12/03/2018

Attendance keyword: htwve

ASE 341 – Aerodynamics II

Lecturer: Uğur Karban

karban@metu.edu.tr Room R-215

Measuring compressible flow velocity

 Pitot tube used
 For incompressible flows,
Bernoulli equation is used to
relate velocity to pressure
 Not applicable to
compressible flows!
 Flow is isentropically brought
to rest in a pitot tube
 from 𝑎 to 𝑏 (top figure) or 𝑑
to 𝑒 (bottom figure)
 So, we can use isentropic
relations!

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Measuring subsonic compressible flow

 Total-to-static pressure ratio was given as
𝛾
𝑝0,1 𝛾−1 2 𝛾−1
= 1+ 𝑀1
𝑝1 2

 Solving for 𝑀1
𝛾−1
2 𝑝0,1 𝛾
𝑀12 = −1
𝛾−1 𝑝1

𝛾−1 Knowing 𝑝0,1 and 𝑝1 is not sufficient

2𝑎12 𝑝0,1 𝛾
𝑢12 = −1 One should know 𝑎1 as well
𝛾−1 𝑝1 To know 𝑎1 , one should measure
temperature!
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Measuring supersonic compressible flow

velocity
 Flow is decelerated first
unisentropically to
subsonic speed through
the bow shock
 Then isentropically brought
to zero speed
 Pitot tube measures 𝑝0,2
 We can also measure 𝑝1 : free-stream static pressure
 We look for 𝑀1
 And we need to find an expression for 𝑝0,1 /𝑝1 in terms
of 𝑀1

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Measuring supersonic compressible flow

velocity
 The pressure ratio is given as
𝑝0,2 𝑝0,2 𝑝2
=
𝑝1 𝑝2 𝑝1 pressure ratio
across the shock
total-to-static
pressure ratio
𝛾 1 + 𝛾 − 1 𝑀12 /2
𝑝0,2 𝛾−1 2 𝛾−1 1 − 𝛾 + 2𝛾𝑀12 𝑀22 =
= 1+ 𝑀2 𝛾𝑀12 − 𝛾 − 1 /2
𝑝1 2 𝛾+1
𝛾
𝑝0,2 𝛾 + 1 2 𝑀12 𝛾−1 1 − 𝛾 + 2𝛾𝑀12 𝑀1 can be found
= implicitly
𝑝1 4𝛾𝑀12 − 2(𝛾 − 1) 𝛾+1
Rayleigh pitot tube formula
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Normal shock relations review

𝛾
 Isentropic energy relation 𝑝2 𝜌2
𝛾
𝑇2 𝛾−1
= =
𝑝1 𝜌1 𝑇1

 Total enthalpy for adiabatic 𝑉2

ℎ+ = ℎ0
2
inviscid, steady flow
 Continuity equation 𝜌1 𝑢1 = 𝜌2 𝑢2

 Momentum equation 𝑝1 + 𝜌1 𝑢12 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌2 𝑢22

𝑢12 𝑢22
 Energy equation ℎ1 + = ℎ2 +
2 2

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Speed of sound
 For calorically perfect gas
𝜕𝑝
𝑎2 =
𝜕𝜌 𝑠

𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝑝
𝛾
= 𝑐 𝑠𝑡
ഫ ⇒ = 𝑐 𝑠𝑡
ഫ 𝛾𝜌𝛾−1 = 𝛾𝜌𝛾−1
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌𝛾
𝜕𝑝 𝑝
= 𝛾 = 𝛾𝑅𝑇
𝜕𝜌 𝜌
speed of sound in a calorically perfect gas
𝑎 = 𝛾𝑅𝑇
is a function of temperature only!!!

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Normal shock wave relations

 Energy equation 𝑎2 𝑢2 𝑎02
+ = = const
𝛾−1 2 𝛾−1
𝑇0 𝛾−1 2
 Total-to-static temperature ratio =1+ 𝑀
𝑇 2
𝛾
𝑝0 𝛾−1 2 𝛾−1
 T-t-s pressure ratio = 1+ 𝑀
𝑝 2
1
 T-t-s density ratio 𝜌0 𝛾−1 2 𝛾−1
= 1+ 𝑀
𝜌 2
 Characteristic Mach number 2 𝛾 + 1 𝑀2
𝑀∗ =
2 + 𝛾 − 1 𝑀2

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Normal shock wave relations

 Prandtl relation 𝑎∗ 2 = 𝑢1 𝑢2
 Mach number behind a shock 1 + 𝛾 − 1 𝑀12 /2
𝑀22 =
𝛾𝑀12 − 𝛾 − 1 /2

