datum and it causes a negative air gap to be calculated, a
warning message appears to inform you that you cannot select this datum.
Design Properties
The Design Properties General tab is used to provide data protection
options and additional information related to the defined Design i.e.
Design Name, Version, Phase and Effective date.
• Design - Type the name that will be used to identify the Design.
The name must be unique.
Note
If the Design is locked check box is selected, you cannot edit any of the fields.
• Phase - Select the phase of the Design from the drop-down list
(Prototype, Planned, or Actual). The list of phases that appears in
the combo box is filtered; you can only have one Design marked as
“Planned” and one marked as “Actual.” The Planned or Actual
option is removed from the drop-down list if another Design for the
same Wellbore already has it set. You can have as many Prototype
(the default) Designs as desired.
• Effective Date - Select the date from the drop-down list. A calendar
dialog box will open. Use the arrow buttons on the calendar dialog
box to move to the desired month, then click the day. The date you
select populates the field.
Click arrows
to change to
desired
month.
Click on the
desired day.
a) Make sure the Offshore check box is not selected, and provide
a value in the Ground Elevation field.
a) Select the Offshore check box, and provide a value in the Water
Depth field.
b) Select the Subsea check box if the Well is subsea, and provide a
value in the Wellhead Depth field.
4. Select the Default check box on the right of the Datum you wish to
use as the default datum.
6. In the Design Properties > General dialog box, select the Depth
Reference Datum you want to use for this Design from the
drop-down list of datums you defined in Step 4.
inputs (details provided below). You are given the choice to open the
Design in the original datum or to convert to the new datum. If you
choose to convert your data, the data is adjusted. However, the change
is not saved to the database until you save the Design, at which time the
new datum becomes the “original” datum.
If you open a Design in which the Depth Reference Datum (set at the
Design level) is different from the original datum, the following occurs:
• For Wells other than slant holes, the program issues this message:
“The currently selected Design datum is different to the datum with
which the Design was created.” The application will then attempt to
adjust the data, but some data might be shifted or removed. If you
open the Design, we strongly suggest that you review your input
data; any changes will not be saved to the database until you
explicitly save your data. Please click Open to review the Design
using the datum with which it was created.”
If you want to open the Design with the original elevation, click Open.
If you want to convert the data to the new elevation, click Adjust. Open
is the default.
— If you click Adjust, Well Explorer loads the data to the new
Wellbore datum and attempts to adjust the data; however, some
data may be shifted or removed. The program resolves the
deltas in the first depths of column data (strings, wellpaths,
columns, and so on) to adjust for the new gap and read zero
depth on the first line.
Note
After you open the Design, you should review your input data; remember that the
changes are not saved to the database until you explicitly save your data.
EDM supports full concurrency for multiple applications that are using
the same data set. The SAM (Simultaneous Activity Monitor) server
moderates the activity. This messaging server notifies a user of all data
items currently open by other applications and users that are sharing the
same database.
Message Description
A green SAM icon with a red X in the Status bar indicates that
the Messenger Service is not currently active. If a tooltip is
available, the message “SAM-Disconnected” displays.
A red SAM icon in the Status bar indicates the SAM service is
enabled but has lost connectivity. Hover over the icon to
display the tooltip “SAM - No longer responding”.
Icon Description
A red SAM icon indicates that one or more users on other PCs have
this item open, and the current user is restricted to read-only access.
A blue SAM icon indicates that one or more users on the current
database have this item open, but the current user still has full
read-write access. A user must be careful when making changes to
the data, though this method enables data to automatically flow
between applications. Intentional updates to other live applications
should be anticipated before saving changes.
The first user to open a data item becomes the data item’s owner. When
other users open the data item through an EDM application, that user can
see that the data item is currently being accessed by the first user, which
is the owner. Hover the mouse over the item to display a data listing
tooltip as seen below.
