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INDUSTRY
PREPARED BY :
STAGE 1
a. In the furnace, sulphur is burnt in dry air to produce sulphur dioxide.
S(l) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
b. In the Contact Process, sulphur powder is sprayed inside a furnace at a
temperature of 100°C. Here sulphur is converted to sulphur dioxide.
c. Sulphur dioxide can also be produced by heating metal sulphides such as zinc
sulphide.
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
9.3 ALLOYS
9.3.1 MEANING OF ALLOY
1. Alloys are materials that contain more than one element.
2. Usually, alloys are mixtures of metallic elements – two or more metals.
3. Pure aluminium is light but not strong enough to make aeroplane bodies. If a
small amount of manganese and magnesium are added then an alloy duralumin is
formed. This alloy is hard and strong for aeroplane frames.
4. Thus, an alloy is a mixture of metals made for a certain purpose.
Use Example
Scientific equipment/apparatus Test tubes, beakers, burettes, flasks,
pipettes, lenses, prisms
Household equipment Glass, bowls, lamps, bottles
Industrial equipment Bulbs, glass tubes, optical fibres, television
Building materials Window panes, mirrors
9.5.3 CERAMICS
1. Ceramics are made from clays, such as kaolin. It contains silicates such as
aluminium silicates.
2. Ceramics are hardened by heating them at high temperatures.
3. Like glass, the main component of ceramics are based on silicates.
4. Glass can be melted and remelted as often as it is desired. However, once a
ceramic has been hardened, it is resistant to extreme temperatures.
General Uses of ceramics
1. Ceramics have been used for thousand of years to:
a. Store food.
b. Protect food from moisture.
2. Ceramic are used to make:
a. Roofing tiles
b. Bricks
c. Sewer pipes
3. Ceramics are used as insulators in light fixtures and in electric equipment such as
plugs and lamp holders.
4. Ceramics tiles are the only materials that can withstand the temperature of over
1600°C. Thus, they are used:
a. As heat insulating tiles to protect space shuttles.
b. To line the wall of furnace or oven.
General Properties of Ceramic
1. Ceramics have the following properties:
a. Hard and strong
b. Brittle, (easily broken)
c. Cannot be compressed
d. Easily crack when the temperature changes too quickly
e. Resist moisture
f. Do not conduct electricity
g. Do not conduct heat
h. Can withstand very high temperatures
i. Resistant to action by chemicals
2. The strength of ceramics is due to the strong bonds between the elements in it.