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I1111
IiI 111III
IH li111III
ii~~~liiil
ELASTIC SECOND-ORDER
COMPUTER ANALYSIS
OF BEAM-COLUMNS
AND FRAMES
APPROVED
Supervisor _____________
Michael D. E-ngd.hardt
Dan L. Wheat
10 3 91-12349
II II'11
I iII1' !ll
ELASTIC SECOND-ORDER
COMPUTER ANALYSIS
OF BEAM-COLUMNS
AND FRAMES
I ". '
APPROVED
Dan L. Wheat
To my wife Virginia
and my children
Mervin and Exrica
ELASTIC SECOND-ORDER
COMPUTER ANALYSIS
OF BEAM-COLUMNS
AND FRAMES
by
THESIS
in Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements
AUGUST 1991
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author extends his sincere gratitude to Dr. Michael
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES x
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Obiective 2
1.3 Scope 4
1.3-2 Assumptions 5
2 BACKGROUND ON BEAM-COLUMNS 9
3.1 General 13
3.2 Methodology 14
v
3.4-1 Load Functions 36
3.4-2 Maximum Elastic 42
Second-Order Moments
4 ELASTIC BUCKLING LOAD 56
4.1 General 56
4.2 Computer Analysis of the 56
Elastic Stability
of Plane Frames
5 VERIFICATION OF COMPUTER PROGRAM 64
(E S C A P
5.1 General 64
5.2 Sample Problems 64
Example 5.2-1 Simply-Supported 64
Beam-Column with Uniform
Distributed Load
Example 5.2-2 Fixed-Fixed 72
Beam-Column with Uniform
Distributed Load
Example 5.2-3 Hinged-Fixed 77
Beam-Column with Uniform
Distributed load
Example 5.2-4 Elastic Second-Order 86
Analysis of a Frame
Example 5.2-5 Elastic Critical 92
Load of a Frame
Example 5.2-6 Elastic Second-order 95
Analysis of A Three-Story Frame
vi
6 CONCLUSIONS 99
APPENDIX 102
REFERENCES 127
vii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
TABLE I STABILITY FUNCTIONS OF 34
A BEAM-COLUMN
TABLE II MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENTS 69
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM-COLUMN
TABLE III MAXIMUM DEFLECTIONS 70
SIMPLY-SUPPORTED BEAM-COLUMN
TABLE IV RELATIVE DISPLACEMENTS 70
SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM-COLUMN
TABLE V MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENTS 75
FIXED-FIXED BEAM-COLUMN
TABLE VI MAXIMUM DEFLECTION: 76
FIXED-FIXED BEAM-COLUMN
TABLE VII RELATIVE DISPLACEMENTS 76
FIXED-FIXED BEAM-COLUMN
TABLE VIII MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENTS 82
HINGED-FIXED BEAM-COLUMN
TABLE IX MAXIMUM MOMENTS-MEMBER AC 83
HINGED-FIXED BEAM-COLUMN
TABLE X DEFLECTIONS-MEMBER AC 84
HINGED-FIXED BEAM-COLUMN
TABLE XI RELATIVE DISPLACEMENTS 85
HINGED-FIXED BEAM-COLUMN
TABLE XII SECOND-ORDER MOMENTS 90
OF A PLANE FRAME EXAMPLE No. 5
viii
TABLE XIV SECOND-ORDER MOMENTS 97
THREE-STORY FRAME
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
x
Fig. 16 LOAD VS. DEFLECTION/MOMENT CURVE 71
yi
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
examples.
2
1.2 OBJECTIVES
stability analysis.
1.3 SCOPE
columns.
1.3-2 Assumptions
The development of elastic second-order analysis is based
i. sin 0 =
ii. cos =1
2 =0
iii.
6
c. The exact expression for the curvature of a line
is
_ 1Eq. (1)
P [1 + (y') 21 3/ 2
where p radius of curvature
* = curvature
y = deflection
only.
7
in Chapter 4.
Chapter 3 presents the methodology that is
implemented in the development of the computer program L
listed in Appendix A.
And finally, Chapter 6 provides a conclusion on the
results of the analysis of the computer pzraa
( E S C A P ]. The importance of elastic second-order
analysis and elastic stability analysis of frames are
moments.