Reload Notification
A Reload Notification dialog box appears when the owner of the active
data item saves changes to the database. SAM then notifies any other
EDM applications of the changes. The Change Notification dialog box
is then offered to the user to reload or ignore the data owner’s changes,
or cancel the dialog box. The dialog box displays the user name for the
owner and the application in which the changes were made. This enables
the user to identify the source of the change that has been posted.
Reload
The Reload option results in the owner’s changes being uploaded into
the current application.
Ignore
The Ignore option gives you the ability to ignore the owner’s changes
and continue working with the current data item.
You may choose to ignore the updates if you own the data item in
another application.
In this instance, you may choose to save later and overwrite changed
data in the other application as a result.
The user with read-only access to the data item may choose to ignore the
owner’s changes in order to continue looking at the previous state of the
data. They may also perform a Save As operation to save the current
data before reloading the changes. The WELLPLAN software does not
support Save As functionality for read-only access.
Select the Do not ask the question again check box to avoid receiving
any other reload notifications. This check box option is not
remembered between sessions. If you restart an application, you must
select the check box the first time it appears in order to stop the
appearance of the reload notifications.
Cancel
The Cancel option gives you the opportunity to cancel the dialog box.
If this option is selected, the Do not ask the question again check box
is ignored.
In this section, you will enter Well data such as general Well
information, and the following detailed Well information:
• Design parameters
• Drilling parameters
This drop-down list has dialog boxes, spreadsheets, and plots listed that
can be used to guide you through the data-entry phase of your analysis.
Although you can use the menus and the visual cue of the grayed
commands to determine what commands to select, the Wizard
automatically provides the correct sequence and requires minimal steps
from you to specify data successfully.
You can immediately jump to any one of the forms listed by opening the
list box and then clicking the appropriate name. However, to ensure that
you do not accidentally overlook important data, use the Previous Form
and Next Form buttons to navigate through the list, particularly for new
CasingSeat users.
If you do not see the Wizard toolbar, go to the Tools > Toolbars dialog
box and select the Wizard check box.
Note
Note
You must use type 1 (MD-INC-AZ) as the starting type, and not types 2 or 3.
• Measured Depth and True Vertical depth pairs. Any attempt to mix
this type with the other types produces a pop-up warning message.
Defining Hole and Casing Sizes with the Casing and Hole Size Selector
Graphical Interface
The Casing and Hole Size Selector allows you to quickly specify the
hole sizes and casing ODs that are available for a Design.
The Casing and Hole Size Selector displays alternating colored rows of
hole and casing symbols. Holes are represented as circles, and casings
as squares; each is differentiated with a specified size determined by the
selected Unit System.
Hole Symbol
Association
Casing Symbol
As nodes are added to the Casing and Hole Size Selector, the Allowable
Hole Sizes and Allowable Casing ODs spreadsheets are updated.
For more details about how to use the Casing and Hole Size Selector, see
CasingSeat Help.
The holes sizes defined determine the bit sizes that can be used for
drilling through that casing. Hole sizes are taken in combination with
allowable casing sizes to determine viable Well configurations (that is,
total number of hole/casing combinations from surface to TD).
You can use the scroll bar to reach any item from the list.
Hole sizes larger than the casing OD are allowed and represent
under-reaming operations.
The Casing OD column lists all casing diameters in the inventory, which
are all defined in the Well > Inventories > Casing ODs spreadsheet. All
hole sizes in the inventory are defined in the Well > Inventories >
Bit/Hole Sizes spreadsheet.
Any casing listed can have a maximum of six bit sizes used for drillout.
A row must have at least one bit size entry in order to be considered in
a Well configuration. Limiting the number of casing strings and their
hole combinations is the constraint limiting the number of casing
scheme solutions available.
Rows can be deleted by using the Edit > Delete Row command. When
all rows for that OD are removed, the row is grayed (but not deleted) in
the Casing ODs spreadsheet.
