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12/03/2018

Attendance keyword: tptkx

ASE 341 – Aerodynamics II

Lecturer: Uğur Karban

karban@metu.edu.tr Room R-215

What is different from Aerodynamics I?


 Aerodynamics I  ideal subsonic flow over airfoils and
wings
 Potential flow – no viscosity
 Incompressible flow – valid only for low subsonic flows (M<<1)
 Aerodynamics II  investigate compressibility and viscous
effects!!!
 Part I  Inviscid compressible flows (Thermodynamics,
transonic, sonic, supersonic flows, shock & expansion waves,
linearization equations, etc.)
 Part II  Viscous flows (Boundary layer concept & equations,
solution of BL equations, separation)
 Lots of fun!!! (HWs, Projects, Quizzes, and perhaps a Lab
session in Ankara campus)

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Course policy
 You may use all your electronic devices during the course
 I strongly recommend minimized use of paper for lecture
notes!!!
 Lecture notes will be uploaded to ODTUClass
beforehand on a weekly basis, BUT
 the notes that I write on screen will not be provided
 the questions that we solve during the course will be provided
afterwards

Grading
 Assignments – 15 pts
 Lab reports – 20 pts
 2 Mid-Terms – 20 pts each
 Project – 15 pts
 Final – 30 pts

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Bonus points
 3 pts for 100 % attendance
 2 pts for those who miss up to 2 lectures
 0 pts for those who miss more than 2 lectures
 3 pts in total for those who actively join the in-class
discussions
 Will be added to your final grade calculated out of 100
pts
 So, bonuses may carry you TWO LETTERS up!
 Your letter grades may be re-scaled based on the class
average BUT
 do not expect such big deviations from the catalog!!!

Compressible flow aerodynamics


 Density is not constant anymore!
𝜌 → 𝜌(𝑇, 𝑝)

 Thermodynamics should be involved! Why?


 At high speeds, the flow kinetic energy becomes comparable
or even higher compared to the internal energy
 Decrease in velocity  transfer from kinetic energy to internal
energy
 Such energy transformations are important!

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Brief review of thermodynamics


 Equation of state of a perfect gas
 Perfect gas: A gas in which the intermolecular forces (forces
due to electronic structure of the gas particles) are neglected
𝑝 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇

 𝑅 : specific gas constant


 For air at standard conditions 𝑅 = 287 J/(kg. K)
 Alternatively, 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇 𝑣 = 1/𝜌

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Brief review of thermodynamics


 Internal energy and enthalpy
 The sum of the energies of all the molecules (translational,
rotational, vibrational, electronic) is called internal energy
 Specific internal energy: internal energy per unit mass,
 Specific enthalpy: ℎ = 𝑒 + 𝑝𝑣
 For a perfect gas
𝑒=𝑒 𝑇 , 𝑑𝑒 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇
ℎ=ℎ 𝑇 , 𝑑ℎ = 𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇
 𝑐𝑣 and 𝑐𝑝 : specific heats at constant volume and pressure,
respectively
 For moderate temperatures (𝑇 < 1000𝐾), 𝑐𝑣 and 𝑐𝑝 are
constant  calorically perfect gas 𝑒 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑇, ℎ = 𝑐𝑝 𝑇

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Question
 Show that 𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑅.

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Brief review of thermodynamics


 Some more relations
𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑅
𝑐𝑣 𝑅
1− =
𝑐𝑝 𝑐𝑝
 Define 𝛾 ≡ 𝑐𝑝 /𝑐𝑣
1 𝑅
1− =
𝛾 𝑐𝑝

𝛾𝑅 𝑅
𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 =
𝛾−1 𝛾−1

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First law of thermodynamics


incremental work
 Consider a system
done on the system

𝛿𝑞 + 𝛿𝑤 = 𝑑𝑒 change in internal
energy
incremental heat
added to the system

 Adiabatic process : 𝛿𝑞 = 0
 Reversible process : No dissipative phenomena
𝛿𝑤 ቚ = −𝑝𝑑𝑣 reversible work
𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝛿𝑞 − 𝑝𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑒
 Isentropic process : Adiabatic + reversible
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2nd law of thermodynamics


 2nd law defines in which direction a process takes place
𝛿𝑞 𝛿𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝑑𝑠 ≥ → 𝑑𝑠 =
𝑇 𝑇
 For isentropic processes → 𝑑𝑠 = 0
 For reversible processes
𝑇𝑑𝑠 − 𝑝𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑒
𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑒 + 𝑝 𝑑𝑣

𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑒 + 𝑝𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑝

𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑ℎ − 𝑣𝑑𝑝

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2nd law of thermodynamics


 For perfect gas
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑐𝑣 +𝑝
𝑇 𝑇
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑐𝑝 −𝑣
𝑇 𝑇
 From ideal gas relation → 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑅𝑇
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑝
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑐𝑝 −𝑅 for calorically perfect gas
𝑇 𝑝
𝑇2 𝑝2
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑐𝑝 ln − 𝑅 ln
𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑝 𝑇1 𝑝1
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = න 𝑐𝑝 −න 𝑅
𝑇1 𝑇 𝑃1 𝑝 𝑇2 𝑣2
𝑠2 − 𝑠1 = 𝑐𝑣 ln + 𝑅 ln
𝑇1 𝑣1
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2nd law of thermodynamics


