Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

1993,32, 1767-1771 1767

Comments on the Use of Quadrature in Selecting Pseudocomponents for

Multiple-Contact Processes
Kraemer D. Luks,' Edward A. Turek, and Tor K. Kragas
Amoco Production Company, Box 3385, Tulsa, Oklahoma 74102

Certain complex,multicomponent mixtures can be represented as continuous distributionsof species,

typically expressed as a function of one or more parameters (such as carbon number) or physical
properties. Rather than use a continuous distribution directly when performing flash calculations,
one often uses quadrature to choose a set of discrete components (pseudocomponents) to mimic the
distribution. In this paper we critically examine the validity of systematically updating the
(quadrature) identification of n pseudocomponents during a multiple-contact process, in order to
compensate for the changing compositional nature of the system. We show that updating procedures
can produce computationalresults for a multiple-contact process that diverge from those one obtains
using n pseudocomponents of fixed identification, where n is very large. As an illustration, the case
of a semicontinuous live oil repeatedly contacted with fresh COa is considered.

Introduction
It has been shown [e.g., see Cotterman and Prausnitz
(1985, 19911, Cotterman et al. (1985a,b, 19861, Behrens
and Sandler (1988), and Shibata et al. (198711 that
quadrature can be a very efficient way of specifying the
pseudocomponents of the C7+portion of a live oil, providing
one can accurately represent the distribution of the many
C7+ species present as a continuous function of some
parameter(s), say, carbon number. For example, given
the simple exponential distribution
F(I) = ae"'/(e4 - ea) = 0 when I < A, I > B (1)
for a fluid portion with ita carbon number I limited to the
range A = 6.5 to B = 100.5, one can accurately represent
that portion by as few as four pseudocomponenta when
performing a single flash calculation. Du and Mansoori
(1986,1987) were the first, to our knowledge, to use the
simple exponential distribution in phase equilibrium
calculations,although Shibata et al. (1987) point out that
Vogel et al. (1983)earlier presented experimental evidence
supporting the use of the exponential form for C7+ mole
fraction distributions.
The carbonnumber Ican be related to molecular weight
through
MW = 14.01+ 2.0 (2)
The average carbon number for a given range (A,B) can
be expressed as a function of the exponential decay
parameter a:
(I)= [ ( a A+ l)e"A - (aB + l)e41/[a(e4
In the limit B - -a, (I)
-
A + l/a. The higher the
molecular weight of the continuous portion, the smaller
(3)
a becomes, or equivalently, the "flatter" the distribution
eq 1becomes.
Recently, Matthews et al. (1991) have suggested that,
in a multiple-contact process where the continuous portion/
phase composition is changing from stage to stage, one
should alter the description of the phase pseudocompo-
nents to reflect that change. In the context of the
distribution in eq 1above, alteration would be equivalent
to changing the a parameter. It could as well mean a
* Address correspondence to this author at Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of Tulsa, 600 S. College Ave.,
Tulsa, OK 74104-3189.
0888-588519312632-1767$04.00/0 0 1993 American Chemical Society
change in the limit B, but one can argue that a sensible
initial choice of B should remain appropriate throughout
a multiple-contact process.
Matthews et al. carried out their continuous system
description using two characterization variables: (1)dis-
tillation curve boiling point and (2) specific gravity or
Watson characterization factor. They employed a cu-
mulutiue boiling point temperature curve to describe their
system, with temperature as the ordinate and cumulative
weight fraction as the abscissa. The cumulative weight
fraction varies from 0 to 1in every step of the multiple-
contact process and therefore permits one to use a
Legendre-Gaussquadrature scheme once at the outset of
the process to compute the quadrature points and weight
factors; the fixed limits (0,l) of the cumulative weight
fraction eliminate the need to recompute these for later
contactings. The characterization of the pseudocompo-
nenta changeswith successivecontactings,throughchanges
in the pseudocomponent properties accompanying the
shiftingof the cumulative property curves. In other words,
although the locations of the pseudocomponent assign-
menta along the cumulatiue property curve and their
associated weight fractions conveniently do not change
with each contacting, the pseudocomponent properties
do.
Setting aside any discussion of the relative merits of
choosing one set of characterizingparameters over another,
we judge that the description employed by Matthews et
al. is equivalent in detail to a two-parameterdistribution.
In contrast, eq 1 is a one-parameter description. The
analysis that follows will focus on certain formal features
of Matthews' methodology versus traditional methods
using fixed identityfproperty pseudocomponents. The
analysiswill be formally,if not quantitatively,independent
of description. We will employ the one-parameter expo-
nential function in eq 1in our computations. Ita simplicity,
which may properly be considered a quantitative liability,
can in fact cause formal differences between Matthews'
methodology and more traditional strategies to be nu-
merically magnified. In summary, a recipe analogous to
Matthews' can be constructed using the exponential
distribution eq 1, even if one must concede certain
computational advantages to the use of a cumulative
distribution. In the following section, such a computa-
tional recipe will be constructed suitable for a distribution
function such as presented in eq 1.
1768 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 32,No. 8, 1993
Formalism
One can redefine the carbon number variable I in the
distribution function as a reduced variable:
y=a(I-A) (4)
Similarly
C = CY(B- A ) (5)
represents the upper bound of the reduced variable
function. Equation 3 can be reexpressed as
(y) = 1 - Ce*/(l- e-‘) = cr((I) -A) (6)