Note
Each drop-down list from the Allowable Casing Size in Hole columns contains the
casing ODs available in the inventory. You have to make sure that you select only
those casing sizes defined in the Casing OD column on the Well > Allowable Hole
Sizes spreadsheet. If you select a casing OD that has not been defined in the Well >
Allowable Hole Sizes spreadsheet, the CasingSeat software will not run.
The Hole Size column lists all hole sizes in the inventory, which are all
defined in the Well > Bit Hole Sizes spreadsheet. All casing ODs in the
inventory are defined in the Well > Casing ODs spreadsheet.
Any hole size listed can have a maximum of six casing strings (ODs) run
for that size. A row must have at least one OD entry in order to be
considered in a Well configuration. Each casing specified must have an
OD less than the hole size for that row. Limiting the number of casing
ODs and their hole size combinations is the constraint limiting the
number of casing scheme solutions available.
Rows can be deleted by using the Edit > Delete Row command. When
all rows for that hole size are removed, the row is grayed (but not
deleted) in the Well > Inventories > Bit/Hole Sizes spreadsheet.
The Analysis Modes group box is used to select the method for
calculating the casing scheme. Selecting both check boxes allows both
methods to be used.
The Ranking Criteria group box is used to specify the criteria used for
ranking casing schemes in the Casing Scheme Selection drop-down list.
When you select a check box, you must also specify the corresponding
dollar value. Negative values can be specified to rank casing schemes in
inverse order. When the casing cost is calculated, the cost of K-55 steel
is used, and a wall thickness of 1/2” for all casing strings is assumed.
Both check boxes can be selected to determine the combined cost of the
steel for the casing and the cost of the hole volume excavated when the
hole is drilled. When neither check box is selected, the ranking criteria
is defined based on larger-to-smaller casing OD hole size dimensions.
• The Subsea Well check box in the Well Properties > Depth
Reference tab is selected.
This Differential Sticking Limit The Overbalance Margin constraint option can create a
option can shift the Upper new Lower Constraint Curve for the design process by
Constraints Curve (fracture gradient) shifting the pore pressure curve to the right. The shift
to the left. The values for the new amount will correspond to the values specified in the
curve are obtained for each depth by Overbalance Margin column in the Geology > Lithology
comparing the difference between
the fracture gradient and the pore
pressure with the Differential Sticking
Limit defined in the Geology >
Lithology spreadsheet. If this
difference is greater than the
specified limit, the new value is
calculated by adding the differential
sticking limit to the pore pressure. If it
is less, the fracture gradient value is
used instead.
The values are used to calculate the pressures from the gas kick, and then
they are compared to the fracture gradients for the formation defined in
the Lithology spreadsheet. The comparison results are used to design a
casing scheme that can tolerate the gas kick.
You can specify Kick Intensity and/or Influx Volume, and then select
the Calculated Gas-Influx check box to have the CasingSeat software
calculate the influx. When both are specified, the CasingSeat software
calculates and designs the casing using a worst-case scenario.
The chart displays all combination, from surface to total depth of hole
sizes and casing OD’s selected in the:
Data must be entered in both spreadsheets and the General tab before
available configurations will be displayed in the chart.
• If you attempt to enter a depth in the first row that is different from
the depth at which the earth begins, you are warned that the first
layer of the Top Depth must be equal to the depth at which the earth
begins. (Refer to the Design Properties in the Well Explorer (Air
gap if onshore, or air gap + water depth if offshore.)
Entering Yes for Competent Layer allows a casing to be set within that
layer, if a calculation is required. Entering No forbids setting a casing
within that layer (from the top of the layer to the next layer’s top), and
the CasingSeat software searches for the first available competent layer
above or below the layer. The algorithm specified (Bottom-Up or
Top-Down) in the Well > Design Parameters > General tab
determines the direction searched for the first (or closest) competent
layer.
Values are required for pore and fracture formation pressures for each
row. These values define your base constraints.
• If you attempt to enter a depth in the first row that is different from
the depth at which the earth begins, you are warned that the first
layer of the Top Depth must be equal to the depth at which the earth
begins. (Refer to the Design Properties in the Well Explorer (Air
gap if onshore, or air gap + water depth if offshore.)