 For isentropic processes
𝛿𝑞 = 0 ⇒ 𝑑𝑠 = 0 ⇒ 𝑠2 = 𝑠1
 Then the reversible equation becomes
𝑇2 𝑝2 𝑇2 𝑣2
𝑐𝑝 ln = 𝑅 ln 𝑐𝑣 ln = −𝑅 ln
𝑇1 𝑝1 𝑇1 𝑣1
𝑐𝑝 𝑅 𝑐𝑣 −𝑅
𝑇2 𝑝2 𝑇2 𝑣2
ln = ln ln = ln
𝑇1 𝑝1 𝑇1 𝑣1
𝛾 −1
𝑐𝑝 /𝑅 −𝑐𝑣 /𝑅
𝑝2 𝑇2 𝑇2 𝛾−1 𝑣2 𝑇2 𝑇2 𝛾−1
= = = =
𝑝1 𝑇1 𝑇1 𝑣1 𝑇1 𝑇1

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2nd law of thermodynamics


𝜌2 𝑣1
 Mass is conserved in the system  =
𝜌1 𝑣2
1
𝜌2 𝑇2 𝛾−1
=
𝜌1 𝑇1
𝛾
𝛾
𝑝2 𝜌2 𝑇2 𝛾−1
= =
𝑝1 𝜌1 𝑇1
isentropic energy relation for a
calorically perfect gas
𝑝
= 𝑐 𝑠𝑡
ഫ 𝑝𝑣 𝛾 = 𝑐 𝑠𝑡

𝜌𝛾

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Compressibility
 The amount by which a
substance can be compressed
1 𝑑𝑝
𝜏=−
𝑣 𝑑𝑣
 Isothermal compressibility
1 𝑑𝑝
𝜏𝑇 = −
𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑇

 Isentropic compressibility
1 𝑑𝑝
𝜏𝑠 = −
𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑠
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Compressibility
 Speed of sound → 𝑎
𝜕𝑝
𝑎2 =
𝜕𝜌 𝑠

𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝑝
𝛾
= 𝑐 𝑠𝑡
ഫ ⇒ = 𝑐 𝑠𝑡
ഫ 𝛾𝜌𝛾−1 = 𝛾𝜌𝛾−1
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌𝛾
𝜕𝑝 𝑝
= 𝛾 = 𝛾𝑅𝑇
𝜕𝜌 𝜌

𝑎= 𝛾𝑅𝑇
𝑎 is a measure of fluid compressibility
speed of the 𝑉
fluid particles = 𝑀 Mach number
𝑎
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Governing equations for inviscid,


compressible flow
 Continuity equation
𝜕𝜌
+ 𝛻 ⋅ 𝜌𝐕 = 0
𝜕𝑡
 Momentum equation pressure forces
𝐷𝐕
mass x acc. 𝜌 = −𝛻𝑃 + 𝜌𝐟 body forces
𝐷𝑡
 Energy equation
𝐷 𝑉2
𝜌 𝑒+ = 𝜌𝑞ሶ − 𝛻 ⋅ (𝑝𝐕) + 𝜌(𝐟 ⋅ 𝐕)
𝐷𝑡 2
𝑝
internal energy 𝑒 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑇 eqn. of state = 𝑅𝑇
𝜌
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Stagnation conditions
 For adiabatic flow (𝑞ሶ = 0) with negligible body forces
(𝐟 = 0)
𝐷 𝑉2
𝜌 𝑒+ = −𝛻 ⋅ 𝑝𝐕
𝐷𝑡 2
−𝛻 ⋅ 𝑝𝐕 ≡ 𝑝𝛻 ⋅ 𝐕 + 𝐕 ⋅ 𝛻𝑝
𝐷(𝑝Τ𝜌) 𝐷𝑝 𝑝 𝐷𝜌
𝜌 = − from cont. eqn. 𝐷𝜌 + 𝜌𝛻 ⋅ 𝐕 = 0
𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡 𝜌 𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡
𝛻 ⋅ 𝑝𝐕
𝐷(𝑝Τ𝜌) 𝐷𝑝 𝜕𝑝
𝜌 = + 𝑝𝛻 ⋅ 𝐕 = + 𝐕 ⋅ 𝛻𝑝 + 𝑝𝛻 ⋅ 𝐕
𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝐷 𝑝 𝑉2 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝
𝜌 𝑒+ + = −𝛻 ⋅ 𝑝𝐕 + + 𝛻 ⋅ 𝑝𝐕 =
𝐷𝑡 𝜌 2 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡

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Stagnation conditions
 Given the definition for enthalpy: ℎ ≡ 𝑒 + 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑒 + 𝑝/𝜌
𝐷 𝑉2 𝜕𝑝
𝜌 ℎ+ =
𝐷𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡
 For steady flow
𝐷 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝜌 ℎ+ =0 ⇒ ℎ+ = 𝑐 𝑠𝑡

𝐷𝑡 2 2
 Define the stagnation enthalpy, ℎ0
the enthalpy of the flow
𝑉2 𝐷ℎ0 brought to rest adiabatically
ℎ+ = ℎ0 =0
2 𝐷𝑡
total enthalpy is constant
along a stream line for steady,
inviscid, adiabatic flow
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