MW is synonymous with (I)at fixed (A$) and directly
yields a (and thus C).
To select pseudocomponent carbon numbers and mole
fractions for a continuous portion of a phase represented
by this distribution, one can apply finite Laguerre-Gauss
quadrature, which is applicable to integrals of the type
S,‘f(z)e+ d~ (7)
The quadrature weighting factors {wi)and the roots {xi)
of the pseudocomponents are functions of the reduced
parameter C. {Ii} depend directly on {xi]through eq 4. If
the continuous portion of a fluid phase has a MW that
varies with the number of process steps performed, then
{wi]and (Ii)can in turn be varied with the steps through
C. Since it is understood that the properties of a
pseudocomponentdepend on its carbon number,then they
-
will also vary with the steps.
-
In the limit C m (Le., B Q),given a fixed value of
A), the quadrature results {wj]and {xi)will be fixed at all
process steps for the continuous portion of a phase. The
MW (equivalently the value of (I))of the continuous
portion at each process step will determine a value of a
at that step, and consequently the {Ij]will vary with each
step along with MW. This limiting scenario is mathe-
matically simple, like Matthews’ which employs a cumu-
lative distribution function accompanied by Legendre-
Gauss quadrature. But it is not formally equivalent to
the Matthews methodology. Matthews et al. were in
essence able to achieve this degree of mathematical
simplicity for arbitrary values of C; that is, they were able
to impose a finite upper bound B on the carbon numbers
of the continuous portion at the outset and calculate their
Legendre-Gauss quadrature results once (initially), suit-
able for all later process steps. For finite B in the context
of the exponential distribution in eq 1,one is required to
recompute {wi)and (xi) at each step of the process. This
is a computational inconvenience, of course. Of impor-
tance here, however, is that this computation for a value
of C that varies with each step, inconvenience aside, is
formally equivalent to that of Matthews et al., as B is
maintained aa a finite, fixed parameter for the entire
multiple-contact process.
We will now compare the computational results of this
last recipe,cumbersomethough it may be, to those of more
traditional strategies whereby the identity and properties
of the pseudocomponentsare initiallyestablishedand then
held fixed throughout the multiple-contact process. By
this comparison, we will be able to evaluate the ramifi-
cations of Matthews’ methodology relative to traditional
methodologies within the framework of a common dis-
tribution, that being the one in eq 1.
Example Calculation
A live oil, ‘oil A” (described in Table I), with 60.7 mol
5% C7+was chosen for the initial liquid phase of a multiple-
Table I. Molar Composition of Oil A Used in the Example
Calculations
component mole fraction component mole fraction
N2 0.0216 iC4 0.0188
c1 0.1080 nC4 0.0338
COa 0.0187 iC6 0.0215
Ca 0.0520 nC5 0.0244
H2S 0.0024 CS 0.0457
cs 0.0461 C7+ 0.6070
contacting proms. Two situations were examined, where-
in the molecular weight of the C7+ portion of oil A was
arbitrarily assigned to be either 149or 249. The first value
is close to that used by Matthews et al. (1991)for his CS+
mixture. The following multiple-contact processes were
computed at 160 OF using fresh C02 as the contacting gas,
with the C7+ portion represented by eight (quadrature)
pseudocomponents:
1. Fifteen contactings were made of the liquid phase,
initially oil A having a C7+ MW of 149,with equimolar
amounts of C02 at 1500 psia, after which the equilibrium
vapor phase was removed; four different values of the
carbon number upper bound B of the C7+ portion were
examined, 20.5, 40.5,60.5,and m, respectively. Carbon
number lower bound A is fixed at 6.5in all computations.
2. Fifteen contactings were made of the liquid phase,
initially oil A having a C7+ MW of 249,with twice the
molar amount of C02 at 2500 psia, after which the
equilibrium vapor phase was removed; three different
values of the carbon number upper bound B of the C7+
portion were examined, 60.5,80.5, and m, respectively.
Carbon number lower bound A is fixed at 6.5 in all
computations.
3. Fifteen contactings analogous to 1 were performed
but with the eight C7+pseudocomponent carbon numbers
(Le., properties) determined once, prior to the first
contacting, and held constant.
4. Fifteen contactings analogous to 2 were performed
but with the eight C7+pseudocomponent carbon numbers
(i.e., properties) determined once, prior to the first
contacting, and held constant.
As the MW of the liquid phase increased with each
contacting in 1 and 2,the carbon numbers of the eight C7+
pseudocomponents were readjusted prior to the next
contacting by finite Laguerre-Gauss quadrature to be
consistent with that MW and the (fixed) carbon number
upper bound B. In performing our computations, we
empiricallyfound that our multiple-contactprocess results
did not vary significantly when we used six or more
quadrature components. Therefore, we arbitrarily used
eight components for our computations. When applying
Laguerre-Gauss quadrature to cases of more than six
pseudocomponents,we invoked quadruple precisionwhen
generating the roots and weighting factors. We deemed
this necessary from comparisons of calculated roots and
-
weighting factors with literature tabulations for the case
C m (Abramowitzand Stegun, 1972). All computations
were performed using the same Redlich-Kwong equation
of statedescription as employed in our earlier paper (Luks
et al., 1990). It should be emphasized that the choice of
equation of state is not crucial here, only that the same
equation of state description be used in comparative
computations.
Larger values of B as upper carbon number bounds were
employed for the computations for MW = 249 than for
those for MW = 149. MW = 249 corresponds to a carbon
C - -
number of about 17.6,versus 10.5 for MW = 149. When
( B a),the normalized C7+mole fractions are the
same for all contactings, and thus quadrature only has to
be performed once; however, the properties of the
 Ind. Eng. Chem. Flea., Vol. 32, No.8,1993 1769