• If you attempt to enter a depth in the first row that is different from
the depth at which the earth begins, you are warned that the first
layer of the Top Depth must be equal to the depth at which the earth
begins. (Refer to the Design Properties in the Well Explorer (Air
gap if onshore, or air gap + water depth if offshore.)
The results from your entries are displayed in the View > Input Data
Tables > Geothermal Gradient data table.
Creating Reports
Select the Tools > Reports > Titles tab to select, add, delete, and
rename custom reports.
Click New to
create a
new report.
The title of the selected report displays above the tab. Use the Tools >
Reports > Titles tab to select a report.
Select the Tools > Reports > Options tab to specify pagination, extent
of detailed data and orientation of selected report.
Select the
Current
Result option
Select the All to include
Results option to current view
include all items items in the
specified in the report.
report’s contents list,
in the report.
For more details about adding and printing report content, and
configuring print options, see CasingSeat Help.
Creating Tabs
Select Tools > Tabs to open a dialog box to add, delete, rename, and
rearrange window tabs.
Inventories
All entries in use, or in other words all bit sizes already selected in at
least one field in the Well > Allowable Hole Sizes or the Well >
Allowable Casing ODs spreadsheets, appear highlighted.
Initially, all hole sizes in the Bit/Hole Sizes spreadsheet are from the
template you selected when you created the Design. All hole sizes
currently available in this spreadsheet appear in the drop-down lists for:
• Hole Size cells of the Well > Allowable Casing ODs and Well >
Drilling Parameters spreadsheets
• Allowable Hole Sizes for Casing cells of the Well > Allowable
Hole Sizes spreadsheet
• The hole size is in use by both the Well > Allowable Holes Sizes
and Well > Allowable Casing ODs spreadsheets.
• The hole size is not editable and not in use. Some monitors display
rows that are not editable, in a lighter shade of gray when used by
the spreadsheets mentioned above.
Rows can be deleted by using the Edit > Delete Row command.
However, this command is disabled for any row in use by any of the
three spreadsheets previously mentioned.
All entries in use, or in other words all casing ODs already selected in at least one field
in the Well > Allowable Hole Sizes or the Well > Allowable Casing ODs
spreadsheets, appear highlighted.
Initially, all casing ODs in this spreadsheet are from the template you
selected when you created the Design. All ODs currently available in
this spreadsheet appear in the drop-down lists for:
• The hole size is in use by both the Well > Allowable Holes Sizes
and Well > Allowable Casing ODs spreadsheets.
• The hole size is not editable and not in use. Some monitors display
rows that are not editable, in a lighter shade of gray when used by
the spreadsheets previously mentioned.
Rows can be deleted by using the Edit > Delete Row command.
However, this command is disabled for any row in use by any of the
three spreadsheets previously mentioned.
Summary reports of
certain input data groups
can be accessed from
this menu.
Any changes you make using the Well > General dialog box are
automatically updated in this table after clicking OK in the General
dialog box. You do not have to calculate the changes to view them here.
All input data tables function in a way similar to the one described for
the General input data table. You can print this information by clicking
the icon.
The View > Deviation Plots > Section View plot displays the deviated
Wellbore trajectory in vertical-section view, based on user-entered data
in the Well > Wellpath Editor spreadsheet and in the VSection
Definition group box on the Well > General > Options tab.
Section View results reflect current values for Origin N, Origin E, and
Azimuth in the VSection Definition group box on the Well >
General > Options tab.
Default settings for these variables are such that the wellhead effectively
serves as the origin for the vertical section, and the vertical section
reference plane is oriented to azimuth 0.0 deg (due North). Origin N and
Origin E describe the north and east distances from wellhead to local
origin. For example, for Origin N = 50 ft and Origin E = -30 ft, the local
origin is, for referencing of the section view, 50 ft north and 30 ft west
from the wellhead.