9
10~
2nd-order moment
~fir, t-order moment
Mo
structure.
Most structures are composed of many structural
ANALYSIS
3.1 GENERAL
13
14
3.2 METHODOLOGY
Calculate _
deflections __________
.005 _________
Print Output
No 1.Joint Deflections
[2. Member Forces
ICalculate Member
End forces
Fig. 2 - Flowchart
Elastic Second-Order Analysis
16
program.
equilibrium.
The degrees of freedom of a beam-column element are
SM
22 SM
~52
k m
I~ M 62
SM
32 L
SM 23SM
53
63
of a Beam-Column
18
SM2 SMM5
SM M
SM22
X 32 .k x wx.
SM 2O x P
M = -EIy", Eq.(3)
M = -EI d 2y
dx 2
Eq. (5)
20
Rearranging the terms of Eq. ( 5 ) yields
where k 2 P
El Eq. (7)
yP = Cx + D. Eq. (9)
0 + k 2 (Cx + D) =
kA SM2 x SM
kE2 A + EI - El Eq. (10)
y = A sinkx + B coskx + A +
then
B q3 2 Eq. (12)
k 2 EI
At x = 0, dy/dx = 0; then
Eq. (14)
S2 2 cos kL - S32sin kL
2
k EI kEX
SM 2 E (6 s1 ) A Eq. (23)
equal to
SM32_ 3 (3L s 2 ) A
2 LEI Eq. (25)
s2 = (kL)2 (1
6 -4ccos kL) Eq. (26)
26
2
EI dd~x y2 + 'Y = SM 2 3 x - SM 33 Eq. (28)
27
SM 2 3 SM 33
YP- k 2 EI k 2 EI Eq. (29)
y = A sin kx + B cos kx + k 2 EI
2 x
SM 33 Eq.(30)
k 2EE
SM2 3
Y/ = Ak cos kx - Bk sin kx +kEk 2 EI Eq. (31)
28
The constants A and B of Eq. (30) are determined by
SM
22 3
M 3 Eq. (34)
k 2EI
29
Applying the boundary conditions ( joint r of Fig. 3b
)to Eq. ( 34 )at x = L , y' = 0 ; then
At x =L ,y =0 ;then
(0 -SM
23 ) si L+S33coskL +
k k 3 EI k 2 EI
Eq. (37)
where 4,= 2 - 2 cos kL - kL]I Eq. (21)
where
SM2 3 -Elk
2
1 o kL ) 0
cs Eq. (40)
31
SM 6 E - [ L coskL] -
$IS 3 L3
L
2E12 (s 4 ) * 0 Eq.(43)
where
S4 kL
= (kL 2 - oosin kL) Eq. (44)
E. 44
y/ - k 2 y = 0 Eq. (46)
zero [12]
TABLE - I STABILITY FUNCTIONS 34
OF A BEAM-COLUMN
S3 kL (sin kL - kL (sinh kL -
kl cos kL kl cosh kL)
2 0 2 0t
0C = 2 - 2 cos kL - kL sin kL
ot = 2 - 2 cosh kL + kL sinh kL
Note: When axial force is zero
s = S2 = S s 4 = 1
35
The Tremb-r atrix with
Ym~fnes the stability
A 0 0 -A 0 0
o 12 1 S1 §I 0 -
12 1 S1 -§IS
Eq. (48)
36
A 0 0 -A 0 0
121 61 121 61
L2 L L2 L
0 61 41 0 6 21
[K]-~L L
L -A 0 0 A 0 0
0 121 _61 121 _ 61
0 L. 2 . L 0 --
LT --L
0 61 21 0 41
L L
Eq. (49)
FEA
2t
(a) Concentrated Load
FEA FEA 5
3 6
(b) Uniform Load
Axial Compression
+ ka sin kL - 1)
40 2 - 2 cos kL - kL sin kL
2F
Concentrated Load
Axial Tension
- kb sinh kL -1)
- ka sinh kL - 1)
=2 - 2 cosh kL + kL sinh kL
k- -
Axial Compression
FE = FEA = wL
2
wL 2 12 6 sinkL
12 (kL) 2 kL (coskL - 1)
FEA6 = - FEA3
Axial Tension
FE% - YEAs wL
wL 2 [12 6 sinh kL
12 (kL)2 kL (cosh kL - 1)
FEAG -FEA3
FEA 2 FEA 5
p 'PA
3 6
Uniform Loud
the load.