 Density and velocity ratios 𝜌2 𝑢1 𝛾 + 1 𝑀12

= =
𝜌1 𝑢2 2 + 𝛾 − 1 𝑀12
𝑝2 2𝛾
 Pressure ratio = 1+ 𝑀12 − 1
𝑝1 𝛾+1
 Temperature ratio
𝑇2 ℎ2 2𝛾 2 + 𝛾 − 1 𝑀12
= = 1+ 𝑀12 − 1
𝑇1 ℎ1 𝛾+1 𝛾 + 1 𝑀12
𝑝0,2
 Total pressure ratio = 𝑒 − 𝑠2−𝑠1 Τ𝑅
𝑝0,1
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Oblique shock and expansion waves

 In general, a shock wave makes an angle with respect to
the upstream flow  oblique shock wave
 Normal shock wave is a special case of oblique shock
wave where the angle is 90°.

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Oblique shock and expansion waves

 Flow remains tangent to the wall

 When flow is turned to itself, oblique shock wave occurs

 When it is turned away from itself, expansion wave
occurs
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Oblique shock and expansion waves

 Oblique shock wave acts as a discontinuity in the flow
 𝑀1 > 𝑀2 always holds
 But 𝑀2 is not less than 1 all the time, depends on the
deflection angle, 𝜃
 Change of direction and Mach number is not abrupt in
expansion waves  gradual change
 Expansion wave is an antithesis of a shock wave
 Flow traversing a normal shock wave is one-dimensional
 Flow traversing an oblique shock/expansion wave is two-
or three-dimensional

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Flow field properties

 Information
propagates at speed
of sound in a stagnant
fluid
 In subsonic flows,
information can
progress upstream
and inform about the
existence of the body
 In supersonic flow, all
the perturbations
(information) pile up
in the shock wave

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Propagation of disturbances

sin 𝜇 = 𝑎𝑡/𝑉𝑡
1
𝜇 = asin
Mach angle 𝑀

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Propagation of disturbances
 If perturbations are stronger than a sound wave, an
oblique shock is generated

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Oblique shock wave relations

 We are going to apply conservation equations over the
control volume shown below
 Continuity equation
 Momentum equation
 Energy equation

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Conservation equations across oblique

shock wave
 Continuity equation
 Steady, inviscid, adiabatic flow with no body forces

඾ 𝜌𝐕 ⋅ 𝐝𝐒 = 0
𝑆
 Flow is tangent to the faces
𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑓, and 𝑒.
−𝜌1 𝑢1 𝐴1 + 𝜌2 𝑢2 𝐴2 = 0

𝜌1 𝑢1 = 𝜌2 𝑢2

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Conservation equations across oblique

shock wave
 Momentum equation
 Investigate in two directions:
tangential and normal to the shock
wave
 For the tangential direction

඾ 𝜌𝐕 ⋅ 𝐝𝐒 𝑤 = − ඾ 𝑝𝑑𝑆 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑆 𝑆
 No tangential forces on faces 𝑎 and 𝑑
 The tangential forces on 𝑏 and 𝑓
cancel each other, same for 𝑐 and 𝑒
− 𝜌1 𝑢1 𝐴1 𝑤1 + 𝜌2 𝑢2 𝐴2 𝑤2 = 0

𝑤1 = 𝑤2
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Conservation equations across oblique

shock wave
 Momentum equation
 Normal direction

඾ 𝜌𝐕 ⋅ 𝐝𝐒 𝑢 = − ඾ 𝑝𝑑𝑆 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙
𝑆 𝑆
 The forces on 𝑏 and 𝑓 and 𝑐 and 𝑒
cancel each other
− 𝜌1 𝑢1 𝐴1 𝑢1 + 𝜌2 𝑢2 𝐴2 𝑢2 = − −𝑝1 𝐴1 + 𝑝2 𝐴2