Calculating Results
Performing a Calculation
Select View > Calculate to open the Calculate dialog box and:
Use the Depth Shifting of Formation Layer group box to specify a formation that may shift and to
specify how much the depth of the layer may shift. Sometimes a certain layer could be shallower or
deeper than expected. A positive value indicates a downward shift. For an upward shift (shallower),
make sure that the shift amount entered is less than the thickness of the formation layer situated
immediately above the layer selected in the Layer Name field; otherwise, this upper layer is ignored.
Selecting Results
When the calculations are complete, first select the case to check for
solutions, and then select the type of casing scheme results to display.
• Base Case
Note
Accurate results are not available until the Calculate command (View > Calculate
dialog box) is used. Base case is always calculated by default, but in order to display
the other selections you must specify values in the Calculate dialog box.
Viewing Results
Select the View menu commands to view all results for any analysis.
Any solution can be viewed by selecting Well Schematic, Design Plot,
or Casing Scheme. The Final Well Configurations represents an
overview of all solutions, of the hole sizes and casing sizes chosen by
the CasingSeat software. Each of these will be discussed in this course.
Well Schematic
Select View > Well Schematic to display the casing scheme as a Well
schematic. This schematic automatically displays in the window when a
Design is created. Also, when data is displayed (such as a spreadsheet),
and you use the Split command to divide the window into four panes,
your data displays in one pane and the schematic displays in the
other three.
To change the display properties of the Well Schematic, right click the
schematic window and select Properties from the menu
You can display any casing scheme that is defined in the Design by
selecting it from the Casing Scheme Selection drop-down list located
on the View toolbar. Casing schemes are listed in an order based on the
check boxes selected in the Ranking Criteria-Relative Cost group box
located in the Well > Design Parameters > General tab.
You can also display the schematic with any of the casing scheme result
types (base case, pore pressure and fracture gradient margins, and
formation layer depth shifting) by using the View > Results Selection
dialog box or the Results toolbar. You can switch between casing
scheme result types while displaying the schematic.
This is the first solution You can access all solutions by using the Casing
Casing Scheme
calculated and is a Scheme Selection wizard. To view a solution from
Selection wizard.
result of a bottom-up another case, first select the desired case using the
calculation (“b”). case buttons, then select the desired solution from
the Casing Scheme Selection wizard.
All solutions associated with the currently selected case (BC or Base Case in this example) are
listed in the Casing Scheme Selection wizard. The #1 associated with the selected case in the list
represents the best rank. #6 means that there are 5 cheaper solutions, according to the CasingSeat
ranking discussed in the input data. The letter “t” means that this solution resulted from a top-down
calculation. A solution from a bottom-up calculation is symbolized with the letter “b”. The next
number (7, in this case) represents the total number of casing strings required to reach TD.
• Selected to view View > Casing Scheme, View > Design Plot, or
View > Well Schematic.
The order in which casing schemes are displayed is based on the check
boxes marked in the Ranking Criteria-Relative Cost group box. If the
Bottom-Up Design and Top-Down Design check boxes are both
marked in the Analysis Modes group box on the Well > Design
Parameters > General tab, calculations are performed by using both
methods.
You can immediately jump to any one of the casing schemes shown in
this list box by opening the list box and then clicking the appropriate
scheme. Alternatively, you can navigate through the list, one-by-one, by
clicking for the previous item listed and for the next item listed.
If you do not see this list box, open the Tools > Toolbars dialog box and
select the Views check box.
The effect of all constraints, with the exception of the two influx volume constraints, is
represented in the shape of the Design Constraints Lower and Upper curves. Any change
in the operating constraints is immediately shown in this plot. These two curves (Design
Constraints Lower and Upper) represent the delimitation of the current design space.
• Pore Pressure
• Upper and Lower Design Constraints
• Fracture Gradients
• Mud Weight at Shoe
• Shoe depths
• Casing ODs/Hole Sizes
You can display any casing scheme defined in the Design by selecting
it from the Casing Scheme Selection drop-down list located on the
Views toolbar. Casing schemes are listed in an order based on the check
boxes marked in the Ranking Criteria-Relative Cost group box
located in the Well > Design Parameters > General tab.