The maximum moment in a member with a uniform
distributed load is calculated based on the procedure
p
M M1--
0 elastic 0
first-order
moment
elastic/
scond-order
moment
Second-Order Moment
44
10b.
Let us assume the member end actions are known from
2 3
W f
w13
2
pg
2 VI
VI
1+ .7 M1 =0
y 2'
b
V
r
ma -
a
diagr~fn
(b) tresbody
Axis
igI Transformed
of a 3eafn.Column
47
The second-order differential equation of a beam-column
Eq. (50)
yields
2
Y" -A k 2 sin kx- Bk2 coskx+ k E
Eq. (52)
Mx -Ely"l
=Elk 2 [A sin kx+ B cos kx - w~
Eq. (53)
When x = 0; Mx Ma
where P = k 2 El
49
W tankL + Mb - Ma coskL
tan kx k2 2 w sinkL Eq. (57)
M.+ 2
k
kx
k2 -2
. =w (tan kL sin kx + cos kx - 1]
Eq. (59)
Eq. (61)
51
Introducing the term u , Eq. (61) becomes
where u -
2
+
A L- Mb Ma Eq. (65)
P 2 PsinkL
tan kL
2 - (1 sinkL
- coskL) Eq. (67)
53
Then the constant A is given by Eq. (68).
A =_ (M coskL + Mb)
PsinkL Eq. (68)
Eq. (70)
Eq. (71)
5.2-3)
4 ELASTIC BUCKLING LOAD
4.1 GENERAL
PLANE FRAMES
56
57
The computer program was modified to calculate the
k., k2 . k,
Uln U2 n U3n . . . Un 0 0 0 0 . .. Ur
Eq. (72)
k1 = 2k 12
11 - U11
U1 OKI
k-
k 1 2 = U1 1 U 1 2 2
U11
k 13 = U1I U 3 k13
" U 3 U1
k22 = U2
= U12u2 U22 k22 -u12 2
k2 22 -
=
kc2 3 U12 U1 3 + U22 U23
k2 23 +/ 2U+ UU32 -- U2 )
U k 34 - (u 13 u 14 + U23 U24)
U33
S a~Ia~ E-1(3
where u., = Eq. (73)
a=i -I
kii - Ua i Uaj
U j = 8=1
Uii
Eq. (74)
used.
O
l rd
FoecesF
Axi lo wc h art
[Modify Do i
Global Stiffness
For Second-Order
Effects
Km
[ Choleskys Dcoiion7
U11 Yes o oa
Less or Vector
Equal 0t
Calculate New
Load Factor
LF= + STEP
+ 0
Return Yes No =
Ye sYe s A~ ,J
) = u rnTe mp ,J
5 VERIFICATION OF COMPUTER
PROGRAM
5.1 GENERAL
compared.
64
65
and the buckled shape of the member. Assume shear strain
is negligible and neglect the weight of the beam.
2
Ymax Yo L 12 (2secu - 2 - Eq (75)
5u
4
where ukL ;k P Y -5 wL
2 E= 384EI
where M, wL 2
0 8
66
Example 5.2-1
-W
P P
ly max
M
M
max
2
= n
Pe n2 * 30000
EI-L2-5002 * 1000
load.
The computer solution reports a load factor LF =
solution.
The values of P / P , versus the moment and
are made :
- the moment and deflection amplification factors
response.
69
Table II- MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENTS FOR
A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM-COLUN
Maximum Deflections
( at midspan )
RELATIVE DISPLACEMENTS
1 0 0 -1
2 0 -1 0
3 0 0 1
71
Fig. 16
Load vs. Deflection/Moment Curve
1.0-
0.8-
U-
0.6-
M AIF -s--PIPe
P/Pe
0.41DAF
0.2-
DAF, MAF
0 10 20
Simply-Supported Beam-Column
72
EXAMPLE 5.2 - 2 FIXED-FIXED BEFA-COLUM WITH UNIFORM
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
The beam-column shown in Fig. 17 is similar to Example
5.2-1 except the end supports are fixed. We will
You12
Y.'.