e
460 I I
L
.-c1) Sliding (24W60.6)

Discrete (240/60 6)

al
Sliding (14W20.5)
Sliding (140/B -. -) 3
Discrete (149/20.6)
Discrete (140/B + m)
I I I I
60
0 3 6 9 12 16 0 3 6 9 12 16
Number of Contactings Number of Contactings
Figure 1. Comparieon of the liquid-phase molecular weight a~ a Figure 2. Comparison of the liquid-phase molecular weight BB a
function of the number of contactings for the sliding and discrete function of the numbr of contacting8 for the sliding and discrete
methods for two seta of initial CI+ molecular weight and parameter
B. -
meth~fortwo~teofinitialCI+molecular~ightandtheparame~
B 0,

pseudocomponents are changing with each contacting as 2oo

the carbon numbers change.
In their work, Matthews et al. performed a differential
pressure depletion calculation consisting of four steps at
533.2 K for a mixture of 30 wt 7% CO2 + 70 wt 7% c6+
mixture. Their c6+ mixture had a molecular weight of
about 145. The first depletion removed a substantial
portion of the pressuring gas, similar to what we experi-
enced with the light ends of the live oil in our computations.
It is not straightforward to assess how similar the multiple Sliding (149/20.5)
contact process calculations 1 and 2 above are to Matthew’ 50 -
oil depletion calculation. Such an assessment, however, 3
is not needed. The computationsperformed herein focus 3
on their methodology of adjusting pseudocomponent I I I 1
properties at each step of a process vis-a-vis more 0
traditional schemes using pseudocomponents with fued
properties. The comparison is made in a common frame-
work, the above-listed multiple-contact processes.