You can also display the plot with any of the casing scheme result types
(base case, pore pressure and fracture gradient margins, and formation
layer depth shifting) using the View > Results Selection dialog box or
the Results toolbar. You can switch between casing scheme result types
while displaying the plot.
For example, the “Fixed Kick Tolerance Exceeded” reason for setting
the 18 5/8” casing is a consequence of the fixed influx volume
calculation, and it is not represented on the following pressure plot.
Select View > Design Plot to confirm the reasoning behind the results.
The total number of solutions and the exact combinations of hole and
casing sizes match the individual solutions provided in the Casing
Scheme Selection drop-down list for each solutions routine (that is,
Base Case, Lower Margins, Upper Margin, and Depth Shift).
• Values must be selected from the First Casing OD (max) and Last
Casing OD (min.) [or Last Hole Size (min.)] drop-down list of the
Well > Design Parameters > General tab.
• Data must be calculated by using the View > Calculate dialog box.
An error message appears during calculation when values are not
defined in the spreadsheets and tab.
3. Click the Base Case icon ( ) and use the Casing Scheme Selection
wizard to select a solution.
4. In the other pane, select another solution from the Casing Scheme
Selection wizard.
Use the Casing Scheme Schematic Properties
Selection wizard to select the configured to not include
Use the icons to select case you want to view. Casing Float Shoe.
the case type.
5. Split your screen horizontally and select to place a View > Casing
Scheme in both panes.
6. Click the Base Case icon (BC) (or other option) and use the Casing
Scheme Selection wizard to select a solution.
Use the icons to select Use the Casing Scheme Selection wizard
the case type. to select the case you want to view.
7. Click in the other pane to make the other Casing Scheme current.
8. Click the Lower Margin (LM) (or other option) icon. This updates
the Casing Scheme Selection wizard with the Lower Margin set
of solutions.
10. Notice the case name is displayed in the title bar label of
both panes.
To access this command, you must first choose a W ell configuration file
from the Casing Scheme Selection drop-down list, then do one of
the following:
• Select View > Set Active Well Configuration (this icon is only
available when the Casing Scheme View, Well Schematic View, or
the Design Plot View is displayed, and there is at least one result for
the selected analysis type). Note that only valid results can be set
active; the icon is grayed out until you calculate results.
During the course, your instructor will guide you through the exercises and assist you with any
questions that may arise.
Overview
The exercises in this book are designed to familiarize you with the
CasingSeat software. All of the exercises analyze a single Well.
a) Select the Company Properties > General tab and rename the
Company Class.
a) Select the Site Properties > General tab to specify general Site
information. Name the Site Echo. The Default Site Elevation is
b) Select the Site Properties > Location tab and use Grid as the
North Reference.
b) Select the Well Properties > Depth Reference tab to specify the
Well depth reference, configuration (offshore or onshore), and to
view a depiction of the datum. Create a datum titled DFE with a
125 ft elevation. Select DFE as the default datum (select the
Default check box). Leave the Contractor field blank. This is a
platform Well in 305 ft of water. Specify a 30 ft
wellhead elevation.
10. Right-click the Well Explorer Templates node, and import the User
Defined Template.pdt.xml transfer file. This imports a custom
template named “My Template”.
11. From the Well Explorer, double-click (or right-click and select
Open from the menu) to open the Planned Design E3S0P1. Select
My Template for the pre-design casing analysis.
Configure the Design with six tabs. Name them Work, Schem, Path,
Litho, Design, and Casing.
Note
To add/edit tabs, select Tools > Tabs. The Tabs dialog box opens, in which
you can add, delete, reorder, or rename CasingSeat tabs.
13. Click the Work tab, and then select File > Save to save changes to
the Design.