=
(2 - 2cosu - u sinu
2sinu Eq.(78)
4
occurs at x = 2L ; wL
where y. 3 84 El
m _ wL [ 3 (tanu
u 2 tan -u u) Eq. (79)
12
Example 5.2-2
-w
l x
(a) Loading Diagram
y
solution.
The relationships between P / P * and the
amplification factors are similar to those in Example
5.2-1.
75
Maximum Deflections
( at midspan )
RELATIVE DISPLACEMENTS
1 0 0 0
2 0 -1 0
3 0 0 0
77
DISTRIBUTED LOAD
and Fig. 19a ) and one with an end moment acting at joint
B without transverse load ( Fig. 19b ). For the latter
case the general solutions are given by Timoshenko and
Gere 14 :
M= -M sinkx
sinkL Eq. (82)
78
Example 5.2-3
A B
~max
M1
Example 5.2-3
PNb
Fig. 19 Superposition of
Lateral Load and Moment
80
.3EI2u
bL3
2u tanu
) Eq. (83)
wL 3
3 (tan u - u) Eq. (84)
1b -24EI 3
u
(L) 2
20.191EI (500 ) 2
20.191*30000*1000
Eq. (85)
P, = 2423 kips
i
84
Deflections
(for member AC at distance x from left support)
Axial Distance Exact Computer DAF
Load X Solution Solution
(kips) (in.) (in ) ( in)
RELATIVE DISPLACEMENTS
1 0 0 - 1
2 0 -1 .33428
3 0 0 0
86
EXAMPLE 5.2-4 SECOND-ORDER ANALYSIS OF A FRAME
in TABLES XII & XIII. The tables show that the solutions
are in good agreement. The first and second-order
moments are plotted in Fig. 21. From this figure, the
25%
Example 5.2-4
w =-2 k/ft
12 kips
El
EI
I 6 kps
6 1
24 ft
4
in
I = 250
E = 30,000 ksi
Example 5.2-4
857
1186
Legnds
61 115stode3ki-n
_______ n rer (i-n
Fi.26Mmn9Darm
Firs an6ScndOre
90
Second-Order Moments
Plane Frame
1 480 482
2 110 110
3 -610 -609
4 1153 1152
5 425 425
6 653 652
91
Second-Order Deflections
Plane Frame
Joint Published Computer
Solution Solution
D (X) Rotation D(X) Rotation
1 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0
92
solutions.
94
Example 5.2-5
0 0/2
2El 3
3/4 El
E 0
3/4E1
1 4
6b 50Oft.ow
4
2 1= 533 in
Ocr =.254 El/b
.2
A = 19.10 in =l100 kips
Example 5.2-6
k 7 .148 k /in 8
2.980.,_ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _
W 14x 30 LO
X ~13 ft
k .148 k/ in
____ ____
____ ______ ____ ___ ____ ___ 6
W21 x44
c') 13 ft
W 21 x 44
00 13 ft
25 ft
2 ---- 26 0.72
1 0 0 0
2 0 0 0
3 0.5419 0.5603 1.03
4 0.5406 0.5590 1.03
5 1.1093 1.1470 1.03
6 1.1080 1.1460 1.03
7 1.3755 1.4190 1.03
8 1.3674 1.4100 1.03
6 CONCLUSIONS
99
100
102
APPENDIX A
USERS MANUAL
ELASTIC SECOND-ORDER COMPUTER ANALYSIS
PROGRAM
Al INTRODUCTION
plane bending.
Compiler.
103
A2 CAPABILITY
and beam-columns.
b. Performs elastic second-order analysis.
each member.
patterns.
A3 PROGRAM PARAMETERS
[E S C A P ] :
PID - Problem Identification. This is the name of the
104
105
NJ - number of joints; Maximum of 40. The user has an
analysis.
analysis is desired.
0 : NO
1 : YES
X ( J ) - is the x - coordinate of a joint J, in feet.
0 : joint is free
1 : joint is fixed.
( equal to 3 * NJ )
0 : suppress output
1 : activate output
end joint
joint
joint.