𝑝1 + 𝜌1 𝑢12 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌2 𝑢22

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Conservation equations across oblique

shock wave
 Energy equation
𝑉2
඾𝜌 𝑒+ 𝐕 ⋅ 𝐝𝐒 = − ඾ 𝑝𝐕 ⋅ 𝐝𝐒
𝑆 2 𝑆
 Flow is tangential to the faces
𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑓, and 𝑒.
𝑉12 𝑉22
−𝜌1 𝑒1 + 𝑢1 𝐴1 + 𝜌2 𝑒2 + 𝑢2 𝐴2 = − −𝑝1 𝑢1 𝐴1 + 𝑝2 𝑢2 𝐴2
2 2
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22 total enthalpy
−𝜌1 𝑢1 𝑒1 + + + 𝜌2 𝑢2 𝑒2 + + = 0 constant across the
𝜌1 2 𝜌2 2
shock wave
𝑉12 𝑉22
−𝜌1 𝑢1 ℎ1 + + 𝜌2 𝑢2 ℎ2 + =0 𝑉12 𝑉22
2 2 ℎ1 + = ℎ2 +
2 2
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Conservation equations across oblique

shock wave
 Energy equation
𝑉2
඾𝜌 𝑒+ 𝐕 ⋅ 𝐝𝐒 = − ඾ 𝑝𝐕 ⋅ 𝐝𝐒
𝑆 2 𝑆

𝑉12 𝑉22
ℎ1 + = ℎ2 +
2 2
𝑢12 𝑤12 𝑢22 𝑤22
ℎ1 + + = ℎ2 + +
2 2 2 2
𝑢12 𝑢22
ℎ1 + = ℎ2 +
2 2

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Comparison of conservation equations

across oblique and normal shock waves
 Continuity 𝜌1 𝑢1 = 𝜌2 𝑢2

 Momentum 𝑝1 + 𝜌1 𝑢12 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌2 𝑢22

 Energy 𝑢12 𝑢22

ℎ1 + = ℎ2 +
2 2

They are the same!!!

But note that the oblique shock wave equations
are defined normal to the shock layer

 Continuity 𝜌1 𝑢1 = 𝜌2 𝑢2

 Momentum 𝑝1 + 𝜌1 𝑢12 = 𝑝2 + 𝜌2 𝑢22

 Energy 𝑢12 𝑢22
ℎ1 + = ℎ2 +
2 2
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Oblique shock wave relations

 Normal component of the oblique shock wave 
identical to normal shock wave relations
𝑀𝑛,1 = 𝑀1 sin 𝛽
2
2
1 + 𝛾 − 1 𝑀𝑛,1 /2
𝑀𝑛,2 = 2
𝛾𝑀𝑛,1 − 𝛾 − 1 /2
2
𝜌2 𝑢1 𝛾 + 1 𝑀𝑛,1
= = 2
𝜌1 𝑢2 2 + 𝛾 − 1 𝑀𝑛,1
𝑝2 2𝛾 2
=1+ 𝑀𝑛,1 −1
𝑝1 𝛾+1 𝑀𝑛,2 = 𝑀2 sin(𝛽 − 𝜃)
𝑇2 𝑝2 𝜌1 Oblique shock wave properties of a calorically perfect
=
𝑇1 𝑝1 𝜌2 gas depend only on the normal component, 𝑀𝑛,1 !!!
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Oblique shock wave relations

 Oblique shock wave properties of a calorically perfect gas
depend only on the normal component, 𝑀𝑛,1
 However, 𝑀𝑛,1 depends on 𝑀1 and 𝛽
 Note that there is also 𝜃 to be determined
tan 𝛽 = 𝑢1 /𝑤1
𝜃 – 𝛽 – 𝑀 relation
tan(𝛽 − 𝜃) = 𝑢2 /𝑤2
𝑀12 sin2 𝛽 − 1
tan 𝛽 − 𝜃 𝑢2 𝜌1 tan 𝜃 = 2 cot 𝛽
= = 𝑀12 𝛾 + cos 2𝛽 + 2
tan 𝛽 𝑢1 𝜌2
In fact, we know 𝜃 from
tan 𝛽 − 𝜃 2 + 𝛾 − 1 𝑀12 sin2 𝛽 geometry, so we try to find 𝛽!
=
tan 𝛽 𝛾 + 1 𝑀12 sin2 𝛽

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𝜃 – 𝛽 – 𝑀 plot
 For any 𝑀1 , there is a
max. deflection angle,
𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥
 If 𝜃 > 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 , no solution
for straight oblique
shock wave  shock
detaches!
 𝑀1 → ∞, 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≈ 45.5°

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𝜃 – 𝛽 – 𝑀 plot
 If 𝜃 < 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥 , two
solutions  weak and
strong shock waves
 The nature usually
prefer the weak solution
 For strong shock
solution 𝑀2 < 1
 For weak shock solution,
𝑀2 > 1 unless 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃𝑚𝑎𝑥
 For 𝜃 = 0, 𝛽 is either
90° or 𝜇  no
deflection of streamlines

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Various cases of shock

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Increasing 𝑀 or 𝜃

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