1. On the Work tab, add the following additional bit sizes, if they do
not already exist: 42”, 33”, 14 3/4”, and 7”.
2. Select the Path tab, and then import wellpath data from the file
titled E3S0P1_Wellpath for training.txt. What format must the
file be in prior to importing it? Review the survey data. How can
you check if the total depth of the Well, in MD and TVD, is in line
with the survey?
Select File > Close, and click Yes when prompted to save changes
to the Design.
Note
Throughout the remainder of the exercises, if a Change History dialog box appears,
click Save. Optional: to deactivate the display of the Change History Updates
dialog box:
Select this
check box to
disable the
display of the
Change
History
dialog box.
4 Alternatively, to turn off the Change History Updates dialog box, activate the
Do not show this message again check box in the lower left corner of the
dialog box. If you want to activate the Change History Updates dialog box
later, perform steps 1 through 3 above, but deselect the Do not display change
history update window check box.
3. Reopen the E3SOP1 Design and check the Well depth and azimuth
using the Well > General dialog box. You can also access this
dialog box using the Wizard. How do you set the azimuth for
vertical section plan to the azimuth of the Well TD?
5. Select the Work tab, and then add a 14 3/4” hole size as an option
for drilling below the 18 5/8” casing OD.
• The maximum size of the first casing is 30” and set at 600 ft.
8. Select the Litho tab. Define the lithology, including each formation
type and depth, as well as other parameters. All layers are
competent for setting a casing shoe. Use the Lithology tab to enter
0.5 ppg overbalance for each layer.
9. Select the Work tab. Copy and paste pore pressure data into
Geology > Pore Pressure using the data found in the
porefrac.xls file.
10. Copy and paste fracture gradient data into Geology > Fracture
Gradient by using the data found in the porefrac.xls file.
11. Where would you specify the drillpipe OD, BHA OD and length for
each hole size you want to consider in the analysis? Select the
values for Drill Pipe OD and BHA OD from their respective drop-
down lists using the data found in the DrillParam.xls file. Enter
BHA Length using the same file.
Why was only some of the data copied into the Drilling Parameters
spreadsheet (for example, some Drillpipe OD, BHA OD, BHA
Length values)?
Exercise 2 Answers
1. Select Well > Inventories > Bit/Hole Sizes and enter the values (if
needed) in the inventory.
2. Select File > Import > Wellpath. From the Import Wellpath File
dialog box, navigate to the location of the E3S0P1_Wellpath for
EDM training.txt file, select it, and then click Open to import
the wellpath.
From the Wellpath Editor, check the MD and TVD at TD. Next,
select Well > General to specify the Well vertical depth at TD. The
following rules associated with copy and paste of wellpath data can
be found in the CasingSeat Help:
EDM™ Data Transfer File imports are not supported from paths
containing apostrophes or file names containing apostrophes. Make
sure that you do not use apostrophes in file names or
directory names.
Important!
Always save, close, and reopen the Design after importing Wellpath data.
4. Select the Geology > Geothermal Gradient dialog box, and enter
the following:
5. On the Work tab, select Well > Allowable Hole Sizes to review the
hole sizes you want to use in your analysis.
6. Select Well > Allowable Casing ODs to review all the casing sizes
that are allowed to run in each hole section.
Important!
If the Design is not saved, an Pore pressure data was copied from
asterisk (*) displays to the a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.
right of the Design Name in
the Title bar.
Yes, the
Associated
Data Viewer
updates Pore
Pressure when
you save the
Design.
10. Be sure to replace any existing lines in the Geology > Fracture
Gradient with those in the Excel spreadsheet. Yes, there is a weak
zone at 13,253 ft TVD.
Weak zone.
11. Select Well > Drilling Parameters and copy/paste the data
provided in DrillParam.xls. When complete, the Drilling
Parameters spreadsheet should appear as follows:
Only the hole sizes with drillpipe ODs that fall between the First
Casing OD (max) to Last Casing OD (min) range, as specified in the
Design Parameters dialog box, are write enabled in the Drilling
Parameters spreadsheet. Furthermore, all solutions are calculated
using only casings that satisfy the Max to Min Casing OD range
specified in the Design Parameters dialog box.