CX ( I ) - cosine
CY ( I ) - sine
of a member
(1 ) - DOF at joint JM ( I ) along the x - axis
( 3 ) - rotation at joint JM ( I )
( 6 ) - rotation at joint K, ( I )
DOF's
NLP - number of loading patterns
LP - load pattern
axis
110
effects.
LF - load factor use in load buckling analysis. It is
achieved.
QT - restrained stiffness matrix for the second-order
analysis
P - is the axial load or force
XKL = sqrt ( P / EI )
VA, VB - vertical reactions considering axial load
effeCts
MA, MB - moment reactions considering axial load
effects
A4 LIST OF SUBROUTINES
deflections.
joints,NDELTA,NCYCLE, EPS1,STEP,LB
D. READ STEP, LB
E. READ TITLE - Enter> Joint Coordinates
F. READ J, X ( J ), Y ( J )
in procedure G & H)
J. READ J, ,MCL ( 1 ), MCL ( 2 ) , MCL ( 3 )
J is the joint or node
code
L. READ NM,MPC
M. READ TITLE - Enter> Member Data
N. READ I,J,K,A,Z,E,GX
0. READ IHINGE (I),JFIX (J), KFIX (K)
I : is the member
J : beginning node
K : ending node
A : area of cross-section ( in 2
Q. READ LP
R. READ TITLE - Enter> Number of loaded joints
step V
T. READ TITLE - Enter> Loaded joints
U. READ J,WX,WY,WM
concentrated loads
step AA
X. READ TITLE - Enter> Members concentrated loads
Y. READ M, NCL
Z. READ K, A, FX, FY, MO
K load orientation
0 member axis
1 structure or global axis
A location of loading ( fraction of the
span )
distributed loads
to step FF
CC. READ TITLE - Enter> Members uniform loads
M : name of member
115
K : load orientation
A6 OUTPUT DATA
RETURN
4. The program will prompt>
What is the name of the input file?
6. RETURN
7. Execution of the program is completed when the
message Execution Terminated : 0 shows in the screen.
8. The output file is automatically sent to the file
117
118
GENE MUNOZ *
* ** * ** * ** **
* JOINT DATA*
* ** ** * * *** *
1 0.000 0.000 R
R
R
2 0.000 12.000
3 0.000 20.000
4 24.000 20.000
5 24.000 6.000
6 24.000 0.000 R
R
R
* ** * ** * ** ** *
*MEMBER DATA*
* J INT L 0 A D I N *
J OINT LOADING
F (X) F (Y) COUPLE
(KIPS) (KIPS) (KIP-FEET)
* ** * ** ** * * * *** *
*MEMBER LOADING*
JOINT DE FL E C T10N S
D(X) D(Y) ROTATION
(INCHES) (INCHES) (RADS)
R EA CT I VE FO0RC E S
JOINT R EA CTIO N S
R(X) R(Y) MOMENT
(KIPS) (KIPS) (KIP-INCH)
1 -3.5060E+00OO29EO
3. 8739E+02
6 -2.4941E+002.51E0
5 .3091E+02
124
SSECO0N D O RD E R *
JJOI NT D E FL EC TIO N S
JOINT DE FL EC TIO N S
D(X) D(Y) ROTATION
(INCHES) (INCHES) (RADS)
R EA CT I VE FO0R CE S
1 -3.4786E+00
2.2212E+02
4. 8161E+02
6 -2.5213E+00
2.258E+02 6. 5211E+02
126
*MAXIMUM MOMENTS*
MEMBER MOM E NT S
XNAX YMAX MOMENT
(INCH) (INCH) (KIP-INCH)
1 O.OOOOE-O1
O.OOOOE-O1
4. 8161E+02
2 9.5948E+01
-1. 3360E-01
-6.0936E+02
3 2.8799E+02
_1.3587E-01
-1. 1522E+03
4 O.OOOOE-O1
-1.3587E-01
1. 1522E+03
5 7.1960E+01
O.OOOOE-O1
6. 5212E+02
ANALYSIS COMPLETED
REFERENCES
127
128
[11] West, Harry, Analysis of Structures, An
Integration of Classical and Modern Methods, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.. New York, 1980, p.64
. .. p . m n m n m mm unnn N I I I