Discussion
For convenience, we will hereafter refer to the charac-
terization updating scheme used in calculations 1 and 2
as the sliding scheme, since the carbon numbers of the
remaining liquid-phase pseudocomponents in these cases 160
are adjusted (“slide”)to higher carbon numbers with each
-
contacting. This sliding will be most pronounced for the
case B m, as the freedom for the carbon numbers to
adjust to the changing value of MWl is not restricted by Discrete (140; B -. 4
a finite carbon number upper bound B. The character-
._
ization scheme where the carbonnumbers (and properties) Sliding (140; B -. m)
are fixed initially and held constant throughout the 60-
multiple contactings will be referred to as the discrete
scheme.
Figures1 and2compareMWlfortheslidinganddiscrete
computations for the cases of CI+initial MW = 149 for B 0 3 6 Q 12 15
= 20.5 and m, and C7+ initial MW = 249 for B = 60.5 and
m. The computations for MW = 249 with the different
Number of Contactings
values of E diverge with the number of contactings more Figurn 4. Comparison of the liquid-pham mam aa a function of the
dramatically than those for MW = 149.(There is a “kink”
in all the curves at contacting 1,more noticeable for C7+
initial MW = 249,which is caused by the first contacting
number of contactingn for the sliding and discrete methodn for two
seta of initial Cy+ molecular weight and the parameter B =, -
preferentially removing nearly a l l the volatile8 of the with MW = 249,especially over the fmt five contactings.
original live oil.) The same type of property divergence The divergences increase not only with the number of
(but not as pronounced) occurs when one computes the contactings but ale0 with the value of the upper carbon
CI+mass left in the liquid phase (Figures 3 and 4). The number bound B. For an initial C7+ MW = 149, for a
divergences between sliding and discrete results for MW particular computational strategy (sliding or discrete),
= 149 are very small in all the Figures 1-4 when compared the resulta for B 1 40.5 are virtually identical to those for
1770 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 32,No. 8,1993

0.5 0.5 I
1
Legend C Legend
.-50 0.4
Initial (148/20.6) Initial (249/60.6)
Sliding (16) - -
Sliding (16) - -
8 /--\
8 0.3 \ Discrete (16)

c
0.3 Discrete (161
c
2
0.2

x
3
s 0.1

0.0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C7+ Pseudocomponent C7+ Pseudocomponent
pigun, S, c7+mole fractions (normalized)for ininitialc,+molecular Figun, 7. C7+mole fractions(normalizsd)for an initial C7+molecular
weight of 149 and B = 20.5. Shown are the initial values, the values weight of 249 and B = 60.6. Shown are the initial values, the values
-
after 16 contactingafor the sliding and discrete calculations,and the
values for B a. values for B m. -
after 16 contactingafor the sliding and discrete calculations,and the

0.5 I I The distribution for the sliding case changes form with
Legend the number of contactings differently from that for the
discrete case. Bothstart with the same initial distribution
Initial (14W606) (shown), with all the pseudocomponents of the sliding
slifing(16) - - case experiencing increasing carbon numbers with the
Discrete (16) number of contactings. One effect of these carbon number
changes is a reduction in the volatility of the lighter C7+
Sliding (B -1
+
pseudocomponents, causing their normalized mole frac-
tions not to diminish as rapidly as in the discrete case.
The sliding pseudocomponent mole fraction distribution
thus becomes flatter with the number of contactingswhen
compared to the corresponding discrete distribution.
Since the pseudocomponents are changing identity
(carbonnumber) with each contacting for the sliding case,
one cannot strictly compare pseudocomponent masses
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
between contactings with the objective of quantitatively
C7+ Pseudocomponent examining a possible conservation-of-mass violation.
Fieurn 6. C7+ mole fractions (normalized)for an initialC7+molecular However, it was noted that the amount of mass in the
weight of 149 and B = 60.5. Shown are the initial values, the values heaviest pseudocomponents can and will increase for the
values for B a. -.
after 15 contactinge for the sliding and discrete calculations,and the sliding case when the limit B is finite. For example, this