3. Review the Design Plot for the solution titled 7" Casing to TD -
#200t - 7. Is the weak zone accounted for in the Design? Use the
Design Plot tab.
4. Indicate that this solution is the one you plan to use further in the
StressCheck software for performing casing design.
5. Review the casing scheme. Why was the 13 5/8” casing set at
this depth?
Exercise 3 Answers
1. Select View > Calculate or press F8 to calculate results. Use
defaults for all calculation parameters, and then click OK.
2. Select View > Results Selection to specify the Base Case type for
review, or click the Base Case ( ) icon.
3. Select the Design tab to display the Design plot. Select the “Base
Case - 7” Casing to TD - #200t - 7” solution by using the
Views toolbar.
Select the desired solution using the drop-down list from
the Views toolbar.
Shoe set
5. Select the Casing tab to view the Casing Scheme. Select the “Base
Case - 7” Casing to TD - #200t - 7” solution. The 13 5/8” casing is
set at this depth because the mud weight could cause the formation
to fracture.
Explanation of the criterion the program used
to determine the setting depth for the casing
is listed in the Reason column.
7. Select the Schem tab to view the schematic. Select the “Base Case -
7” Casing to TD - #200t - 7” solution and make it active.
Right-click anywhere on the schematic and select Properties from
the right-click menu. Select the Cement check box, if not already
selected, to include cement placement on the schematic.
Select the
Cement check
box to show
cement in the
schematic
8. Click the Save icon ( ) to save changes to the Design, and then
close the CasingSeat software.
• Differential Sticking
• Wellbore Stability Minimum Mud Weight
• Pore Pressure and Fracture Gradient Margins
• Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Solutions Comparison
430 8.40
2,600 9.20
4,500 12.00
5,170 12.00
10,125 13.90
12,325 12.00
Exercise 4 Answers
1. Start the CasingSeat software, and then open Design E3S0P1. Select
the Litho tab to view the Lithology spreadsheet. Change the Diff.
Sticking Limit to 2,000 psi for Layer Top TVD 12,325 ft. Select the
Design tab and recalculate. Notice in solution Base Case 7” Casing
to TD - #200t - 8, the lower Differential Sticking Limit results in a
requirement for one extra Casing string.
The active view is highlighted with a dark blue title bar. To activate
the other plot, click any area of the plot.
4. Reopen the initial E3SOP1 Design, and select the Design tab.
Recalculate if needed. Select Window > Tile Vertically, and then
compare both Design Plots.
5. From the initial E3S0P1 Design, select File > Save As, and save the
Design as E3SOP1PorePressureLM.
Select View > Calculate (or press F8), and then enter 0.5 ppg in the
Pore Pressure Lower Margin (-) field as shown below.
Click OK to Calculate.
Look for a six string solution that still satisfies most of the casing
sizes and hole sizes of the initial solution. Try solution 7” Casing to
TD - # 1156t -6.
Note
The impact of a lower pore pressure margin of 0.5 ppg on the initial E3SOP1
Design is a reduction on the total number of the strings to case the Well. The
16” Casing OD run is removed from the design configuration.
a) Open the E3S0P1 Design, select the Well > Design Parameters
dialog box. Select the Kick Tolerance tab, and then reduce the
influx volume from 50 bbl to 10 bbl. Click OK to save and close
the Design Parameters dialog box.
Select the
Bottom-Up
Design check
box only.
f) Find a solution that still satisfies most of the casing sizes and
hole sizes of the initial solution. Try solution Base Case - 7”
Casing to TD - #1740b -6. Click the Set Active Well
Configuration ( ) icon. Save the design with a new name,
E3S0P1BottomUp. Close the Design (click Yes if prompted to
Save again).
7. Close and save both Designs, and then exit the CasingSeat
software. This concludes the exercises.