Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Course policy
You may use all your electronic devices during the course
I strongly recommend minimized use of paper for lecture
notes!!!
Lecture notes will be uploaded to ODTUClass
beforehand on a weekly basis, BUT
the notes that I write on screen will not be provided
the questions that we solve during the course will be provided
afterwards
Grading
Assignments – 15 pts
Lab reports – 20 pts
2 Mid-Terms – 20 pts each
Project – 15 pts
Final – 30 pts
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Bonus points
3 pts for 100 % attendance
2 pts for those who miss up to 2 lectures
0 pts for those who miss more than 2 lectures
3 pts in total for those who actively join the in-class
discussions
Will be added to your final grade calculated out of 100
pts
So, bonuses may carry you TWO LETTERS up!
Your letter grades may be re-scaled based on the class
average BUT
do not expect such big deviations from the catalog!!!
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Question
Show that 𝑐𝑝 − 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑅.
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𝛾𝑅 𝑅
𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 =
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
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𝛿𝑞 + 𝛿𝑤 = 𝑑𝑒 change in internal
energy
incremental heat
added to the system
Adiabatic process : 𝛿𝑞 = 0
Reversible process : No dissipative phenomena
𝛿𝑤 ቚ = −𝑝𝑑𝑣 reversible work
𝑟𝑒𝑣
𝛿𝑞 − 𝑝𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑒
Isentropic process : Adiabatic + reversible
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𝑑ℎ = 𝑑𝑒 + 𝑝𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑝
𝑇𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑ℎ − 𝑣𝑑𝑝
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Compressibility
The amount by which a
substance can be compressed
1 𝑑𝑝
𝜏=−
𝑣 𝑑𝑣
Isothermal compressibility
1 𝑑𝑝
𝜏𝑇 = −
𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑇
Isentropic compressibility
1 𝑑𝑝
𝜏𝑠 = −
𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑠
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Compressibility
Speed of sound → 𝑎
𝜕𝑝
𝑎2 =
𝜕𝜌 𝑠
𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝑝
𝛾
= 𝑐 𝑠𝑡
ഫ ⇒ = 𝑐 𝑠𝑡
ഫ 𝛾𝜌𝛾−1 = 𝛾𝜌𝛾−1
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌𝛾
𝜕𝑝 𝑝
= 𝛾 = 𝛾𝑅𝑇
𝜕𝜌 𝜌
𝑎= 𝛾𝑅𝑇
𝑎 is a measure of fluid compressibility
speed of the 𝑉
fluid particles = 𝑀 Mach number
𝑎
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Stagnation conditions
For adiabatic flow (𝑞ሶ = 0) with negligible body forces
(𝐟 = 0)
𝐷 𝑉2
𝜌 𝑒+ = −𝛻 ⋅ 𝑝𝐕
𝐷𝑡 2
−𝛻 ⋅ 𝑝𝐕 ≡ 𝑝𝛻 ⋅ 𝐕 + 𝐕 ⋅ 𝛻𝑝
𝐷(𝑝Τ𝜌) 𝐷𝑝 𝑝 𝐷𝜌
𝜌 = − from cont. eqn. 𝐷𝜌 + 𝜌𝛻 ⋅ 𝐕 = 0
𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡 𝜌 𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡
𝛻 ⋅ 𝑝𝐕
𝐷(𝑝Τ𝜌) 𝐷𝑝 𝜕𝑝
𝜌 = + 𝑝𝛻 ⋅ 𝐕 = + 𝐕 ⋅ 𝛻𝑝 + 𝑝𝛻 ⋅ 𝐕
𝐷𝑡 𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝐷 𝑝 𝑉2 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝
𝜌 𝑒+ + = −𝛻 ⋅ 𝑝𝐕 + + 𝛻 ⋅ 𝑝𝐕 =
𝐷𝑡 𝜌 2 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
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Stagnation conditions
Given the definition for enthalpy: ℎ ≡ 𝑒 + 𝑝𝑣 = 𝑒 + 𝑝/𝜌
𝐷 𝑉2 𝜕𝑝
𝜌 ℎ+ =
𝐷𝑡 2 𝜕𝑡
For steady flow
𝐷 𝑉2 𝑉2
𝜌 ℎ+ =0 ⇒ ℎ+ = 𝑐 𝑠𝑡
ഫ
𝐷𝑡 2 2
Define the stagnation enthalpy, ℎ0
the enthalpy of the flow
𝑉2 𝐷ℎ0 brought to rest adiabatically
ℎ+ = ℎ0 =0
2 𝐷𝑡
total enthalpy is constant
along a stream line for steady,
inviscid, adiabatic flow
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