-
B a at five contactings, and likewise for B 1 60.5 a t 15
contactings. For an initial C7+MW = 249,it appears that
one has to impose a bound B > 80.5 to accomplish this.
Given the above results, we wish to address two
questions:
1. Why do the sliding and discrete results differ?
2. Which result is "correct"? (It is recognized that
whereas neither result may be "exact", one may be formally
more correct than the other.)
Some preliminary insights to the first question can be
obtained by examining how the distribution of the
normalized C7+ mole fractions shifts as the coatactings
proceed. Figures 5 and 6 illustrate these distributions for
the initial C7+ MW = 149, for B = 20.5 and 60.5,
respectively. Smoothed curves have been conatructed
through the eight normalized mole fractions in each case.
Interestingly, the initial mole fractions of the pseudocom-
ponents that represent an exponentialdistribution exhibit
a maximum, which is at the second or third pseudocom-
ponent. For f i i t e valuesof B, both the discrete and sliding
mole fraction distributions shift in a logical manner, with
the presence of the heavier pseudocomponents increasing
at the expense of the lighter ones. The "Sliding ( B 05)"
mole fraction curve is invariant with the number of
- are therefore not surprising.
contactings for the sliding computation, as pointed out
earlier.
occurred with the sixth through eighth C7+ pseudocom-
ponents for initial C7+MW = 149 when the upper carbon
number bound B = 20.5and 40.5,and with the f i i h through
eighth C7+ pseudocomponents when B = 60.5. This
disappears for the sliding case as B a. -
anomaly, which cannot occur with the discrete case,
In comparing Figures 5 and 6,there is not as much a
shift in the normalized mole fraction curve peak with
pseudocomponent number for upper carbon number
bound B = 60.5 as for B = 20.5. The sliding case
-
distributions for finite B's will be closer to that of the case
"Sliding (B m)" as B gets larger, which is logically to be
expected. The sliding distribution is flatter after 15
contactings than the discrete distribution for B = 60.5, as
before with B = 20.5.
Figures 7 and 8,with the C7+ initial MW now equal to
249,are analogous to Figures 5 and 6. The differences in
the evolution of the pseudocomponent normalized mole
fraction distributions with contactings are more pro-
nounced, which is consistent with the larger property
differences seen in Figures 1-4. Again, the distributions
for the sliding cases are flatter than those for the discrete
cases. The dramatic divergences of results in Figures 1-4
We can now answer the fiist question as to why the
discrete and sliding results differ. The mechanics of the
discrete computation are straightforward. Given an
assumed initial exponentialdistribution of the C7+portion

0.5 I
3
U
0.1 t' /
I /' \ \ --_
1 2 3 4 5 0 7 8
C7+ Pseudocomponent
Figure8. C7+mole fractions (normalized)for an initial C7+molecular
weight of 249 and E = 80.5. Shown are the initial values, the values
after 15 contactinga for the sliding and discrete calculations, and the
values for E -m.
+
of oil A, one gets a distribution of normalized C7+ mole
fractions which shifts with the number of contactings. The
distribution of these normalized mole fractions is not
consistent any longer with an exponential distribution after
the first contacting. The MWI information is derived
information and not used to adjust later C7+distributions.
In contrast, in the sliding property approach, the C7+
distribution is always designated to be exponential for the
liquid phase (tobe contacted) and enters each equilibrium
contacting coupled to the MWIof the previous contacting.
This is an additional constraint on the computation that
creates a bias in the computation, one that in the context
of multiple contactings causes divergences ( as illustrated
in Figures 1-4) between the computed results of the two
methodologies.
We now address the second question concerning which
result is "correct". It is not just the contacting-to-
contacting constraint of a specified distribution (herein,
exponential) being applied that leads us to believe that
the sliding approach is flawed. Intuitively, it is an
appealing approach. However, as pointed out earlier, when
one uses six C7+pseudocomponents derived by quadrature
techniques in the discrete approach for a problem con-
sistingof 15contactings,one gets results that are essentially
identical with those that would be obtained using more
than six pseudocomponents, for example, using an in-
definitely large number of pseudocomponents that could
be envisioned to approach infinity in number. Given the
premise that the initial exponential distribution correctly
represents the extremely large number of C7+ species in
a "laboratory" system, then the discrete answer for n L
6 (--) is the correct answer to the multiple-contacting
"laboratory" problem. The sliding approach produces an
answer that does not asymptotically approachthis discrete
answer for n 1 6 (+oJ).
The calculation of Matthews et al. (1991)is not a severe
test of the methodology that they propose, and therefore
any difficulty that may arise from it is not apparent. Their
calculation is similar in severity to the computations for
the C7+ upper carbon number bound B = 20.5 in Figures
1 and 3 for MW = 149. Very little change in the
pseudocomponent carbon numbers takes place with each
contacting, and the sliding and discrete computationsare
essentially indistinguishable at five contactings. This is
not the case for a greater number of contactings and/or
for higher C7+ MW's where the deviations in Figures 1-4
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 32, No. 8, 1993 1771
are already becoming prominent at five contactings and
1 are more sensitive to the C7+upper carbon number bound
B.
Nomenclature
A = lower carbon number bound
B = upper carbon number bound
C = upper bound of the reduced carbon number variable
F = distribution function
I
I = carbon number
MW = molecular weight
w = quadrature weighting factor
x = quadrature root
y = reduced carbon number variable
z = dummy variable
cy = exponential distribution decay parameter
Subscripts
i = species
1 = liquid phase
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Received for review November 16, 1992
Accepted April 27,1993